Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 102 43 4633962 4610185 2026-05-03T19:27:19Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Ingredients */ adjust convention that is no longer quite accurate 4633962 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{Cookbook help page}} <div style="border: 1px solid var(--color-base); padding: 20px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 255, 0.15); color: var(--color-base);"> '''This is a template page. Please do not add recipes here .''' This is the recommended template for recipes that are submitted to the cookbook. Please note that this is only a guideline; feel free to add other sections as necessary, or omit sections that are not applicable (although the recipe needs to be useful and comprehensible). Various Cookbook-related templates can be found in the [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy module]]. The five-dot system in the recipe summary is used to represent the relative difficulty of a recipe. Please keep these descriptions in mind when assigning a difficulty score. The images are useful in that clicking on them brings you to a category of recipes of particular difficulty. We borrowed these images from the German Cookbook ([[:de:Kochbuch|Kochbuch]]). * [[Image:1o5dots.svg|You can boil water, right?]] - Very easy; you can boil water, right? * [[Image:2o5dots.svg|Fairly easy]] - Easy * [[Image:3o5dots.svg|Medium difficulty]] - Average * [[Image:4o5dots.svg|Fairly hard]] - Hard * [[Image:5o5dots.svg|Are you the Iron Chef?]] - Very hard; are you the Iron Chef? </div> Include [[Template:Recipe summary|the recipe summary template <nowiki>{{Recipe summary}}</nowiki>]] first, with image, cooking time, etc. Note the guidelines for the relative difficulty above. The image should be no more than 300px in order to maintain consistent style and formatting of all the Cookbook's recipe templates. {{Recipe summary | Name = Recipe Title (usually autofilled) | Category = Example category | Cuisine = Example cuisine | Origin = Example origin | Date = Example date | Yield = Example yield | Servings = Example servings | Time = Example time | Difficulty = 1 | Note = Notes if needed }} Follow with the [[Template:Recipe|recipe template <nowiki>{{Recipe}}</nowiki>]], along with additional navigation links as appropriate: {{recipe|noincludecat}} | Cuisine | Type of course A short description of the recipe should go here; anywhere from one sentence to a short paragraph or two is acceptable. However, keep it relatively brief so as not to detract from the recipe itself. If applicable, describe who uses the dish and how, as well as anything normally prepared with it. Stories of the recipe's creation or other anecdotes are perfectly acceptable, but avoid first-person language to ensure NPOV and to reflect the communal nature of the Cookbook. Avoid long histories of a given recipe/dish—these are best left to encyclopedic works such as Wikipedia. == Ingredients == Ingredients may be listed as a list, like below: * 1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (240 [[Cookbook:mL|ml]]) ingredient 1 * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoon]] (15 ml) ingredient 2 * etc. Alternatively, ingredients may be formatted as a table if it is more appropriate: {| class="wikitable" | style="background: none" |- ! Ingredient !! Count !! Volume !! Weight !! Baker's % (optional) |- | colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background: #f5f5f5" | '''Component 1''' |- | Ingredient 1 || 2 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]]|| –|| 100 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] (3.5 [[Cookbook:Ounce|oz]])||– |- | Ingredient 2 || 1 bunch|| 2 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]]|| 200 g (7 oz)||– |- | Ingredient 3 || –|| 2 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] (30 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]])|| –||– |- |... || || || || |- | '''Total (optional)''' || || || || |- | colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background: #f5f5f5" | '''Component 2 (optional)''' |- |Ingredient 4 || || || || |- |Ingredient 5 || || || || |- |Ingredient 6 || || || || |- |... || || || || |- |'''Total (optional)''' || || || || |} The ingredients should be listed in the order they are called for in the procedure below. The ingredients should be linked to the most appropriate ingredient page. If optional ingredients and substitutions would make this list less readable, place them in the notes, tips, or variations section instead (if they are specific to some different cooking procedure) or place them in a second list after the first one. Otherwise, simply mark them "(optional)". Consider using separate lists for different components of the recipe. Quantities should be listed with whichever units (imperial or metric) the recipe was created in, with the other equivalent values listed immediately after, in "()". This lets users know which units are "original" and which are estimated conversions. Numbers should be written out as digits (e.g. 1, 2, 3) and not words (e.g. one, two, three). Avoid nested parentheses for legibility, instead separating units by a forward slash or the word 'or'. Always provide both volumetric and weight measurements—in some countries, kitchens are simply not equipped to measure by weight (yes, they lack a balance or scale). Do not specify the size of normal chicken eggs; "Large" in the USA is similar to "size M" in the EU, and other places will surely have their own ideas as well. If a recipe does not list specific quantities, it must include sufficient information in the procedure to guide the cook on how much to add. This could be something like "according to taste", "until the mixture reaches _____ texture", etc. When noting simple additional instructions for the ingredients (e.g. washing, chopping, sifting etc.), place the additional instructions after a comma. Note that the ingredient should in most cases be measured '''before''' the instruction after the comma. For example, "½ cup walnuts, chopped" means that you should measure out ½ cup walnuts and then chop them; conversely, "½ cup chopped walnuts" means you should chop the walnuts before you measure out the ½ cup. The order is particularly important for volumetric measurements. == Equipment == Details of needed equipment can be added here if desired. If you only list specialized equipment here as opposed to every utensil required to complete the recipe, change the heading to "Special equipment" to reflect this. * 1 [[Cookbook:Mixing Bowl|mixing bowl]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Mixer|mixing spoon]] * [[Cookbook:Parchment Paper|Baking paper]] * etc. == Procedure == The procedure should be written in numbered steps. Photos of the procedures as they are completed should be in |thumb| format, so a caption identifying what step is being performed can be included in the pic. # Step one # Step two # etc. == Notes, tips, and variations == This area can be used for any additional information that doesn't fit in other areas of the recipe module. For significant variations, consider creating a new recipe page. *Note 1 *Tip 1 * Variation 1 * etc. == Warnings == If the recipe requires it, add any necessary warnings here. * Warning 1 * Warning 2 * etc. == References == If citations and/or references are used in the recipe, include a references section at the bottom of the page. Categories and interlanguage links should be placed here, at the bottom. To see the category scheme for recipes, go to [[:Category:Recipes]]. The following templates may be included if applicable: {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="1" |- ! What to type !! What it makes !! Where it goes |- | <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:1881|1881]]<nowiki>}} </nowiki><br> [[Template talk:1881|Talk]] | See template for text |Bottom of Page |- | <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Oscookbook|Oscookbook]]<nowiki>}} </nowiki><br> [[Template talk:Oscookbook|Talk]] | See template for text |Bottom of Page |- | <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Decameron|Decameron]]<nowiki>}} </nowiki><br> [[Template talk:Decameron|Talk]] | See template for text |Bottom of Page |} <div style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 20px; background-color: #DDEEFF"> '''This is a template page. Please do not add recipes here.''' </div> [[mk:Готвач:Шаблон за полиса/рецепт]] [[nl:Kookboek/Receptsjabloon]] [[ru:Образец рецепта]] jhfavohhmjt5ose45xamt4fywsxmruj 4633996 4633962 2026-05-03T22:27:49Z JohnSon12a 3456224 fixed typo 4633996 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{Cookbook help page}} <div style="border: 1px solid var(--color-base); padding: 20px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 255, 0.15); color: var(--color-base);"> '''This is a template page. Please do not add recipes here.''' This is the recommended template for recipes that are submitted to the cookbook. Please note that this is only a guideline; feel free to add other sections as necessary, or omit sections that are not applicable (although the recipe needs to be useful and comprehensible). Various Cookbook-related templates can be found in the [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy module]]. The five-dot system in the recipe summary is used to represent the relative difficulty of a recipe. Please keep these descriptions in mind when assigning a difficulty score. The images are useful in that clicking on them brings you to a category of recipes of particular difficulty. We borrowed these images from the German Cookbook ([[:de:Kochbuch|Kochbuch]]). * [[Image:1o5dots.svg|You can boil water, right?]] - Very easy; you can boil water, right? * [[Image:2o5dots.svg|Fairly easy]] - Easy * [[Image:3o5dots.svg|Medium difficulty]] - Average * [[Image:4o5dots.svg|Fairly hard]] - Hard * [[Image:5o5dots.svg|Are you the Iron Chef?]] - Very hard; are you the Iron Chef? </div> Include [[Template:Recipe summary|the recipe summary template <nowiki>{{Recipe summary}}</nowiki>]] first, with image, cooking time, etc. Note the guidelines for the relative difficulty above. The image should be no more than 300px in order to maintain consistent style and formatting of all the Cookbook's recipe templates. {{Recipe summary | Name = Recipe Title (usually autofilled) | Category = Example category | Cuisine = Example cuisine | Origin = Example origin | Date = Example date | Yield = Example yield | Servings = Example servings | Time = Example time | Difficulty = 1 | Note = Notes if needed }} Follow with the [[Template:Recipe|recipe template <nowiki>{{Recipe}}</nowiki>]], along with additional navigation links as appropriate: {{recipe|noincludecat}} | Cuisine | Type of course A short description of the recipe should go here; anywhere from one sentence to a short paragraph or two is acceptable. However, keep it relatively brief so as not to detract from the recipe itself. If applicable, describe who uses the dish and how, as well as anything normally prepared with it. Stories of the recipe's creation or other anecdotes are perfectly acceptable, but avoid first-person language to ensure NPOV and to reflect the communal nature of the Cookbook. Avoid long histories of a given recipe/dish—these are best left to encyclopedic works such as Wikipedia. == Ingredients == Ingredients may be listed as a list, like below: * 1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (240 [[Cookbook:mL|ml]]) ingredient 1 * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoon]] (15 ml) ingredient 2 * etc. Alternatively, ingredients may be formatted as a table if it is more appropriate: {| class="wikitable" | style="background: none" |- ! Ingredient !! Count !! Volume !! Weight !! Baker's % (optional) |- | colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background: #f5f5f5" | '''Component 1''' |- | Ingredient 1 || 2 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]]|| –|| 100 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] (3.5 [[Cookbook:Ounce|oz]])||– |- | Ingredient 2 || 1 bunch|| 2 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]]|| 200 g (7 oz)||– |- | Ingredient 3 || –|| 2 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] (30 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]])|| –||– |- |... || || || || |- | '''Total (optional)''' || || || || |- | colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background: #f5f5f5" | '''Component 2 (optional)''' |- |Ingredient 4 || || || || |- |Ingredient 5 || || || || |- |Ingredient 6 || || || || |- |... || || || || |- |'''Total (optional)''' || || || || |} The ingredients should be listed in the order they are called for in the procedure below. The ingredients should be linked to the most appropriate ingredient page. If optional ingredients and substitutions would make this list less readable, place them in the notes, tips, or variations section instead (if they are specific to some different cooking procedure) or place them in a second list after the first one. Otherwise, simply mark them "(optional)". Consider using separate lists for different components of the recipe. Quantities should be listed with whichever units (imperial or metric) the recipe was created in, with the other equivalent values listed immediately after, in "()". This lets users know which units are "original" and which are estimated conversions. Numbers should be written out as digits (e.g. 1, 2, 3) and not words (e.g. one, two, three). Avoid nested parentheses for legibility, instead separating units by a forward slash or the word 'or'. Always provide both volumetric and weight measurements—in some countries, kitchens are simply not equipped to measure by weight (yes, they lack a balance or scale). Do not specify the size of normal chicken eggs; "Large" in the USA is similar to "size M" in the EU, and other places will surely have their own ideas as well. If a recipe does not list specific quantities, it must include sufficient information in the procedure to guide the cook on how much to add. This could be something like "according to taste", "until the mixture reaches _____ texture", etc. When noting simple additional instructions for the ingredients (e.g. washing, chopping, sifting etc.), place the additional instructions after a comma. Note that the ingredient should in most cases be measured '''before''' the instruction after the comma. For example, "½ cup walnuts, chopped" means that you should measure out ½ cup walnuts and then chop them; conversely, "½ cup chopped walnuts" means you should chop the walnuts before you measure out the ½ cup. The order is particularly important for volumetric measurements. == Equipment == Details of needed equipment can be added here if desired. If you only list specialized equipment here as opposed to every utensil required to complete the recipe, change the heading to "Special equipment" to reflect this. * 1 [[Cookbook:Mixing Bowl|mixing bowl]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Mixer|mixing spoon]] * [[Cookbook:Parchment Paper|Baking paper]] * etc. == Procedure == The procedure should be written in numbered steps. Photos of the procedures as they are completed should be in |thumb| format, so a caption identifying what step is being performed can be included in the pic. # Step one # Step two # etc. == Notes, tips, and variations == This area can be used for any additional information that doesn't fit in other areas of the recipe module. For significant variations, consider creating a new recipe page. *Note 1 *Tip 1 * Variation 1 * etc. == Warnings == If the recipe requires it, add any necessary warnings here. * Warning 1 * Warning 2 * etc. == References == If citations and/or references are used in the recipe, include a references section at the bottom of the page. Categories and interlanguage links should be placed here, at the bottom. To see the category scheme for recipes, go to [[:Category:Recipes]]. The following templates may be included if applicable: {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="1" |- ! What to type !! What it makes !! Where it goes |- | <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:1881|1881]]<nowiki>}} </nowiki><br> [[Template talk:1881|Talk]] | See template for text |Bottom of Page |- | <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Oscookbook|Oscookbook]]<nowiki>}} </nowiki><br> [[Template talk:Oscookbook|Talk]] | See template for text |Bottom of Page |- | <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Decameron|Decameron]]<nowiki>}} </nowiki><br> [[Template talk:Decameron|Talk]] | See template for text |Bottom of Page |} <div style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 20px; background-color: #DDEEFF"> '''This is a template page. Please do not add recipes here.''' </div> [[mk:Готвач:Шаблон за полиса/рецепт]] [[nl:Kookboek/Receptsjabloon]] [[ru:Образец рецепта]] mju4bxjp04ecldb9qevx3aj9ht514fn 4 385 4633963 4633802 2026-05-03T19:28:45Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23 */ 4633963 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :'''Retain''' - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) b914iqqljuckhg6djm1q4gg99laiuzt 4633966 4633963 2026-05-03T19:48:07Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23 */ Reply 4633966 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :'''Retain''' - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 1iflz8eh3ib84piot1dybakmtfubb71 4634018 4633966 2026-05-04T05:09:41Z Leaderboard 1176064 /* History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23 */ Reply 4634018 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :'''Retain''' - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) bb2r2bcsnk0py4csomq9limc3xljaaa 4634019 4634018 2026-05-04T05:10:53Z Leaderboard 1176064 /* Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum */ Reply 4634019 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :'''Retain''' - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:10, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) m61xwa7mc8vx9o91ieei5zffid8y7yv 4634022 4634019 2026-05-04T05:47:16Z SHB2000 3332924 /* History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23 */ Reply 4634022 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :'''Retain''' - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:10, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 5ul9esyoy9ce43mtrwfwlbnh1a1xsk7 0 942 4633844 4440111 2026-05-03T12:19:57Z ~2026-26947-55 3580900 /* Websites */ 4633844 wikitext text/x-wiki ==About the platform== macOS is the primary operating system for the Macintosh computer. It was originally a system designed privately by Apple Inc, however with Mac OS X, it has been based on Unix. Specifically, a modified FreeBSD operating system called "Darwin". There are many different kinds of software that can be developed for Mac OS X. People generally think of applications, but we'll briefly cover some of the other kinds. ==Types of Software for Mac OS X== ===Applications=== Applications are what people generally think of when they think about software for Mac OS X. Cocoa applications include: Finder, Mail, Address Book, Safari, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel. Anybody can develop applications using Apple's free development tools which includes XCode. Mac OS X applications are developed using Objective-C though there are other possible programming languages that could be used. The most popular languages for use on the macOS platform is Objective-C which could be thought of as Mac OS X's "native language" since the Mac OS X libraries, or "frameworks", all have an Objective-C interface. Objective-C includes everything that plain C can do, and adds object-oriented programming. See: [[Programming:Objective-C|Objective-C]]. C++ can be used in developing for the Mac, but generally, it is used in addition to Objective-C rather than being in place of Objective-C. Using both Objective-C and C++ is called "Objective-C++" and is considered to be optional when developing software for Mac OS X: [[Programming:c|C++]] See [[Programming:Objective-C]] for a lesson on the basics of Objective-C [http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2003/07/22/cocoa_series.html] may also be of assistance. Some preliminary thoughts: Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming. Objective-C entered Mac OS X and has ancestry in NeXT. [[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]]. Before you learn Mac programming you ''must '' know the basics of C since it is the basis for Objective-C. There used to be three separate APIs for developing a Mac application with a GUI: 1. Classic (Mac OS 9 and lower). Developing for the Classic API is no longer done. When Mac OS X first came out, users and developers had a huge investment in software written for Mac Classic OS and Mac OS X used to have an emulation mode so that users could run their old software. Apple has long since stopped support of the Classic API and Classic emulation in Mac OS X. 2. Carbon (Mac OS 8.5 up to and including Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard). Carbon was an API for developers to update their applications that used the Classic API to be run without the Classic emulator. Carbon was a great way that Apple provided developers to upgrade their software to run on Mac OS X without having to totally rewrite their software, but Carbon, like Classic, is no longer supported by Apple. 3. Cocoa (All versions of Mac OS X). Cocoa is the most native API that can be used to develop applications for Mac OS X that are truly "Mac-like". Generally, Objective-C will be used along with Cocoa, though there are other options such as Cocoa-AppleScript and Cocoa-Python, but Cocoa-Objective-C is really the "mainstream" way to develop Cocoa applications. '''Resource Forks''' Files in Mac OS X have a feature that is unique to Mac OS and that is that each file on disk can have two "forks". This feature used to be used for Classic and Carbon applications to separate code from resources (such as menus, windows, etc.), and the Mac OS X file system still supports two forks, but you should only use the "data fork". The resource fork is non-standard and can be lost when transferring Mac files to other file systems. ===AppleScripts=== Another "native language" for developing Mac OS X applications is AppleScript. AppleScript is a language that Apple invented to automate repetitive tasks. The AppleScript application is located on your Mac at /Applications/Utilities/AppleScript Editor. AppleScript can be used to record AppleEvents, the events that applications send to themselves or to other applications. Why don't you try it out. Open AppleScript Editor, press the record button, do some things with your other applications and watch the script write itself. AppleScript can be used alone or it can be used along with XCode to develop Cocoa Applications using mostly AppleScript instead of Objective-C. This option is mostly for experienced AppleScript programmers who don't know Objective-C. ===Automator Workflows=== Apple also provides an application called "Automator" that can be used to easily automate repetitive tasks. It is located at /Applications/Automator.app ===Shell Scripts=== Mac OS X has an application called Terminal that provides a command-line interface to Mac OS X. It is possible to develop scripts for the command line. Terminal.app is located at /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app To create a shell script, you need a text editor. There is a text editor that comes with Mac OS X called "TextEdit.app". It is located in /Applications/TextEdit.app. But actually, what is better than TextEdit is a program such as TextWrangler.app which is available for free from the following link: http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/ The shell that Terminal.app uses by default is called "bash". Here is a simple tutorial on developing bash scripts http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_automate_terminal_bash_scripts We won't go any more deeply into shell scripts here in this wikibook, but it's just good to know what they are. You can always google for more information now that you know what to google for. ===Command Line Tools=== When you open Terminal and you learn how to type in commands. The commands are usually command-line tools or scripts. Above, we just talked about developing your own scripts with a text editor. It's also possible to develop your own command-line tools, using XCode. This is an advanced thing to do. Usually, power-users will write a shell-script (or some other kind of thing such as an AppleScript or an Automator Workflow) but it's good to know what a command-line tool is. Command-line tools have a textual user-interface rather than a graphical user interface (GUI). ===Java=== Java used to be treated by Apple as a "first class language" to develop for Mac OS, however in recent years, Apple has less support for Java. Now with Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" and 10.8 "Mountain Lion", Java doesn't even come pre-installed in Mac OS X. Java is still available, but users have to download Java from Oracle's website and install it themselves. Apple's Mac App Store doesn't even allow Java apps to be sold at their store calling Java "deprecated". However, there still are Mac developers who use Java because it has the advantage of being cross-platform compatible. For example, the same source-code can be used to generate software that runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Apple has said that Java reduces the Mac to the "least common denominator". That's why they support it less. ===Python=== Python is somewhat supported by Apple. In fact, Python is shipped with Mac OS X and is part of the System Folder. There are third-party libraries that allow developers to develop applications using Python and Cocoa together, but these are not very well maintained, and Python on the Mac is most suitable for developing command-line utilities, or cross-platform scripts that aren't really very Mac-like. ===Ruby=== Similar to Python. ===Websites=== ==Mac OS X Specific Languages== Objective-C is really the "native" language for Mac OS X development *[[Programming:Objective-C|Objective C Programming]] You could call AppleScript a "native" language too, but it isn't really used to make commercial applications. It was designed to be used by real power-users to automate their tasks. Although it is possible to use AppleScript to build Cocoa applications in XCode, this would be more for users who already know AppleScript and don't want to learn Objective-C. *[[AppleScript Programming|Applescript Programming]] ==Mac OS X Frameworks== *[[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]] {{BookCat}} cp2jjue12s1dpi7ffjoqxzmyo6efbzt 4633845 4633844 2026-05-03T12:21:22Z ~2026-26947-55 3580900 Play 4633845 wikitext text/x-wiki ==About the platform== macOS is the primary operating system for the Macintosh computer. It was originally a system designed privately by Apple Inc, however with Mac OS X, it has been based on Unix. Specifically, a modified FreeBSD operating system called "Darwin". There are many different kinds of software that can be developed for Mac OS X. People generally think of applications, but we'll briefly cover some of the other kinds. ==Types of Software for Mac OS X== ===Applications=== Applications are what people generally think of when they think about software for Mac OS X. Cocoa applications include: Finder, Mail, Address Book, Safari, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel. Anybody can develop applications using Apple's free development tools which includes XCode. Mac OS X applications are developed using Objective-C though there are other possible programming languages that could be used. The most popular languages for use on the macOS platform is Objective-C which could be thought of as Mac OS X's "native language" since the Mac OS X libraries, or "frameworks", all have an Objective-C interface. Objective-C includes everything that plain C can do, and adds object-oriented programming. See: [[Programming:Objective-C|Objective-C]]. C++ can be used in developing for the Mac, but generally, it is used in addition to Objective-C rather than being in place of Objective-C. Using both Objective-C and C++ is called "Objective-C++" and is considered to be optional when developing software for Mac OS X: [[Programming:c|C++]] See [[Programming:Objective-C]] for a lesson on the basics of Objective-C [http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2003/07/22/cocoa_series.html] may also be of assistance. Some preliminary thoughts: Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming. Objective-C entered Mac OS X and has ancestry in NeXT. [[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]]. Before you learn Mac programming you ''must '' know the basics of C since it is the basis for Objective-C. There used to be three separate APIs for developing a Mac application with a GUI: 1. Classic (Mac OS 9 and lower). Developing for the Classic API is no longer done. When Mac OS X first came out, users and developers had a huge investment in software written for Mac Classic OS and Mac OS X used to have an emulation mode so that users could run their old software. Apple has long since stopped support of the Classic API and Classic emulation in Mac OS X. 2. Carbon (Mac OS 8.5 up to and including Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard). Carbon was an API for developers to update their applications that used the Classic API to be run without the Classic emulator. Carbon was a great way that Apple provided developers to upgrade their software to run on Mac OS X without having to totally rewrite their software, but Carbon, like Classic, is no longer supported by Apple. 3. Cocoa (All versions of Mac OS X). Cocoa is the most native API that can be used to develop applications for Mac OS X that are truly "Mac-like". Generally, Objective-C will be used along with Cocoa, though there are other options such as Cocoa-AppleScript and Cocoa-Python, but Cocoa-Objective-C is really the "mainstream" way to develop Cocoa applications. '''Resource Forks''' Files in Mac OS X have a feature that is unique to Mac OS and that is that each file on disk can have two "forks". This feature used to be used for Classic and Carbon applications to separate code from resources (such as menus, windows, etc.), and the Mac OS X file system still supports two forks, but you should only use the "data fork". The resource fork is non-standard and can be lost when transferring Mac files to other file systems. ===AppleScripts=== Another "native language" for developing Mac OS X applications is AppleScript. AppleScript is a language that Apple invented to automate repetitive tasks. The AppleScript application is located on your Mac at /Applications/Utilities/AppleScript Editor. AppleScript can be used to record AppleEvents, the events that applications send to themselves or to other applications. Why don't you try it out. Open AppleScript Editor, press the record button, do some things with your other applications and watch the script write itself. AppleScript can be used alone or it can be used along with XCode to develop Cocoa Applications using mostly AppleScript instead of Objective-C. This option is mostly for experienced AppleScript programmers who don't know Objective-C. ===Automator Workflows=== Apple also provides an application called "Automator" that can be used to easily automate repetitive tasks. It is located at /Applications/Automator.app ===Shell Scripts=== Mac OS X has an application called Terminal that provides a command-line interface to Mac OS X. It is possible to develop scripts for the command line. Terminal.app is located at /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app To create a shell script, you need a text editor. There is a text editor that comes with Mac OS X called "TextEdit.app". It is located in /Applications/TextEdit.app. But actually, what is better than TextEdit is a program such as TextWrangler.app which is available for free from the following link: http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/ The shell that Terminal.app uses by default is called "bash". Here is a simple tutorial on developing bash scripts http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_automate_terminal_bash_scripts We won't go any more deeply into shell scripts here in this wikibook, but it's just good to know what they are. You can always google for more information now that you know what to google for. ===Command Line Tools=== When you open Terminal and you learn how to type in commands. The commands are usually command-line tools or scripts. Above, we just talked about developing your own scripts with a text editor. It's also possible to develop your own command-line tools, using XCode. This is an advanced thing to do. Usually, power-users will write a shell-script (or some other kind of thing such as an AppleScript or an Automator Workflow) but it's good to know what a command-line tool is. Command-line tools have a textual user-interface rather than a graphical user interface (GUI). ===Java=== Java used to be treated by Apple as a "first class language" to develop for Mac OS, however in recent years, Apple has less support for Java. Now with Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" and 10.8 "Mountain Lion", Java doesn't even come pre-installed in Mac OS X. Java is still available, but users have to download Java from Oracle's website and install it themselves. Apple's Mac App Store doesn't even allow Java apps to be sold at their store calling Java "deprecated". However, there still are Mac developers who use Java because it has the advantage of being cross-platform compatible. For example, the same source-code can be used to generate software that runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Apple has said that Java reduces the Mac to the "least common denominator". That's why they support it less. ===Python=== Python is somewhat supported by Apple. In fact, Python is shipped with Mac OS X and is part of the System Folder. There are third-party libraries that allow developers to develop applications using Python and Cocoa together, but these are not very well maintained, and Python on the Mac is most suitable for developing command-line utilities, or cross-platform scripts that aren't really very Mac-like. ===Ruby=== Similar to Python. ===Websites=== ==Mac OS X Frameworks== *[[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]] {{BookCat}} 31dqxhp6yiso0b2qk6g2jq80vyq2duu 4633846 4633845 2026-05-03T12:21:56Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26947-55|~2026-26947-55]] ([[User talk:~2026-26947-55|talk]]) to last version by JackPotte 3608589 wikitext text/x-wiki ==About the platform== macOS is the primary operating system for the Macintosh computer. It was originally a system designed privately by Apple Inc, however with Mac OS X, it has been based on Unix. Specifically, a modified FreeBSD operating system called "Darwin". There are many different kinds of software that can be developed for Mac OS X. People generally think of applications, but we'll briefly cover some of the other kinds. ==Types of Software for Mac OS X== ===Applications=== Applications are what people generally think of when they think about software for Mac OS X. Cocoa applications include: Finder, Mail, Address Book, Safari, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel. Anybody can develop applications using Apple's free development tools which includes XCode. Mac OS X applications are developed using Objective-C though there are other possible programming languages that could be used. The most popular languages for use on the macOS platform is Objective-C which could be thought of as Mac OS X's "native language" since the Mac OS X libraries, or "frameworks", all have an Objective-C interface. Objective-C includes everything that plain C can do, and adds object-oriented programming. See: [[Programming:Objective-C|Objective-C]]. C++ can be used in developing for the Mac, but generally, it is used in addition to Objective-C rather than being in place of Objective-C. Using both Objective-C and C++ is called "Objective-C++" and is considered to be optional when developing software for Mac OS X: [[Programming:c|C++]] See [[Programming:Objective-C]] for a lesson on the basics of Objective-C [http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2003/07/22/cocoa_series.html] may also be of assistance. Some preliminary thoughts: Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming. Objective-C entered Mac OS X and has ancestry in NeXT. [[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]]. Before you learn Mac programming you ''must '' know the basics of C since it is the basis for Objective-C. There used to be three separate APIs for developing a Mac application with a GUI: 1. Classic (Mac OS 9 and lower). Developing for the Classic API is no longer done. When Mac OS X first came out, users and developers had a huge investment in software written for Mac Classic OS and Mac OS X used to have an emulation mode so that users could run their old software. Apple has long since stopped support of the Classic API and Classic emulation in Mac OS X. 2. Carbon (Mac OS 8.5 up to and including Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard). Carbon was an API for developers to update their applications that used the Classic API to be run without the Classic emulator. Carbon was a great way that Apple provided developers to upgrade their software to run on Mac OS X without having to totally rewrite their software, but Carbon, like Classic, is no longer supported by Apple. 3. Cocoa (All versions of Mac OS X). Cocoa is the most native API that can be used to develop applications for Mac OS X that are truly "Mac-like". Generally, Objective-C will be used along with Cocoa, though there are other options such as Cocoa-AppleScript and Cocoa-Python, but Cocoa-Objective-C is really the "mainstream" way to develop Cocoa applications. '''Resource Forks''' Files in Mac OS X have a feature that is unique to Mac OS and that is that each file on disk can have two "forks". This feature used to be used for Classic and Carbon applications to separate code from resources (such as menus, windows, etc.), and the Mac OS X file system still supports two forks, but you should only use the "data fork". The resource fork is non-standard and can be lost when transferring Mac files to other file systems. ===AppleScripts=== Another "native language" for developing Mac OS X applications is AppleScript. AppleScript is a language that Apple invented to automate repetitive tasks. The AppleScript application is located on your Mac at /Applications/Utilities/AppleScript Editor. AppleScript can be used to record AppleEvents, the events that applications send to themselves or to other applications. Why don't you try it out. Open AppleScript Editor, press the record button, do some things with your other applications and watch the script write itself. AppleScript can be used alone or it can be used along with XCode to develop Cocoa Applications using mostly AppleScript instead of Objective-C. This option is mostly for experienced AppleScript programmers who don't know Objective-C. ===Automator Workflows=== Apple also provides an application called "Automator" that can be used to easily automate repetitive tasks. It is located at /Applications/Automator.app ===Shell Scripts=== Mac OS X has an application called Terminal that provides a command-line interface to Mac OS X. It is possible to develop scripts for the command line. Terminal.app is located at /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app To create a shell script, you need a text editor. There is a text editor that comes with Mac OS X called "TextEdit.app". It is located in /Applications/TextEdit.app. But actually, what is better than TextEdit is a program such as TextWrangler.app which is available for free from the following link: http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/ The shell that Terminal.app uses by default is called "bash". Here is a simple tutorial on developing bash scripts http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_automate_terminal_bash_scripts We won't go any more deeply into shell scripts here in this wikibook, but it's just good to know what they are. You can always google for more information now that you know what to google for. ===Command Line Tools=== When you open Terminal and you learn how to type in commands. The commands are usually command-line tools or scripts. Above, we just talked about developing your own scripts with a text editor. It's also possible to develop your own command-line tools, using XCode. This is an advanced thing to do. Usually, power-users will write a shell-script (or some other kind of thing such as an AppleScript or an Automator Workflow) but it's good to know what a command-line tool is. Command-line tools have a textual user-interface rather than a graphical user interface (GUI). ===Java=== Java used to be treated by Apple as a "first class language" to develop for Mac OS, however in recent years, Apple has less support for Java. Now with Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" and 10.8 "Mountain Lion", Java doesn't even come pre-installed in Mac OS X. Java is still available, but users have to download Java from Oracle's website and install it themselves. Apple's Mac App Store doesn't even allow Java apps to be sold at their store calling Java "deprecated". However, there still are Mac developers who use Java because it has the advantage of being cross-platform compatible. For example, the same source-code can be used to generate software that runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Apple has said that Java reduces the Mac to the "least common denominator". That's why they support it less. ===Python=== Python is somewhat supported by Apple. In fact, Python is shipped with Mac OS X and is part of the System Folder. There are third-party libraries that allow developers to develop applications using Python and Cocoa together, but these are not very well maintained, and Python on the Mac is most suitable for developing command-line utilities, or cross-platform scripts that aren't really very Mac-like. ===Ruby=== Similar to Python. ===Websites=== Most Mac users use Safari for their web browser. Safari uses the standards set by w3c.org You can develop websites that work with Safari by following the standards of the w3c.org. Remember to validate your HMTL, CSS, and JavaScript. HTML Validator: http://validator.w3.org/ CSS Validator: http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/ JavaScript Lint: http://www.javascriptlint.com/online_lint.php If you're developing websites using your Mac and using Safari, remember to test your webpages on other platforms and with other web browsers. ==Mac OS X Specific Languages== Objective-C is really the "native" language for Mac OS X development *[[Programming:Objective-C|Objective C Programming]] You could call AppleScript a "native" language too, but it isn't really used to make commercial applications. It was designed to be used by real power-users to automate their tasks. Although it is possible to use AppleScript to build Cocoa applications in XCode, this would be more for users who already know AppleScript and don't want to learn Objective-C. *[[AppleScript Programming|Applescript Programming]] ==Mac OS X Frameworks== *[[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]] {{BookCat}} 6hdqzwu919e34rs53cyj5qkpdcht91n 4633848 4633846 2026-05-03T12:22:26Z ~2026-26947-55 3580900 Play 4633848 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Types of Software for Mac OS X== ===Applications=== Applications are what people generally think of when they think about software for Mac OS X. Cocoa applications include: Finder, Mail, Address Book, Safari, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel. Anybody can develop applications using Apple's free development tools which includes XCode. Mac OS X applications are developed using Objective-C though there are other possible programming languages that could be used. The most popular languages for use on the macOS platform is Objective-C which could be thought of as Mac OS X's "native language" since the Mac OS X libraries, or "frameworks", all have an Objective-C interface. Objective-C includes everything that plain C can do, and adds object-oriented programming. See: [[Programming:Objective-C|Objective-C]]. C++ can be used in developing for the Mac, but generally, it is used in addition to Objective-C rather than being in place of Objective-C. Using both Objective-C and C++ is called "Objective-C++" and is considered to be optional when developing software for Mac OS X: [[Programming:c|C++]] See [[Programming:Objective-C]] for a lesson on the basics of Objective-C [http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2003/07/22/cocoa_series.html] may also be of assistance. Some preliminary thoughts: Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming. Objective-C entered Mac OS X and has ancestry in NeXT. [[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]]. Before you learn Mac programming you ''must '' know the basics of C since it is the basis for Objective-C. There used to be three separate APIs for developing a Mac application with a GUI: 1. Classic (Mac OS 9 and lower). Developing for the Classic API is no longer done. When Mac OS X first came out, users and developers had a huge investment in software written for Mac Classic OS and Mac OS X used to have an emulation mode so that users could run their old software. Apple has long since stopped support of the Classic API and Classic emulation in Mac OS X. 2. Carbon (Mac OS 8.5 up to and including Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard). Carbon was an API for developers to update their applications that used the Classic API to be run without the Classic emulator. Carbon was a great way that Apple provided developers to upgrade their software to run on Mac OS X without having to totally rewrite their software, but Carbon, like Classic, is no longer supported by Apple. 3. Cocoa (All versions of Mac OS X). Cocoa is the most native API that can be used to develop applications for Mac OS X that are truly "Mac-like". Generally, Objective-C will be used along with Cocoa, though there are other options such as Cocoa-AppleScript and Cocoa-Python, but Cocoa-Objective-C is really the "mainstream" way to develop Cocoa applications. '''Resource Forks''' Files in Mac OS X have a feature that is unique to Mac OS and that is that each file on disk can have two "forks". This feature used to be used for Classic and Carbon applications to separate code from resources (such as menus, windows, etc.), and the Mac OS X file system still supports two forks, but you should only use the "data fork". The resource fork is non-standard and can be lost when transferring Mac files to other file systems. ===AppleScripts=== Another "native language" for developing Mac OS X applications is AppleScript. AppleScript is a language that Apple invented to automate repetitive tasks. The AppleScript application is located on your Mac at /Applications/Utilities/AppleScript Editor. AppleScript can be used to record AppleEvents, the events that applications send to themselves or to other applications. Why don't you try it out. Open AppleScript Editor, press the record button, do some things with your other applications and watch the script write itself. AppleScript can be used alone or it can be used along with XCode to develop Cocoa Applications using mostly AppleScript instead of Objective-C. This option is mostly for experienced AppleScript programmers who don't know Objective-C. ===Automator Workflows=== Apple also provides an application called "Automator" that can be used to easily automate repetitive tasks. It is located at /Applications/Automator.app ===Shell Scripts=== Mac OS X has an application called Terminal that provides a command-line interface to Mac OS X. It is possible to develop scripts for the command line. Terminal.app is located at /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app To create a shell script, you need a text editor. There is a text editor that comes with Mac OS X called "TextEdit.app". It is located in /Applications/TextEdit.app. But actually, what is better than TextEdit is a program such as TextWrangler.app which is available for free from the following link: http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/ The shell that Terminal.app uses by default is called "bash". Here is a simple tutorial on developing bash scripts http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_automate_terminal_bash_scripts We won't go any more deeply into shell scripts here in this wikibook, but it's just good to know what they are. You can always google for more information now that you know what to google for. ===Command Line Tools=== When you open Terminal and you learn how to type in commands. The commands are usually command-line tools or scripts. Above, we just talked about developing your own scripts with a text editor. It's also possible to develop your own command-line tools, using XCode. This is an advanced thing to do. Usually, power-users will write a shell-script (or some other kind of thing such as an AppleScript or an Automator Workflow) but it's good to know what a command-line tool is. Command-line tools have a textual user-interface rather than a graphical user interface (GUI). ===Java=== Java used to be treated by Apple as a "first class language" to develop for Mac OS, however in recent years, Apple has less support for Java. Now with Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" and 10.8 "Mountain Lion", Java doesn't even come pre-installed in Mac OS X. Java is still available, but users have to download Java from Oracle's website and install it themselves. Apple's Mac App Store doesn't even allow Java apps to be sold at their store calling Java "deprecated". However, there still are Mac developers who use Java because it has the advantage of being cross-platform compatible. For example, the same source-code can be used to generate software that runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Apple has said that Java reduces the Mac to the "least common denominator". That's why they support it less. ===Python=== Python is somewhat supported by Apple. In fact, Python is shipped with Mac OS X and is part of the System Folder. There are third-party libraries that allow developers to develop applications using Python and Cocoa together, but these are not very well maintained, and Python on the Mac is most suitable for developing command-line utilities, or cross-platform scripts that aren't really very Mac-like. ===Ruby=== Similar to Python. ===Websites=== Most Mac users use Safari for their web browser. Safari uses the standards set by w3c.org You can develop websites that work with Safari by following the standards of the w3c.org. Remember to validate your HMTL, CSS, and JavaScript. HTML Validator: http://validator.w3.org/ CSS Validator: http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/ JavaScript Lint: http://www.javascriptlint.com/online_lint.php If you're developing websites using your Mac and using Safari, remember to test your webpages on other platforms and with other web browsers. ==Mac OS X Specific Languages== Objective-C is really the "native" language for Mac OS X development *[[Programming:Objective-C|Objective C Programming]] You could call AppleScript a "native" language too, but it isn't really used to make commercial applications. It was designed to be used by real power-users to automate their tasks. Although it is possible to use AppleScript to build Cocoa applications in XCode, this would be more for users who already know AppleScript and don't want to learn Objective-C. *[[AppleScript Programming|Applescript Programming]] ==Mac OS X Frameworks== *[[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]] {{BookCat}} 29sqythpq218ow5z2rxeqxjsgrir8pa 4633849 4633848 2026-05-03T12:22:45Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26947-55|~2026-26947-55]] ([[User talk:~2026-26947-55|talk]]) to last version by MathXplore 3608589 wikitext text/x-wiki ==About the platform== macOS is the primary operating system for the Macintosh computer. It was originally a system designed privately by Apple Inc, however with Mac OS X, it has been based on Unix. Specifically, a modified FreeBSD operating system called "Darwin". There are many different kinds of software that can be developed for Mac OS X. People generally think of applications, but we'll briefly cover some of the other kinds. ==Types of Software for Mac OS X== ===Applications=== Applications are what people generally think of when they think about software for Mac OS X. Cocoa applications include: Finder, Mail, Address Book, Safari, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel. Anybody can develop applications using Apple's free development tools which includes XCode. Mac OS X applications are developed using Objective-C though there are other possible programming languages that could be used. The most popular languages for use on the macOS platform is Objective-C which could be thought of as Mac OS X's "native language" since the Mac OS X libraries, or "frameworks", all have an Objective-C interface. Objective-C includes everything that plain C can do, and adds object-oriented programming. See: [[Programming:Objective-C|Objective-C]]. C++ can be used in developing for the Mac, but generally, it is used in addition to Objective-C rather than being in place of Objective-C. Using both Objective-C and C++ is called "Objective-C++" and is considered to be optional when developing software for Mac OS X: [[Programming:c|C++]] See [[Programming:Objective-C]] for a lesson on the basics of Objective-C [http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2003/07/22/cocoa_series.html] may also be of assistance. Some preliminary thoughts: Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming. Objective-C entered Mac OS X and has ancestry in NeXT. [[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]]. Before you learn Mac programming you ''must '' know the basics of C since it is the basis for Objective-C. There used to be three separate APIs for developing a Mac application with a GUI: 1. Classic (Mac OS 9 and lower). Developing for the Classic API is no longer done. When Mac OS X first came out, users and developers had a huge investment in software written for Mac Classic OS and Mac OS X used to have an emulation mode so that users could run their old software. Apple has long since stopped support of the Classic API and Classic emulation in Mac OS X. 2. Carbon (Mac OS 8.5 up to and including Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard). Carbon was an API for developers to update their applications that used the Classic API to be run without the Classic emulator. Carbon was a great way that Apple provided developers to upgrade their software to run on Mac OS X without having to totally rewrite their software, but Carbon, like Classic, is no longer supported by Apple. 3. Cocoa (All versions of Mac OS X). Cocoa is the most native API that can be used to develop applications for Mac OS X that are truly "Mac-like". Generally, Objective-C will be used along with Cocoa, though there are other options such as Cocoa-AppleScript and Cocoa-Python, but Cocoa-Objective-C is really the "mainstream" way to develop Cocoa applications. '''Resource Forks''' Files in Mac OS X have a feature that is unique to Mac OS and that is that each file on disk can have two "forks". This feature used to be used for Classic and Carbon applications to separate code from resources (such as menus, windows, etc.), and the Mac OS X file system still supports two forks, but you should only use the "data fork". The resource fork is non-standard and can be lost when transferring Mac files to other file systems. ===AppleScripts=== Another "native language" for developing Mac OS X applications is AppleScript. AppleScript is a language that Apple invented to automate repetitive tasks. The AppleScript application is located on your Mac at /Applications/Utilities/AppleScript Editor. AppleScript can be used to record AppleEvents, the events that applications send to themselves or to other applications. Why don't you try it out. Open AppleScript Editor, press the record button, do some things with your other applications and watch the script write itself. AppleScript can be used alone or it can be used along with XCode to develop Cocoa Applications using mostly AppleScript instead of Objective-C. This option is mostly for experienced AppleScript programmers who don't know Objective-C. ===Automator Workflows=== Apple also provides an application called "Automator" that can be used to easily automate repetitive tasks. It is located at /Applications/Automator.app ===Shell Scripts=== Mac OS X has an application called Terminal that provides a command-line interface to Mac OS X. It is possible to develop scripts for the command line. Terminal.app is located at /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app To create a shell script, you need a text editor. There is a text editor that comes with Mac OS X called "TextEdit.app". It is located in /Applications/TextEdit.app. But actually, what is better than TextEdit is a program such as TextWrangler.app which is available for free from the following link: http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/ The shell that Terminal.app uses by default is called "bash". Here is a simple tutorial on developing bash scripts http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_automate_terminal_bash_scripts We won't go any more deeply into shell scripts here in this wikibook, but it's just good to know what they are. You can always google for more information now that you know what to google for. ===Command Line Tools=== When you open Terminal and you learn how to type in commands. The commands are usually command-line tools or scripts. Above, we just talked about developing your own scripts with a text editor. It's also possible to develop your own command-line tools, using XCode. This is an advanced thing to do. Usually, power-users will write a shell-script (or some other kind of thing such as an AppleScript or an Automator Workflow) but it's good to know what a command-line tool is. Command-line tools have a textual user-interface rather than a graphical user interface (GUI). ===Java=== Java used to be treated by Apple as a "first class language" to develop for Mac OS, however in recent years, Apple has less support for Java. Now with Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" and 10.8 "Mountain Lion", Java doesn't even come pre-installed in Mac OS X. Java is still available, but users have to download Java from Oracle's website and install it themselves. Apple's Mac App Store doesn't even allow Java apps to be sold at their store calling Java "deprecated". However, there still are Mac developers who use Java because it has the advantage of being cross-platform compatible. For example, the same source-code can be used to generate software that runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Apple has said that Java reduces the Mac to the "least common denominator". That's why they support it less. ===Python=== Python is somewhat supported by Apple. In fact, Python is shipped with Mac OS X and is part of the System Folder. There are third-party libraries that allow developers to develop applications using Python and Cocoa together, but these are not very well maintained, and Python on the Mac is most suitable for developing command-line utilities, or cross-platform scripts that aren't really very Mac-like. ===Ruby=== Similar to Python. ===Websites=== Most Mac users use Safari for their web browser. Safari uses the standards set by w3c.org You can develop websites that work with Safari by following the standards of the w3c.org. Remember to validate your HMTL, CSS, and JavaScript. HTML Validator: http://validator.w3.org/ CSS Validator: http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/ JavaScript Lint: http://www.javascriptlint.com/online_lint.php If you're developing websites using your Mac and using Safari, remember to test your webpages on other platforms and with other web browsers. ==Mac OS X Specific Languages== Objective-C is really the "native" language for Mac OS X development *[[Programming:Objective-C|Objective C Programming]] You could call AppleScript a "native" language too, but it isn't really used to make commercial applications. It was designed to be used by real power-users to automate their tasks. Although it is possible to use AppleScript to build Cocoa applications in XCode, this would be more for users who already know AppleScript and don't want to learn Objective-C. *[[AppleScript Programming|Applescript Programming]] ==Mac OS X Frameworks== *[[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]] {{BookCat}} 6hdqzwu919e34rs53cyj5qkpdcht91n 4633851 4633849 2026-05-03T12:23:07Z ~2026-26947-55 3580900 Safari 4633851 wikitext text/x-wiki ==About the platform== macOS is the primary operating system for the Macintosh computer. It was originally a system designed privately by Apple Inc, however with Mac OS X, it has been based on Unix. Specifically, a modified FreeBSD operating system called "Darwin". There are many different kinds of software that can be developed for Mac OS X. People generally think of applications, but we'll briefly cover some of the other kinds. ==Types of Software for Mac OS X== ===Applications=== Applications are what people generally think of when they think about software for Mac OS X. Cocoa applications include: Finder, Mail, Address Book, Safari, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel. Anybody can develop applications using Apple's free development tools which includes XCode. Mac OS X applications are developed using Objective-C though there are other possible programming languages that could be used. The most popular languages for use on the macOS platform is Objective-C which could be thought of as Mac OS X's "native language" since the Mac OS X libraries, or "frameworks", all have an Objective-C interface. Objective-C includes everything that plain C can do, and adds object-oriented programming. See: [[Programming:Objective-C|Objective-C]]. C++ can be used in developing for the Mac, but generally, it is used in addition to Objective-C rather than being in place of Objective-C. Using both Objective-C and C++ is called "Objective-C++" and is considered to be optional when developing software for Mac OS X: [[Programming:c|C++]] See [[Programming:Objective-C]] for a lesson on the basics of Objective-C [http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2003/07/22/cocoa_series.html] may also be of assistance. Some preliminary thoughts: Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming. Objective-C entered Mac OS X and has ancestry in NeXT. [[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]]. Before you learn Mac programming you ''must '' know the basics of C since it is the basis for Objective-C. There used to be three separate APIs for developing a Mac application with a GUI: 1. Classic (Mac OS 9 and lower). Developing for the Classic API is no longer done. When Mac OS X first came out, users and developers had a huge investment in software written for Mac Classic OS and Mac OS X used to have an emulation mode so that users could run their old software. Apple has long since stopped support of the Classic API and Classic emulation in Mac OS X. 2. Carbon (Mac OS 8.5 up to and including Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard). Carbon was an API for developers to update their applications that used the Classic API to be run without the Classic emulator. Carbon was a great way that Apple provided developers to upgrade their software to run on Mac OS X without having to totally rewrite their software, but Carbon, like Classic, is no longer supported by Apple. 3. Cocoa (All versions of Mac OS X). Cocoa is the most native API that can be used to develop applications for Mac OS X that are truly "Mac-like". Generally, Objective-C will be used along with Cocoa, though there are other options such as Cocoa-AppleScript and Cocoa-Python, but Cocoa-Objective-C is really the "mainstream" way to develop Cocoa applications. '''Resource Forks''' Files in Mac OS X have a feature that is unique to Mac OS and that is that each file on disk can have two "forks". This feature used to be used for Classic and Carbon applications to separate code from resources (such as menus, windows, etc.), and the Mac OS X file system still supports two forks, but you should only use the "data fork". The resource fork is non-standard and can be lost when transferring Mac files to other file systems. ===AppleScripts=== Another "native language" for developing Mac OS X applications is AppleScript. AppleScript is a language that Apple invented to automate repetitive tasks. The AppleScript application is located on your Mac at /Applications/Utilities/AppleScript Editor. AppleScript can be used to record AppleEvents, the events that applications send to themselves or to other applications. Why don't you try it out. Open AppleScript Editor, press the record button, do some things with your other applications and watch the script write itself. AppleScript can be used alone or it can be used along with XCode to develop Cocoa Applications using mostly AppleScript instead of Objective-C. This option is mostly for experienced AppleScript programmers who don't know Objective-C. ===Automator Workflows=== Apple also provides an application called "Automator" that can be used to easily automate repetitive tasks. It is located at /Applications/Automator.app ===Shell Scripts=== Mac OS X has an application called Terminal that provides a command-line interface to Mac OS X. It is possible to develop scripts for the command line. Terminal.app is located at /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app To create a shell script, you need a text editor. There is a text editor that comes with Mac OS X called "TextEdit.app". It is located in /Applications/TextEdit.app. But actually, what is better than TextEdit is a program such as TextWrangler.app which is available for free from the following link: http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/ The shell that Terminal.app uses by default is called "bash". Here is a simple tutorial on developing bash scripts http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_automate_terminal_bash_scripts We won't go any more deeply into shell scripts here in this wikibook, but it's just good to know what they are. You can always google for more information now that you know what to google for. ===Command Line Tools=== When you open Terminal and you learn how to type in commands. The commands are usually command-line tools or scripts. Above, we just talked about developing your own scripts with a text editor. It's also possible to develop your own command-line tools, using XCode. This is an advanced thing to do. Usually, power-users will write a shell-script (or some other kind of thing such as an AppleScript or an Automator Workflow) but it's good to know what a command-line tool is. Command-line tools have a textual user-interface rather than a graphical user interface (GUI). ===Java=== Java used to be treated by Apple as a "first class language" to develop for Mac OS, however in recent years, Apple has less support for Java. Now with Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" and 10.8 "Mountain Lion", Java doesn't even come pre-installed in Mac OS X. Java is still available, but users have to download Java from Oracle's website and install it themselves. Apple's Mac App Store doesn't even allow Java apps to be sold at their store calling Java "deprecated". However, there still are Mac developers who use Java because it has the advantage of being cross-platform compatible. For example, the same source-code can be used to generate software that runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Apple has said that Java reduces the Mac to the "least common denominator". That's why they support it less. ===Python=== Python is somewhat supported by Apple. In fact, Python is shipped with Mac OS X and is part of the System Folder. There are third-party libraries that allow developers to develop applications using Python and Cocoa together, but these are not very well maintained, and Python on the Mac is most suitable for developing command-line utilities, or cross-platform scripts that aren't really very Mac-like. ===Ruby=== Similar to Python. ===Websites=== Most Mac users use Safari for their web browser. Safari uses the standards set by w3c.org You can develop websites that work with Safari by following the standards of the w3c.org. Remember to validate your HMTL, CSS, and JavaScript. HTML Validator: http://validator.w3.org/ CSS Validator: http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/ JavaScript Lint: http://www.javascriptlint.com/online_lint.php If you're developing websites using your Mac and using Safari, remember to test your webpages on other platforms and with other web browsers. ==Mac OS X Specific Languages== Objective-C is really the "native" language for Mac OS X development *[[Programming:Objective-C|Objective C Programming]] You could call AppleScript a "native" language too, but it isn't really used to make commercial applications. It was designed to be used by real power-users to automate their tasks. Although it is possible to use AppleScript to build Cocoa applications in XCode, this would be more for users who already know AppleScript and don't want to learn Objective-C. *[[AppleScript Programming|Applescript Programming]] jfeyz3ji2t9vx1s6v8s414c8f7gv4di 4633853 4633851 2026-05-03T12:24:48Z ~2026-26947-55 3580900 Safari 4633853 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Types of Software for Mac OS X== ===Applications=== Applications are what people generally think of when they think about software for Mac OS X. Cocoa applications include: Finder, Mail, Address Book, Safari, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel. Anybody can develop applications using Apple's free development tools which includes XCode. Mac OS X applications are developed using Objective-C though there are other possible programming languages that could be used. The most popular languages for use on the macOS platform is Objective-C which could be thought of as Mac OS X's "native language" since the Mac OS X libraries, or "frameworks", all have an Objective-C interface. Objective-C includes everything that plain C can do, and adds object-oriented programming. See: [[Programming:Objective-C|Objective-C]]. C++ can be used in developing for the Mac, but generally, it is used in addition to Objective-C rather than being in place of Objective-C. Using both Objective-C and C++ is called "Objective-C++" and is considered to be optional when developing software for Mac OS X: [[Programming:c|C++]] See [[Programming:Objective-C]] for a lesson on the basics of Objective-C [http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2003/07/22/cocoa_series.html] may also be of assistance. Some preliminary thoughts: Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming. Objective-C entered Mac OS X and has ancestry in NeXT. [[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]]. Before you learn Mac programming you ''must '' know the basics of C since it is the basis for Objective-C. There used to be three separate APIs for developing a Mac application with a GUI: 1. Classic (Mac OS 9 and lower). Developing for the Classic API is no longer done. When Mac OS X first came out, users and developers had a huge investment in software written for Mac Classic OS and Mac OS X used to have an emulation mode so that users could run their old software. Apple has long since stopped support of the Classic API and Classic emulation in Mac OS X. 2. Carbon (Mac OS 8.5 up to and including Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard). Carbon was an API for developers to update their applications that used the Classic API to be run without the Classic emulator. Carbon was a great way that Apple provided developers to upgrade their software to run on Mac OS X without having to totally rewrite their software, but Carbon, like Classic, is no longer supported by Apple. 3. Cocoa (All versions of Mac OS X). Cocoa is the most native API that can be used to develop applications for Mac OS X that are truly "Mac-like". Generally, Objective-C will be used along with Cocoa, though there are other options such as Cocoa-AppleScript and Cocoa-Python, but Cocoa-Objective-C is really the "mainstream" way to develop Cocoa applications. '''Resource Forks''' Files in Mac OS X have a feature that is unique to Mac OS and that is that each file on disk can have two "forks". This feature used to be used for Classic and Carbon applications to separate code from resources (such as menus, windows, etc.), and the Mac OS X file system still supports two forks, but you should only use the "data fork". The resource fork is non-standard and can be lost when transferring Mac files to other file systems. ===AppleScripts=== Another "native language" for developing Mac OS X applications is AppleScript. AppleScript is a language that Apple invented to automate repetitive tasks. The AppleScript application is located on your Mac at /Applications/Utilities/AppleScript Editor. AppleScript can be used to record AppleEvents, the events that applications send to themselves or to other applications. Why don't you try it out. Open AppleScript Editor, press the record button, do some things with your other applications and watch the script write itself. AppleScript can be used alone or it can be used along with XCode to develop Cocoa Applications using mostly AppleScript instead of Objective-C. This option is mostly for experienced AppleScript programmers who don't know Objective-C. ===Automator Workflows=== Apple also provides an application called "Automator" that can be used to easily automate repetitive tasks. It is located at /Applications/Automator.app ===Shell Scripts=== Mac OS X has an application called Terminal that provides a command-line interface to Mac OS X. It is possible to develop scripts for the command line. Terminal.app is located at /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app To create a shell script, you need a text editor. There is a text editor that comes with Mac OS X called "TextEdit.app". It is located in /Applications/TextEdit.app. But actually, what is better than TextEdit is a program such as TextWrangler.app which is available for free from the following link: http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/ The shell that Terminal.app uses by default is called "bash". Here is a simple tutorial on developing bash scripts http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_automate_terminal_bash_scripts We won't go any more deeply into shell scripts here in this wikibook, but it's just good to know what they are. You can always google for more information now that you know what to google for. ===Command Line Tools=== When you open Terminal and you learn how to type in commands. The commands are usually command-line tools or scripts. Above, we just talked about developing your own scripts with a text editor. It's also possible to develop your own command-line tools, using XCode. This is an advanced thing to do. Usually, power-users will write a shell-script (or some other kind of thing such as an AppleScript or an Automator Workflow) but it's good to know what a command-line tool is. Command-line tools have a textual user-interface rather than a graphical user interface (GUI). ===Java=== Java used to be treated by Apple as a "first class language" to develop for Mac OS, however in recent years, Apple has less support for Java. Now with Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" and 10.8 "Mountain Lion", Java doesn't even come pre-installed in Mac OS X. Java is still available, but users have to download Java from Oracle's website and install it themselves. Apple's Mac App Store doesn't even allow Java apps to be sold at their store calling Java "deprecated". However, there still are Mac developers who use Java because it has the advantage of being cross-platform compatible. For example, the same source-code can be used to generate software that runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Apple has said that Java reduces the Mac to the "least common denominator". That's why they support it less. ===Python=== Python is somewhat supported by Apple. In fact, Python is shipped with Mac OS X and is part of the System Folder. There are third-party libraries that allow developers to develop applications using Python and Cocoa together, but these are not very well maintained, and Python on the Mac is most suitable for developing command-line utilities, or cross-platform scripts that aren't really very Mac-like. ===Ruby=== Similar to Python. ===Websites=== Most Mac users use Safari for their web browser. Safari uses the standards set by w3c.org You can develop websites that work with Safari by following the standards of the w3c.org. Remember to validate your HMTL, CSS, and JavaScript. HTML Validator: http://validator.w3.org/ CSS Validator: http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/ JavaScript Lint: http://www.javascriptlint.com/online_lint.php If you're developing websites using your Mac and using Safari, remember to test your webpages on other platforms and with other web browsers. ==Mac OS X Specific Languages== Objective-C is really the "native" language for Mac OS X development *[[Programming:Objective-C|Objective C Programming]] You could call AppleScript a "native" language too, but it isn't really used to make commercial applications. It was designed to be used by real power-users to automate their tasks. Although it is possible to use AppleScript to build Cocoa applications in XCode, this would be more for users who already know AppleScript and don't want to learn Objective-C. *[[AppleScript Programming|Applescript Programming]] k00abkn5cx0imxomien5ci5v9sholaw 4633857 4633853 2026-05-03T12:31:50Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Restoring revision 4633849 by [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|MathXplore]]: unexplained content removal 4633857 wikitext text/x-wiki ==About the platform== macOS is the primary operating system for the Macintosh computer. It was originally a system designed privately by Apple Inc, however with Mac OS X, it has been based on Unix. Specifically, a modified FreeBSD operating system called "Darwin". There are many different kinds of software that can be developed for Mac OS X. People generally think of applications, but we'll briefly cover some of the other kinds. ==Types of Software for Mac OS X== ===Applications=== Applications are what people generally think of when they think about software for Mac OS X. Cocoa applications include: Finder, Mail, Address Book, Safari, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel. Anybody can develop applications using Apple's free development tools which includes XCode. Mac OS X applications are developed using Objective-C though there are other possible programming languages that could be used. The most popular languages for use on the macOS platform is Objective-C which could be thought of as Mac OS X's "native language" since the Mac OS X libraries, or "frameworks", all have an Objective-C interface. Objective-C includes everything that plain C can do, and adds object-oriented programming. See: [[Programming:Objective-C|Objective-C]]. C++ can be used in developing for the Mac, but generally, it is used in addition to Objective-C rather than being in place of Objective-C. Using both Objective-C and C++ is called "Objective-C++" and is considered to be optional when developing software for Mac OS X: [[Programming:c|C++]] See [[Programming:Objective-C]] for a lesson on the basics of Objective-C [http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2003/07/22/cocoa_series.html] may also be of assistance. Some preliminary thoughts: Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming. Objective-C entered Mac OS X and has ancestry in NeXT. [[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]]. Before you learn Mac programming you ''must '' know the basics of C since it is the basis for Objective-C. There used to be three separate APIs for developing a Mac application with a GUI: 1. Classic (Mac OS 9 and lower). Developing for the Classic API is no longer done. When Mac OS X first came out, users and developers had a huge investment in software written for Mac Classic OS and Mac OS X used to have an emulation mode so that users could run their old software. Apple has long since stopped support of the Classic API and Classic emulation in Mac OS X. 2. Carbon (Mac OS 8.5 up to and including Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard). Carbon was an API for developers to update their applications that used the Classic API to be run without the Classic emulator. Carbon was a great way that Apple provided developers to upgrade their software to run on Mac OS X without having to totally rewrite their software, but Carbon, like Classic, is no longer supported by Apple. 3. Cocoa (All versions of Mac OS X). Cocoa is the most native API that can be used to develop applications for Mac OS X that are truly "Mac-like". Generally, Objective-C will be used along with Cocoa, though there are other options such as Cocoa-AppleScript and Cocoa-Python, but Cocoa-Objective-C is really the "mainstream" way to develop Cocoa applications. '''Resource Forks''' Files in Mac OS X have a feature that is unique to Mac OS and that is that each file on disk can have two "forks". This feature used to be used for Classic and Carbon applications to separate code from resources (such as menus, windows, etc.), and the Mac OS X file system still supports two forks, but you should only use the "data fork". The resource fork is non-standard and can be lost when transferring Mac files to other file systems. ===AppleScripts=== Another "native language" for developing Mac OS X applications is AppleScript. AppleScript is a language that Apple invented to automate repetitive tasks. The AppleScript application is located on your Mac at /Applications/Utilities/AppleScript Editor. AppleScript can be used to record AppleEvents, the events that applications send to themselves or to other applications. Why don't you try it out. Open AppleScript Editor, press the record button, do some things with your other applications and watch the script write itself. AppleScript can be used alone or it can be used along with XCode to develop Cocoa Applications using mostly AppleScript instead of Objective-C. This option is mostly for experienced AppleScript programmers who don't know Objective-C. ===Automator Workflows=== Apple also provides an application called "Automator" that can be used to easily automate repetitive tasks. It is located at /Applications/Automator.app ===Shell Scripts=== Mac OS X has an application called Terminal that provides a command-line interface to Mac OS X. It is possible to develop scripts for the command line. Terminal.app is located at /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app To create a shell script, you need a text editor. There is a text editor that comes with Mac OS X called "TextEdit.app". It is located in /Applications/TextEdit.app. But actually, what is better than TextEdit is a program such as TextWrangler.app which is available for free from the following link: http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/ The shell that Terminal.app uses by default is called "bash". Here is a simple tutorial on developing bash scripts http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_automate_terminal_bash_scripts We won't go any more deeply into shell scripts here in this wikibook, but it's just good to know what they are. You can always google for more information now that you know what to google for. ===Command Line Tools=== When you open Terminal and you learn how to type in commands. The commands are usually command-line tools or scripts. Above, we just talked about developing your own scripts with a text editor. It's also possible to develop your own command-line tools, using XCode. This is an advanced thing to do. Usually, power-users will write a shell-script (or some other kind of thing such as an AppleScript or an Automator Workflow) but it's good to know what a command-line tool is. Command-line tools have a textual user-interface rather than a graphical user interface (GUI). ===Java=== Java used to be treated by Apple as a "first class language" to develop for Mac OS, however in recent years, Apple has less support for Java. Now with Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" and 10.8 "Mountain Lion", Java doesn't even come pre-installed in Mac OS X. Java is still available, but users have to download Java from Oracle's website and install it themselves. Apple's Mac App Store doesn't even allow Java apps to be sold at their store calling Java "deprecated". However, there still are Mac developers who use Java because it has the advantage of being cross-platform compatible. For example, the same source-code can be used to generate software that runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Apple has said that Java reduces the Mac to the "least common denominator". That's why they support it less. ===Python=== Python is somewhat supported by Apple. In fact, Python is shipped with Mac OS X and is part of the System Folder. There are third-party libraries that allow developers to develop applications using Python and Cocoa together, but these are not very well maintained, and Python on the Mac is most suitable for developing command-line utilities, or cross-platform scripts that aren't really very Mac-like. ===Ruby=== Similar to Python. ===Websites=== Most Mac users use Safari for their web browser. Safari uses the standards set by w3c.org You can develop websites that work with Safari by following the standards of the w3c.org. Remember to validate your HMTL, CSS, and JavaScript. HTML Validator: http://validator.w3.org/ CSS Validator: http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/ JavaScript Lint: http://www.javascriptlint.com/online_lint.php If you're developing websites using your Mac and using Safari, remember to test your webpages on other platforms and with other web browsers. ==Mac OS X Specific Languages== Objective-C is really the "native" language for Mac OS X development *[[Programming:Objective-C|Objective C Programming]] You could call AppleScript a "native" language too, but it isn't really used to make commercial applications. It was designed to be used by real power-users to automate their tasks. Although it is possible to use AppleScript to build Cocoa applications in XCode, this would be more for users who already know AppleScript and don't want to learn Objective-C. *[[AppleScript Programming|Applescript Programming]] ==Mac OS X Frameworks== *[[Programming:Cocoa|Cocoa]] {{BookCat}} 6hdqzwu919e34rs53cyj5qkpdcht91n 102 6285 4633989 4608255 2026-05-03T22:12:35Z JohnSon12a 3456224 fixed grammar 4633989 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{Ingredient summary | Image = [[File:(Pasta) by David Adam Kess (pic.2).jpg|300px]] }} {{ingredient}} '''Pasta''' refers to class of foods made from an unleavened, typically semolina-based dough formed into a variety of shapes<ref name=":0">https://www.britannica.com/topic/pasta</ref>. It is a [[Cookbook:Carbohydrates|carbohydrate]]-rich basis for many meals. Pasta should not be confused with [[Cookbook:Noodle|noodles]]—while some types of pasta such as [[Cookbook:Spaghetti|spaghetti]] and linguine are also noodles, noodles and pasta have two separate meanings.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/noodle</ref> == Origin == Decades ago in Italy, fresh pasta was always made at home. == Characteristics == Pasta is highly varied and comes in a variety of formats. === Ingredients === Pasta is typically made with wheat flour, and most Italian pasta is very specifically made from durum wheat semolina. The durum wheat has a high protein content that helps to make the pasta firm. Some varieties of pasta contain eggs, and these may be referred to as egg pasta. Further varieties of pasta are filled with mixtures of cheese, meat, and/or vegetables. === Flavor and color === In some pastas the dough is flavoured or colored with an extra ingredient such as squid ink (for a black color), beet juice (for a vibrant red), tomato puree (for an orange tint) or spinach (for a green color). Pasta can also be flavoured with [[Cookbook:Chile|chili peppers]] for a spicy kick, or with [[Cookbook:Truffle|truffles]], for the unique flavour that only truffles can bring to a dish. When incorporating a flavoring or coloring ingredient into pasta dough, it's important to take the water content into consideration. Beets, for instance, contain a lot of moisture, so less water should be added to the dough to compensate. == Production == In the process of mass production of pasta, the end product is transported through an oven which dries the dough. With lower quality pasta this process is done relatively quickly, resulting in a darker coloring. High quality pasta is dried much slower and as a result is much lighter in color - and more expensive. == Procurement and storage == Pasta can be homemade, and it is widely available for purchase in fresh or dried form. Dried pasta has a very long shelf life when stored at room temperature, and it is frequently a pantry staple. Fresh pasta is more perishable and must be stored in the fridge or freezer for freshness. == Varieties == Pasta is available in various forms, and there are over 650 distinct varieties, some of which are highly local to their region of origin. Pasta names ending in -ini refer to a small variety of some type of pasta, and those ending in -oni or -one refer to a large variety. For instance, farfallini are small farfalle and farfallone are large ones. *[[w:bucatini|''bucatini'']]: thick-walled tubes *[[w:capellini|''capellini'']]: known as angel hair pasta in English; a very fine, fast-cooking pasta *''[[Cookbook:Ditalini|ditalini]]'': a small, tubed-shaped pasta (can be used in minestrone) *[[w:farfalle|''farfalle'']]: 'bow ties', usually made with egg and/or spinach *[[w:fettuccine|''fettuccine'']]: wide flat noodles in varying lengths and widths *[[cookbook:fusilli|''fusilli'']]: narrow corkscrews *[[w:gnocchi|''gnocchi'']]: potato or ricotta pasta *[[cookbook:lasagne|''lasagne'']]: a wide flat pasta, used for the classic baked dish *[[w:linguine|''linguine'']]: long flattened ovals, similar to spaghetti *''[[Cookbook:Cornetti|cornetti]]'': small maccheroni *[[w:maccheroni|''maccheroni'']]: the ubiquitous small curled tubes *[[cookbook:Orzo|''orzo'']]: pasta in the form of large grains of rice. *[[w:pappardelle|''pappardelle'']]: a long inch-wide flat pasta with crinkled edges, usually served with a very rich sauce *[[w:penne|''penne'']]: long narrow tubes cut diagonally at the ends *[[cookbook:ravioli|''ravioli'']]: square stuffed pasta, often filled with meat or a cheese-based filling *[[w:rigatoni|''rigatoni'']]: inch-long ridged tubes, often used in baked dishes *''[[Cookbook:Spaghettini|spaghettini]]'': spaghetti with a small diameter *[[Cookbook:spaghetti|''spaghetti'']]: the traditional long narrow noodles *''[[Cookbook:Spaghettoni|spaghettoni]]'': spaghetti with a large diameter *[[w:Tagliatelle|''tagliatelle'']]: ribbons of pasta, work well with hearty meat-based sauces *[[w:tortellini|''tortellini'']]: a crescent-shaped stuffed pasta *[[cookbook:vermicelli|''vermicelli'']]: thin, worm-shaped noodles, used most often in potage (broth) *''[[Cookbook:Paternoster|paternoster]]'': pasta generally used for minestrone (small maccheroni) *''[[Cookbook:Piombi and Fregola|piombi and fregola]]'': small balls pre-cooked or not about 5 mm == Use == Pasta is used in a wide variety of dishes, ranging from relatively simple sauced noodles to soups and casseroles. Plain cooked pasta is usually bland and is rarely served on its own—usually it is at least minimally tossed with a simple sauce or dressing. Tomato-based sauces are classically associated with [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Italy|Italian]] pasta dishes. === Cooking pasta === Both fresh and dried pasta are usually cooked by [[Cookbook:Boiling|boiling]] in a large amount of water, which may be salted according to taste—on average, for every 200 grams of pasta you need 4 liters of water. Fresh pasta will cook in less than five minutes; dried pasta takes longer: 9 to 12 minutes, depending on the variety. If you are cooking an unfamiliar brand or variety, keep checking. Most people prefer pasta when it is ''[[Cookbook:Al Dente|al dente]]''—that is when it is soft but still offers some resistance to the bite. The thinner and smaller a pasta is, the quicker it will cook. Consult the [[Cookbook:Boiled pasta|boiled pasta]] page for a more thorough explanation of how to cook pasta. When making a pasta sauce (whether based on tomatoes, cream, bechamel or just 'dry' vegetables), it's a good idea to add a couple of tablespoons of the sauce's cooking fat (usually butter or olive oil) to the pasta when tossing it. Fresh pasta has a lighter flavor and a more tender bite, so it's better suited for more delicate sauces than dried pasta. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Macaroni closeup.jpg|Elbow macaroni File:Spaghetti2.jpg|Spaghetti File:Fettuccine.jpg|Fettuccine File:Farfalle Pasta.JPG|Farfalle, also called "bow-ties" or "butterfly pasta" File:Rotelle2.jpg|Rotelle, also called "wagon wheels" File:Pennelisce closeup.png|Penne File:Rigatoni.jpg|Rigatoni File:Bucatini.jpg|Bucatini File:Capelli angelo.jpg|Capelli or angel hair File:Bunte Nudeln 20200117.jpg|Tricolor pasta File:Gnocchi di ricotta.jpg|Gnocchi File:Tortellini Bolognesi.jpg|Tortellini File:EMS-108038-Orzo-rule.JPG|Orzo File:Ravioli di lattuga.jpg|Ravioli File:Lasagne side.png|Lasagne sheets File:Orecchiette Pasta.JPG|Orecchiette File:Linguine.jpg|Linguine File:Tortiglioni.jpg|Tortiglioni File:Ditalini-230.jpg|Ditalini File:Fricelli roh im Teller (fcm).jpg|Fricelli File:Cannelloni2.png|Cannelloni File:Cavatappi2.jpg|Cavatappi File:Gemelli 2.jpg|Gemelli </gallery> ==Recipes== *[[Cookbook:Pasta_Recipes|Pasta recipes]] *[[Cookbook:Fresh Egg Pasta (Pasta Fresca All'uovo)|Fresh Egg Pasta (Pasta Fresca All'uovo)]] == External links == <references /> [[Category:Featured ingredients]] [[it:Libro di cucina/Ricette/Pasta all'uovo]] osugfse8t0414rxtagx6webabiemq4n 4633994 4633989 2026-05-03T22:23:30Z JohnSon12a 3456224 fixed typo 4633994 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{Ingredient summary | Image = [[File:(Pasta) by David Adam Kess (pic.2).jpg|300px]] }} {{ingredient}} '''Pasta''' refers to class of foods made from an unleavened, typically semolina-based dough formed into a variety of shapes.<ref name=":0">https://www.britannica.com/topic/pasta</ref> It is a [[Cookbook:Carbohydrates|carbohydrate]]-rich basis for many meals. Pasta should not be confused with [[Cookbook:Noodle|noodles]]—while some types of pasta such as [[Cookbook:Spaghetti|spaghetti]] and linguine are also noodles, noodles and pasta have two separate meanings.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/noodle</ref> == Origin == Decades ago in Italy, fresh pasta was always made at home. == Characteristics == Pasta is highly varied and comes in a variety of formats. === Ingredients === Pasta is typically made with wheat flour, and most Italian pasta is very specifically made from durum wheat semolina. The durum wheat has a high protein content that helps to make the pasta firm. Some varieties of pasta contain eggs, and these may be referred to as egg pasta. Further varieties of pasta are filled with mixtures of cheese, meat, and/or vegetables. === Flavor and color === In some pastas the dough is flavoured or colored with an extra ingredient such as squid ink (for a black color), beet juice (for a vibrant red), tomato puree (for an orange tint) or spinach (for a green color). Pasta can also be flavoured with [[Cookbook:Chile|chili peppers]] for a spicy kick, or with [[Cookbook:Truffle|truffles]], for the unique flavour that only truffles can bring to a dish. When incorporating a flavoring or coloring ingredient into pasta dough, it's important to take the water content into consideration. Beets, for instance, contain a lot of moisture, so less water should be added to the dough to compensate. == Production == In the process of mass production of pasta, the end product is transported through an oven which dries the dough. With lower quality pasta this process is done relatively quickly, resulting in a darker coloring. High quality pasta is dried much slower and as a result is much lighter in color - and more expensive. == Procurement and storage == Pasta can be homemade, and it is widely available for purchase in fresh or dried form. Dried pasta has a very long shelf life when stored at room temperature, and it is frequently a pantry staple. Fresh pasta is more perishable and must be stored in the fridge or freezer for freshness. == Varieties == Pasta is available in various forms, and there are over 650 distinct varieties, some of which are highly local to their region of origin. Pasta names ending in -ini refer to a small variety of some type of pasta, and those ending in -oni or -one refer to a large variety. For instance, farfallini are small farfalle and farfallone are large ones. *[[w:bucatini|''bucatini'']]: thick-walled tubes *[[w:capellini|''capellini'']]: known as angel hair pasta in English; a very fine, fast-cooking pasta *''[[Cookbook:Ditalini|ditalini]]'': a small, tubed-shaped pasta (can be used in minestrone) *[[w:farfalle|''farfalle'']]: 'bow ties', usually made with egg and/or spinach *[[w:fettuccine|''fettuccine'']]: wide flat noodles in varying lengths and widths *[[cookbook:fusilli|''fusilli'']]: narrow corkscrews *[[w:gnocchi|''gnocchi'']]: potato or ricotta pasta *[[cookbook:lasagne|''lasagne'']]: a wide flat pasta, used for the classic baked dish *[[w:linguine|''linguine'']]: long flattened ovals, similar to spaghetti *''[[Cookbook:Cornetti|cornetti]]'': small maccheroni *[[w:maccheroni|''maccheroni'']]: the ubiquitous small curled tubes *[[cookbook:Orzo|''orzo'']]: pasta in the form of large grains of rice. *[[w:pappardelle|''pappardelle'']]: a long inch-wide flat pasta with crinkled edges, usually served with a very rich sauce *[[w:penne|''penne'']]: long narrow tubes cut diagonally at the ends *[[cookbook:ravioli|''ravioli'']]: square stuffed pasta, often filled with meat or a cheese-based filling *[[w:rigatoni|''rigatoni'']]: inch-long ridged tubes, often used in baked dishes *''[[Cookbook:Spaghettini|spaghettini]]'': spaghetti with a small diameter *[[Cookbook:spaghetti|''spaghetti'']]: the traditional long narrow noodles *''[[Cookbook:Spaghettoni|spaghettoni]]'': spaghetti with a large diameter *[[w:Tagliatelle|''tagliatelle'']]: ribbons of pasta, work well with hearty meat-based sauces *[[w:tortellini|''tortellini'']]: a crescent-shaped stuffed pasta *[[cookbook:vermicelli|''vermicelli'']]: thin, worm-shaped noodles, used most often in potage (broth) *''[[Cookbook:Paternoster|paternoster]]'': pasta generally used for minestrone (small maccheroni) *''[[Cookbook:Piombi and Fregola|piombi and fregola]]'': small balls pre-cooked or not about 5 mm == Use == Pasta is used in a wide variety of dishes, ranging from relatively simple sauced noodles to soups and casseroles. Plain cooked pasta is usually bland and is rarely served on its own—usually it is at least minimally tossed with a simple sauce or dressing. Tomato-based sauces are classically associated with [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Italy|Italian]] pasta dishes. === Cooking pasta === Both fresh and dried pasta are usually cooked by [[Cookbook:Boiling|boiling]] in a large amount of water, which may be salted according to taste—on average, for every 200 grams of pasta you need 4 liters of water. Fresh pasta will cook in less than five minutes; dried pasta takes longer: 9 to 12 minutes, depending on the variety. If you are cooking an unfamiliar brand or variety, keep checking. Most people prefer pasta when it is ''[[Cookbook:Al Dente|al dente]]''—that is when it is soft but still offers some resistance to the bite. The thinner and smaller a pasta is, the quicker it will cook. Consult the [[Cookbook:Boiled pasta|boiled pasta]] page for a more thorough explanation of how to cook pasta. When making a pasta sauce (whether based on tomatoes, cream, bechamel or just 'dry' vegetables), it's a good idea to add a couple of tablespoons of the sauce's cooking fat (usually butter or olive oil) to the pasta when tossing it. Fresh pasta has a lighter flavor and a more tender bite, so it's better suited for more delicate sauces than dried pasta. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Macaroni closeup.jpg|Elbow macaroni File:Spaghetti2.jpg|Spaghetti File:Fettuccine.jpg|Fettuccine File:Farfalle Pasta.JPG|Farfalle, also called "bow-ties" or "butterfly pasta" File:Rotelle2.jpg|Rotelle, also called "wagon wheels" File:Pennelisce closeup.png|Penne File:Rigatoni.jpg|Rigatoni File:Bucatini.jpg|Bucatini File:Capelli angelo.jpg|Capelli or angel hair File:Bunte Nudeln 20200117.jpg|Tricolor pasta File:Gnocchi di ricotta.jpg|Gnocchi File:Tortellini Bolognesi.jpg|Tortellini File:EMS-108038-Orzo-rule.JPG|Orzo File:Ravioli di lattuga.jpg|Ravioli File:Lasagne side.png|Lasagne sheets File:Orecchiette Pasta.JPG|Orecchiette File:Linguine.jpg|Linguine File:Tortiglioni.jpg|Tortiglioni File:Ditalini-230.jpg|Ditalini File:Fricelli roh im Teller (fcm).jpg|Fricelli File:Cannelloni2.png|Cannelloni File:Cavatappi2.jpg|Cavatappi File:Gemelli 2.jpg|Gemelli </gallery> ==Recipes== *[[Cookbook:Pasta_Recipes|Pasta recipes]] *[[Cookbook:Fresh Egg Pasta (Pasta Fresca All'uovo)|Fresh Egg Pasta (Pasta Fresca All'uovo)]] == External links == <references /> [[Category:Featured ingredients]] [[it:Libro di cucina/Ricette/Pasta all'uovo]] asjswrdc7hhel5touido8slzabkl25u 102 9486 4633995 4624420 2026-05-03T22:25:12Z JohnSon12a 3456224 fixed dashes 4633995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cookbook special page}} The materials in the Wikimedia Cookbook come from many sources. If you know of a source that has been used, or have added material yourself, feel free to add to this list, in alphabetical order. ==Other organizations== *[http://www.ibiblio.org/oscookbook/ Open Source Cookbook] – GFDL cookbook *[http://www.usda.gov US Department of Agriculture] – Public domain articles about ingredients; public domain photos *[[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]] – GFDL images, other freely-licensed images *[[w:Main Page|Wikipedia]] – GFDL articles about ingredients; GFDL recipes; GFDL photos ==Individuals== In alphabetical order: *[[User:AceDragonfly]] – added and developed baking recipes *[[User:Adilbarlas|Adil]] – has added a few recipes. *[[User:AlbertCahalan|AlbertCahalan]] – added a couple dozen recipes (the yummy ones) *[[User:Alsocal|Alsocal]] – Wikify pages, added content from Open Source Cookbook *[[User:BoldLuis|BoldLuis]] *[[User:Datariumrex|Datariumrex]] – Made a salmon recipe and related Wikidata item. Interested to learn how to represent recipes in Wikidata. *[[User:D'Ranged 1|D'Ranged 1]] – adding recipes as time allows; first recipe added was [[Cookbook:Acorn Squash with Orange Marmalade|Acorn Squash with Orange Marmalade]] *[[User:Camillegweston144|Camille G. Weston]] contributed delicious gluten veggie meat recipe. Loves vegetarian and vegan cooking. *[[User:David Johnson|David Johnson]] – adds various things as/when he can. He's especially proud of his [[Cookbook:Chicken Tikka Masala|Chicken Tikka Masala]] recipe. *[[User:Geocachernemesis|Geocachernemesis]] – has contributed 42 of his own images recently, along with a couple of recipes; also interested in standardising module naming capitalisation styles to fit in with Wikipedia and the rest of Wikibooks. *[[User:Gentgeen|Gentgeen]] – maintains featured recipe and ingredient on the cookbook page; tries to keep all pages to a consistent format; has added a few recipes; added some meat and poultry articles, as well as some other ingredients. *[[User:The Grimm Ripper|Grimm]] – has added recipes and edited articles for grammar, format, and universal equivalents. *[[User:Holsopplee|Holsopplee]] – has fixed minor mistakes here and there and will periodically add recipes, starting with [[Cookbook:Violet Lemonade|Violet Leonade]]. *[[User:Hornickels|Shawn Hornickel]] – added a recipe, and hoping to add more. *[[User:Iwatchaltonbrown|Iwatchaltonbrown]] – has added over 50 recipes, improved quality of several pages, and corrected incorrect information. *[[User:Jmsfwk|Jmsfwk]] *[[User:Joe Jarvis|Joe Jarvis]] *[[User:Jay Bolero|Karl Basallote]] adds few recipes on Filipino cuisine. *[[User:Kellen|Kellen]] is mostly working on the [[Cookbook:Vegan cuisine|vegan cuisine]] section, but is also interested in standardizing categories and naming and in the overall structure of the cookbook. *[[User:Kilometers to Verona|Kilometers to Verona]] *[[User:Klaus|Klaus]] – has added a few recipes. *[[User:Liblamb|Liblamb]] – filled some cooking technique stubs and has added recipes. *[[User:Mcld|Mcld]] – British recipes, and typesetting. *[[User:Meowmom | Meowmom]] – have cooked and baked for over 30 years, will share as often as possible :) *[[User:Moby-Dick4000|Moby-Dick4000]] has written and contributed to all the [[cookbook:paella recipes|paella recipes]] and three pasta recipes. *[[User:Morgan695|Morgan695]] – contributed some recipes. *[[User:Nmontague|Nmontague]] – added some distinctly Canadian items, running through his Great Grandmother's recipe book *[[User:Paalappoo|Paalappoo]] – added a few recipes and hopes to add more *[[User:Pencilsharp|Pencilsharp]] – uses his grocery industry experience to help where he can. *[[User:Phantom|Phantom]] – has added info on baking and deep frying, based on his experience in the food industry. *[[User:Psychofarm|Psychofarm]] – a real technology and cooking novice, but gets a strange sense of satisfaction from editing pages. *[[User:Redlentil|Redlentil]] – mostly interested in basics: ingredients rather than recipes. *[[User:Reubenbarton|Reubenbarton]] – added a few of my favorite recipes and a few that I have developed. *[[User:ShelleyAdams|ShelleyAdams]] – editing and wikification. *[[User:Sirmylesnagopaleentheda|Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da)]] – Middle Eastern recipes *[[User:Synoman Barris|Barris]] – expanding the cookbook *[[User:Tannersf|Tannersf]] – adding all kinds of recipes *[[User:The bellman|The bellman]] – I am going to do whatever i can to make this the greatest almanac of all things cooking the world has ever seen. *[[User:Tmalmjursson|Thor Malmjursson]] – Gluten & Lactose Intolerant, so will try and help with dairy free and gluten free recipes. *[[User:Tonyr1988|Tonyr1988]] – I'll try to add as many things as I can when I randomly find them. *[[User:Unacuoca|Unacuoca]] – I've added a recipe and hope to add more. I also enjoy editing. *[[User:Xania|Xania]] – I'm adding metric measurements to all recipes and adding a few of my own too! *[[User:Webaware|Webaware]] – main interest is in [[Cookbook:Fermentation|fermented foods]]. *[[User:Wikidsoup|Wikidsoup]] – main interest in vegetarian & vegan foods and health, and foods that I cook a lot: bread, soups and curries. *[[User:WikiUser70176|WikiUser70176]] – cleanup and adding links 750pyg1dvgxejfu3x4rdz4hg7bx49rk 0 17300 4634025 4633417 2026-05-04T06:14:56Z SHB2000 3332924 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4633417|4633417]] by [[Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] ([[User talk:Kingofnuthin|discuss]])decline, previous discussion (although back in 2006) concluded to keep – see [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Thick Sand Motorcycling]] 4634025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tw-adopt}} ===How to survive thick sand=== Riding a motorbike is often an exercise in defeating ones own instincts. Riding a bike in thick sand is a good example of this. Instinct says go slowly when approaching anything threatening; however, going slowly on a bike is a sure way of having an accident, more so when riding in a threatening situation. When approaching an area of thick sand it is best to slow down while approaching, then ''gently'' accelerate upon reaching the sandy patch. Motion is what gives stability to any bike, be it a bicycle or a motorbike. With a motorbike, this stability is especially linked to the back tire's grip on the ground. Applying too much power will cause the back wheel to spin, thus losing grip, causing the bike to either fall over or dig its back wheel into the sand. If the sand is particularly thick, fine, or both, and the back wheel has dug itself in, the best thing to do in this situation is to get off, use the "clutch and accelerator" combined to gently apply forward motion; then run with the bike past the worst bit, and finally leap back on. Instinct causes panic when it feels as if things are out of your control. Often, when in a situation like thick sand, the bike will throw itself about a bit; this is normal, and often a hint that one is going too slowly. The worst thing you can do on a bike is to stiffen up. Rather, sit upright, lean slightly forward, and relax your arms. If the going is really bad, stand up on the pegs, and lean forward. The main thing is relax and give the bike the power it needs to get out. {{Shelves|Motorcycles}} {{Alphabetical|T}} {{status|0%}} mt59thmysa6aj2hulvnvmbhp1b9seh8 102 27143 4633991 4450084 2026-05-03T22:15:35Z JohnSon12a 3456224 /* Stop spammers and vandals */ fixed typo 4633991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cookbook help page}} Building and maintaining this cookbook requires work, some of which is tedious. It is good to pitch in, doing your part to take care of things. Here are some of the many things you can do. ==Stop spammers and vandals== Monitor the [[Special:RecentChanges|recent changes]] page to check for edits to the Cookbook. There is a drop-down menu near the top of the list that lets you select the Cookbook namespace specifically. You can undo bad edits by navigating to the history of a page. Report obvious vandalism in the [[WB:AA|administrative assistance reading room]]. ==Improve pages == Check the categories containing cookbook [[:Category:Cookbook stubs|stubs]] and [[:Category:Cookbook pages needing work|other pages needing improvement]], and make improvements as appropriate. ==Nominate and judge potential editors== [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions|Requests for permissions]] require votes. Without votes, progress tends to be slow. Without editors, the vandals and spammers run wild. If you see a user who appears fit to be an editor, you should nominate them on that page. While there, vote for all the candidates who seem decent to you. ==Add pictures== It's important to illustrate the Cookbook to help readers learn about the described materials. === Ingredients and tools === These can be illustrated using any suitable images on [[commons:Home|Wikimedia Commons]]. If you find a suitable image that has a license compatible with Commons, you can import it there for use in the Cookbook. You may also upload images you take yourself. After you have an appropriate image on Commons, you can add it to the Cookbook page. === Recipes === For recipes, you should not use a generic image to illustrate the specific dish described—you want to show the reader exactly what a given recipe makes. As such, you should cook the recipe yourself, photograph it in high quality, and upload the images. As above, images can be stored at the Wikimedia Commons to make images available for all Wikimedia Foundation projects. When taking pictures, try to use something other than a yellowish 60W light bulb and Xenon flash. Natural sunlight, GE Reveal bulbs, and most full-spectrum plant (greenhouse) lights will work well, especially if you can hold the camera steady and suppress the flash. Try to show both the inside and outside of foods where this would be applicable. ==Standardize formatting and add links== Ensure all pages conform to the Cookbook [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|style and formatting standards]]. All cookbook pages should have a cookbook navigation template at the top (see [[Template:Recipe]], [[Template:Ingredient]], [[Template:Equipment]], etc). Add category links at the bottom of the page. Use '''<nowiki><br clear="all" /></nowiki>''' if you need to keep pictures from spilling into the wrong section. Link all ingredients, [[Cookbook:Units of measurement|units of measurement]], and [[Cookbook:Equipment|equipment]] the first time they are used. To make linking easier, [[Help:Editing#Redirecting|redirect pages]] should be created, so links to either title appear as "blue" active links, and duplicate pages are not created. At least one contributor prefers actions ("Boil'''ing'''", not "Boil" or "Boiled") in gerund form. They also advocate keeping ingredient lists in lower-case. ==Recipe description== Many recipes are poorly described, and beginning cooks cannot imagine what the result is supposed to be like. You can describe the recipe in the lead section at the top of the recipe. You can discuss your own cooking attempts on the recipe's talk page. It can also be helpful to describe difficulty levels, preparation times, and other characteristics in [[Template:Recipe Summary|Template:Recipe summary]]. ==Convert units== Leave the original units as they are, whatever they may be, and add the new units in parentheses after them. Unit conversion requires more care than most people expect. A "large" [[Cookbook:Egg|egg]] in the USA is about the same as a "size M" egg in the EU; you should remove the size indication if you believe it refers to one of these normal sizes. The USA uses Queen Anne units, while Britain uses imperial (and metric) units. Imperial units are generally about 20% larger than Queen Anne units, so look for signs of a non-USA recipe author (based on [[Cookbook:International food terms|food terms]] and spelling) before you convert the units. Be aware of the distinction between [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounces]] (weight) and [[Cookbook:Fluid Ounce|fluid ounces]] (volume). Proportion is important: if you convert ½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] as 2 [[Cookbook:mL|mL]] then use 4 ml for 1 tsp and 190 ml for 1 cup, but if you convert ½ tsp as 3 ml then use 6 ml for 1 tsp and 285 ml for 1 cup. Adjust the pan size, serving count, and eggs as required to match. ==Get junk pages deleted, and save the legit pages== Simply add '''<nowiki>{{Delete|your reason goes here}}</nowiki>''' to the top of any page that no reasonable person might want to keep. If there has been significant human effort put into the page, you should instead place the page up for a [[WB:RFD|deletion vote]] and use '''<nowiki>{{RFD}}</nowiki>''' to mark the page. At the [[WB:RFD]] page, you can also vote on other pages that have been put up for a deletion vote. Be sure to vote based on the quality of the page and not your personal preferences; for example, a vegetarian should not use their personal aversion to meat to advocate for deleting meat-related pages. ==Link from Wikipedia to the Cookbook== Many topics (recipe, ingredient, tool, activity) discussed here in the Cookbook are also covered at [[w:Main_page|Wikipedia]]. From a page over there, you can link to a cookbook page called '''Cookbook:Example''' by using '''<nowiki>{{cookbook|Example}}</nowiki>''' to make the link. This should be placed at the very top of an "External links" section, alongside other similar sister project templates; the result will be a box on the right side of the page. See [[:en:wikipedia:Template:Cookbook|the template page]] for more advanced usage. oe89a0dhz83unsft92zqq7u1j9a6zw0 102 53092 4633899 4506020 2026-05-03T14:27:04Z ~2026-26862-36 3580924 Rewording 4633899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Bread recipes | Difficulty = 3 }} {{recipe}} ==Ingredients== * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] active dry [[Cookbook:Yeast|yeast]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] lukewarm water (105–115°F) * 1 tbsp granulated [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] * 2 ½ cups unbleached [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|all-purpose flour]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]] * 2 tbsp fresh [[Cookbook:Rosemary|rosemary]], [[Cookbook:Chopping|chopped]] * 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Butter|butter]] ==Procedure== # Place yeast, sugar and water in large bowl and allow to become bubbly. # Mix in 2 cups of flour in yeast mixture with salt and 1 tablespoon of the rosemary. Remove to breadboard and [[Cookbook:Kneading|knead]] for 10 minutes. Add the rest of the flour as necessary until [[Cookbook:Dough|dough]] ball is smooth and elastic. # Oil a bowl with olive oil and place dough in it covering with a towel. # Heat environment lightly, leaving over night or approximately hours. # Punch down dough and divide in half. Let dough rest for 5–10 minutes. # Melt butter and [[Cookbook:Brush|brush]] over tops of loaves. Sprinkle remaining rosemary over loaves and gently press into surface. Sprinkle lightly with salt. # Spray baking pan or [[Cookbook:Cookie sheet|cookie sheet]] with cooking spray. Shape the dough into 2 small oval loaves. # Place in preheated 400°F [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] for approximately 13–15 minutes until golden brown. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * Loaves can be frozen after cooking to be later thawed and reheated. In this case remove from freezer 1 hour before cooking, and place in a 350°F oven for 5 minutes. [[Category:Recipes for bread]] [[Category:Recipes using rosemary]] [[Category:Baking recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using granulated sugar]] [[Category:Recipes using butter]] [[Category:Recipes using cooking spray]] [[Category:Recipes using all-purpose flour]] 3hvxw1z0ayl1x5ozngk2vcuixhbvr3h 4633931 4633899 2026-05-03T17:13:52Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4633899|4633899]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26862-36|~2026-26862-36]] ([[User talk:~2026-26862-36|discuss]]); edit removed helpful information without adding anything 4633931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Bread recipes | Difficulty = 3 }} {{recipe}} ==Ingredients== * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] active dry [[Cookbook:Yeast|yeast]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] lukewarm water (105–115°F) * 1 tbsp granulated [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] * 2 ½ cups unbleached [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|all-purpose flour]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]] * 2 tbsp fresh [[Cookbook:Rosemary|rosemary]], [[Cookbook:Chopping|chopped]] * 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Butter|butter]] ==Procedure== # Place yeast, sugar and water in large bowl and allow to become bubbly. # Mix in 2 cups of flour in yeast mixture with salt and 1 tablespoon of the rosemary. Remove to breadboard and [[Cookbook:Kneading|knead]] for 10 minutes. Add the rest of the flour as necessary until [[Cookbook:Dough|dough]] ball is smooth and elastic. # Oil a bowl with olive oil and place dough in it covering with a towel. # Let dough rise in a warm place for 1 hour until doubled. # Punch down dough and divide in half. Let dough rest for 5–10 minutes. # Melt butter and [[Cookbook:Brush|brush]] over tops of loaves. Sprinkle remaining rosemary over loaves and gently press into surface. Sprinkle lightly with salt. # Spray baking pan or [[Cookbook:Cookie sheet|cookie sheet]] with cooking spray. Shape the dough into 2 small oval loaves. # Place in preheated 400°F [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] for approximately 13–15 minutes until golden brown. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * Loaves can be frozen after cooking to be later thawed and reheated. In this case remove from freezer 1 hour before cooking, and place in a 350°F oven for 5 minutes. [[Category:Recipes for bread]] [[Category:Recipes using rosemary]] [[Category:Baking recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using granulated sugar]] [[Category:Recipes using butter]] [[Category:Recipes using cooking spray]] [[Category:Recipes using all-purpose flour]] nmxwtkthg9r27evla7kugjev2tyskc3 0 77326 4633916 4632866 2026-05-03T15:55:37Z ~2026-25678-06 3579663 4633916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|300x |style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE|[ID SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA|&#x3001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP|&#x3002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DITTO MARK|&#x3003;}}||style="background:#ff7c57"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD SYMBOL|&#x3004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK|&#x3005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC CLOSING MARK|&#x3006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC NUMBER ZERO|&#x3007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGLE BRACKET|&#x3008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET|&#x3009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET|&#x300a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET|&#x300b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CORNER BRACKET|&#x300c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CORNER BRACKET|&#x300d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET|&#x300e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET|&#x300f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|301x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET|&#x3010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET|&#x3011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL MARK|&#x3012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GETA MARK|&#x3013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&#x3014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&#x3015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET|&#x3016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET|&#x3017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&#x3018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&#x3019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET|&#x301a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET|&#x301b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVE DASH|&#x301c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK|&#x301d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK|&#x301e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK|&#x301f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|302x |{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL MARK FACE|&#x3020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL ONE|&#x3021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL TWO|&#x3022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL THREE|&#x3023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL FOUR|&#x3024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL FIVE|&#x3025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL SIX|&#x3026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL SEVEN|&#x3027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL EIGHT|&#x3028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL NINE|&#x3029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC LEVEL TONE MARK|&#x302a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC RISING TONE MARK|&#x302b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DEPARTING TONE MARK|&#x302c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ENTERING TONE MARK|&#x302d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SINGLE DOT TONE MARK|&#x302e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL DOUBLE DOT TONE MARK|&#x302f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|303x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVY DASH|&#x3030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK|&#x3031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK|&#x3032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK UPPER HALF|&#x3033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK UPPER HALF|&#x3034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK LOWER HALF|&#x3035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED POSTAL MARK|&#x3036;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH LINE FEED SEPARATOR SYMBOL|&#x3037;}}||style="background:#f1ff63"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL TEN|&#x3038;}}||style="background:#f1ff63"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL TWENTY|&#x3039;}}||style="background:#f1ff63"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL THIRTY|&#x303a;}}||style="background:#b1ff69"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK|&#x303b;}}||style="background:#b1ff69"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MASU MARK|&#x303c;}}||style="background:#b1ff69"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PART ALTERNATION MARK|&#x303d;}}||style="background:#f1ff63"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC VARIATION INDICATOR|&#x303e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC HALF FILL SPACE|&#x303f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Hiragana''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|304x |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL A|&#x3041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER A|&#x3042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL I|&#x3043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER I|&#x3044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL U|&#x3045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER U|&#x3046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL E|&#x3047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER E|&#x3048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL O|&#x3049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER O|&#x304a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KA|&#x304b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GA|&#x304c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KI|&#x304d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GI|&#x304e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KU|&#x304f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|305x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GU|&#x3050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KE|&#x3051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GE|&#x3052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KO|&#x3053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GO|&#x3054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SA|&#x3055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZA|&#x3056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SI|&#x3057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZI|&#x3058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SU|&#x3059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZU|&#x305a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SE|&#x305b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZE|&#x305c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SO|&#x305d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZO|&#x305e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TA|&#x305f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|306x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DA|&#x3060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TI|&#x3061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DI|&#x3062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL TU|&#x3063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TU|&#x3064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DU|&#x3065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TE|&#x3066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DE|&#x3067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TO|&#x3068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DO|&#x3069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NA|&#x306a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NI|&#x306b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NU|&#x306c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NE|&#x306d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NO|&#x306e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HA|&#x306f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|307x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BA|&#x3070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PA|&#x3071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HI|&#x3072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BI|&#x3073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PI|&#x3074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HU|&#x3075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BU|&#x3076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PU|&#x3077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HE|&#x3078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BE|&#x3079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PE|&#x307a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HO|&#x307b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BO|&#x307c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PO|&#x307d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER MA|&#x307e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER MI|&#x307f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|308x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER MU|&#x3080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ME|&#x3081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER MO|&#x3082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YA|&#x3083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER YA|&#x3084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YU|&#x3085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER YU|&#x3086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YO|&#x3087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER YO|&#x3088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RA|&#x3089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RI|&#x308a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RU|&#x308b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RE|&#x308c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RO|&#x308d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WA|&#x308e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER WA|&#x308f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|309x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER WI|&#x3090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER WE|&#x3091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER WO|&#x3092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER N|&#x3093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER VU|&#x3094;}}||style="background:#b1ff69"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KA|&#x3095;}}||style="background:#b1ff69"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KE|&#x3096;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK|&nbsp;&#x3099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK|&nbsp;&#x309a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK|&#x309b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK|&#x309c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA ITERATION MARK|&#x309d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA VOICED ITERATION MARK|&#x309e;}}||style="background:#b1ff69"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA DIGRAPH YORI|&#x309f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Katakana''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|30Ax |style="background:#b1ff69"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN|&#x30a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL A|&#x30a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER A|&#x30a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL I|&#x30a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER I|&#x30a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL U|&#x30a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER U|&#x30a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL E|&#x30a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER E|&#x30a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL O|&#x30a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER O|&#x30aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KA|&#x30ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GA|&#x30ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KI|&#x30ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GI|&#x30ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KU|&#x30af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|30Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GU|&#x30b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KE|&#x30b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GE|&#x30b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KO|&#x30b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GO|&#x30b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SA|&#x30b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZA|&#x30b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SI|&#x30b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZI|&#x30b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SU|&#x30b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZU|&#x30ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SE|&#x30bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZE|&#x30bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SO|&#x30bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZO|&#x30be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TA|&#x30bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|30Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DA|&#x30c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TI|&#x30c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DI|&#x30c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TU|&#x30c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TU|&#x30c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DU|&#x30c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TE|&#x30c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DE|&#x30c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TO|&#x30c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DO|&#x30c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NA|&#x30ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NI|&#x30cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NU|&#x30cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NE|&#x30cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NO|&#x30ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HA|&#x30cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|30Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BA|&#x30d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PA|&#x30d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HI|&#x30d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BI|&#x30d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PI|&#x30d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HU|&#x30d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BU|&#x30d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PU|&#x30d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HE|&#x30d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BE|&#x30d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PE|&#x30da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HO|&#x30db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BO|&#x30dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PO|&#x30dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MA|&#x30de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MI|&#x30df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|30Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MU|&#x30e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ME|&#x30e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MO|&#x30e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YA|&#x30e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER YA|&#x30e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YU|&#x30e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER YU|&#x30e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YO|&#x30e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER YO|&#x30e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RA|&#x30e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RI|&#x30ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RU|&#x30eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RE|&#x30ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RO|&#x30ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WA|&#x30ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER WA|&#x30ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|30Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER WI|&#x30f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER WE|&#x30f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER WO|&#x30f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER N|&#x30f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VU|&#x30f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KA|&#x30f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KE|&#x30f6;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VA|&#x30f7;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VI|&#x30f8;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VE|&#x30f9;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VO|&#x30fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT|&#x30fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK|&#x30fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA ITERATION MARK|&#x30fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA VOICED ITERATION MARK|&#x30fe;}}||style="background:#b1ff69"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA DIGRAPH KOTO|&#x30ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Bopomofo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|310x |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER B|&#x3105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER P|&#x3106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER M|&#x3107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER F|&#x3108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER D|&#x3109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER T|&#x310a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER N|&#x310b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER L|&#x310c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER G|&#x310d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER K|&#x310e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER H|&#x310f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|311x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER J|&#x3110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER Q|&#x3111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER X|&#x3112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ZH|&#x3113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER CH|&#x3114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER SH|&#x3115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER R|&#x3116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER Z|&#x3117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER C|&#x3118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER S|&#x3119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER A|&#x311a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER O|&#x311b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER E|&#x311c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER EH|&#x311d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AI|&#x311e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER EI|&#x311f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|312x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AU|&#x3120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER OU|&#x3121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AN|&#x3122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER EN|&#x3123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ANG|&#x3124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ENG|&#x3125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ER|&#x3126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER I|&#x3127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER U|&#x3128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER IU|&#x3129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER V|&#x312a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER NG|&#x312b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER GN|&#x312c;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER IH|&#x312d;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x312e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER NN|&#x312f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|313x |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KIYEOK|&#x3131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGKIYEOK|&#x3132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KIYEOK-SIOS|&#x3133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN|&#x3134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-CIEUC|&#x3135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-HIEUH|&#x3136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER TIKEUT|&#x3137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGTIKEUT|&#x3138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL|&#x3139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-KIYEOK|&#x313a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-MIEUM|&#x313b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PIEUP|&#x313c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-SIOS|&#x313d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-THIEUTH|&#x313e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PHIEUPH|&#x313f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|314x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-HIEUH|&#x3140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER MIEUM|&#x3141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP|&#x3142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGPIEUP|&#x3143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS|&#x3144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS|&#x3145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGSIOS|&#x3146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER IEUNG|&#x3147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER CIEUC|&#x3148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGCIEUC|&#x3149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER CHIEUCH|&#x314a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KHIEUKH|&#x314b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER THIEUTH|&#x314c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PHIEUPH|&#x314d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER HIEUH|&#x314e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER A|&#x314f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|315x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER AE|&#x3150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YA|&#x3151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YAE|&#x3152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER EO|&#x3153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER E|&#x3154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YEO|&#x3155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YE|&#x3156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER O|&#x3157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WA|&#x3158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WAE|&#x3159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER OE|&#x315a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YO|&#x315b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER U|&#x315c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WEO|&#x315d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WE|&#x315e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WI|&#x315f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|316x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YU|&#x3160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER EU|&#x3161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YI|&#x3162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER I|&#x3163;}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL FILLER|[HF]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGNIEUN|&#x3165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-TIKEUT|&#x3166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-SIOS|&#x3167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-PANSIOS|&#x3168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-KIYEOK-SIOS|&#x3169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-TIKEUT|&#x316a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PIEUP-SIOS|&#x316b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PANSIOS|&#x316c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-YEORINHIEUH|&#x316d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-PIEUP|&#x316e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-SIOS|&#x316f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|317x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-PANSIOS|&#x3170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNMIEUM|&#x3171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-KIYEOK|&#x3172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-TIKEUT|&#x3173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS-KIYEOK|&#x3174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS-TIKEUT|&#x3175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-CIEUC|&#x3176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-THIEUTH|&#x3177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&#x3178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNSSANGPIEUP|&#x3179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-KIYEOK|&#x317a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-NIEUN|&#x317b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-TIKEUT|&#x317c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-PIEUP|&#x317d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-CIEUC|&#x317e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PANSIOS|&#x317f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|318x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGIEUNG|&#x3180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG|&#x3181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG-SIOS|&#x3182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG-PANSIOS|&#x3183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH|&#x3184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGHIEUH|&#x3185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YEORINHIEUH|&#x3186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YO-YA|&#x3187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YO-YAE|&#x3188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YO-I|&#x3189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YU-YEO|&#x318a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YU-YE|&#x318b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YU-I|&#x318c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER ARAEA|&#x318d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER ARAEAE|&#x318e;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Kanbun''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|319x |{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION LINKING MARK|&#x3190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION REVERSE MARK|&#x3191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION ONE MARK|&#x3192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION TWO MARK|&#x3193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION THREE MARK|&#x3194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION FOUR MARK|&#x3195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION TOP MARK|&#x3196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION MIDDLE MARK|&#x3197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION BOTTOM MARK|&#x3198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION FIRST MARK|&#x3199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION SECOND MARK|&#x319a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION THIRD MARK|&#x319b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION FOURTH MARK|&#x319c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION HEAVEN MARK|&#x319d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION EARTH MARK|&#x319e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION MAN MARK|&#x319f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Bopomofo Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|31Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER BU|&#x31a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ZI|&#x31a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER JI|&#x31a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER GU|&#x31a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER EE|&#x31a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ENN|&#x31a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER OO|&#x31a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ONN|&#x31a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER IR|&#x31a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ANN|&#x31a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER INN|&#x31aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER UNN|&#x31ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER IM|&#x31ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER NGG|&#x31ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AINN|&#x31ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AUNN|&#x31af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|31Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AM|&#x31b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER OM|&#x31b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ONG|&#x31b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER INNN|&#x31b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER P|&#x31b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER T|&#x31b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER K|&#x31b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER H|&#x31b7;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER GH|&#x31b8;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER LH|&#x31b9;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ZY|&#x31ba;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER G|&#x31bb;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER GW|&#x31bc;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER KW|&#x31bd;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER OE|&#x31be;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AH|&#x31bf;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Strokes''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#75ff6f" !style="background:#ffffff"|31Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE T|&#x31c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE WG|&#x31c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE XG|&#x31c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE BXG|&#x31c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SW|&#x31c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZZ|&#x31c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZG|&#x31c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HP|&#x31c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZWG|&#x31c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SZWG|&#x31c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZT|&#x31ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZZP|&#x31cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HPWG|&#x31cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZW|&#x31cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZZZ|&#x31ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE N|&#x31cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|31Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE H|&#x31d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE S|&#x31d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE P|&#x31d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SP|&#x31d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE D|&#x31d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZ|&#x31d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HG|&#x31d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SZ|&#x31d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SWZ|&#x31d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE ST|&#x31d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SG|&#x31da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE PD|&#x31db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE PZ|&#x31dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE TN|&#x31dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SZZ|&#x31de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SWG|&#x31df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|31Ex |style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HXWG|&#x31e0;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZZZG|&#x31e1;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE PG|&#x31e2;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE Q|&#x31e3;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HXG|&#x31e4;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SZP|&#x31e5;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#ffd0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SUBTRACTION|&#x31ef;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#b1ff69" !style="background:#ffffff"|31Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KU|&#x31f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL SI|&#x31f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL SU|&#x31f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TO|&#x31f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL NU|&#x31f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HA|&#x31f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HI|&#x31f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HU|&#x31f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HE|&#x31f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HO|&#x31f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL MU|&#x31fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RA|&#x31fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RI|&#x31fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RU|&#x31fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RE|&#x31fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RO|&#x31ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|320x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KIYEOK|&#x3200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL NIEUN|&#x3201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL TIKEUT|&#x3202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL RIEUL|&#x3203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL MIEUM|&#x3204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PIEUP|&#x3205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL SIOS|&#x3206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL IEUNG|&#x3207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC|&#x3208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CHIEUCH|&#x3209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KHIEUKH|&#x320a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL THIEUTH|&#x320b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PHIEUPH|&#x320c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL HIEUH|&#x320d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KIYEOK A|&#x320e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL NIEUN A|&#x320f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|321x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL TIKEUT A|&#x3210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL RIEUL A|&#x3211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL MIEUM A|&#x3212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PIEUP A|&#x3213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL SIOS A|&#x3214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL IEUNG A|&#x3215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC A|&#x3216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CHIEUCH A|&#x3217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KHIEUKH A|&#x3218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL THIEUTH A|&#x3219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PHIEUPH A|&#x321a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL HIEUH A|&#x321b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC U|&#x321c;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED KOREAN CHARACTER OJEON|&#x321d;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED KOREAN CHARACTER O HU|&#x321e;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|322x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH ONE|&#x3220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH TWO|&#x3221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH THREE|&#x3222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FOUR|&#x3223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FIVE|&#x3224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SIX|&#x3225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SEVEN|&#x3226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH EIGHT|&#x3227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NINE|&#x3228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH TEN|&#x3229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH MOON|&#x322a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FIRE|&#x322b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH WATER|&#x322c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH WOOD|&#x322d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH METAL|&#x322e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH EARTH|&#x322f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|323x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SUN|&#x3230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK|&#x3231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH HAVE|&#x3232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SOCIETY|&#x3233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NAME|&#x3234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SPECIAL|&#x3235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FINANCIAL|&#x3236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH CONGRATULATION|&#x3237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH LABOR|&#x3238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT|&#x3239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH CALL|&#x323a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STUDY|&#x323b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SUPERVISE|&#x323c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH ENTERPRISE|&#x323d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH RESOURCE|&#x323e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH ALLIANCE|&#x323f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|324x |style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FESTIVAL|&#x3240;}}||style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REST|&#x3241;}}||style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SELF|&#x3242;}}||style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REACH|&#x3243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH QUESTION|&#x3244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH KINDERGARTEN|&#x3245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SCHOOL|&#x3246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH KOTO|&#x3247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TEN ON BLACK SQUARE|&#x3248;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&#x3249;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&#x324a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&#x324b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&#x324c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&#x324d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&#x324e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&#x324f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b1ff69" !style="background:#ffffff"|325x |style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTNERSHIP SIGN|&#x3250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY ONE|&#x3251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY TWO|&#x3252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY THREE|&#x3253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY FOUR|&#x3254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY FIVE|&#x3255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY SIX|&#x3256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY SEVEN|&#x3257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY EIGHT|&#x3258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY NINE|&#x3259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY|&#x325a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY ONE|&#x325b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY TWO|&#x325c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY THREE|&#x325d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY FOUR|&#x325e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY FIVE|&#x325f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|326x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL KIYEOK|&#x3260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL NIEUN|&#x3261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL TIKEUT|&#x3262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL RIEUL|&#x3263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL MIEUM|&#x3264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL PIEUP|&#x3265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL SIOS|&#x3266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG|&#x3267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL CIEUC|&#x3268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL CHIEUCH|&#x3269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL KHIEUKH|&#x326a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL THIEUTH|&#x326b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL PHIEUPH|&#x326c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL HIEUH|&#x326d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL KIYEOK A|&#x326e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL NIEUN A|&#x326f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|327x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL TIKEUT A|&#x3270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL RIEUL A|&#x3271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL MIEUM A|&#x3272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL PIEUP A|&#x3273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL SIOS A|&#x3274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG A|&#x3275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL CIEUC A|&#x3276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL CHIEUCH A|&#x3277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL KHIEUKH A|&#x3278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL THIEUTH A|&#x3279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL PHIEUPH A|&#x327a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL HIEUH A|&#x327b;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KOREAN CHARACTER CHAMKO|&#x327c;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KOREAN CHARACTER JUEUI|&#x327d;}}||style="background:#75ff6f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG U|&#x327e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KOREAN STANDARD SYMBOL|&#x327f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|328x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ONE|&#x3280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH TWO|&#x3281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH THREE|&#x3282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FOUR|&#x3283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FIVE|&#x3284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SIX|&#x3285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SEVEN|&#x3286;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH EIGHT|&#x3287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NINE|&#x3288;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH TEN|&#x3289;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH MOON|&#x328a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FIRE|&#x328b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH WATER|&#x328c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH WOOD|&#x328d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH METAL|&#x328e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH EARTH|&#x328f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|329x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SUN|&#x3290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH STOCK|&#x3291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH HAVE|&#x3292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SOCIETY|&#x3293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NAME|&#x3294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SPECIAL|&#x3295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FINANCIAL|&#x3296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH CONGRATULATION|&#x3297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH LABOR|&#x3298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SECRET|&#x3299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH MALE|&#x329a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FEMALE|&#x329b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SUITABLE|&#x329c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH EXCELLENT|&#x329d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH PRINT|&#x329e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ATTENTION|&#x329f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|32Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ITEM|&#x32a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH REST|&#x32a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH COPY|&#x32a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH CORRECT|&#x32a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH HIGH|&#x32a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH CENTRE|&#x32a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH LOW|&#x32a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH LEFT|&#x32a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH RIGHT|&#x32a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH MEDICINE|&#x32a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH RELIGION|&#x32aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH STUDY|&#x32ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SUPERVISE|&#x32ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ENTERPRISE|&#x32ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH RESOURCE|&#x32ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ALLIANCE|&#x32af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b1ff69" !style="background:#ffffff"|32Bx |style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NIGHT|&#x32b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY SIX|&#x32b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY SEVEN|&#x32b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY EIGHT|&#x32b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY NINE|&#x32b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY|&#x32b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY ONE|&#x32b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY TWO|&#x32b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY THREE|&#x32b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY FOUR|&#x32b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY FIVE|&#x32ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY SIX|&#x32bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY SEVEN|&#x32bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY EIGHT|&#x32bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY NINE|&#x32be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTY|&#x32bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffa25a" !style="background:#ffffff"|32Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR JANUARY|&#x32c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR FEBRUARY|&#x32c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR MARCH|&#x32c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR APRIL|&#x32c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR MAY|&#x32c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR JUNE|&#x32c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR JULY|&#x32c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR AUGUST|&#x32c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR SEPTEMBER|&#x32c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR OCTOBER|&#x32c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR NOVEMBER|&#x32ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DECEMBER|&#x32cb;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HG|&#x32cc;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERG|&#x32cd;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE EV|&#x32ce;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMITED LIABILITY SIGN|&#x32cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff"|32Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA A|&#x32d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA I|&#x32d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA U|&#x32d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA E|&#x32d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA O|&#x32d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KA|&#x32d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KI|&#x32d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KU|&#x32d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KE|&#x32d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KO|&#x32d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SA|&#x32da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SI|&#x32db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SU|&#x32dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SE|&#x32dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SO|&#x32de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TA|&#x32df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff"|32Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TI|&#x32e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TU|&#x32e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TE|&#x32e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TO|&#x32e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NA|&#x32e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NI|&#x32e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NU|&#x32e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NE|&#x32e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NO|&#x32e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HA|&#x32e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HI|&#x32ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HU|&#x32eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HE|&#x32ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HO|&#x32ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA MA|&#x32ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA MI|&#x32ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff"|32Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA MU|&#x32f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA ME|&#x32f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA MO|&#x32f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA YA|&#x32f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA YU|&#x32f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA YO|&#x32f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RA|&#x32f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RI|&#x32f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RU|&#x32f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RE|&#x32f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RO|&#x32fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA WA|&#x32fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA WI|&#x32fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA WE|&#x32fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA WO|&#x32fe;}}||style="background:#ff99ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME REIWA|&#x32ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Compatibility''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|330x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE APAATO|&#x3300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ARUHUA|&#x3301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ANPEA|&#x3302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE AARU|&#x3303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ININGU|&#x3304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE INTI|&#x3305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE UON|&#x3306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ESUKUUDO|&#x3307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE EEKAA|&#x3308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ONSU|&#x3309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE OOMU|&#x330a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KAIRI|&#x330b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KARATTO|&#x330c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KARORII|&#x330d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GARON|&#x330e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GANMA|&#x330f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|331x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GIGA|&#x3310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GINII|&#x3311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KYURII|&#x3312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GIRUDAA|&#x3313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KIRO|&#x3314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KIROGURAMU|&#x3315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KIROMEETORU|&#x3316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KIROWATTO|&#x3317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GURAMU|&#x3318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GURAMUTON|&#x3319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KURUZEIRO|&#x331a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KUROONE|&#x331b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KEESU|&#x331c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KORUNA|&#x331d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KOOPO|&#x331e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SAIKURU|&#x331f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|332x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SANTIIMU|&#x3320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SIRINGU|&#x3321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SENTI|&#x3322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SENTO|&#x3323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DAASU|&#x3324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DESI|&#x3325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DORU|&#x3326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE TON|&#x3327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NANO|&#x3328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NOTTO|&#x3329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HAITU|&#x332a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PAASENTO|&#x332b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PAATU|&#x332c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BAARERU|&#x332d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PIASUTORU|&#x332e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PIKURU|&#x332f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|333x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PIKO|&#x3330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BIRU|&#x3331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HUARADDO|&#x3332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HUIITO|&#x3333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BUSSYERU|&#x3334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HURAN|&#x3335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HEKUTAARU|&#x3336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PESO|&#x3337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PENIHI|&#x3338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HERUTU|&#x3339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PENSU|&#x333a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PEEZI|&#x333b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BEETA|&#x333c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE POINTO|&#x333d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BORUTO|&#x333e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HON|&#x333f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|334x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PONDO|&#x3340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HOORU|&#x3341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HOON|&#x3342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MAIKURO|&#x3343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MAIRU|&#x3344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MAHHA|&#x3345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MARUKU|&#x3346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MANSYON|&#x3347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MIKURON|&#x3348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MIRI|&#x3349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MIRIBAARU|&#x334a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MEGA|&#x334b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MEGATON|&#x334c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MEETORU|&#x334d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE YAADO|&#x334e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE YAARU|&#x334f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|335x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE YUAN|&#x3350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RITTORU|&#x3351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RIRA|&#x3352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RUPII|&#x3353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RUUBURU|&#x3354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE REMU|&#x3355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RENTOGEN|&#x3356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WATTO|&#x3357;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR ZERO|&#x3358;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR ONE|&#x3359;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWO|&#x335a;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR THREE|&#x335b;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR FOUR|&#x335c;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR FIVE|&#x335d;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR SIX|&#x335e;}}||style="background:#ffa25a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR SEVEN|&#x335f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffa25a" !style="background:#ffffff"|336x |{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR EIGHT|&#x3360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR NINE|&#x3361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TEN|&#x3362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR ELEVEN|&#x3363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWELVE|&#x3364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR THIRTEEN|&#x3365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR FOURTEEN|&#x3366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR FIFTEEN|&#x3367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR SIXTEEN|&#x3368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR SEVENTEEN|&#x3369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR EIGHTEEN|&#x336a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR NINETEEN|&#x336b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY|&#x336c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY-ONE|&#x336d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY-TWO|&#x336e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY-THREE|&#x336f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffa25a" !style="background:#ffffff"|337x |{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY-FOUR|&#x3370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HPA|&#x3371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DA|&#x3372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE AU|&#x3373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BAR|&#x3374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE OV|&#x3375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PC|&#x3376;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DM|&#x3377;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DM SQUARED|&#x3378;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DM CUBED|&#x3379;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IU|&#x337a;}}||style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME HEISEI|&#x337b;}}||style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME SYOUWA|&#x337c;}}||style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME TAISYOU|&#x337d;}}||style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME MEIZI|&#x337e;}}||style="background:#ff5555"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CORPORATION|&#x337f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|338x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PA AMPS|&#x3380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NA|&#x3381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU A|&#x3382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MA|&#x3383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KA|&#x3384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KB|&#x3385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MB|&#x3386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GB|&#x3387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CAL|&#x3388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KCAL|&#x3389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PF|&#x338a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NF|&#x338b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU F|&#x338c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU G|&#x338d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MG|&#x338e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KG|&#x338f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|339x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HZ|&#x3390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KHZ|&#x3391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MHZ|&#x3392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GHZ|&#x3393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE THZ|&#x3394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU L|&#x3395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ML|&#x3396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DL|&#x3397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KL|&#x3398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE FM|&#x3399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NM|&#x339a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU M|&#x339b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MM|&#x339c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CM|&#x339d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KM|&#x339e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MM SQUARED|&#x339f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|33Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CM SQUARED|&#x33a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M SQUARED|&#x33a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KM SQUARED|&#x33a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MM CUBED|&#x33a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CM CUBED|&#x33a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M CUBED|&#x33a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KM CUBED|&#x33a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M OVER S|&#x33a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M OVER S SQUARED|&#x33a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PA|&#x33a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KPA|&#x33aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MPA|&#x33ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GPA|&#x33ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RAD|&#x33ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RAD OVER S|&#x33ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RAD OVER S SQUARED|&#x33af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|33Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PS|&#x33b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NS|&#x33b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU S|&#x33b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MS|&#x33b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PV|&#x33b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NV|&#x33b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU V|&#x33b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MV|&#x33b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KV|&#x33b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MV MEGA|&#x33b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PW|&#x33ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NW|&#x33bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU W|&#x33bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MW|&#x33bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KW|&#x33be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MW MEGA|&#x33bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|33Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE K OHM|&#x33c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M OHM|&#x33c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE AM|&#x33c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BQ|&#x33c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CC|&#x33c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CD|&#x33c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE C OVER KG|&#x33c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CO|&#x33c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DB|&#x33c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GY|&#x33c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HA|&#x33ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HP|&#x33cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IN|&#x33cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KK|&#x33cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KM CAPITAL|&#x33ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KT|&#x33cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ff5555" !style="background:#ffffff"|33Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LM|&#x33d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LN|&#x33d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LOG|&#x33d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LX|&#x33d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MB SMALL|&#x33d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MIL|&#x33d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MOL|&#x33d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PH|&#x33d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PM|&#x33d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PPM|&#x33d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PR|&#x33da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SR|&#x33db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SV|&#x33dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WB|&#x33dd;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE V OVER M|&#x33de;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE A OVER M|&#x33df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffa25a" !style="background:#ffffff"|33Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY ONE|&#x33e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWO|&#x33e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY THREE|&#x33e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY FOUR|&#x33e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY FIVE|&#x33e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY SIX|&#x33e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY SEVEN|&#x33e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY EIGHT|&#x33e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY NINE|&#x33e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TEN|&#x33e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY ELEVEN|&#x33ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWELVE|&#x33eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY THIRTEEN|&#x33ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY FOURTEEN|&#x33ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY FIFTEEN|&#x33ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY SIXTEEN|&#x33ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffa25a" !style="background:#ffffff"|33Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY SEVENTEEN|&#x33f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY EIGHTEEN|&#x33f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY NINETEEN|&#x33f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY|&#x33f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-ONE|&#x33f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-TWO|&#x33f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-THREE|&#x33f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-FOUR|&#x33f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-FIVE|&#x33f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-SIX|&#x33f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-SEVEN|&#x33fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-EIGHT|&#x33fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-NINE|&#x33fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY THIRTY|&#x33fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY THIRTY-ONE|&#x33fe;}}||style="background:#92ff6c"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GAL|&#x33ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|340x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3400|&#x3400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3401|&#x3401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3402|&#x3402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3403|&#x3403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3404|&#x3404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3405|&#x3405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3406|&#x3406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3407|&#x3407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3408|&#x3408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3409|&#x3409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340A|&#x340a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340B|&#x340b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340C|&#x340c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340D|&#x340d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340E|&#x340e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340F|&#x340f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|341x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3410|&#x3410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3411|&#x3411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3412|&#x3412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3413|&#x3413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3414|&#x3414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3415|&#x3415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3416|&#x3416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3417|&#x3417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3418|&#x3418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3419|&#x3419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341A|&#x341a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341B|&#x341b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341C|&#x341c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341D|&#x341d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341E|&#x341e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341F|&#x341f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|342x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3420|&#x3420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3421|&#x3421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3422|&#x3422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3423|&#x3423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3424|&#x3424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3425|&#x3425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3426|&#x3426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3427|&#x3427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3428|&#x3428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3429|&#x3429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342A|&#x342a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342B|&#x342b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342C|&#x342c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342D|&#x342d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342E|&#x342e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342F|&#x342f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|343x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3430|&#x3430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3431|&#x3431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3432|&#x3432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3433|&#x3433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3434|&#x3434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3435|&#x3435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3436|&#x3436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3437|&#x3437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3438|&#x3438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3439|&#x3439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343A|&#x343a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343B|&#x343b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343C|&#x343c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343D|&#x343d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343E|&#x343e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343F|&#x343f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|344x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3440|&#x3440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3441|&#x3441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3442|&#x3442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3443|&#x3443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3444|&#x3444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3445|&#x3445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3446|&#x3446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3447|&#x3447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3448|&#x3448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3449|&#x3449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344A|&#x344a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344B|&#x344b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344C|&#x344c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344D|&#x344d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344E|&#x344e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344F|&#x344f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|345x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3450|&#x3450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3451|&#x3451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3452|&#x3452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3453|&#x3453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3454|&#x3454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3455|&#x3455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3456|&#x3456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3457|&#x3457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3458|&#x3458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3459|&#x3459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345A|&#x345a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345B|&#x345b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345C|&#x345c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345D|&#x345d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345E|&#x345e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345F|&#x345f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|346x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3460|&#x3460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3461|&#x3461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3462|&#x3462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3463|&#x3463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3464|&#x3464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3465|&#x3465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3466|&#x3466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3467|&#x3467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3468|&#x3468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3469|&#x3469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346A|&#x346a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346B|&#x346b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346C|&#x346c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346D|&#x346d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346E|&#x346e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346F|&#x346f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|347x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3470|&#x3470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3471|&#x3471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3472|&#x3472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3473|&#x3473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3474|&#x3474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3475|&#x3475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3476|&#x3476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3477|&#x3477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3478|&#x3478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3479|&#x3479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347A|&#x347a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347B|&#x347b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347C|&#x347c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347D|&#x347d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347E|&#x347e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347F|&#x347f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|348x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3480|&#x3480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3481|&#x3481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3482|&#x3482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3483|&#x3483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3484|&#x3484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3485|&#x3485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3486|&#x3486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3487|&#x3487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3488|&#x3488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3489|&#x3489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348A|&#x348a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348B|&#x348b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348C|&#x348c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348D|&#x348d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348E|&#x348e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348F|&#x348f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|349x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3490|&#x3490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3491|&#x3491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3492|&#x3492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3493|&#x3493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3494|&#x3494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3495|&#x3495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3496|&#x3496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3497|&#x3497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3498|&#x3498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3499|&#x3499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-349A|&#x349a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-349B|&#x349b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-349C|&#x349c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-349D|&#x349d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-349E|&#x349e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-349F|&#x349f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|34Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A0|&#x34a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A1|&#x34a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A2|&#x34a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A3|&#x34a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A4|&#x34a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A5|&#x34a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A6|&#x34a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A7|&#x34a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A8|&#x34a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34A9|&#x34a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34AA|&#x34aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34AB|&#x34ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34AC|&#x34ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34AD|&#x34ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34AE|&#x34ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34AF|&#x34af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|34Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B0|&#x34b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B1|&#x34b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B2|&#x34b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B3|&#x34b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B4|&#x34b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B5|&#x34b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B6|&#x34b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B7|&#x34b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B8|&#x34b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34B9|&#x34b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34BA|&#x34ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34BB|&#x34bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34BC|&#x34bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34BD|&#x34bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34BE|&#x34be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34BF|&#x34bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|34Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C0|&#x34c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C1|&#x34c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C2|&#x34c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C3|&#x34c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C4|&#x34c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C5|&#x34c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C6|&#x34c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C7|&#x34c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C8|&#x34c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34C9|&#x34c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34CA|&#x34ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34CB|&#x34cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34CC|&#x34cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34CD|&#x34cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34CE|&#x34ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34CF|&#x34cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|34Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D0|&#x34d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D1|&#x34d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D2|&#x34d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D3|&#x34d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D4|&#x34d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D5|&#x34d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D6|&#x34d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D7|&#x34d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D8|&#x34d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34D9|&#x34d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34DA|&#x34da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34DB|&#x34db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34DC|&#x34dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34DD|&#x34dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34DE|&#x34de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34DF|&#x34df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|34Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E0|&#x34e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E1|&#x34e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E2|&#x34e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E3|&#x34e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E4|&#x34e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E5|&#x34e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E6|&#x34e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E7|&#x34e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E8|&#x34e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34E9|&#x34e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34EA|&#x34ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34EB|&#x34eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34EC|&#x34ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34ED|&#x34ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34EE|&#x34ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34EF|&#x34ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|34Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F0|&#x34f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F1|&#x34f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F2|&#x34f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F3|&#x34f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F4|&#x34f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F5|&#x34f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F6|&#x34f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F7|&#x34f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F8|&#x34f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34F9|&#x34f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34FA|&#x34fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34FB|&#x34fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34FC|&#x34fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34FD|&#x34fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34FE|&#x34fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-34FF|&#x34ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|350x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3500|&#x3500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3501|&#x3501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3502|&#x3502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3503|&#x3503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3504|&#x3504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3505|&#x3505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3506|&#x3506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3507|&#x3507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3508|&#x3508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3509|&#x3509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-350A|&#x350a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-350B|&#x350b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-350C|&#x350c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-350D|&#x350d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-350E|&#x350e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-350F|&#x350f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|351x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3510|&#x3510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3511|&#x3511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3512|&#x3512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3513|&#x3513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3514|&#x3514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3515|&#x3515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3516|&#x3516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3517|&#x3517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3518|&#x3518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3519|&#x3519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-351A|&#x351a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-351B|&#x351b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-351C|&#x351c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-351D|&#x351d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-351E|&#x351e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-351F|&#x351f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|352x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3520|&#x3520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3521|&#x3521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3522|&#x3522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3523|&#x3523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3524|&#x3524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3525|&#x3525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3526|&#x3526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3527|&#x3527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3528|&#x3528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3529|&#x3529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-352A|&#x352a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-352B|&#x352b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-352C|&#x352c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-352D|&#x352d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-352E|&#x352e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-352F|&#x352f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|353x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3530|&#x3530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3531|&#x3531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3532|&#x3532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3533|&#x3533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3534|&#x3534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3535|&#x3535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3536|&#x3536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3537|&#x3537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3538|&#x3538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3539|&#x3539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-353A|&#x353a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-353B|&#x353b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-353C|&#x353c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-353D|&#x353d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-353E|&#x353e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-353F|&#x353f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|354x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3540|&#x3540;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3541|&#x3541;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3542|&#x3542;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3543|&#x3543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3544|&#x3544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3545|&#x3545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3546|&#x3546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3547|&#x3547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3548|&#x3548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3549|&#x3549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-354A|&#x354a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-354B|&#x354b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-354C|&#x354c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-354D|&#x354d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-354E|&#x354e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-354F|&#x354f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|355x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3550|&#x3550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3551|&#x3551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3552|&#x3552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3553|&#x3553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3554|&#x3554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3555|&#x3555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3556|&#x3556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3557|&#x3557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3558|&#x3558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3559|&#x3559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-355A|&#x355a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-355B|&#x355b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-355C|&#x355c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-355D|&#x355d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-355E|&#x355e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-355F|&#x355f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|356x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3560|&#x3560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3561|&#x3561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3562|&#x3562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3563|&#x3563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3564|&#x3564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3565|&#x3565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3566|&#x3566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3567|&#x3567;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3568|&#x3568;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3569|&#x3569;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-356A|&#x356a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-356B|&#x356b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-356C|&#x356c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-356D|&#x356d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-356E|&#x356e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-356F|&#x356f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|357x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3570|&#x3570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3571|&#x3571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3572|&#x3572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3573|&#x3573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3574|&#x3574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3575|&#x3575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3576|&#x3576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3577|&#x3577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3578|&#x3578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3579|&#x3579;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-357A|&#x357a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-357B|&#x357b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-357C|&#x357c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-357D|&#x357d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-357E|&#x357e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-357F|&#x357f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|358x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3580|&#x3580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3581|&#x3581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3582|&#x3582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3583|&#x3583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3584|&#x3584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3585|&#x3585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3586|&#x3586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3587|&#x3587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3588|&#x3588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3589|&#x3589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-358A|&#x358a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-358B|&#x358b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-358C|&#x358c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-358D|&#x358d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-358E|&#x358e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-358F|&#x358f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|359x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3590|&#x3590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3591|&#x3591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3592|&#x3592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3593|&#x3593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3594|&#x3594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3595|&#x3595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3596|&#x3596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3597|&#x3597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3598|&#x3598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3599|&#x3599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-359A|&#x359a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-359B|&#x359b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-359C|&#x359c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-359D|&#x359d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-359E|&#x359e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-359F|&#x359f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|35Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A0|&#x35a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A1|&#x35a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A2|&#x35a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A3|&#x35a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A4|&#x35a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A5|&#x35a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A6|&#x35a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A7|&#x35a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A8|&#x35a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35A9|&#x35a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35AA|&#x35aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35AB|&#x35ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35AC|&#x35ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35AD|&#x35ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35AE|&#x35ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35AF|&#x35af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|35Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B0|&#x35b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B1|&#x35b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B2|&#x35b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B3|&#x35b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B4|&#x35b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B5|&#x35b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B6|&#x35b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B7|&#x35b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B8|&#x35b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35B9|&#x35b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35BA|&#x35ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35BB|&#x35bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35BC|&#x35bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35BD|&#x35bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35BE|&#x35be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35BF|&#x35bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|35Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C0|&#x35c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C1|&#x35c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C2|&#x35c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C3|&#x35c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C4|&#x35c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C5|&#x35c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C6|&#x35c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C7|&#x35c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C8|&#x35c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35C9|&#x35c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35CA|&#x35ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35CB|&#x35cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35CC|&#x35cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35CD|&#x35cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35CE|&#x35ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35CF|&#x35cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|35Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D0|&#x35d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D1|&#x35d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D2|&#x35d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D3|&#x35d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D4|&#x35d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D5|&#x35d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D6|&#x35d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D7|&#x35d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D8|&#x35d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35D9|&#x35d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35DA|&#x35da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35DB|&#x35db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35DC|&#x35dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35DD|&#x35dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35DE|&#x35de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35DF|&#x35df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|35Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E0|&#x35e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E1|&#x35e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E2|&#x35e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E3|&#x35e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E4|&#x35e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E5|&#x35e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E6|&#x35e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E7|&#x35e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E8|&#x35e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35E9|&#x35e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35EA|&#x35ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35EB|&#x35eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35EC|&#x35ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35ED|&#x35ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35EE|&#x35ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35EF|&#x35ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|35Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F0|&#x35f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F1|&#x35f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F2|&#x35f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F3|&#x35f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F4|&#x35f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F5|&#x35f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F6|&#x35f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F7|&#x35f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F8|&#x35f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35F9|&#x35f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35FA|&#x35fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35FB|&#x35fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35FC|&#x35fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35FD|&#x35fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35FE|&#x35fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-35FF|&#x35ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|360x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3600|&#x3600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3601|&#x3601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3602|&#x3602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3603|&#x3603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3604|&#x3604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3605|&#x3605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3606|&#x3606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3607|&#x3607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3608|&#x3608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3609|&#x3609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-360A|&#x360a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-360B|&#x360b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-360C|&#x360c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-360D|&#x360d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-360E|&#x360e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-360F|&#x360f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|361x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3610|&#x3610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3611|&#x3611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3612|&#x3612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3613|&#x3613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3614|&#x3614;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3615|&#x3615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3616|&#x3616;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3617|&#x3617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3618|&#x3618;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3619|&#x3619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-361A|&#x361a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-361B|&#x361b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-361C|&#x361c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-361D|&#x361d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-361E|&#x361e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-361F|&#x361f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|362x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3620|&#x3620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3621|&#x3621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3622|&#x3622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3623|&#x3623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3624|&#x3624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3625|&#x3625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3626|&#x3626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3627|&#x3627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3628|&#x3628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3629|&#x3629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-362A|&#x362a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-362B|&#x362b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-362C|&#x362c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-362D|&#x362d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-362E|&#x362e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-362F|&#x362f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|363x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3630|&#x3630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3631|&#x3631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3632|&#x3632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3633|&#x3633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3634|&#x3634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3635|&#x3635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3636|&#x3636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3637|&#x3637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3638|&#x3638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3639|&#x3639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-363A|&#x363a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-363B|&#x363b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-363C|&#x363c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-363D|&#x363d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-363E|&#x363e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-363F|&#x363f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|364x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3640|&#x3640;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3641|&#x3641;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3642|&#x3642;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3643|&#x3643;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3644|&#x3644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3645|&#x3645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3646|&#x3646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3647|&#x3647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3648|&#x3648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3649|&#x3649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-364A|&#x364a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-364B|&#x364b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-364C|&#x364c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-364D|&#x364d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-364E|&#x364e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-364F|&#x364f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|365x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3650|&#x3650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3651|&#x3651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3652|&#x3652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3653|&#x3653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3654|&#x3654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3655|&#x3655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3656|&#x3656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3657|&#x3657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3658|&#x3658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3659|&#x3659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-365A|&#x365a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-365B|&#x365b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-365C|&#x365c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-365D|&#x365d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-365E|&#x365e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-365F|&#x365f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|366x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3660|&#x3660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3661|&#x3661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3662|&#x3662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3663|&#x3663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3664|&#x3664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3665|&#x3665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3666|&#x3666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3667|&#x3667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3668|&#x3668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3669|&#x3669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-366A|&#x366a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-366B|&#x366b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-366C|&#x366c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-366D|&#x366d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-366E|&#x366e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-366F|&#x366f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|367x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3670|&#x3670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3671|&#x3671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3672|&#x3672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3673|&#x3673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3674|&#x3674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3675|&#x3675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3676|&#x3676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3677|&#x3677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3678|&#x3678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3679|&#x3679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-367A|&#x367a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-367B|&#x367b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-367C|&#x367c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-367D|&#x367d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-367E|&#x367e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-367F|&#x367f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|368x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3680|&#x3680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3681|&#x3681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3682|&#x3682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3683|&#x3683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3684|&#x3684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3685|&#x3685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3686|&#x3686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3687|&#x3687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3688|&#x3688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3689|&#x3689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-368A|&#x368a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-368B|&#x368b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-368C|&#x368c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-368D|&#x368d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-368E|&#x368e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-368F|&#x368f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|369x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3690|&#x3690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3691|&#x3691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3692|&#x3692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3693|&#x3693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3694|&#x3694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3695|&#x3695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3696|&#x3696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3697|&#x3697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3698|&#x3698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3699|&#x3699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-369A|&#x369a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-369B|&#x369b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-369C|&#x369c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-369D|&#x369d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-369E|&#x369e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-369F|&#x369f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|36Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A0|&#x36a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A1|&#x36a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A2|&#x36a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A3|&#x36a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A4|&#x36a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A5|&#x36a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A6|&#x36a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A7|&#x36a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A8|&#x36a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36A9|&#x36a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36AA|&#x36aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36AB|&#x36ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36AC|&#x36ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36AD|&#x36ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36AE|&#x36ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36AF|&#x36af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|36Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B0|&#x36b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B1|&#x36b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B2|&#x36b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B3|&#x36b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B4|&#x36b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B5|&#x36b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B6|&#x36b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B7|&#x36b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B8|&#x36b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36B9|&#x36b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36BA|&#x36ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36BB|&#x36bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36BC|&#x36bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36BD|&#x36bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36BE|&#x36be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36BF|&#x36bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|36Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C0|&#x36c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C1|&#x36c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C2|&#x36c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C3|&#x36c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C4|&#x36c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C5|&#x36c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C6|&#x36c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C7|&#x36c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C8|&#x36c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36C9|&#x36c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36CA|&#x36ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36CB|&#x36cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36CC|&#x36cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36CD|&#x36cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36CE|&#x36ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36CF|&#x36cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|36Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D0|&#x36d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D1|&#x36d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D2|&#x36d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D3|&#x36d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D4|&#x36d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D5|&#x36d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D6|&#x36d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D7|&#x36d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D8|&#x36d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36D9|&#x36d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36DA|&#x36da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36DB|&#x36db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36DC|&#x36dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36DD|&#x36dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36DE|&#x36de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36DF|&#x36df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|36Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E0|&#x36e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E1|&#x36e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E2|&#x36e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E3|&#x36e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E4|&#x36e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E5|&#x36e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E6|&#x36e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E7|&#x36e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E8|&#x36e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36E9|&#x36e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36EA|&#x36ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36EB|&#x36eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36EC|&#x36ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36ED|&#x36ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36EE|&#x36ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36EF|&#x36ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|36Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F0|&#x36f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F1|&#x36f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F2|&#x36f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F3|&#x36f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F4|&#x36f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F5|&#x36f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F6|&#x36f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F7|&#x36f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F8|&#x36f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36F9|&#x36f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36FA|&#x36fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36FB|&#x36fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36FC|&#x36fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36FD|&#x36fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36FE|&#x36fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-36FF|&#x36ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|370x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3700|&#x3700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3701|&#x3701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3702|&#x3702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3703|&#x3703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3704|&#x3704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3705|&#x3705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3706|&#x3706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3707|&#x3707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3708|&#x3708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3709|&#x3709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-370A|&#x370a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-370B|&#x370b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-370C|&#x370c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-370D|&#x370d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-370E|&#x370e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-370F|&#x370f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|371x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3710|&#x3710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3711|&#x3711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3712|&#x3712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3713|&#x3713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3714|&#x3714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3715|&#x3715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3716|&#x3716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3717|&#x3717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3718|&#x3718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3719|&#x3719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-371A|&#x371a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-371B|&#x371b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-371C|&#x371c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-371D|&#x371d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-371E|&#x371e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-371F|&#x371f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|372x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3720|&#x3720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3721|&#x3721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3722|&#x3722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3723|&#x3723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3724|&#x3724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3725|&#x3725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3726|&#x3726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3727|&#x3727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3728|&#x3728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3729|&#x3729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-372A|&#x372a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-372B|&#x372b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-372C|&#x372c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-372D|&#x372d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-372E|&#x372e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-372F|&#x372f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|373x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3730|&#x3730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3731|&#x3731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3732|&#x3732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3733|&#x3733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3734|&#x3734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3735|&#x3735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3736|&#x3736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3737|&#x3737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3738|&#x3738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3739|&#x3739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-373A|&#x373a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-373B|&#x373b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-373C|&#x373c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-373D|&#x373d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-373E|&#x373e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-373F|&#x373f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|374x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3740|&#x3740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3741|&#x3741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3742|&#x3742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3743|&#x3743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3744|&#x3744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3745|&#x3745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3746|&#x3746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3747|&#x3747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3748|&#x3748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3749|&#x3749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-374A|&#x374a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-374B|&#x374b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-374C|&#x374c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-374D|&#x374d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-374E|&#x374e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-374F|&#x374f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|375x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3750|&#x3750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3751|&#x3751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3752|&#x3752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3753|&#x3753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3754|&#x3754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3755|&#x3755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3756|&#x3756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3757|&#x3757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3758|&#x3758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3759|&#x3759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-375A|&#x375a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-375B|&#x375b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-375C|&#x375c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-375D|&#x375d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-375E|&#x375e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-375F|&#x375f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|376x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3760|&#x3760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3761|&#x3761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3762|&#x3762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3763|&#x3763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3764|&#x3764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3765|&#x3765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3766|&#x3766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3767|&#x3767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3768|&#x3768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3769|&#x3769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-376A|&#x376a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-376B|&#x376b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-376C|&#x376c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-376D|&#x376d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-376E|&#x376e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-376F|&#x376f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|377x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3770|&#x3770;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3771|&#x3771;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3772|&#x3772;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3773|&#x3773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3774|&#x3774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3775|&#x3775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3776|&#x3776;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3777|&#x3777;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3778|&#x3778;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3779|&#x3779;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-377A|&#x377a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-377B|&#x377b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-377C|&#x377c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-377D|&#x377d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-377E|&#x377e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-377F|&#x377f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|378x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3780|&#x3780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3781|&#x3781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3782|&#x3782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3783|&#x3783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3784|&#x3784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3785|&#x3785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3786|&#x3786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3787|&#x3787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3788|&#x3788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3789|&#x3789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-378A|&#x378a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-378B|&#x378b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-378C|&#x378c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-378D|&#x378d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-378E|&#x378e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-378F|&#x378f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|379x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3790|&#x3790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3791|&#x3791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3792|&#x3792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3793|&#x3793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3794|&#x3794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3795|&#x3795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3796|&#x3796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3797|&#x3797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3798|&#x3798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3799|&#x3799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-379A|&#x379a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-379B|&#x379b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-379C|&#x379c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-379D|&#x379d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-379E|&#x379e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-379F|&#x379f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|37Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A0|&#x37a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A1|&#x37a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A2|&#x37a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A3|&#x37a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A4|&#x37a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A5|&#x37a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A6|&#x37a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A7|&#x37a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A8|&#x37a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37A9|&#x37a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37AA|&#x37aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37AB|&#x37ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37AC|&#x37ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37AD|&#x37ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37AE|&#x37ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37AF|&#x37af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|37Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B0|&#x37b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B1|&#x37b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B2|&#x37b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B3|&#x37b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B4|&#x37b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B5|&#x37b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B6|&#x37b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B7|&#x37b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B8|&#x37b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37B9|&#x37b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37BA|&#x37ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37BB|&#x37bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37BC|&#x37bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37BD|&#x37bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37BE|&#x37be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37BF|&#x37bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|37Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C0|&#x37c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C1|&#x37c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C2|&#x37c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C3|&#x37c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C4|&#x37c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C5|&#x37c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C6|&#x37c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C7|&#x37c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C8|&#x37c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37C9|&#x37c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37CA|&#x37ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37CB|&#x37cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37CC|&#x37cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37CD|&#x37cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37CE|&#x37ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37CF|&#x37cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|37Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D0|&#x37d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D1|&#x37d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D2|&#x37d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D3|&#x37d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D4|&#x37d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D5|&#x37d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D6|&#x37d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D7|&#x37d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D8|&#x37d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37D9|&#x37d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37DA|&#x37da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37DB|&#x37db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37DC|&#x37dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37DD|&#x37dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37DE|&#x37de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37DF|&#x37df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|37Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E0|&#x37e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E1|&#x37e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E2|&#x37e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E3|&#x37e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E4|&#x37e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E5|&#x37e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E6|&#x37e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E7|&#x37e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E8|&#x37e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37E9|&#x37e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37EA|&#x37ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37EB|&#x37eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37EC|&#x37ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37ED|&#x37ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37EE|&#x37ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37EF|&#x37ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|37Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F0|&#x37f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F1|&#x37f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F2|&#x37f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F3|&#x37f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F4|&#x37f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F5|&#x37f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F6|&#x37f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F7|&#x37f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F8|&#x37f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37F9|&#x37f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37FA|&#x37fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37FB|&#x37fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37FC|&#x37fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37FD|&#x37fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37FE|&#x37fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-37FF|&#x37ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|380x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3800|&#x3800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3801|&#x3801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3802|&#x3802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3803|&#x3803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3804|&#x3804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3805|&#x3805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3806|&#x3806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3807|&#x3807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3808|&#x3808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3809|&#x3809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-380A|&#x380a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-380B|&#x380b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-380C|&#x380c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-380D|&#x380d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-380E|&#x380e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-380F|&#x380f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|381x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3810|&#x3810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3811|&#x3811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3812|&#x3812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3813|&#x3813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3814|&#x3814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3815|&#x3815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3816|&#x3816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3817|&#x3817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3818|&#x3818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3819|&#x3819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-381A|&#x381a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-381B|&#x381b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-381C|&#x381c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-381D|&#x381d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-381E|&#x381e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-381F|&#x381f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|382x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3820|&#x3820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3821|&#x3821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3822|&#x3822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3823|&#x3823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3824|&#x3824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3825|&#x3825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3826|&#x3826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3827|&#x3827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3828|&#x3828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3829|&#x3829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-382A|&#x382a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-382B|&#x382b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-382C|&#x382c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-382D|&#x382d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-382E|&#x382e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-382F|&#x382f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|383x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3830|&#x3830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3831|&#x3831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3832|&#x3832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3833|&#x3833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3834|&#x3834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3835|&#x3835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3836|&#x3836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3837|&#x3837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3838|&#x3838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3839|&#x3839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-383A|&#x383a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-383B|&#x383b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-383C|&#x383c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-383D|&#x383d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-383E|&#x383e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-383F|&#x383f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|384x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3840|&#x3840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3841|&#x3841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3842|&#x3842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3843|&#x3843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3844|&#x3844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3845|&#x3845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3846|&#x3846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3847|&#x3847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3848|&#x3848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3849|&#x3849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-384A|&#x384a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-384B|&#x384b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-384C|&#x384c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-384D|&#x384d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-384E|&#x384e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-384F|&#x384f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|385x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3850|&#x3850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3851|&#x3851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3852|&#x3852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3853|&#x3853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3854|&#x3854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3855|&#x3855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3856|&#x3856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3857|&#x3857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3858|&#x3858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3859|&#x3859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-385A|&#x385a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-385B|&#x385b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-385C|&#x385c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-385D|&#x385d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-385E|&#x385e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-385F|&#x385f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|386x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3860|&#x3860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3861|&#x3861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3862|&#x3862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3863|&#x3863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3864|&#x3864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3865|&#x3865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3866|&#x3866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3867|&#x3867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3868|&#x3868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3869|&#x3869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-386A|&#x386a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-386B|&#x386b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-386C|&#x386c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-386D|&#x386d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-386E|&#x386e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-386F|&#x386f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|387x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3870|&#x3870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3871|&#x3871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3872|&#x3872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3873|&#x3873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3874|&#x3874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3875|&#x3875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3876|&#x3876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3877|&#x3877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3878|&#x3878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3879|&#x3879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-387A|&#x387a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-387B|&#x387b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-387C|&#x387c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-387D|&#x387d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-387E|&#x387e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-387F|&#x387f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|388x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3880|&#x3880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3881|&#x3881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3882|&#x3882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3883|&#x3883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3884|&#x3884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3885|&#x3885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3886|&#x3886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3887|&#x3887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3888|&#x3888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3889|&#x3889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-388A|&#x388a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-388B|&#x388b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-388C|&#x388c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-388D|&#x388d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-388E|&#x388e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-388F|&#x388f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|389x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3890|&#x3890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3891|&#x3891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3892|&#x3892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3893|&#x3893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3894|&#x3894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3895|&#x3895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3896|&#x3896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3897|&#x3897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3898|&#x3898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3899|&#x3899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-389A|&#x389a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-389B|&#x389b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-389C|&#x389c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-389D|&#x389d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-389E|&#x389e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-389F|&#x389f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|38Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A0|&#x38a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A1|&#x38a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A2|&#x38a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A3|&#x38a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A4|&#x38a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A5|&#x38a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A6|&#x38a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A7|&#x38a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A8|&#x38a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38A9|&#x38a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38AA|&#x38aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38AB|&#x38ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38AC|&#x38ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38AD|&#x38ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38AE|&#x38ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38AF|&#x38af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|38Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B0|&#x38b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B1|&#x38b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B2|&#x38b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B3|&#x38b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B4|&#x38b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B5|&#x38b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B6|&#x38b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B7|&#x38b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B8|&#x38b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38B9|&#x38b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38BA|&#x38ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38BB|&#x38bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38BC|&#x38bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38BD|&#x38bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38BE|&#x38be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38BF|&#x38bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|38Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C0|&#x38c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C1|&#x38c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C2|&#x38c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C3|&#x38c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C4|&#x38c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C5|&#x38c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C6|&#x38c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C7|&#x38c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C8|&#x38c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38C9|&#x38c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38CA|&#x38ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38CB|&#x38cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38CC|&#x38cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38CD|&#x38cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38CE|&#x38ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38CF|&#x38cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|38Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D0|&#x38d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D1|&#x38d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D2|&#x38d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D3|&#x38d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D4|&#x38d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D5|&#x38d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D6|&#x38d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D7|&#x38d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D8|&#x38d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38D9|&#x38d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38DA|&#x38da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38DB|&#x38db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38DC|&#x38dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38DD|&#x38dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38DE|&#x38de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38DF|&#x38df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|38Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E0|&#x38e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E1|&#x38e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E2|&#x38e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E3|&#x38e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E4|&#x38e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E5|&#x38e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E6|&#x38e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E7|&#x38e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E8|&#x38e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38E9|&#x38e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38EA|&#x38ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38EB|&#x38eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38EC|&#x38ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38ED|&#x38ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38EE|&#x38ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38EF|&#x38ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|38Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F0|&#x38f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F1|&#x38f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F2|&#x38f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F3|&#x38f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F4|&#x38f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F5|&#x38f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F6|&#x38f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F7|&#x38f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F8|&#x38f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38F9|&#x38f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38FA|&#x38fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38FB|&#x38fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38FC|&#x38fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38FD|&#x38fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38FE|&#x38fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-38FF|&#x38ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|390x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3900|&#x3900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3901|&#x3901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3902|&#x3902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3903|&#x3903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3904|&#x3904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3905|&#x3905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3906|&#x3906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3907|&#x3907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3908|&#x3908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3909|&#x3909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-390A|&#x390a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-390B|&#x390b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-390C|&#x390c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-390D|&#x390d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-390E|&#x390e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-390F|&#x390f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|391x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3910|&#x3910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3911|&#x3911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3912|&#x3912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3913|&#x3913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3914|&#x3914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3915|&#x3915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3916|&#x3916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3917|&#x3917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3918|&#x3918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3919|&#x3919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-391A|&#x391a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-391B|&#x391b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-391C|&#x391c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-391D|&#x391d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-391E|&#x391e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-391F|&#x391f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|392x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3920|&#x3920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3921|&#x3921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3922|&#x3922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3923|&#x3923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3924|&#x3924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3925|&#x3925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3926|&#x3926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3927|&#x3927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3928|&#x3928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3929|&#x3929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-392A|&#x392a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-392B|&#x392b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-392C|&#x392c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-392D|&#x392d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-392E|&#x392e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-392F|&#x392f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|393x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3930|&#x3930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3931|&#x3931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3932|&#x3932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3933|&#x3933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3934|&#x3934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3935|&#x3935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3936|&#x3936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3937|&#x3937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3938|&#x3938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3939|&#x3939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-393A|&#x393a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-393B|&#x393b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-393C|&#x393c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-393D|&#x393d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-393E|&#x393e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-393F|&#x393f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|394x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3940|&#x3940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3941|&#x3941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3942|&#x3942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3943|&#x3943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3944|&#x3944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3945|&#x3945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3946|&#x3946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3947|&#x3947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3948|&#x3948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3949|&#x3949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-394A|&#x394a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-394B|&#x394b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-394C|&#x394c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-394D|&#x394d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-394E|&#x394e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-394F|&#x394f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|395x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3950|&#x3950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3951|&#x3951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3952|&#x3952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3953|&#x3953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3954|&#x3954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3955|&#x3955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3956|&#x3956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3957|&#x3957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3958|&#x3958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3959|&#x3959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-395A|&#x395a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-395B|&#x395b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-395C|&#x395c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-395D|&#x395d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-395E|&#x395e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-395F|&#x395f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|396x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3960|&#x3960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3961|&#x3961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3962|&#x3962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3963|&#x3963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3964|&#x3964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3965|&#x3965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3966|&#x3966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3967|&#x3967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3968|&#x3968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3969|&#x3969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-396A|&#x396a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-396B|&#x396b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-396C|&#x396c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-396D|&#x396d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-396E|&#x396e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-396F|&#x396f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|397x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3970|&#x3970;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3971|&#x3971;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3972|&#x3972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3973|&#x3973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3974|&#x3974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3975|&#x3975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3976|&#x3976;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3977|&#x3977;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3978|&#x3978;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3979|&#x3979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-397A|&#x397a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-397B|&#x397b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-397C|&#x397c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-397D|&#x397d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-397E|&#x397e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-397F|&#x397f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|398x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3980|&#x3980;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3981|&#x3981;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3982|&#x3982;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3983|&#x3983;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3984|&#x3984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3985|&#x3985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3986|&#x3986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3987|&#x3987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3988|&#x3988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3989|&#x3989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-398A|&#x398a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-398B|&#x398b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-398C|&#x398c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-398D|&#x398d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-398E|&#x398e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-398F|&#x398f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|399x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3990|&#x3990;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3991|&#x3991;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3992|&#x3992;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3993|&#x3993;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3994|&#x3994;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3995|&#x3995;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3996|&#x3996;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3997|&#x3997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3998|&#x3998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3999|&#x3999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-399A|&#x399a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-399B|&#x399b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-399C|&#x399c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-399D|&#x399d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-399E|&#x399e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-399F|&#x399f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|39Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A0|&#x39a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A1|&#x39a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A2|&#x39a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A3|&#x39a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A4|&#x39a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A5|&#x39a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A6|&#x39a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A7|&#x39a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A8|&#x39a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39A9|&#x39a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39AA|&#x39aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39AB|&#x39ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39AC|&#x39ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39AD|&#x39ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39AE|&#x39ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39AF|&#x39af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|39Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B0|&#x39b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B1|&#x39b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B2|&#x39b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B3|&#x39b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B4|&#x39b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B5|&#x39b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B6|&#x39b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B7|&#x39b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B8|&#x39b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39B9|&#x39b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39BA|&#x39ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39BB|&#x39bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39BC|&#x39bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39BD|&#x39bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39BE|&#x39be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39BF|&#x39bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|39Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C0|&#x39c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C1|&#x39c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C2|&#x39c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C3|&#x39c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C4|&#x39c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C5|&#x39c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C6|&#x39c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C7|&#x39c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C8|&#x39c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39C9|&#x39c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39CA|&#x39ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39CB|&#x39cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39CC|&#x39cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39CD|&#x39cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39CE|&#x39ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39CF|&#x39cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|39Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D0|&#x39d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D1|&#x39d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D2|&#x39d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D3|&#x39d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D4|&#x39d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D5|&#x39d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D6|&#x39d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D7|&#x39d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D8|&#x39d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39D9|&#x39d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39DA|&#x39da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39DB|&#x39db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39DC|&#x39dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39DD|&#x39dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39DE|&#x39de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39DF|&#x39df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|39Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E0|&#x39e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E1|&#x39e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E2|&#x39e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E3|&#x39e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E4|&#x39e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E5|&#x39e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E6|&#x39e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E7|&#x39e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E8|&#x39e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39E9|&#x39e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39EA|&#x39ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39EB|&#x39eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39EC|&#x39ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39ED|&#x39ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39EE|&#x39ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39EF|&#x39ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|39Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F0|&#x39f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F1|&#x39f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F2|&#x39f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F3|&#x39f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F4|&#x39f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F5|&#x39f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F6|&#x39f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F7|&#x39f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F8|&#x39f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39F9|&#x39f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39FA|&#x39fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39FB|&#x39fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39FC|&#x39fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39FD|&#x39fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39FE|&#x39fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-39FF|&#x39ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A00|&#x3a00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A01|&#x3a01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A02|&#x3a02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A03|&#x3a03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A04|&#x3a04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A05|&#x3a05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A06|&#x3a06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A07|&#x3a07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A08|&#x3a08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A09|&#x3a09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A0A|&#x3a0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A0B|&#x3a0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A0C|&#x3a0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A0D|&#x3a0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A0E|&#x3a0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A0F|&#x3a0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A10|&#x3a10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A11|&#x3a11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A12|&#x3a12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A13|&#x3a13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A14|&#x3a14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A15|&#x3a15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A16|&#x3a16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A17|&#x3a17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A18|&#x3a18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A19|&#x3a19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A1A|&#x3a1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A1B|&#x3a1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A1C|&#x3a1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A1D|&#x3a1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A1E|&#x3a1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A1F|&#x3a1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A20|&#x3a20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A21|&#x3a21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A22|&#x3a22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A23|&#x3a23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A24|&#x3a24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A25|&#x3a25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A26|&#x3a26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A27|&#x3a27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A28|&#x3a28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A29|&#x3a29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A2A|&#x3a2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A2B|&#x3a2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A2C|&#x3a2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A2D|&#x3a2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A2E|&#x3a2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A2F|&#x3a2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A30|&#x3a30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A31|&#x3a31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A32|&#x3a32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A33|&#x3a33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A34|&#x3a34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A35|&#x3a35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A36|&#x3a36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A37|&#x3a37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A38|&#x3a38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A39|&#x3a39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A3A|&#x3a3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A3B|&#x3a3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A3C|&#x3a3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A3D|&#x3a3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A3E|&#x3a3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A3F|&#x3a3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A40|&#x3a40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A41|&#x3a41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A42|&#x3a42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A43|&#x3a43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A44|&#x3a44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A45|&#x3a45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A46|&#x3a46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A47|&#x3a47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A48|&#x3a48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A49|&#x3a49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A4A|&#x3a4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A4B|&#x3a4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A4C|&#x3a4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A4D|&#x3a4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A4E|&#x3a4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A4F|&#x3a4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A50|&#x3a50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A51|&#x3a51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A52|&#x3a52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A53|&#x3a53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A54|&#x3a54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A55|&#x3a55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A56|&#x3a56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A57|&#x3a57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A58|&#x3a58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A59|&#x3a59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A5A|&#x3a5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A5B|&#x3a5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A5C|&#x3a5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A5D|&#x3a5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A5E|&#x3a5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A5F|&#x3a5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A60|&#x3a60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A61|&#x3a61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A62|&#x3a62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A63|&#x3a63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A64|&#x3a64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A65|&#x3a65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A66|&#x3a66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A67|&#x3a67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A68|&#x3a68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A69|&#x3a69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A6A|&#x3a6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A6B|&#x3a6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A6C|&#x3a6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A6D|&#x3a6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A6E|&#x3a6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A6F|&#x3a6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A70|&#x3a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A71|&#x3a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A72|&#x3a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A73|&#x3a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A74|&#x3a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A75|&#x3a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A76|&#x3a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A77|&#x3a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A78|&#x3a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A79|&#x3a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A7A|&#x3a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A7B|&#x3a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A7C|&#x3a7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A7D|&#x3a7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A7E|&#x3a7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A7F|&#x3a7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A80|&#x3a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A81|&#x3a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A82|&#x3a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A83|&#x3a83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A84|&#x3a84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A85|&#x3a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A86|&#x3a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A87|&#x3a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A88|&#x3a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A89|&#x3a89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A8A|&#x3a8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A8B|&#x3a8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A8C|&#x3a8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A8D|&#x3a8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A8E|&#x3a8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A8F|&#x3a8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3A9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A90|&#x3a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A91|&#x3a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A92|&#x3a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A93|&#x3a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A94|&#x3a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A95|&#x3a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A96|&#x3a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A97|&#x3a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A98|&#x3a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A99|&#x3a99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A9A|&#x3a9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A9B|&#x3a9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A9C|&#x3a9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A9D|&#x3a9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A9E|&#x3a9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3A9F|&#x3a9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3AAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA0|&#x3aa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA1|&#x3aa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA2|&#x3aa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA3|&#x3aa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA4|&#x3aa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA5|&#x3aa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA6|&#x3aa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA7|&#x3aa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA8|&#x3aa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AA9|&#x3aa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AAA|&#x3aaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AAB|&#x3aab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AAC|&#x3aac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AAD|&#x3aad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AAE|&#x3aae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AAF|&#x3aaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3ABx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB0|&#x3ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB1|&#x3ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB2|&#x3ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB3|&#x3ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB4|&#x3ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB5|&#x3ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB6|&#x3ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB7|&#x3ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB8|&#x3ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AB9|&#x3ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ABA|&#x3aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ABB|&#x3abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ABC|&#x3abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ABD|&#x3abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ABE|&#x3abe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ABF|&#x3abf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3ACx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC0|&#x3ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC1|&#x3ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC2|&#x3ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC3|&#x3ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC4|&#x3ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC5|&#x3ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC6|&#x3ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC7|&#x3ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC8|&#x3ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AC9|&#x3ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ACA|&#x3aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ACB|&#x3acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ACC|&#x3acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ACD|&#x3acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ACE|&#x3ace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ACF|&#x3acf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3ADx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD0|&#x3ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD1|&#x3ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD2|&#x3ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD3|&#x3ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD4|&#x3ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD5|&#x3ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD6|&#x3ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD7|&#x3ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD8|&#x3ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AD9|&#x3ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ADA|&#x3ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ADB|&#x3adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ADC|&#x3adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ADD|&#x3add;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ADE|&#x3ade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ADF|&#x3adf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3AEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE0|&#x3ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE1|&#x3ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE2|&#x3ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE3|&#x3ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE4|&#x3ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE5|&#x3ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE6|&#x3ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE7|&#x3ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE8|&#x3ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AE9|&#x3ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AEA|&#x3aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AEB|&#x3aeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AEC|&#x3aec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AED|&#x3aed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AEE|&#x3aee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AEF|&#x3aef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3AFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF0|&#x3af0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF1|&#x3af1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF2|&#x3af2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF3|&#x3af3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF4|&#x3af4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF5|&#x3af5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF6|&#x3af6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF7|&#x3af7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF8|&#x3af8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AF9|&#x3af9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AFA|&#x3afa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AFB|&#x3afb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AFC|&#x3afc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AFD|&#x3afd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AFE|&#x3afe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3AFF|&#x3aff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B00|&#x3b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B01|&#x3b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B02|&#x3b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B03|&#x3b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B04|&#x3b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B05|&#x3b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B06|&#x3b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B07|&#x3b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B08|&#x3b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B09|&#x3b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B0A|&#x3b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B0B|&#x3b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B0C|&#x3b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B0D|&#x3b0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B0E|&#x3b0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B0F|&#x3b0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B10|&#x3b10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B11|&#x3b11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B12|&#x3b12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B13|&#x3b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B14|&#x3b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B15|&#x3b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B16|&#x3b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B17|&#x3b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B18|&#x3b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B19|&#x3b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B1A|&#x3b1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B1B|&#x3b1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B1C|&#x3b1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B1D|&#x3b1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B1E|&#x3b1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B1F|&#x3b1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B20|&#x3b20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B21|&#x3b21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B22|&#x3b22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B23|&#x3b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B24|&#x3b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B25|&#x3b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B26|&#x3b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B27|&#x3b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B28|&#x3b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B29|&#x3b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B2A|&#x3b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B2B|&#x3b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B2C|&#x3b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B2D|&#x3b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B2E|&#x3b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B2F|&#x3b2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B30|&#x3b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B31|&#x3b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B32|&#x3b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B33|&#x3b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B34|&#x3b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B35|&#x3b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B36|&#x3b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B37|&#x3b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B38|&#x3b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B39|&#x3b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B3A|&#x3b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B3B|&#x3b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B3C|&#x3b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B3D|&#x3b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B3E|&#x3b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B3F|&#x3b3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B40|&#x3b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B41|&#x3b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B42|&#x3b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B43|&#x3b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B44|&#x3b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B45|&#x3b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B46|&#x3b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B47|&#x3b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B48|&#x3b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B49|&#x3b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B4A|&#x3b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B4B|&#x3b4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B4C|&#x3b4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B4D|&#x3b4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B4E|&#x3b4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B4F|&#x3b4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B50|&#x3b50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B51|&#x3b51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B52|&#x3b52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B53|&#x3b53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B54|&#x3b54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B55|&#x3b55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B56|&#x3b56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B57|&#x3b57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B58|&#x3b58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B59|&#x3b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B5A|&#x3b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B5B|&#x3b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B5C|&#x3b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B5D|&#x3b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B5E|&#x3b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B5F|&#x3b5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B60|&#x3b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B61|&#x3b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B62|&#x3b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B63|&#x3b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B64|&#x3b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B65|&#x3b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B66|&#x3b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B67|&#x3b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B68|&#x3b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B69|&#x3b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B6A|&#x3b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B6B|&#x3b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B6C|&#x3b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B6D|&#x3b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B6E|&#x3b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B6F|&#x3b6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B70|&#x3b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B71|&#x3b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B72|&#x3b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B73|&#x3b73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B74|&#x3b74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B75|&#x3b75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B76|&#x3b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B77|&#x3b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B78|&#x3b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B79|&#x3b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B7A|&#x3b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B7B|&#x3b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B7C|&#x3b7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B7D|&#x3b7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B7E|&#x3b7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B7F|&#x3b7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B80|&#x3b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B81|&#x3b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B82|&#x3b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B83|&#x3b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B84|&#x3b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B85|&#x3b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B86|&#x3b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B87|&#x3b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B88|&#x3b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B89|&#x3b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B8A|&#x3b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B8B|&#x3b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B8C|&#x3b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B8D|&#x3b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B8E|&#x3b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B8F|&#x3b8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3B9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B90|&#x3b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B91|&#x3b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B92|&#x3b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B93|&#x3b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B94|&#x3b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B95|&#x3b95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B96|&#x3b96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B97|&#x3b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B98|&#x3b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B99|&#x3b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B9A|&#x3b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B9B|&#x3b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B9C|&#x3b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B9D|&#x3b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B9E|&#x3b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3B9F|&#x3b9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3BAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA0|&#x3ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA1|&#x3ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA2|&#x3ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA3|&#x3ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA4|&#x3ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA5|&#x3ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA6|&#x3ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA7|&#x3ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA8|&#x3ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BA9|&#x3ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BAA|&#x3baa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BAB|&#x3bab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BAC|&#x3bac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BAD|&#x3bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BAE|&#x3bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BAF|&#x3baf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3BBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB0|&#x3bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB1|&#x3bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB2|&#x3bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB3|&#x3bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB4|&#x3bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB5|&#x3bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB6|&#x3bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB7|&#x3bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB8|&#x3bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BB9|&#x3bb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BBA|&#x3bba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BBB|&#x3bbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BBC|&#x3bbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BBD|&#x3bbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BBE|&#x3bbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BBF|&#x3bbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3BCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC0|&#x3bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC1|&#x3bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC2|&#x3bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC3|&#x3bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC4|&#x3bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC5|&#x3bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC6|&#x3bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC7|&#x3bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC8|&#x3bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BC9|&#x3bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BCA|&#x3bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BCB|&#x3bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BCC|&#x3bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BCD|&#x3bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BCE|&#x3bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BCF|&#x3bcf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3BDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD0|&#x3bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD1|&#x3bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD2|&#x3bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD3|&#x3bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD4|&#x3bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD5|&#x3bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD6|&#x3bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD7|&#x3bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD8|&#x3bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BD9|&#x3bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BDA|&#x3bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BDB|&#x3bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BDC|&#x3bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BDD|&#x3bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BDE|&#x3bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BDF|&#x3bdf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3BEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE0|&#x3be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE1|&#x3be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE2|&#x3be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE3|&#x3be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE4|&#x3be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE5|&#x3be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE6|&#x3be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE7|&#x3be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE8|&#x3be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BE9|&#x3be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BEA|&#x3bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BEB|&#x3beb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BEC|&#x3bec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BED|&#x3bed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BEE|&#x3bee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BEF|&#x3bef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3BFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF0|&#x3bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF1|&#x3bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF2|&#x3bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF3|&#x3bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF4|&#x3bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF5|&#x3bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF6|&#x3bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF7|&#x3bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF8|&#x3bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BF9|&#x3bf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BFA|&#x3bfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BFB|&#x3bfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BFC|&#x3bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BFD|&#x3bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BFE|&#x3bfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3BFF|&#x3bff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C00|&#x3c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C01|&#x3c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C02|&#x3c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C03|&#x3c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C04|&#x3c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C05|&#x3c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C06|&#x3c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C07|&#x3c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C08|&#x3c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C09|&#x3c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C0A|&#x3c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C0B|&#x3c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C0C|&#x3c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C0D|&#x3c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C0E|&#x3c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C0F|&#x3c0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C10|&#x3c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C11|&#x3c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C12|&#x3c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C13|&#x3c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C14|&#x3c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C15|&#x3c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C16|&#x3c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C17|&#x3c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C18|&#x3c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C19|&#x3c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C1A|&#x3c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C1B|&#x3c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C1C|&#x3c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C1D|&#x3c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C1E|&#x3c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C1F|&#x3c1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C20|&#x3c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C21|&#x3c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C22|&#x3c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C23|&#x3c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C24|&#x3c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C25|&#x3c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C26|&#x3c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C27|&#x3c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C28|&#x3c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C29|&#x3c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C2A|&#x3c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C2B|&#x3c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C2C|&#x3c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C2D|&#x3c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C2E|&#x3c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C2F|&#x3c2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C30|&#x3c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C31|&#x3c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C32|&#x3c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C33|&#x3c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C34|&#x3c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C35|&#x3c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C36|&#x3c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C37|&#x3c37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C38|&#x3c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C39|&#x3c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C3A|&#x3c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C3B|&#x3c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C3C|&#x3c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C3D|&#x3c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C3E|&#x3c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C3F|&#x3c3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C40|&#x3c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C41|&#x3c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C42|&#x3c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C43|&#x3c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C44|&#x3c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C45|&#x3c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C46|&#x3c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C47|&#x3c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C48|&#x3c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C49|&#x3c49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C4A|&#x3c4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C4B|&#x3c4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C4C|&#x3c4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C4D|&#x3c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C4E|&#x3c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C4F|&#x3c4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C50|&#x3c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C51|&#x3c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C52|&#x3c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C53|&#x3c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C54|&#x3c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C55|&#x3c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C56|&#x3c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C57|&#x3c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C58|&#x3c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C59|&#x3c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C5A|&#x3c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C5B|&#x3c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C5C|&#x3c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C5D|&#x3c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C5E|&#x3c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C5F|&#x3c5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C60|&#x3c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C61|&#x3c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C62|&#x3c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C63|&#x3c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C64|&#x3c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C65|&#x3c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C66|&#x3c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C67|&#x3c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C68|&#x3c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C69|&#x3c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C6A|&#x3c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C6B|&#x3c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C6C|&#x3c6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C6D|&#x3c6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C6E|&#x3c6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C6F|&#x3c6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C70|&#x3c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C71|&#x3c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C72|&#x3c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C73|&#x3c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C74|&#x3c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C75|&#x3c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C76|&#x3c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C77|&#x3c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C78|&#x3c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C79|&#x3c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C7A|&#x3c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C7B|&#x3c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C7C|&#x3c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C7D|&#x3c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C7E|&#x3c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C7F|&#x3c7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C80|&#x3c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C81|&#x3c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C82|&#x3c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C83|&#x3c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C84|&#x3c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C85|&#x3c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C86|&#x3c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C87|&#x3c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C88|&#x3c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C89|&#x3c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C8A|&#x3c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C8B|&#x3c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C8C|&#x3c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C8D|&#x3c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C8E|&#x3c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C8F|&#x3c8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3C9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C90|&#x3c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C91|&#x3c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C92|&#x3c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C93|&#x3c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C94|&#x3c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C95|&#x3c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C96|&#x3c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C97|&#x3c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C98|&#x3c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C99|&#x3c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C9A|&#x3c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C9B|&#x3c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C9C|&#x3c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C9D|&#x3c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C9E|&#x3c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3C9F|&#x3c9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3CAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA0|&#x3ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA1|&#x3ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA2|&#x3ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA3|&#x3ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA4|&#x3ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA5|&#x3ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA6|&#x3ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA7|&#x3ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA8|&#x3ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CA9|&#x3ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CAA|&#x3caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CAB|&#x3cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CAC|&#x3cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CAD|&#x3cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CAE|&#x3cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CAF|&#x3caf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3CBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB0|&#x3cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB1|&#x3cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB2|&#x3cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB3|&#x3cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB4|&#x3cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB5|&#x3cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB6|&#x3cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB7|&#x3cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB8|&#x3cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CB9|&#x3cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CBA|&#x3cba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CBB|&#x3cbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CBC|&#x3cbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CBD|&#x3cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CBE|&#x3cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CBF|&#x3cbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3CCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC0|&#x3cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC1|&#x3cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC2|&#x3cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC3|&#x3cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC4|&#x3cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC5|&#x3cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC6|&#x3cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC7|&#x3cc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC8|&#x3cc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CC9|&#x3cc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CCA|&#x3cca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CCB|&#x3ccb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CCC|&#x3ccc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CCD|&#x3ccd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CCE|&#x3cce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CCF|&#x3ccf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3CDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD0|&#x3cd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD1|&#x3cd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD2|&#x3cd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD3|&#x3cd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD4|&#x3cd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD5|&#x3cd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD6|&#x3cd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD7|&#x3cd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD8|&#x3cd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CD9|&#x3cd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CDA|&#x3cda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CDB|&#x3cdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CDC|&#x3cdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CDD|&#x3cdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CDE|&#x3cde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CDF|&#x3cdf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3CEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE0|&#x3ce0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE1|&#x3ce1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE2|&#x3ce2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE3|&#x3ce3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE4|&#x3ce4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE5|&#x3ce5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE6|&#x3ce6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE7|&#x3ce7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE8|&#x3ce8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CE9|&#x3ce9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CEA|&#x3cea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CEB|&#x3ceb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CEC|&#x3cec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CED|&#x3ced;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CEE|&#x3cee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CEF|&#x3cef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3CFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF0|&#x3cf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF1|&#x3cf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF2|&#x3cf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF3|&#x3cf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF4|&#x3cf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF5|&#x3cf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF6|&#x3cf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF7|&#x3cf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF8|&#x3cf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CF9|&#x3cf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CFA|&#x3cfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CFB|&#x3cfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CFC|&#x3cfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CFD|&#x3cfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CFE|&#x3cfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3CFF|&#x3cff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D00|&#x3d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D01|&#x3d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D02|&#x3d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D03|&#x3d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D04|&#x3d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D05|&#x3d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D06|&#x3d06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D07|&#x3d07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D08|&#x3d08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D09|&#x3d09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D0A|&#x3d0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D0B|&#x3d0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D0C|&#x3d0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D0D|&#x3d0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D0E|&#x3d0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D0F|&#x3d0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D10|&#x3d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D11|&#x3d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D12|&#x3d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D13|&#x3d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D14|&#x3d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D15|&#x3d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D16|&#x3d16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D17|&#x3d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D18|&#x3d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D19|&#x3d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D1A|&#x3d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D1B|&#x3d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D1C|&#x3d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D1D|&#x3d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D1E|&#x3d1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D1F|&#x3d1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D20|&#x3d20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D21|&#x3d21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D22|&#x3d22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D23|&#x3d23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D24|&#x3d24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D25|&#x3d25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D26|&#x3d26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D27|&#x3d27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D28|&#x3d28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D29|&#x3d29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D2A|&#x3d2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D2B|&#x3d2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D2C|&#x3d2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D2D|&#x3d2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D2E|&#x3d2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D2F|&#x3d2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D30|&#x3d30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D31|&#x3d31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D32|&#x3d32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D33|&#x3d33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D34|&#x3d34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D35|&#x3d35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D36|&#x3d36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D37|&#x3d37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D38|&#x3d38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D39|&#x3d39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D3A|&#x3d3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D3B|&#x3d3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D3C|&#x3d3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D3D|&#x3d3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D3E|&#x3d3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D3F|&#x3d3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D40|&#x3d40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D41|&#x3d41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D42|&#x3d42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D43|&#x3d43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D44|&#x3d44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D45|&#x3d45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D46|&#x3d46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D47|&#x3d47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D48|&#x3d48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D49|&#x3d49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D4A|&#x3d4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D4B|&#x3d4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D4C|&#x3d4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D4D|&#x3d4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D4E|&#x3d4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D4F|&#x3d4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D50|&#x3d50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D51|&#x3d51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D52|&#x3d52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D53|&#x3d53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D54|&#x3d54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D55|&#x3d55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D56|&#x3d56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D57|&#x3d57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D58|&#x3d58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D59|&#x3d59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D5A|&#x3d5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D5B|&#x3d5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D5C|&#x3d5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D5D|&#x3d5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D5E|&#x3d5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D5F|&#x3d5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D60|&#x3d60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D61|&#x3d61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D62|&#x3d62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D63|&#x3d63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D64|&#x3d64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D65|&#x3d65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D66|&#x3d66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D67|&#x3d67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D68|&#x3d68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D69|&#x3d69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D6A|&#x3d6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D6B|&#x3d6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D6C|&#x3d6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D6D|&#x3d6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D6E|&#x3d6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D6F|&#x3d6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D70|&#x3d70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D71|&#x3d71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D72|&#x3d72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D73|&#x3d73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D74|&#x3d74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D75|&#x3d75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D76|&#x3d76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D77|&#x3d77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D78|&#x3d78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D79|&#x3d79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D7A|&#x3d7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D7B|&#x3d7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D7C|&#x3d7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D7D|&#x3d7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D7E|&#x3d7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D7F|&#x3d7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D80|&#x3d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D81|&#x3d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D82|&#x3d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D83|&#x3d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D84|&#x3d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D85|&#x3d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D86|&#x3d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D87|&#x3d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D88|&#x3d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D89|&#x3d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D8A|&#x3d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D8B|&#x3d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D8C|&#x3d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D8D|&#x3d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D8E|&#x3d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D8F|&#x3d8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3D9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D90|&#x3d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D91|&#x3d91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D92|&#x3d92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D93|&#x3d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D94|&#x3d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D95|&#x3d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D96|&#x3d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D97|&#x3d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D98|&#x3d98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D99|&#x3d99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D9A|&#x3d9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D9B|&#x3d9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D9C|&#x3d9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D9D|&#x3d9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D9E|&#x3d9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3D9F|&#x3d9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3DAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA0|&#x3da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA1|&#x3da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA2|&#x3da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA3|&#x3da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA4|&#x3da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA5|&#x3da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA6|&#x3da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA7|&#x3da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA8|&#x3da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DA9|&#x3da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DAA|&#x3daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DAB|&#x3dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DAC|&#x3dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DAD|&#x3dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DAE|&#x3dae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DAF|&#x3daf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3DBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB0|&#x3db0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB1|&#x3db1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB2|&#x3db2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB3|&#x3db3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB4|&#x3db4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB5|&#x3db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB6|&#x3db6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB7|&#x3db7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB8|&#x3db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DB9|&#x3db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DBA|&#x3dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DBB|&#x3dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DBC|&#x3dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DBD|&#x3dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DBE|&#x3dbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DBF|&#x3dbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3DCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC0|&#x3dc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC1|&#x3dc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC2|&#x3dc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC3|&#x3dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC4|&#x3dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC5|&#x3dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC6|&#x3dc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC7|&#x3dc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC8|&#x3dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DC9|&#x3dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DCA|&#x3dca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DCB|&#x3dcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DCC|&#x3dcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DCD|&#x3dcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DCE|&#x3dce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DCF|&#x3dcf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3DDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD0|&#x3dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD1|&#x3dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD2|&#x3dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD3|&#x3dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD4|&#x3dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD5|&#x3dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD6|&#x3dd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD7|&#x3dd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD8|&#x3dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DD9|&#x3dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DDA|&#x3dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DDB|&#x3ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DDC|&#x3ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DDD|&#x3ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DDE|&#x3dde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DDF|&#x3ddf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3DEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE0|&#x3de0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE1|&#x3de1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE2|&#x3de2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE3|&#x3de3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE4|&#x3de4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE5|&#x3de5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE6|&#x3de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE7|&#x3de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE8|&#x3de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DE9|&#x3de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DEA|&#x3dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DEB|&#x3deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DEC|&#x3dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DED|&#x3ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DEE|&#x3dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DEF|&#x3def;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3DFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF0|&#x3df0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF1|&#x3df1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF2|&#x3df2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF3|&#x3df3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF4|&#x3df4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF5|&#x3df5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF6|&#x3df6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF7|&#x3df7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF8|&#x3df8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DF9|&#x3df9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DFA|&#x3dfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DFB|&#x3dfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DFC|&#x3dfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DFD|&#x3dfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DFE|&#x3dfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3DFF|&#x3dff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E00|&#x3e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E01|&#x3e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E02|&#x3e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E03|&#x3e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E04|&#x3e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E05|&#x3e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E06|&#x3e06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E07|&#x3e07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E08|&#x3e08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E09|&#x3e09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E0A|&#x3e0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E0B|&#x3e0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E0C|&#x3e0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E0D|&#x3e0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E0E|&#x3e0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E0F|&#x3e0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E10|&#x3e10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E11|&#x3e11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E12|&#x3e12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E13|&#x3e13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E14|&#x3e14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E15|&#x3e15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E16|&#x3e16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E17|&#x3e17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E18|&#x3e18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E19|&#x3e19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E1A|&#x3e1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E1B|&#x3e1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E1C|&#x3e1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E1D|&#x3e1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E1E|&#x3e1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E1F|&#x3e1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E20|&#x3e20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E21|&#x3e21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E22|&#x3e22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E23|&#x3e23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E24|&#x3e24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E25|&#x3e25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E26|&#x3e26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E27|&#x3e27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E28|&#x3e28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E29|&#x3e29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E2A|&#x3e2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E2B|&#x3e2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E2C|&#x3e2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E2D|&#x3e2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E2E|&#x3e2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E2F|&#x3e2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E30|&#x3e30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E31|&#x3e31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E32|&#x3e32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E33|&#x3e33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E34|&#x3e34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E35|&#x3e35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E36|&#x3e36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E37|&#x3e37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E38|&#x3e38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E39|&#x3e39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E3A|&#x3e3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E3B|&#x3e3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E3C|&#x3e3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E3D|&#x3e3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E3E|&#x3e3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E3F|&#x3e3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E40|&#x3e40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E41|&#x3e41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E42|&#x3e42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E43|&#x3e43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E44|&#x3e44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E45|&#x3e45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E46|&#x3e46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E47|&#x3e47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E48|&#x3e48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E49|&#x3e49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E4A|&#x3e4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E4B|&#x3e4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E4C|&#x3e4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E4D|&#x3e4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E4E|&#x3e4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E4F|&#x3e4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E50|&#x3e50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E51|&#x3e51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E52|&#x3e52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E53|&#x3e53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E54|&#x3e54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E55|&#x3e55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E56|&#x3e56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E57|&#x3e57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E58|&#x3e58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E59|&#x3e59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E5A|&#x3e5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E5B|&#x3e5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E5C|&#x3e5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E5D|&#x3e5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E5E|&#x3e5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E5F|&#x3e5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E60|&#x3e60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E61|&#x3e61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E62|&#x3e62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E63|&#x3e63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E64|&#x3e64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E65|&#x3e65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E66|&#x3e66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E67|&#x3e67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E68|&#x3e68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E69|&#x3e69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E6A|&#x3e6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E6B|&#x3e6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E6C|&#x3e6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E6D|&#x3e6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E6E|&#x3e6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E6F|&#x3e6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E70|&#x3e70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E71|&#x3e71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E72|&#x3e72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E73|&#x3e73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E74|&#x3e74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E75|&#x3e75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E76|&#x3e76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E77|&#x3e77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E78|&#x3e78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E79|&#x3e79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E7A|&#x3e7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E7B|&#x3e7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E7C|&#x3e7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E7D|&#x3e7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E7E|&#x3e7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E7F|&#x3e7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E80|&#x3e80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E81|&#x3e81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E82|&#x3e82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E83|&#x3e83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E84|&#x3e84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E85|&#x3e85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E86|&#x3e86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E87|&#x3e87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E88|&#x3e88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E89|&#x3e89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E8A|&#x3e8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E8B|&#x3e8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E8C|&#x3e8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E8D|&#x3e8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E8E|&#x3e8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E8F|&#x3e8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3E9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E90|&#x3e90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E91|&#x3e91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E92|&#x3e92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E93|&#x3e93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E94|&#x3e94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E95|&#x3e95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E96|&#x3e96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E97|&#x3e97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E98|&#x3e98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E99|&#x3e99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E9A|&#x3e9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E9B|&#x3e9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E9C|&#x3e9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E9D|&#x3e9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E9E|&#x3e9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E9F|&#x3e9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3EAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA0|&#x3ea0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA1|&#x3ea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA2|&#x3ea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA3|&#x3ea3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA4|&#x3ea4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA5|&#x3ea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA6|&#x3ea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA7|&#x3ea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA8|&#x3ea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EA9|&#x3ea9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EAA|&#x3eaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EAB|&#x3eab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EAC|&#x3eac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EAD|&#x3ead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EAE|&#x3eae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EAF|&#x3eaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3EBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB0|&#x3eb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB1|&#x3eb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB2|&#x3eb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB3|&#x3eb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB4|&#x3eb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB5|&#x3eb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB6|&#x3eb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB7|&#x3eb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB8|&#x3eb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EB9|&#x3eb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EBA|&#x3eba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EBB|&#x3ebb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EBC|&#x3ebc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EBD|&#x3ebd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EBE|&#x3ebe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EBF|&#x3ebf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3ECx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC0|&#x3ec0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC1|&#x3ec1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC2|&#x3ec2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC3|&#x3ec3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC4|&#x3ec4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC5|&#x3ec5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC6|&#x3ec6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC7|&#x3ec7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC8|&#x3ec8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EC9|&#x3ec9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ECA|&#x3eca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ECB|&#x3ecb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ECC|&#x3ecc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ECD|&#x3ecd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ECE|&#x3ece;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ECF|&#x3ecf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3EDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED0|&#x3ed0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED1|&#x3ed1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED2|&#x3ed2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED3|&#x3ed3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED4|&#x3ed4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED5|&#x3ed5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED6|&#x3ed6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED7|&#x3ed7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED8|&#x3ed8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3ED9|&#x3ed9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EDA|&#x3eda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EDB|&#x3edb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EDC|&#x3edc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EDD|&#x3edd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EDE|&#x3ede;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EDF|&#x3edf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3EEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE0|&#x3ee0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE1|&#x3ee1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE2|&#x3ee2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE3|&#x3ee3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE4|&#x3ee4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE5|&#x3ee5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE6|&#x3ee6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE7|&#x3ee7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE8|&#x3ee8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EE9|&#x3ee9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EEA|&#x3eea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EEB|&#x3eeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EEC|&#x3eec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EED|&#x3eed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EEE|&#x3eee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EEF|&#x3eef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3EFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF0|&#x3ef0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF1|&#x3ef1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF2|&#x3ef2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF3|&#x3ef3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF4|&#x3ef4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF5|&#x3ef5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF6|&#x3ef6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF7|&#x3ef7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF8|&#x3ef8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EF9|&#x3ef9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EFA|&#x3efa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EFB|&#x3efb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EFC|&#x3efc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EFD|&#x3efd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EFE|&#x3efe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3EFF|&#x3eff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F00|&#x3f00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F01|&#x3f01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F02|&#x3f02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F03|&#x3f03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F04|&#x3f04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F05|&#x3f05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F06|&#x3f06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F07|&#x3f07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F08|&#x3f08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F09|&#x3f09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F0A|&#x3f0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F0B|&#x3f0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F0C|&#x3f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F0D|&#x3f0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F0E|&#x3f0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F0F|&#x3f0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F10|&#x3f10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F11|&#x3f11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F12|&#x3f12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F13|&#x3f13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F14|&#x3f14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F15|&#x3f15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F16|&#x3f16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F17|&#x3f17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F18|&#x3f18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F19|&#x3f19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F1A|&#x3f1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F1B|&#x3f1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F1C|&#x3f1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F1D|&#x3f1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F1E|&#x3f1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F1F|&#x3f1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F20|&#x3f20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F21|&#x3f21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F22|&#x3f22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F23|&#x3f23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F24|&#x3f24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F25|&#x3f25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F26|&#x3f26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F27|&#x3f27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F28|&#x3f28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F29|&#x3f29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F2A|&#x3f2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F2B|&#x3f2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F2C|&#x3f2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F2D|&#x3f2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F2E|&#x3f2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F2F|&#x3f2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F30|&#x3f30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F31|&#x3f31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F32|&#x3f32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F33|&#x3f33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F34|&#x3f34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F35|&#x3f35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F36|&#x3f36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F37|&#x3f37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F38|&#x3f38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F39|&#x3f39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F3A|&#x3f3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F3B|&#x3f3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F3C|&#x3f3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F3D|&#x3f3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F3E|&#x3f3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F3F|&#x3f3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F40|&#x3f40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F41|&#x3f41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F42|&#x3f42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F43|&#x3f43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F44|&#x3f44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F45|&#x3f45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F46|&#x3f46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F47|&#x3f47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F48|&#x3f48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F49|&#x3f49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F4A|&#x3f4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F4B|&#x3f4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F4C|&#x3f4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F4D|&#x3f4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F4E|&#x3f4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F4F|&#x3f4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F50|&#x3f50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F51|&#x3f51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F52|&#x3f52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F53|&#x3f53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F54|&#x3f54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F55|&#x3f55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F56|&#x3f56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F57|&#x3f57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F58|&#x3f58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F59|&#x3f59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F5A|&#x3f5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F5B|&#x3f5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F5C|&#x3f5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F5D|&#x3f5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F5E|&#x3f5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F5F|&#x3f5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F60|&#x3f60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F61|&#x3f61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F62|&#x3f62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F63|&#x3f63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F64|&#x3f64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F65|&#x3f65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F66|&#x3f66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F67|&#x3f67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F68|&#x3f68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F69|&#x3f69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F6A|&#x3f6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F6B|&#x3f6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F6C|&#x3f6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F6D|&#x3f6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F6E|&#x3f6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F6F|&#x3f6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F70|&#x3f70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F71|&#x3f71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F72|&#x3f72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F73|&#x3f73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F74|&#x3f74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F75|&#x3f75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F76|&#x3f76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F77|&#x3f77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F78|&#x3f78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F79|&#x3f79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7A|&#x3f7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7B|&#x3f7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7C|&#x3f7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7D|&#x3f7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7E|&#x3f7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7F|&#x3f7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F80|&#x3f80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F81|&#x3f81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F82|&#x3f82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F83|&#x3f83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F84|&#x3f84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F85|&#x3f85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F86|&#x3f86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F87|&#x3f87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F88|&#x3f88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F89|&#x3f89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8A|&#x3f8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8B|&#x3f8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8C|&#x3f8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8D|&#x3f8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8E|&#x3f8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8F|&#x3f8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3F9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F90|&#x3f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F91|&#x3f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F92|&#x3f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F93|&#x3f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F94|&#x3f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F95|&#x3f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F96|&#x3f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F97|&#x3f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F98|&#x3f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F99|&#x3f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9A|&#x3f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9B|&#x3f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9C|&#x3f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9D|&#x3f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9E|&#x3f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9F|&#x3f9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3FAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA0|&#x3fa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA1|&#x3fa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA2|&#x3fa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA3|&#x3fa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA4|&#x3fa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA5|&#x3fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA6|&#x3fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA7|&#x3fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA8|&#x3fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA9|&#x3fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAA|&#x3faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAB|&#x3fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAC|&#x3fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAD|&#x3fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAE|&#x3fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAF|&#x3faf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3FBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB0|&#x3fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB1|&#x3fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB2|&#x3fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB3|&#x3fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB4|&#x3fb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB5|&#x3fb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB6|&#x3fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB7|&#x3fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB8|&#x3fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB9|&#x3fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBA|&#x3fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBB|&#x3fbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBC|&#x3fbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBD|&#x3fbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBE|&#x3fbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBF|&#x3fbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3FCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC0|&#x3fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC1|&#x3fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC2|&#x3fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC3|&#x3fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC4|&#x3fc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC5|&#x3fc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC6|&#x3fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC7|&#x3fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC8|&#x3fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC9|&#x3fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCA|&#x3fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCB|&#x3fcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCC|&#x3fcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCD|&#x3fcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCE|&#x3fce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCF|&#x3fcf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3FDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD0|&#x3fd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD1|&#x3fd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD2|&#x3fd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD3|&#x3fd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD4|&#x3fd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD5|&#x3fd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD6|&#x3fd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD7|&#x3fd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD8|&#x3fd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD9|&#x3fd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDA|&#x3fda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDB|&#x3fdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDC|&#x3fdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDD|&#x3fdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDE|&#x3fde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDF|&#x3fdf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3FEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE0|&#x3fe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE1|&#x3fe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE2|&#x3fe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE3|&#x3fe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE4|&#x3fe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE5|&#x3fe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE6|&#x3fe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE7|&#x3fe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE8|&#x3fe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE9|&#x3fe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEA|&#x3fea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEB|&#x3feb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEC|&#x3fec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FED|&#x3fed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEE|&#x3fee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEF|&#x3fef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#f1ff63" !style="background:#ffffff"|3FFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF0|&#x3ff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF1|&#x3ff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF2|&#x3ff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF3|&#x3ff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF4|&#x3ff4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF5|&#x3ff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF6|&#x3ff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF7|&#x3ff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF8|&#x3ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF9|&#x3ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFA|&#x3ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFB|&#x3ffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFC|&#x3ffc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFD|&#x3ffd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFE|&#x3ffe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFF|&#x3fff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} b8zvw00q8kkhjawls4pykun41btgqoy 4 140081 4633852 4633505 2026-05-03T12:24:17Z MathXplore 3097823 Reporting ~2026-26947-55 4633852 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) bjgffzccxove3dqcor7ski799i5two4 4633904 4633852 2026-05-03T14:57:48Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore */ reply: Globally locked by Count Count. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633904 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) k3jzgyfd8lrhq77qa428u54hy9p2p2q 4633905 4633904 2026-05-03T14:58:01Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore */ reply: Globally locked by M7. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633905 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) kz4atgxan7xfkes4ytxi0jsqg8sz91z 4633906 4633905 2026-05-03T14:59:09Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Degroot1 reported by MathXplore */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633906 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) arl28c912q62b21xr12kd0mpmrxwjc4 4633907 4633906 2026-05-03T15:00:01Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633907 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 191k8im9fd7dg213j0weo9awqrjcegl 4633908 4633907 2026-05-03T15:00:10Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore */ reply: {{done}}. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633908 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) pzvng8reyex3swerdu5nmpeutpub406 4634017 4633908 2026-05-04T05:06:14Z Larsnooden 430753 /* No data in page linked to by Wikidata */ new section 4634017 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == No data in page linked to by Wikidata == The page, [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSSH/Third_Party_Utilities OpenSSH: Third Party Utilities] has no data and thus should not be linked to from [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139625509 Q139625509] How can the link be deleted? Thanks. [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:06, 4 May 2026 (UTC) pmq0qhosvqrqtkr31gvpgqo0qivldcu 4634020 4634017 2026-05-04T05:15:04Z Larsnooden 430753 Q139611580 and Q139611668 4634020 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == No data in page linked to by Wikidata == The page, [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSSH/Third_Party_Utilities OpenSSH: Third Party Utilities] has no data and thus should not be linked to from [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139625509 Q139625509] How can the link be deleted? Thanks. [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:06, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Same for Q139611668 and Q139611580. All three links should be deleted / removed as the destination pages in the en.wikibook do not have any data but instead normal prose. - [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) 604w2jcl93hd9dzf1y0q9z27rwyrzct 4 155682 4633909 4633799 2026-05-03T15:05:26Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Proposal related to FlaggedRevs */ new topic ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633909 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] == {{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years. Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC) :::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC) == Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs == I would like to propose the following below: === Proposal 1 === <s>We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).</s> === Proposal 2 === Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion. === In conclusion... === Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. :2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :My thoughts below: :# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests. :# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy? :—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC) ::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC) :I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC) == Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces == {{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}} See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. ===Proposal=== Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces: * Main * User * Help * Category * Cookbook * Wikijunior I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces: * Wikibooks * Transwiki ===Reasoning=== I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well. The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool. The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Discussion === Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. :Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots == Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots. * For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month? * For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC) :Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay. ::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC) :I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Create a "file" that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? == I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... If there was a Wikibook "file" that contained all the templates and "parts" that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example. One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time. {{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}} == Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? == Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications</code> to <code>true</code> by removing <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;</code>. {{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*: $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request. abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system. Thank you for your efforts. </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Current configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332 $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Proposed configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC) == Introduce speedy deletion criteria? == I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on. Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC) :On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC) ::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] <sup style="font-family:Arimo, Arial;">[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]</sup> <sup style="font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;">[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]</sup> 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them. You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria: ::* "G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page" includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to "subpages with no parent '''book'''", and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed. ::* "B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic" should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book "expands upon, details or improves information" in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions. ::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added: ::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process. ::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]). ::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text. ::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be "risky" in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book. ::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason. ::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::::I added "Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version." to G5. For advertising you said "Wikibooks does get some spam page creations", but we already have "Spam and vandalism" for G1. In G1, I removed "abandoned content" and made it a new criterion B5 under the book section. (As this would only apply to books.) [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:43, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] == I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.) # First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project? # The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is "widely used in classrooms". This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are "widely used in classrooms", but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here. :::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::The main problem here is that the policy permits "unannotated texts" even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Proposal related to FlaggedRevs == As said per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Page patrolling]], I would like to propose the following: # <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> and <code>$wgUseFilePatrol</code> are both to be set to <code>false</code>. # <code>autopatrol</code> and <code>patrol</code> are to be removed from some user groups on this wiki. This is because FlaggedRevs is used to review new pages and edits, so I don't think MediaWiki's native patrol function is needed here. It's similar to [[phab:T423461]] (completely turning off the new page patrol function on Ukrainian Wikipedia). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 3 May 2026 (UTC) jad1l1tef4fpw4db8ld858n0jn2wymp 4633911 4633909 2026-05-03T15:19:59Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 /* Proposal related to FlaggedRevs */ Reply 4633911 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] == {{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years. Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC) :::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC) == Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs == I would like to propose the following below: === Proposal 1 === <s>We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).</s> === Proposal 2 === Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion. === In conclusion... === Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. :2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :My thoughts below: :# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests. :# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy? :—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC) ::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC) :I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC) == Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces == {{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}} See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. ===Proposal=== Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces: * Main * User * Help * Category * Cookbook * Wikijunior I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces: * Wikibooks * Transwiki ===Reasoning=== I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well. The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool. The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Discussion === Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. :Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots == Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots. * For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month? * For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC) :Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay. ::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC) :I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Create a "file" that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? == I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... If there was a Wikibook "file" that contained all the templates and "parts" that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example. One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time. {{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}} == Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? == Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications</code> to <code>true</code> by removing <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;</code>. {{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*: $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request. abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system. Thank you for your efforts. </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Current configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332 $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Proposed configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC) == Introduce speedy deletion criteria? == I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on. Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC) :On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC) ::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] <sup style="font-family:Arimo, Arial;">[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]</sup> <sup style="font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;">[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]</sup> 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them. You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria: ::* "G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page" includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to "subpages with no parent '''book'''", and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed. ::* "B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic" should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book "expands upon, details or improves information" in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions. ::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added: ::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process. ::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]). ::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text. ::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be "risky" in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book. ::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason. ::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::::I added "Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version." to G5. For advertising you said "Wikibooks does get some spam page creations", but we already have "Spam and vandalism" for G1. In G1, I removed "abandoned content" and made it a new criterion B5 under the book section. (As this would only apply to books.) [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:43, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] == I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.) # First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project? # The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is "widely used in classrooms". This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are "widely used in classrooms", but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here. :::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::The main problem here is that the policy permits "unannotated texts" even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Proposal related to FlaggedRevs == As said per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Page patrolling]], I would like to propose the following: # <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> and <code>$wgUseFilePatrol</code> are both to be set to <code>false</code>. # <code>autopatrol</code> and <code>patrol</code> are to be removed from some user groups on this wiki. This is because FlaggedRevs is used to review new pages and edits, so I don't think MediaWiki's native patrol function is needed here. It's similar to [[phab:T423461]] (completely turning off the new page patrol function on Ukrainian Wikipedia). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, patrolling is obsolete since we have FlaggedRevs extension here. Additionally, we should also consider renaming <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 15:19, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 0cn0n134q46st3ymadr2q226qzzt0m4 4633914 4633911 2026-05-03T15:45:42Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Proposal related to FlaggedRevs */ reply to Kingofnuthin ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633914 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] == {{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years. Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC) :::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC) == Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs == I would like to propose the following below: === Proposal 1 === <s>We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).</s> === Proposal 2 === Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion. === In conclusion... === Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. :2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :My thoughts below: :# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests. :# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy? :—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC) ::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC) :I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC) == Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces == {{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}} See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. ===Proposal=== Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces: * Main * User * Help * Category * Cookbook * Wikijunior I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces: * Wikibooks * Transwiki ===Reasoning=== I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well. The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool. The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Discussion === Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. :Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots == Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots. * For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month? * For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC) :Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay. ::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC) :I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Create a "file" that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? == I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... If there was a Wikibook "file" that contained all the templates and "parts" that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example. One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time. {{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}} == Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? == Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications</code> to <code>true</code> by removing <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;</code>. {{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*: $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request. abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system. Thank you for your efforts. </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Current configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332 $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Proposed configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC) == Introduce speedy deletion criteria? == I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on. Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC) :On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC) ::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] <sup style="font-family:Arimo, Arial;">[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]</sup> <sup style="font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;">[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]</sup> 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them. You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria: ::* "G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page" includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to "subpages with no parent '''book'''", and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed. ::* "B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic" should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book "expands upon, details or improves information" in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions. ::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added: ::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process. ::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]). ::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text. ::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be "risky" in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book. ::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason. ::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::::I added "Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version." to G5. For advertising you said "Wikibooks does get some spam page creations", but we already have "Spam and vandalism" for G1. In G1, I removed "abandoned content" and made it a new criterion B5 under the book section. (As this would only apply to books.) [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:43, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] == I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.) # First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project? # The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is "widely used in classrooms". This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are "widely used in classrooms", but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here. :::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::The main problem here is that the policy permits "unannotated texts" even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Proposal related to FlaggedRevs == As said per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Page patrolling]], I would like to propose the following: # <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> and <code>$wgUseFilePatrol</code> are both to be set to <code>false</code>. # <code>autopatrol</code> and <code>patrol</code> are to be removed from some user groups on this wiki. This is because FlaggedRevs is used to review new pages and edits, so I don't think MediaWiki's native patrol function is needed here. It's similar to [[phab:T423461]] (completely turning off the new page patrol function on Ukrainian Wikipedia). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, patrolling is obsolete since we have FlaggedRevs extension here. Additionally, we should also consider renaming <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 15:19, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :: I agree, but about the <code>validate</code> user right, is this still needed? <code>reviewer</code> has it by default, and administrators already have that user right; we might need to consider whether to remove <code>validate</code> completely from this wiki. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:45, 3 May 2026 (UTC) dfaeqpqhz44b9pittpsvk0z2s84qcjd 4633921 4633914 2026-05-03T16:38:36Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Proposal related to FlaggedRevs */ edit reply to Kingofnuthin ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633921 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] == {{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years. Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC) :::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC) == Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs == I would like to propose the following below: === Proposal 1 === <s>We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).</s> === Proposal 2 === Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion. === In conclusion... === Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. :2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :My thoughts below: :# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests. :# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy? :—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC) ::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC) :I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC) == Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces == {{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}} See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. ===Proposal=== Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces: * Main * User * Help * Category * Cookbook * Wikijunior I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces: * Wikibooks * Transwiki ===Reasoning=== I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well. The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool. The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Discussion === Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. :Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots == Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots. * For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month? * For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC) :Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay. ::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC) :I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Create a "file" that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? == I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... If there was a Wikibook "file" that contained all the templates and "parts" that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example. One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time. {{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}} == Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? == Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications</code> to <code>true</code> by removing <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;</code>. {{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*: $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request. abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system. Thank you for your efforts. </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Current configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332 $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Proposed configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC) == Introduce speedy deletion criteria? == I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on. Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC) :On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC) ::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] <sup style="font-family:Arimo, Arial;">[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]</sup> <sup style="font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;">[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]</sup> 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them. You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria: ::* "G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page" includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to "subpages with no parent '''book'''", and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed. ::* "B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic" should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book "expands upon, details or improves information" in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions. ::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added: ::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process. ::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]). ::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text. ::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be "risky" in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book. ::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason. ::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::::I added "Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version." to G5. For advertising you said "Wikibooks does get some spam page creations", but we already have "Spam and vandalism" for G1. In G1, I removed "abandoned content" and made it a new criterion B5 under the book section. (As this would only apply to books.) [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:43, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] == I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.) # First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project? # The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is "widely used in classrooms". This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are "widely used in classrooms", but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here. :::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::The main problem here is that the policy permits "unannotated texts" even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Proposal related to FlaggedRevs == As said per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Page patrolling]], I would like to propose the following: # <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> and <code>$wgUseFilePatrol</code> are both to be set to <code>false</code>. # <code>autopatrol</code> and <code>patrol</code> are to be removed from some user groups on this wiki. This is because FlaggedRevs is used to review new pages and edits, so I don't think MediaWiki's native patrol function is needed here. It's similar to [[phab:T423461]] (completely turning off the new page patrol function on Ukrainian Wikipedia). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, patrolling is obsolete since we have FlaggedRevs extension here. Additionally, we should also consider renaming <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 15:19, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :: I agree, but about the <code>validate</code> user right, is this still needed? <code>reviewer</code> has it by default, and administrators already have that user right; we might need to consider whether to remove <code>validate</code> completely from this wiki. :: Also, <code>reviewer</code> is ''not'' under autopromotion, so this means an administrator will have to manually grant and remove that user group, unlike <code>editor</code>. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:45, 3 May 2026 (UTC) iw7ybq07vehxz6geuqfayz2omf3kqa7 4634024 4633921 2026-05-04T05:51:12Z SHB2000 3332924 /* Introduce speedy deletion criteria? */ Reply 4634024 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] == {{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years. Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC) :::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC) == Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs == I would like to propose the following below: === Proposal 1 === <s>We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).</s> === Proposal 2 === Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion. === In conclusion... === Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. :2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :My thoughts below: :# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests. :# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy? :—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC) ::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC) :I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC) == Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces == {{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}} See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. ===Proposal=== Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces: * Main * User * Help * Category * Cookbook * Wikijunior I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces: * Wikibooks * Transwiki ===Reasoning=== I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well. The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool. The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Discussion === Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. :Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots == Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots. * For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month? * For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC) :Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay. ::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC) :I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Create a "file" that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? == I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... If there was a Wikibook "file" that contained all the templates and "parts" that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example. One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time. {{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}} == Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? == Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications</code> to <code>true</code> by removing <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;</code>. {{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*: $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request. abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system. Thank you for your efforts. </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Current configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332 $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Proposed configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC) == Introduce speedy deletion criteria? == I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on. Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC) :On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC) ::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] <sup style="font-family:Arimo, Arial;">[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]</sup> <sup style="font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;">[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]</sup> 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them. You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria: ::* "G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page" includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to "subpages with no parent '''book'''", and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed. ::* "B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic" should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book "expands upon, details or improves information" in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions. ::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added: ::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process. ::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]). ::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text. ::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be "risky" in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book. ::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason. ::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::::I added "Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version." to G5. For advertising you said "Wikibooks does get some spam page creations", but we already have "Spam and vandalism" for G1. In G1, I removed "abandoned content" and made it a new criterion B5 under the book section. (As this would only apply to books.) [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:43, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :Quite frankly I don't see the need for a wiki of this size, in addition to what {{u|Leaderboard}} has mentioned. The current reasonings are perfectly fine, and subtly discourage the use of using abbreviations meaningless to new users. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:51, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] == I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.) # First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project? # The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is "widely used in classrooms". This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are "widely used in classrooms", but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here. :::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC) :::The main problem here is that the policy permits "unannotated texts" even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC) == Proposal related to FlaggedRevs == As said per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Page patrolling]], I would like to propose the following: # <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> and <code>$wgUseFilePatrol</code> are both to be set to <code>false</code>. # <code>autopatrol</code> and <code>patrol</code> are to be removed from some user groups on this wiki. This is because FlaggedRevs is used to review new pages and edits, so I don't think MediaWiki's native patrol function is needed here. It's similar to [[phab:T423461]] (completely turning off the new page patrol function on Ukrainian Wikipedia). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, patrolling is obsolete since we have FlaggedRevs extension here. Additionally, we should also consider renaming <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 15:19, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :: I agree, but about the <code>validate</code> user right, is this still needed? <code>reviewer</code> has it by default, and administrators already have that user right; we might need to consider whether to remove <code>validate</code> completely from this wiki. :: Also, <code>reviewer</code> is ''not'' under autopromotion, so this means an administrator will have to manually grant and remove that user group, unlike <code>editor</code>. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:45, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 1f8yi3tmo20sfsulupwlcvwtgb9nv48 0 156883 4634039 3689689 2026-05-04T08:01:22Z ~2026-26995-93 3581107 Expanded page. 4634039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Caro-Kann Defence: Classical Variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B18]] |parent=[[Chess/Caro-Kann Defence|Caro-Kann Defence]] }} = Caro-Kann Defence: Classical Variation = == 4...Bf5 == The Classical Variation. Black develops their bishop and attacks White's knight on e4. White often sticks to the main line with '''[[/5. Ng3/]]''', forcing the Bf5 back. However, other options exist. The aggressive Burris Gambit, '''[[/5. Bd3/]]''', has given White surprising success and the interesting '''[[/5. Ng5/]]''' is an aggressive move, often aiming to play the Martian Gambit. Other moves are generally not very good. 5. Nc3 retreats the knight to where it was before, while the ambitious 5. Nc5 is perhaps too aggressive and the knight can be kicked away easily, while 5. f3 defending the knight is playable but White will have to be careful to not weaken their kingside. == Theory table == <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">5</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Main Line</th> <td><br>[[/5. Ng3|Ng3]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td><br>[[/5. Nc5|Nc5]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Burris Gambit</th> <td><br>[[/5. Bd3|Bd3]]!?</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>Bd3<br>e6</td> <td>Nf3<br>Bg4</td> <td>Be3<br>Nf6</td> <td>Nxf6+<br>Qxf6</td> <td>Be2<br>Nd7</td> <td>0-0<br>Bd6</td> <td>Qd3<br>0-0</td> <td>c3<br>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td><br>[[/5. Qf3|Qf3]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td><br>[[/5. Nc3|Nc3]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td><br>[[/5. f3|f3]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td><br>[[/5. Ng5|Ng5]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{ChessStub}} 1dkodrl3q98yv2k4iwkbvo9bck2vzqu 0 174110 4634049 4626767 2026-05-04T11:03:23Z ~2026-26853-48 3581139 Added the Slovak translation of a caron 4634049 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{LaTeX/Top}} </noinclude> {{Info| This chapter assumes you are using the <code>latex</code> or <code>pdflatex</code> engines and need to concern yourself with TeX's various encodings. <code>lualatex</code> and <code>xelatex</code>, on the other hand, accept [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] input and can usually typeset documents using the correct glyphs without further user intervention. See the [[LaTeX/Fonts#Font encoding|Fonts]] chapter's discussion of encoding for additional information.}} In this chapter we will tackle matters related to input encoding, typesetting diacritics and special characters. In the following document, we will refer to ''special characters'' for all symbols other than the lowercase letters a–z, uppercase letters A-Z, figures 0–9, and English punctuation marks. Some languages usually need a dedicated input system to ease document writing. This is the case for Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and others. This specific matter will be tackled in [[LaTeX/Internationalization|Internationalization]]. The rules for producing characters with diacritical marks, such as accents, differ somewhat depending whether you are in text mode, math mode, or the tabbing environment. == Input encoding == TeX uses ASCII by default. But 128 characters is not enough to support non-English languages. TeX has its own way of doing that with commands for every diacritical marking (see [[#Escaped codes|Escaped codes]]). But if we want accents and other special characters to appear directly in the source file, we have to tell TeX that we want to use a different encoding. There are several encodings available to LaTeX: * ASCII: the default. Only bare English characters are supported in the source file. * ISO-8859-1 (a.k.a., Latin 1): 8-bits encoding. It supports most characters for Latin languages, but that's it. * UTF-8: a Unicode multi-byte encoding. Supports the complete Unicode specification. * Others... In the following we will assume that you want to use UTF-8. There are some ''important steps'' to specify encoding. * Make sure your text editor decodes the file in UTF-8. * Make sure it saves your file in UTF-8. Most text editors do not make the distinction, but some do, such as Notepad++. * If you are working in a terminal, make sure it is set to support UTF-8 input and output. Some old Unix terminals may not support UTF-8. [[w:PuTTY|PuTTY]] is not set to use UTF-8 by default, you have to configure it. * Tell LaTeX that the source file is UTF-8 encoded. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} }} {{LaTeX/Package|inputenc}} <ref>For a detailed information on the package, see [https://www.tug.org/texmf-dist/doc/latex/base/inputenc.pdf complete specifications written by the package's authors].</ref> package tells LaTeX what the text encoding format of your <code>.tex</code> files is. {{Warning|If you check the character encoding (''e.g.'' using the Unix <code>file</code> command), be sure that your file contains at least one special character, otherwise it will be recognized as ASCII (which is logical since UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII).}} The inputenc package allows the user to change the encoding ''within the document'' as well — by means of the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\inputencoding{'encoding name'} <!---->}}. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % ... % In this area % The UTF-8 encoding is specified. % ... \inputencoding{latin1} % ... % Here the text encoding is specified as ISO Latin-1. % ... \inputencoding{utf8} % Back to the UTF-8 encoding. % ... }} ===Extending the support=== The LaTeX support of UTF-8 is fairly specific: it includes only a limited range of Unicode input characters. It only defines those symbols that are known to be available with the current ''font encoding''. You might encounter a situation where using UTF-8 might result in error: ! Package inputenc Error: Unicode char \u8:ũ not set up for use with LaTeX. This is due to the utf8 definition not necessarily having a mapping of all the character glyphs you are able to enter on your keyboard. Such characters include, for example: ŷ Ŷ ũ Ũ ẽ Ẽ ĩ Ĩ In such case, you may try to use the {{LaTeX/Parameter|utf8x}} option to define more character combinations. {{LaTeX/Parameter|utf8x}} is not officially supported, but can be viable in some cases. However, it might break up compatibility with some packages like {{LaTeX/Package|csquotes}}. Another possibility is to stick with {{LaTeX/Parameter|utf8}} and to define the characters yourself. This is easy: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{'codepoint'}{'TeX sequence'} }} where {{LaTeX/Parameter|codepoint}} is the unicode codepoint of the desired character. {{LaTeX/Parameter|TeX sequence}} is what to print when the character matching the codepoint is met. You may find codepoints on this [http://www.unicode.org/charts/#symbols site]. Codepoints are easy to find on the web. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0177}{\^y} }} Now inputting ŷ will effectively print ŷ. == Escaped codes == In addition to direct UTF-8 input, LaTeX supports the composition of special characters as well. This is convenient if your keyboard lacks some desired accents and other diacritics. The following accents may be placed on letters. Although "o" letter is used in most of the examples, the accents may be placed on any letter. Accents may even be placed above a "missing" letter; for example, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\~{}<!---->}} produces a tilde over a blank space. The following commands may be used only in paragraph (default) or LR (left-right) mode. {|class="wikitable" ! LaTeX command ! Sample ! Description |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\`{o}<!---->}} || ò || grave accent |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\'{o}<!---->}} || ó || acute accent |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\^{o}<!---->}} || ô || circumflex |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\"{o}<!---->}} || ö || umlaut, trema or dieresis |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\H{o}<!---->}} || ő || long Hungarian umlaut (double acute) |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\~{o}<!---->}} || õ || tilde |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\c{c}<!---->}} || ç || cedilla |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\k{a}<!---->}} || ą || ogonek |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\l{}<!---->}} || ł || barred l (l with stroke) |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\={o}<!---->}} || ō || macron accent (a bar over the letter) |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\b{o}<!---->}} || <u>o</u> || bar under the letter <!--- The correct construction o&#817; should work but doesn't render properly (tried 3 browsers under windows) ---> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\.{o}<!---->}} || ȯ || dot over the letter |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\d{u}<!---->}} || ụ || dot under the letter |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\r{a}<!---->}} || å || ring over the letter (for å there is also the special command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\aa<!---->}}) |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\u{o}<!---->}} || ŏ || breve over the letter |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\v{s}<!---->}} || š || caron/háček/mäkčeň ("v") over the letter |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\t{oo}<!---->}} || o&#865;o || "tie" (inverted u) over the two letters |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\o{}<!---->}} || ø || slashed o (o with stroke) |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code={\i}<!---->}} || ı || dotless i (i without tittle) |} Older versions of LaTeX would not remove the dot on top of the i and j letters when adding a diacritic. To correct this, one had to use the dotless version of these letters, by typing {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\i}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\j}}. For example: * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\^{\i}<!---->}} should be used for i-circumflex î; * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\"{\i}<!---->}} should be used for i-umlaut ï. However, '''current versions of LaTeX do not need this anymore''' (and may, in fact, crash with an error). If a document is to be written completely in a language that requires particular diacritics several times, then using the right configuration allows those characters to be written directly in the document. For example, to achieve easier coding of umlauts, the babel package can be configured as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage[german]{babel}<!---->}}. This provides the short hand {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code="o<!---->}} for {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\"o<!---->}}. This is very useful if one needs to use some text accents in a label, since no backslash will be accepted otherwise. More information regarding language configuration can be found in the [[LaTeX/Internationalization|Internationalization]] section. ==''Less than <'' and ''greater than >''== The two symbols '<' and '>' are actually ASCII characters, but you may have noticed that they will print '¡' and '¿' respectively. This is a font encoding issue. If you want them to print their real symbol, you will have to use another font encoding such as T1, loaded with the {{LaTeX/Package|fontenc}} package. See [[LaTeX/Fonts|Fonts]] for more details on font encoding. Alternatively, they can be printed with dedicated commands: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \textless \textgreater }} ==<span id="Euro">Euro <big>€</big> currency symbol</span>== When writing about money these days, you need the [[w:euro sign|euro sign]]. The {{LaTeX/Package|textcomp}} package features a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\texteuro<!---->}} command which gives you the euro symbol as supplied by your current text font. Depending on your chosen font this may be quite far from the official symbol. An official version of the euro symbol is provided by {{LaTeX/Package|eurosym}}. Load it in the preamble (optionally with the {{LaTeX/Parameter|official}} option): {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage[official]{eurosym} }} then you can insert it with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\euro{}<!---->}} command. Finally, if you want a euro symbol that matches with the current font style (e.g., bold, italics, etc.) you can use a different option: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage[gen]{eurosym} }} again you can insert the euro symbol with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\euro{} <!---->}}. Alternatively, you can use the {{LaTeX/Package|marvosym}} package which also provides the official euro symbol. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage{marvosym} % ... \EUR{} }} Now that you have succeeded in printing a euro sign, you may want the '€' on your keyboard to actually print the euro sign as above. There is a simple method to do that. You must make sure you are using UTF-8 encoding along with a working {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\euro{}<!---->}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\EUR{}<!---->}}command. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\euro{}<!---->} % or \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\EUR{}<!---->} }} Complete example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{marvosym} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\EUR{}<!---->} }} == Degree symbol for temperature and math == The easiest way to print temperature and angle values is to use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\SI{value}{unit}<!---->}} command from the {{LaTeX/Package|siunitx}} package, which works both in text and math mode: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{siunitx} %... A $\SI{45}{\degree}$ angle. It is \SI{17}{\degreeCelsius} outside. }} For more information, see the [http://ctan.org/pkg/siunitx documentation of the {{LaTeX/Package|siunitx}} package]. A common mistake is to use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\circ<!---->}} command. It will not print the correct character (though {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$^\circ$<!---->}} will). Use the {{LaTeX/Package|textcomp}} package instead, which provides a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textdegree<!---->}} command. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage{textcomp} %... A $45$\textdegree angle. }} For temperature, you can use the same command or opt for the {{LaTeX/Package|gensymb}} package and write {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage{gensymb} \usepackage{textcomp} %... 17\,\celsius % best (with textcomp) }} Some keyboard layouts feature the degree symbol, you can use it directly if you are using UTF-8 and {{LaTeX/Package|textcomp}}. For better results in terms of font quality, we recommend the use of an appropriate font, like {{LaTeX/Package|lmodern}}: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{lmodern} \usepackage{textcomp} % ... 17\,°C 17\,℃ % best }} ==Other symbols== LaTeX has many symbols at its disposal. The majority of them are within the mathematical domain, and later chapters will cover how to get access to them. For the more common text symbols, use the following commands: {|class="wikitable" ! Command ! Sample ! Character |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\%<!---->}} |<math>\%</math> | % |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\$<!---->}} |<math>\$</math> |$ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\{<!---->}} |<math>\{</math> |<nowiki>{</nowiki> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\_<!---->}} |<math>\_</math> |_ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\P<!---->}} |<math>\P</math> |¶ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddag<!---->}} |n/a |‡ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textbar<!---->}} |n/a |<nowiki>|</nowiki> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textgreater<!---->}} |<math>></math> |<nowiki>&gt;</nowiki> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textendash<!---->}} |n/a |– |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\texttrademark<!---->}} |n/a |™ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textexclamdown<!---->}} |n/a |¡ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textsuperscript<nowiki>{a}</nowiki><!---->}} |<math>\mathrm{X^{a}}</math> |<sup>a</sup> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pounds<!---->}} |n/a |£ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\#<!---->}} |<math>\#</math> |# |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\&<!---->}} |<math>\&</math> |<nowiki>&amp;</nowiki> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<nowiki>}</nowiki><!---->}} |<math>\}</math> |<nowiki>}</nowiki> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\S<!---->}} |<math>\S</math> |§ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dag<!---->}} |n/a |† |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textbackslash<!---->}} |n/a |\ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textless<!---->}} |<math><</math> |<nowiki>&lt;</nowiki> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textemdash<!---->}} |n/a |— |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textregistered<!---->}} |n/a |® |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textquestiondown<!---->}} |n/a |¿ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textcircled<nowiki>{a}</nowiki><!---->}} |n/a |ⓐ |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\copyright<!---->}} |n/a |© |} Not mentioned in above table, tilde (~) is used in LaTeX code to produce [[LaTeX/Text_Formatting#Non-breaking_spaces|non-breakable space]]. To get printed tilde sign, either write {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\~{}<!---->}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textasciitilde{}<!---->}}. And a visible space <span style="font-size:150%;">␣</span> can be created with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textvisiblespace<!---->}}. For some more interesting symbols, the Postscript ZapfDingbats font is available thanks to the {{LaTeX/Package|pifont}} package. Add the declaration to your preamble: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{pifont}<!---->}}. Next, the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ding{number}<!---->}}, will print the specified symbol. Here is a table of the available symbols: [[Image:LaTeX-dingbats.png|ZapfDingbats symbols]]. ==In special environments== === Math mode === Several of the above and some similar accents can also be produced in math mode. The following commands may be used only in math mode. {|class="wikitable" ! LaTeX command ! Sample ! Description ! Text-mode equivalence |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hat{o}<!---->}} |<math>\hat{o}</math> |circumflex |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\^<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\widehat{oo}<!---->}} |<math>\widehat{oo}</math> |wide version of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hat<!---->}} over several letters | |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\check{o}<!---->}} |<math>\check{o}</math> |vee or check |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\v<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tilde{o}<!---->}} |<math>\tilde{o}</math> |tilde |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\~<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\widetilde{oo}<!---->}} |<math>\widetilde{oo}</math> |wide version of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tilde<!---->}} over several letters | |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\acute{o}<!---->}} |<math>\acute{o}</math> |acute accent |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\'<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\grave{o}<!---->}} |<math>\grave{o}</math> |grave accent |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\`<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dot{o}<!---->}} |<math>\dot{o}</math> |dot over the letter |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\.<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddot{o}<!---->}} |<math>\ddot{o}</math> |two dots over the letter (umlaut in text-mode) |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\"<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\breve{o}<!---->}} |<math>\breve{o}</math> |breve |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\u<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bar{o}<!---->}} |<math>\bar{o}</math> |macron |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\=<!---->}} |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vec{o}<!---->}} |<math>\vec{o}</math> |vector (arrow) over the letter | |} When applying accents to letters {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=i<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=j<!---->}}, you can use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\imath<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\jmath<!---->}} to keep the dots from interfering with the accents: {|class="wikitable" ! LaTeX command ! Sample ! Description ! Sample with upper dot |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hat{\imath}<!---->}} |<math>\hat{\imath}</math> |circumflex on letter {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=i<!---->}} without upper dot |<math>\hat{i}</math> |- |{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vec{\jmath}<!---->}} |<math>\vec{\jmath}</math> |vector (arrow) on letter {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=j<!---->}} without upper dot |<math>\vec{j}</math> |} === Tabbing environment === Some of the accent marks used in running text have other uses in the tabbing environment. In that case they can be created with the following command: * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\a'<!---->}} for an acute accent * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\a`<!---->}} for a grave accent * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\a=<!---->}} for a macron accent == Unicode keyboard input == {{Wikipedia|Unicode input}} Some operating systems provide a keyboard combination to input any Unicode code point, the so-called ''unicode compose key''. Many X applications (*BSD and GNU/Linux) support the <code>Ctrl+Shift+u</code> combination. A "<u>u</u>" symbol should appear. Type the code point and press <code>enter</code> or <code>space</code> to actually print the character. Example: <Ctrl+Shift+u> 20AC <space> will print the euro character. Desktop environments like GNOME and KDE may feature a customizable compose key for more memorizable sequences. Xorg features advanced keyboard layouts with variants that let you enter a lot of characters easily with combination using the appropriate modifier, like <code>Alt Gr</code>. It highly depends on the selected layout+variant, so we suggest you to play a bit with your keyboard, preceding every key and dead key with the <code>Alt Gr</code> modifier. In Windows, you can hold <code>Alt</code> and type a <code><codepoint></code> to get a desired character. For example, <Alt> + 0252 will print the German letter ü. == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514064815/http://spectroscopy.mps.ohio-state.edu/symposium_53/latexinstruct.html A few other LaTeX accents and symbols] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221127061132/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/latex/ltx-401.html NASA GISS: Accents] * [https://tug.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List] * [https://mathvault.ca/wp-content/uploads/Comprehensive-List-of-Mathematical-Symbols.pdf Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols] * [//www.rpi.edu/dept/arc/training/latex/LaTeX_symbols.pdf PDF document with a lengthy list of symbols provided by various packages] * [http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html Search LaTeX symbols by drawing them] ==Notes and References== {{reflist}} <noinclude> {{LaTeX/Bottom|List Structures|Internationalization}} </noinclude> [[sr:LaTeX/Посебни знакови]] 1an29uf5uxrhd5gyq6ow0fp6ukskjoj 0 219330 4633858 3997675 2026-05-03T12:35:22Z ~2026-26947-55 3580900 /* */ Safari 4633858 wikitext text/x-wiki Under GNU/Linux, the MAC address of a network interface card (NIC) can be changed by following the procedures below. NOTE: MAC addresses used within this article are provided for example only. Substitute according to your requirements.<br /> NOTE: Commands below MUST be executed with root privileges (e.g. prepended with "sudo "), in order for things to work! :<code>/etc/init.d/networking stop</code> :<code> ifconfig eth0 hw ether 02:01:02:03:04:08</code> :<code>/etc/init.d/networking start</code> Execute "<code>ifconfig eth0</code>" to confirm. The above should work on '''Debian''', '''Ubuntu''', and similar distributions. Alternatively, under '''RHEL'''/'''Fedora''' and == Making Changes Permanent - Surviving a Reboot == In '''openSUSE''' and other SUSE-based systems ('''SUSE enterprise desktop\server''', etc.) you can make changes "permanent" across reboots by adding an appropriate entry to the /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-ethN file (ifcfg-eth0 for the first Ethernet interface config file, ifcfg-eth1 - for the second, etc.): :<code>LLADDR=12:34:56:78:90:ab</code> In '''Red Hat Enterprise Linux''' ('''RHEL''') and other similar systems ('''Fedora''', '''CentOS''', etc.) an easy way to make changes "permanent" across reboots is to add an appropriate entry to the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethN file (ifcfg-eth0 for the first Ethernet interface config file, ifcfg-eth1 - for the second, etc.): :<code>MACADDR=12:34:56:78:90:ab</code> Note: in the file is a value HWADDR - This is not the same thing. Use MACADDR for permanent changes. from http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-networkscripts-interfaces.html The HWADDR "directive is useful for machines with multiple NICs to ensure that the interfaces are assigned the correct device names regardless of the configured load order for each NIC's module. This directive should not be used in conjunction with MACADDR." ... The MACADDR "directive is used to assign a MAC address to an interface, overriding the one assigned to the physical NIC. This directive should not be used in conjunction with HWADDR." Upper and lower case letters are accepted when specifying the MAC address, because the network function converts all letters to upper case. You can test changes without restarting the system by executing:<br /> :<code>service network restart</code><br /> (WARNING: doing this will break all existing network connections!) On '''Debian''', '''Ubuntu''', and similar systems, place the following in the appropriate section of /etc/network/interfaces (within an iface stanza, e.g., right after the gateway line) so that the MAC address is set when the network device is started: :<code>hwaddress ether 02:01:02:03:04:08</code> On '''Gentoo''' you may achieve the same result by adding an entry to the global configuration file /etc/conf.d/net for each Ethernet card. Example for the eth0 device: :<code>mac_eth0="12:34:56:78:90:ab"</code> You can also use the tool "[https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Macchanger GNU MACChanger]" to change the MAC address under GNU/Linux. To change MAC address during boot time with MACChanger, add the following line to your /etc/network/interfaces (example for the eth0 interface): :<code>pre-up macchanger -m 12:34:56:78:90:AB eth0</code> {{BookCat}} imrlt1c5aczsx3p0nfu2iulj00gyqyu 4633859 4633858 2026-05-03T12:35:48Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26947-55|~2026-26947-55]] ([[User talk:~2026-26947-55|talk]]) to last version by Conan 3829588 wikitext text/x-wiki Under GNU/Linux, the MAC address of a network interface card (NIC) can be changed by following the procedures below. NOTE: MAC addresses used within this article are provided for example only. Substitute according to your requirements.<br /> NOTE: Commands below MUST be executed with root privileges (e.g. prepended with "sudo "), in order for things to work! :<code>/etc/init.d/networking stop</code> :<code> ifconfig eth0 hw ether 02:01:02:03:04:08</code> :<code>/etc/init.d/networking start</code> Execute "<code>ifconfig eth0</code>" to confirm. The above should work on '''Debian''', '''Ubuntu''', and similar distributions. Alternatively, under '''RHEL'''/'''Fedora''' and possibly other GNU/Linux distributions (incl. '''CentOS''' and '''Scientific Linux'''), to disable and restart networking, one must stop and start <code>/etc/init.d/network</code>, instead of <code>/etc/init.d/networking</code>. If you have iproute2 utilities installed, you may prefer to use the "<code>ip</code>" command, as follows: :<code>/etc/init.d/network stop</code> :<code>ip link set eth0 address 02:01:02:03:04:08</code> :<code>/etc/init.d/network start</code> To confirm your setting, you may prefer to execute "<code>ip link ls eth0</code>" or "<code>ip addr ls eth0</code>" instead of "<code>ifconfig eth0</code>". NOTE: You may not be able do this if using a DSL modem (depending on modem vendor or ISP). == Making Changes Permanent - Surviving a Reboot == In '''openSUSE''' and other SUSE-based systems ('''SUSE enterprise desktop\server''', etc.) you can make changes "permanent" across reboots by adding an appropriate entry to the /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-ethN file (ifcfg-eth0 for the first Ethernet interface config file, ifcfg-eth1 - for the second, etc.): :<code>LLADDR=12:34:56:78:90:ab</code> In '''Red Hat Enterprise Linux''' ('''RHEL''') and other similar systems ('''Fedora''', '''CentOS''', etc.) an easy way to make changes "permanent" across reboots is to add an appropriate entry to the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethN file (ifcfg-eth0 for the first Ethernet interface config file, ifcfg-eth1 - for the second, etc.): :<code>MACADDR=12:34:56:78:90:ab</code> Note: in the file is a value HWADDR - This is not the same thing. Use MACADDR for permanent changes. from http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-networkscripts-interfaces.html The HWADDR "directive is useful for machines with multiple NICs to ensure that the interfaces are assigned the correct device names regardless of the configured load order for each NIC's module. This directive should not be used in conjunction with MACADDR." ... The MACADDR "directive is used to assign a MAC address to an interface, overriding the one assigned to the physical NIC. This directive should not be used in conjunction with HWADDR." Upper and lower case letters are accepted when specifying the MAC address, because the network function converts all letters to upper case. You can test changes without restarting the system by executing:<br /> :<code>service network restart</code><br /> (WARNING: doing this will break all existing network connections!) On '''Debian''', '''Ubuntu''', and similar systems, place the following in the appropriate section of /etc/network/interfaces (within an iface stanza, e.g., right after the gateway line) so that the MAC address is set when the network device is started: :<code>hwaddress ether 02:01:02:03:04:08</code> On '''Gentoo''' you may achieve the same result by adding an entry to the global configuration file /etc/conf.d/net for each Ethernet card. Example for the eth0 device: :<code>mac_eth0="12:34:56:78:90:ab"</code> You can also use the tool "[https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Macchanger GNU MACChanger]" to change the MAC address under GNU/Linux. To change MAC address during boot time with MACChanger, add the following line to your /etc/network/interfaces (example for the eth0 interface): :<code>pre-up macchanger -m 12:34:56:78:90:AB eth0</code> {{BookCat}} popjsf3oe9b23wryztrv4cdsdifqvfd 0 219335 4633854 3997690 2026-05-03T12:27:44Z ~2026-26947-55 3580900 Safari app 4633854 wikitext text/x-wiki You can use a third-party utility to change the MAC of almost any Ethernet adapter. Most consumer-grade routers allow for a user-specified MAC address to be given. AIX: Original MAC address: entstat -d ent1 | grep "Hardware" Hardware Address: 00:09:6b:be:f8:ed Using alternate MAC address: chdev -l ent1 -a use_alt_addr=yes -a alt_addr=0x123456789ABC ent1 changed entstat -d ent1 | grep "Hardware" Hardware Address: 12:34:56:78:9a:bc Returning original MAC address: chdev -l ent1 -a use_alt_addr=no ent1 changed entstat -d ent1 | grep "Hardware" Hardware Address: 00:09:6b:be:f8:ed Under FreeBSD, the MAC address can be changed in a similar way to [[Changing Your MAC Address/Linux|Linux]]: :<code> ifconfig fxp0 ether 02:01:02:03:04:05</code> This can be done without needing to take the interface down and back up. As of OpenBSD 3.8, the MAC address can be changed as follows: :<code> ifconfig bge3 lladdr 02:01:02:03:04:05</code> As of version "I'm not sure" and at least 5.3, it can be done within the hostname file, for example /etc/hostname.bge3: :<code> dhcp lladdr 02:01:02:03:04:05 </code> or static: :<code> inet 1.2.3.4 255.0.0.0 1.255.255.255 lladdr 02:01:02:03:04:05 </code> 6g5j0qdjwpbybwnkemq0oho3oqqq1u9 4633855 4633854 2026-05-03T12:31:21Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26947-55|~2026-26947-55]] ([[User talk:~2026-26947-55|talk]]) to last version by Conan 3997690 wikitext text/x-wiki You can use a third-party utility to change the MAC of almost any Ethernet adapter. Most consumer-grade routers allow for a user-specified MAC address to be given. AIX: Original MAC address: entstat -d ent1 | grep "Hardware" Hardware Address: 00:09:6b:be:f8:ed Using alternate MAC address: chdev -l ent1 -a use_alt_addr=yes -a alt_addr=0x123456789ABC ent1 changed entstat -d ent1 | grep "Hardware" Hardware Address: 12:34:56:78:9a:bc Returning original MAC address: chdev -l ent1 -a use_alt_addr=no ent1 changed entstat -d ent1 | grep "Hardware" Hardware Address: 00:09:6b:be:f8:ed Under FreeBSD, the MAC address can be changed in a similar way to [[Changing Your MAC Address/Linux|Linux]]: :<code> ifconfig fxp0 ether 02:01:02:03:04:05</code> This can be done without needing to take the interface down and back up. As of OpenBSD 3.8, the MAC address can be changed as follows: :<code> ifconfig bge3 lladdr 02:01:02:03:04:05</code> As of version "I'm not sure" and at least 5.3, it can be done within the hostname file, for example /etc/hostname.bge3: :<code> dhcp lladdr 02:01:02:03:04:05 </code> or static: :<code> inet 1.2.3.4 255.0.0.0 1.255.255.255 lladdr 02:01:02:03:04:05 </code> === Changing MAC address without root privileges === There are a number of techniques for changing your MAC address without root privileges on Unix based systems (Linux, BSD, OSX, etc.). This can be done with such techniques as LD_PRELOAD or ptrace. {{BookCat}} 1xmri9rgk34vptcdhx32lxacvp5f1vt 0 228490 4633895 3581035 2026-05-03T14:20:42Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Dewikifying page 4633895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Binding energy''' is the mechanical energy required to disassemble a whole into separate parts. A bound system has a lower potential energy than its constituent parts; this is what keeps the system together. The usual convention is that this corresponds to a ''positive'' binding energy. In general, binding energy represents the mechanical work which must be done in acting against the forces which hold an object together, while disassembling the object into component parts separated by such sufficient distance that further separation requires negligible additional work. Electron binding energy is a measure of the energy required to free electrons from their atomic orbits. Nuclear binding energy is derived from the strong nuclear force and is the energy required to disassemble a nucleus into free unbound neutrons and protons. At the atomic level, the binding energy of the atom is derived from electromagnetic interaction and is the energy required to disassemble an atom into free electrons and a nucleus. In astrophysics, gravitational binding energy of a celestial body is the energy required to disassemble it into space debris (dust and gas). This quantity is not to be confused with the gravitational potential energy, which is the energy required to separate two bodies, such as a celestial body and a satellite, to infinite distance, keeping each intact (the latter energy is lower). ==Mass defect== Because a bound system is at a lower energy level than its unbound constituents, its mass must be less than the total mass of its unbound constituents. For systems with low binding energies, this "lost" mass after binding, may be fractionally small. For systems with high binding energies, however, the missing mass may be an easily measurable fraction. Since all forms of energy in a system (which has no net momentum) have mass, the question of where the missing mass of the binding energy goes is of interest. The answer is that this mass does not "disappear" into energy (a common misconception); rather, transformed to heat or light, this mass may ''move away'' to another location. The "mass defect" from binding energy is therefore only mass which has moved. However, it remains mass, because mass is conserved in systems for any given single observer, so long as the system remains closed. Thus, if binding energy mass is transformed into heat, the system must be cooled (the heat removed) before the mass-deficit appears in the cooled system. In that case, the removed heat (which has mass itself when measured in the original inertial frame) represents exactly the mass "deficit". For example, when two large objects (such as the earth and a meteor) are attracted by a gravitational field and collide, the energy for the heat of impact is extracted from the gravitational field of the objects. However, the system does ''not'' lose mass (which represents its binding energy) ''until'' this heat is radiated into space, and this space is no longer counted as part of the original system (equivalent to opening the original system). Closely analogous considerations apply in chemical and nuclear considerations. However, in nuclear reactions, the fraction of mass which may be removed as light or heat, and which then appears as binding energy, is often a much larger fraction of the system mass. This is because nuclear forces are comparatively stronger than other forces. In nuclear reactions, the "light" which must be radiated to remove binding energy may be in the form of direct gamma radiation. Again, however, no mass-deficit can in theory appear until this radiation has been emitted and is no longer part of the system. The energy given off during either nuclear fusion or nuclear fission is the difference between the binding energies of the fuel and the fusion or fission products. In practice, this energy may also be calculated from the substantial mass differences between the fuel and products, once evolved heat and radiation have been removed. == Atomic binding energy == The binding energy for a single atom is given by <math>\Delta E = \Delta m \cdot c^2 = (m_s - m_b) \cdot c^2 = (Z \cdot m_p + N \cdot m_n - m_b) \cdot c^2</math> where :''c'' is the speed of light; :''m<sub>s</sub>'' is the mass of the separated nucleons; :''m<sub>b</sub>'' is the mass of the bound nucleus; :''Z'' is the atomic number of the bound nucleus; :''m<sub>p</sub>'' is the mass of one proton; :''N'' is the number of neutrons; :''m<sub>n</sub>'' is the mass of one neutron. === Specific quantitative example: a deuteron === A deuteron is the nucleus of a deuterium atom, and consists of one proton and one neutron. The experimentally-measured masses of the constituents as free particles are : ''m''<sub>proton</sub> = 1.007825 u; : ''m''<sub>neutron</sub>= 1.008665 u; : ''m''<sub>proton</sub> + ''m''<sub>neutron</sub> = 1.007825 + 1.008665 = 2.01649 u. The mass of the deuteron (also an experimentally measured quantity) is : Atomic mass <sup>2</sup>H = 2.014102 u. The mass difference = 2.01649 - 2.014102 = 0.002388 u. Since the conversion between rest mass and energy is 931.494MeV/u, a deuteron's binding energy is calculated to be : 0.002388 u × 931.494 MeV/u = 2.224 MeV. Thus, expressed in another way, the binding energy is [0.002388/2.01649] x 100% = about 0.1184% of the total energy corresponding to the mass. This corresponds to 1.07 x <math>10^{14}</math> J/kg = 107 TJ/kg. == Nuclear binding energy curve == In the periodic table of elements, the series of light elements from hydrogen up to sodium is observed to exhibit generally increasing binding energy per nucleon as the atomic mass increases. This increase is generated by increasing forces per nucleon in the nucleus, as each additional nucleon is attracted by all of the other nucleons, and thus more tightly bound to the whole. The region of increasing binding energy is followed by a region of relative stability (saturation) in the sequence from magnesium through xenon. In this region, the nucleus has become large enough that nuclear forces no longer completely extend efficiently across its width. Attractive nuclear forces in this region, as atomic mass increases, are nearly balanced by repellant electromagnetic forces between protons, as atomic number increases. Finally, in elements heavier than xenon, there is a decrease in binding energy per nucleon as atomic number increases. In this region of nuclear size, electromagnetic repulsive forces are beginning to gain against the strong nuclear force. At the peak of binding energy, nickel-62 is the most tightly-bound nucleus, followed by iron-58 and iron-56.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fewell | first = M. P. | title=The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy | journal=American Journal of Physics | year=1995 | volume=63 | issue=7 | pages=653-658 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AmJPh..63..653F }}</ref> (This is the basic reason why iron and nickel are very common metals in planetary cores, since they are produced profusely as end products in supernovae). The existence of a ''maximum'' in binding energy in medium-sized nuclei is a consequence of the trade-off in the effects of two opposing forces which have different range characteristics. The attractive nuclear force (strong nuclear force), which binds protons and neutrons equally to each other, has a limited range due to a rapid exponential decrease in this force with distance. However, the repelling electromagnetic force, which acts between protons to force nuclei apart, falls off with distance much more slowly (as the inverse square of distance). For nuclei larger than about four nucleons in diameter, the additional repelling force of additional protons more than offsets any binding energy which results between further added nucleons as a result of additional strong force interactions; such nuclei become less and less tightly bound as their size increases, though most of them are still stable. Finally, nuclei containing more than 209 nucleons (larger than about 6 nucleons in diameter) are all too large to be stable, and are subject to spontaneous decay to smaller nuclei. Nuclear fusion produces energy by combining the very lightest elements into more tightly-bound elements (such as hydrogen into helium), and nuclear fission produces energy by splitting the heaviest elements (such as uranium and plutonium) into more tightly-bound elements (such as barium and krypton). Both processes produce energy, because middle-sized nuclei are the most tightly bound of all. === Semiempirical formula === For a nucleus with A nucleons including Z protons, a semiempirical formula for the binding energy per nucleon is <math>E/A=a-b/\sqrt[3]{A}-c(Z/\sqrt[3]{A^2})^2-d(N-Z)^2/\sqrt[3]{A^{3+3}}\pm e/\sqrt[4]{A^{3+4}}</math> where the binding energy is in MeV for the following numerical values of the constants: <math>a=14.0</math>; <math>b=13.0</math>; <math>c=0.585</math>; <math>d=19.3</math>; <math>e=33</math>. The first term <math>a\,</math> is called the saturation contribution and ensures that the B.E. per nucleon is the same for all nuclei to a first approximation. The term <math>-b/A^{1/3}\,</math> is a surface tension effect and is proportional to the number of nucleons that are situated on the nuclear surface. It is largest for light nuclei. The term <math>-cZ^2/A^{4/3}\,</math> is the Coulomb electrostatic repulsion. This becomes more important as <math>Z</math> increases. The symmetry correction term <math>-d(N-Z)^2/A^2\,</math> takes into account the fact that in the absence of other effects the most stable arrangement has equal numbers of protons and neutrons. This is because the ''n-p'' interaction in a nucleus is stronger than either the ''n-n'' or ''p-p'' interaction. The pairing term <math>\pm e/A^{7/4}</math> is purely empirical. It is + for even-even nuclei and − for odd-odd nuclei. The following table gives the binding energy per nucleon in MeV for selected isotopes. {| | ||Formula||Measured |- |Al<sup>27</sup> ||align="center"| 8.42 ||align="center"| 8.33 |- |Cu<sup>63</sup> ||align="center"| 8.75 ||align="center"| 8.75 |- |Mo<sup>98</sup> ||align="center"| 8.62 ||align="center"| 8.63 |- |Pt<sup>195</sup> ||align="center"| 7.87 ||align="center"| 7.92 |- |U<sup>238</sup> ||align="center"| 7.56 ||align="center"| 7.58 |} === Measuring the binding energy === As seen above in the example of deuterium, nuclear binding energies are large enough that they may be easily measured as fractional mass deficits, according to the equivalence of mass and energy. The atomic binding energy is simply the amount of energy (and mass) released, when a collection of free nucleons are joined together to form a nucleus. All nuclei which last long enough to be weighed, are measurably lighter than a corresponding collection of free protons and neutrons. Nuclear binding energy can be easily computed from the easily measurable difference in mass of a nucleus, and the sum of the masses of the number of free neutrons and protons that make up the nucleus. Once this mass difference, called the '''mass defect''' or '''mass deficiency''', is known, Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula ''E''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''mc''² can be used to compute the binding energy of any nucleus. (As a historical note, early nuclear physicists used to refer to computing this value as a "packing fraction" calculation.) For example, the atomic mass unit (1.000000 '''u''') is ''defined'' to be 1/12 of the mass of a <sup>12</sup>C atom—but the atomic mass of a <sup>1</sup>H atom (which is a proton plus electron) is 1.007825 '''u''', so each nucleon in <sup>12</sup>C has lost, on average, about 0.8% percent of its mass in the form of binding energy. [[Image:Binding energy curve - common isotopes.svg|center|Curve of binding energy]] ==References== <references/> {{BookCat}} 6b113s62shmhi5mbg611suzehx1c4vo 0 238420 4633980 4633521 2026-05-03T20:47:30Z ~2026-26862-94 3581007 4633980 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[Image:UVa Rotunda.jpg|thumb|196px|right|The Rotunda at The University of Virginia]] ''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology'' is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a [[w:Lens (geometry)|lens]] in shape. Hence the short title of the book, ''Lentis,'' which is Latin for "of [or about] the lens." If the title (with its association with [[w:Lens|lenses]]) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the "social interface of technology." The chief authors of ''Lentis'' are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering. As a wikibook, ''Lentis'' will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 20, 2024, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question. ''Lentis'' is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, "true fables" that offer "morals" of practical value in diverse endeavors. More specifically, ''Lentis'' is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there. If "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects. Most of the chapters in ''Lentis'' are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2024. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value. == Table of Contents == === '''Preliminaries''' === * [[/Chapters: Active and Candidates/]] === '''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology''' === ==== Food and Energy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby|Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby]] * [[/Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Politics of Biofuels/]] * [[/Opposition to GMOs in Europe/]] * [[/Patenting of GM Seeds/]] * [[/Corn, Beef and Feedlots/]] * [[/Dakota Access Pipeline/]] * [[/High-Fructose Corn Syrup/]] * [[/The Organic Foods Movement/]] * [[/Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation/]] * [[/Local Food as a Social Movement/]] * [[/Marketing of Natural Foods/]] * [[/Corn Ethanol in the United States/]] * [[/Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power/]] * [[/Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake?/]] * [[/Fracking/]] * [[/Wind Energy/]] * [[/Rare Earth Metals/]] * [[/Carbon Offsets/]] * [[/Clean Coal/]] * [[/Food Waste in the United States/]] * [[/Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States/]] *[[/Solar Energy Policy in Germany/]] *[[/Peak Oil/]] *[[/U.S. Arctic Oil Mining/]] *[[/How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves/]] * [[/Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value/]] *[[/Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values/]] *[[/Energy from Trash/]] *[[/Life Off the Grid/]] * [[/Soylent/]] * [[/Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States/]] * [[/Urban Farming/]] * [[/Oil Palm Plantations/]] * [[/Golden Rice/]] * [[/Miracle Rice/]] *[[/The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight/]] *[[/Atlantic Coast Pipeline/]] * [[/Cooking with Wood Fuel/]] * [[Lentis/Solar Panel Recycling in the United States|Solar Panel Recycling in the United States]] * [[Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy|Line 3 Pipeline Controversy]] * [[/Data Centers and Energy/]] * [[/Conflicts of Interest in US Nutrition Research/]] </div> ==== Environmental Values and Climate Change ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/8 House|8 House]] * [[Lentis/Plastic Bags|Plastic Bags]] * [[Lentis/Water Bottles|Water Bottles]] * [[Lentis/Competition for Water in California|Competition for Water in California]] * [[Lentis/Green Roofing|Green Roofing]] * [[Lentis/Hypoxic Zones|Hypoxic Zones]] * [[Lentis/Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds|Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds]] * [[Lentis/Masdar City|Masdar City]] * [[Lentis/World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector|World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector]] * [[Lentis/Noise pollution|Noise pollution]] * [[Lentis/Ecovillages|Ecovillages]] * [[Lentis/Climate Change Denial|Climate Change Denial]] * [[Lentis/Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest|Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest]] * [[Lentis/Marine Waste|Marine Waste]] * [[Lentis/Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru|Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru]] * [[Lentis/The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019|The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019]] * [[Lentis/Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles|Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles]] * [[Lentis/BedZED|BedZED]] * [[Lentis/Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise|Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise]] * [[Lentis/Light pollution|Light pollution]] * [[Lentis/The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.|The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.]] * [[Lentis/les Zadistes|les Zadistes]] *[[/Flight Shaming/]] *[[/Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing/]] *[[/Zero-Plastic Retailing/]] *[[/The PFAS Controversy/]] </div> ==== Health and Medicine ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Insurance Companies’ Influence in US Health Policy|Insurance Companies’ Influence in US Health Policy]] * [[Lentis/The Ebola Outbreak of 2014|The Ebola Outbreak of 2014]] * [[AI & Medical Imaging]] * [[Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products]] * [[Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market]] * [[/Nicotine Addictions/]] * [[/Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries/]] * [[/Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti/]] * [[/Fluoridation/]] * [[/Medicine and Disgust/]] * [[/Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices/]] * [[/Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital/]] * [[/Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill/]] * [[/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy/]] * [[/Chatbots as Therapists/]] * [[/Placebos/]] * [[/Baby Formula/]] * [[/Sick Building Syndrome/]] * [[/Football and Concussions/]] * [[/The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States /|The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States]] * [[/Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States/]] * [[/Steroids and Baseball/]] * [[/Nanotechnology and Health/]] * [[/Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)/]] * [[/Malaria and Mosquito Nets/]] * [[/International Air Travel as a Disease Vector/]] * [[/Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism/]] * [[/Religious Opposition to Vaccination/]] * [[/Physician-Assisted Suicide/]] * [[/Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures/]] * [[/The D.A.R.E. Program/]] * [[/Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Athletes, Superstition, and Performance/]] * [[/Gattaca Revisited/]] * [[/Artificial Wombs/]] * [[/The Weight Loss Industry in the United States/]] * [[/Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics/]] * [[/Vaping/]] * [[/Neuroprosthetics/]] * [[/Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon/]] * [[/Antibiotics in India/]] * [[/Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns/]] * [[/Public Health Responds to Physical Inactivity/]] * [[/Mobility and Access for the Disabled/]] * [[/Power Lines and Public Health/]] * [[/The HPV Vaccine/]] * [[/Medication Overload/]] * [[/The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy/]] * [[/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons/]] * [[/Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic/]] * [[/Pain Scales/]] * [[/Augmented Reality in Medicine/]] * [[/COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution/]] * [[/Chloramination of Drinking Water/]] * [[/Manual Water Collection in Developing Countries/]] * [[/The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919/]] * [[/Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics/]] * [[/Caffeine Addiction/]] * [[/The Cultural Politics of Obesity Drugs in the US/]] * [[/Pharma’s influence in FDA/]] </div> ==== Mobility and Land Use ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Cascadia Earthquake Preparation/]] * [[/Bicyclists in Cities/]] * [[/Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other/]] * [[/American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture/]] * [[/Congestion Pricing/]] * [[/Urban Sprawl/]] * [[/Planned Communities/]] * [[/Slugging/]] * [[/Bicycling in the Netherlands/]] * [[/Tata Nano and Mobility in India/]] * [[/How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture/]] * [[/Autonomous Vehicles/]] * [[/The Disappearing American Streetcar/]] * [[/Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs/]] * [[/Real-time Ridesharing/]] * [[/Hitchhiking in the Digital Age /]] * [[/Arcology/]] * [[/Lowriding/]] * [[/California High Speed Rail/]] * [[/Self-Driving Cars/]] * [[/The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945/]] * [[/Road Rage/]] * [[/The Ogallala Aquifer/]] * [[/Rail in America/]] * [[/The Belt and Road Initiative/]] * [[/Car Dependency in the U.S./]] * [[/Guerrilla Urbanism/]] *[[/The Transformation of Times Square/]] *[[/David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming/]] *[[/Vision Zero/]] *[[/Shared Space and Woonerven/]] *[[/Eyjafjallajökull 2010/]] *[[Lentis/Driving Speed Enforcement|Driving Speed Enforcement]] *[[/E-bikes and Personal Mobility/]] *[[Lentis/Zoning Laws in the United States|Zoning Laws in the United States]] *[[Lentis/Carpooling|Carpooling]] *[[The Politics of Electric Vehicle Subsidies]] *[[Lentis/Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities|Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities]] *[[/New Urbanism/]] </div> ==== Computers and the Internet ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/AI: More Human Than You Think/]] * [[/Antipiracy/]] * [[/Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution/]] * [[/Compulsive Connectivity/]] * [[/Screen-Free Child Rearing/]] * [[/Crowdsourcing Higher Education/]] * [[/Cryptocurrency/]] * [[/"Data is the new oil"/]] * [[/Deepfakes/]] * [[/Fake Users/]] * [[/Hacker Culture/]] * [[/Human Flesh Search Engine/]] * [[/Social Engineering/]] * [[/Internet Memes/]] * [[/Internet Subcultures/]] * [[/The Open-Source Movement/]] * [[/Electronic Voting/]] * [[/Online Consumer Reviews/]] * [[/Online Dating Scams/]] * [[/Online Shopping/]] * [[/Online Reputation Management/]] * [[/Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups/]] * [[/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing/]] * [[/Program and High Frequency Trading/]] * [[/Social Networks/]] * [[/Social Media and the Arab Spring/]] * [[/Social Norms in Virtual Worlds/]] * [[/Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News/]] * [[/Street View/]] * [[/Second Life/]] * [[/User-Generated Content in the Internet Age/]] * [[/password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture/]] * [[/Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms/]] * [[/Wikipedia/]] * [[/Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems/]] * [[/Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare/]] * [[/Mass Collaboration/]] * [[/Net Neutrality/]] * [[/Mass Control of a Single Gamer/]] * [[/Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China/]] * [[/Web Induced Risk Taking/]] * [[/Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage/]] * [[/Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China/]] * [[/Facebook Cheating/]] * [[/Intellectual Property in the Internet Age/]] * [[/The Social Psychology of YouTube/]] * [[/Learning from a Distance/]] *[[Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships]] * [[/Identity Theft/]] * [[/Higher Education Online/]] * [[/The Culture of Instagram/]] * [[/New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008/]] * [[/Targeted Advertising/]] * [[/Viral Marketing/]] * [[/Web Tracking/]] * [[/Internet Anonymity/]] * [[/The Culture of Snapchat/]] * [[/Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites/]] * [[/Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009/]] * [[/The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists/]] * [[/Google Translate|Google Translate]] * [[/The Deep Web/]] * [[/Social Media Mining/]] * [[/Internet Witch Hunts/]] * [[/News Echo Chambers/]] * [[/Featuritis/]] * [[/Content Moderation/]] * [[/Virtual Reality/]] * [[/Social Media Shaming Campaigns/]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok|The Geopolitics of TikTok]] * [[/AI Music, Creativity, and Intellectual Property/]] * [[Texting in Japan/]] </div> ==== Portable Electronics ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading|Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading]] * [[Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain]] * [[/Driving while Texting/]] * [[/GPS and Driving/]] * [[/Sociology of Texting/]] * [[/The Text Effect/]] * [[/Norms of Handheld Device Use/]] * [[/Happy Slapping/]] * [[/The Walkman Effect/]] * [[/Electronically Enabled Test Cheating/]] * [[/Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction/]] * [[/Children and Cell Phones/]] * [[/Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry/]] * [[/Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras/]] * [[/Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics/]] * [[/Pokémon Go/]] * [[/Phone Cinematography/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Wearable Activity Trackers/]] * [[/Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society/]] * [[/The Looking Glass/]] </div> ==== Entertainment and Media ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games/]] * [[/Gambling/]] * [[/Game Addictions/]] * [[/The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion/]] * [[/The Proliferation of Music Production Capability/]] * [[/Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion/]] * [[/Portrayal of Women in Video Games/]] * [[/Children,Video Games and Obesity/]] * [[/Electronic Sports (eSports)/]] * [[/Electronic Music Popular/]] * [[/From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony/]] * [[/The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL/]] * [[/Gold Farming/]] * [[/Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation/]] * [[/Anti-TV Social Movements/]] * [[/Media Format Wars/]] * [[/Microtransactions in Videogames/]] * [[/Moe Anthropomorphism/]] * [[/Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More/]] * [[/Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty/]] * [[/Dance Dance Revolution/]] * [[/Super Smash Bros./]] * [[/Twitch/]] * [[/Instant Replay in International Soccer/]] * [[/Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World/]] * [[Lentis/TikTok|TikTok]] </div> ==== Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/JEDI Cloud/]] * [[/Digital Rights Management/]] * [[/Military Industrial Complex/]] * [[/Tasers and Stun Guns/]] * [[/Probation Technology/]] * [[/International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement/]] * [[/Air Travel Security/]] * [[/The United States - Mexico Border/]] * [[/Recording Police Activity/]] * [[/Video Surveillance/]] * [[/Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Prison/]] * [[/Cell Phone Jamming in the United States/]] * [[/Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks/]] * [[/Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth/]] * [[/Cyberslacking/]] * [[/Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft/]] * [[/Video Surveillance in Great Britain/]] * [[/Technology and Incarceration in the United States/]] * [[/Additive Manufacturing/]] * [[/Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data/]] * [[/Amateurs with Drones/]] * [[/Body Cameras/]] * [[/Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness/]] * [[/Law Enforcement and Social Media/]] * [[/Cyber-attack Attribution/]] * [[/China’s Social Credit System/]] * [[/Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests/]] * [[/8chan/]] * [[/Lockheed Martin F-35/]] * [[/Drone Warfare/]] *[[/Capital Punishment in the United States/]] * [[/The Yellow Vests Movement/]] * [[Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike|The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike]] * [[Lentis/Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace|Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine|The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine]] </div> ==== Systemic Racism in the U.S. ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Gentrification/]] * [[/Predictive Policing/]] *[[The Prison-Industrial Complex]] *[[/The War on Drugs/]] *[[Lentis/Algorithmic Bias|Algorithmic Bias]] *[[Lentis/The School to Prison Pipeline|The School to Prison Pipeline]] *[[Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance|The HBCU Renaissance]] </div> ==== Technology and Gender ==== * [[Lentis/Algorithmic_bias_by_gender|Algorithmic Bias by Gender]] ==== History of Technology ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[The Decline of Public Transport in the U.S., 1945-1975]] * [[/The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics/]] * [[/Education and the Space Race in the United States/]] * [[/Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States/]] * [[/Disease Prevention in the First World War/]] * [[/Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s/]] * [[/Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy/]] * [[/Phreaking/]] * [[/Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970/]] *[[/The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1946/]] *[[/COINTELPRO: The FBI, Civil Rights, and Domestic Surveillance/]] </div> ==== Sociotechnical Theories and Movements ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Protection Motivation Theory|Protection Motivation Theory]] * [[/The Singularity/]] * [[/Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States/]] * [[/Disintermediation/]] * [[/Jevons Paradox/]] * [[/Path Dependence/]] * [[/Neoluddism and Technophilia/]] * [[/Emergent Behavior/]] * [[/Free Range Kids/|Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility]] * [[/User Trust/]] * [[/The Panopticon/]] * [[/Planned Obsolescence/]] * [[/Fake News/]] *[[/Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government/]] *[[/Risk Compensation/]] </div> {{BookCat}} {{Shelves|general engineering|Class projects}} {{alphabetical|L}} {{status|100%}} fzlrdvn5mkgpmfvug3z7gyxe3atrvlo 4633990 4633980 2026-05-03T22:15:04Z ~2026-26862-94 3581007 /* Computers and the Internet */ 4633990 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[Image:UVa Rotunda.jpg|thumb|196px|right|The Rotunda at The University of Virginia]] ''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology'' is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a [[w:Lens (geometry)|lens]] in shape. Hence the short title of the book, ''Lentis,'' which is Latin for "of [or about] the lens." If the title (with its association with [[w:Lens|lenses]]) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the "social interface of technology." The chief authors of ''Lentis'' are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering. As a wikibook, ''Lentis'' will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 20, 2024, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question. ''Lentis'' is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, "true fables" that offer "morals" of practical value in diverse endeavors. More specifically, ''Lentis'' is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there. If "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects. Most of the chapters in ''Lentis'' are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2024. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value. == Table of Contents == === '''Preliminaries''' === * [[/Chapters: Active and Candidates/]] === '''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology''' === ==== Food and Energy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby|Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby]] * [[/Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Politics of Biofuels/]] * [[/Opposition to GMOs in Europe/]] * [[/Patenting of GM Seeds/]] * [[/Corn, Beef and Feedlots/]] * [[/Dakota Access Pipeline/]] * [[/High-Fructose Corn Syrup/]] * [[/The Organic Foods Movement/]] * [[/Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation/]] * [[/Local Food as a Social Movement/]] * [[/Marketing of Natural Foods/]] * [[/Corn Ethanol in the United States/]] * [[/Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power/]] * [[/Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake?/]] * [[/Fracking/]] * [[/Wind Energy/]] * [[/Rare Earth Metals/]] * [[/Carbon Offsets/]] * [[/Clean Coal/]] * [[/Food Waste in the United States/]] * [[/Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States/]] *[[/Solar Energy Policy in Germany/]] *[[/Peak Oil/]] *[[/U.S. Arctic Oil Mining/]] *[[/How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves/]] * [[/Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value/]] *[[/Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values/]] *[[/Energy from Trash/]] *[[/Life Off the Grid/]] * [[/Soylent/]] * [[/Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States/]] * [[/Urban Farming/]] * [[/Oil Palm Plantations/]] * [[/Golden Rice/]] * [[/Miracle Rice/]] *[[/The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight/]] *[[/Atlantic Coast Pipeline/]] * [[/Cooking with Wood Fuel/]] * [[Lentis/Solar Panel Recycling in the United States|Solar Panel Recycling in the United States]] * [[Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy|Line 3 Pipeline Controversy]] * [[/Data Centers and Energy/]] * [[/Conflicts of Interest in US Nutrition Research/]] </div> ==== Environmental Values and Climate Change ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/8 House|8 House]] * [[Lentis/Plastic Bags|Plastic Bags]] * [[Lentis/Water Bottles|Water Bottles]] * [[Lentis/Competition for Water in California|Competition for Water in California]] * [[Lentis/Green Roofing|Green Roofing]] * [[Lentis/Hypoxic Zones|Hypoxic Zones]] * [[Lentis/Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds|Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds]] * [[Lentis/Masdar City|Masdar City]] * [[Lentis/World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector|World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector]] * [[Lentis/Noise pollution|Noise pollution]] * [[Lentis/Ecovillages|Ecovillages]] * [[Lentis/Climate Change Denial|Climate Change Denial]] * [[Lentis/Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest|Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest]] * [[Lentis/Marine Waste|Marine Waste]] * [[Lentis/Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru|Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru]] * [[Lentis/The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019|The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019]] * [[Lentis/Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles|Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles]] * [[Lentis/BedZED|BedZED]] * [[Lentis/Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise|Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise]] * [[Lentis/Light pollution|Light pollution]] * [[Lentis/The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.|The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.]] * [[Lentis/les Zadistes|les Zadistes]] *[[/Flight Shaming/]] *[[/Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing/]] *[[/Zero-Plastic Retailing/]] *[[/The PFAS Controversy/]] </div> ==== Health and Medicine ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Insurance Companies’ Influence in US Health Policy|Insurance Companies’ Influence in US Health Policy]] * [[Lentis/The Ebola Outbreak of 2014|The Ebola Outbreak of 2014]] * [[AI & Medical Imaging]] * [[Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products]] * [[Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market]] * [[/Nicotine Addictions/]] * [[/Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries/]] * [[/Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti/]] * [[/Fluoridation/]] * [[/Medicine and Disgust/]] * [[/Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices/]] * [[/Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital/]] * [[/Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill/]] * [[/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy/]] * [[/Chatbots as Therapists/]] * [[/Placebos/]] * [[/Baby Formula/]] * [[/Sick Building Syndrome/]] * [[/Football and Concussions/]] * [[/The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States /|The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States]] * [[/Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States/]] * [[/Steroids and Baseball/]] * [[/Nanotechnology and Health/]] * [[/Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)/]] * [[/Malaria and Mosquito Nets/]] * [[/International Air Travel as a Disease Vector/]] * [[/Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism/]] * [[/Religious Opposition to Vaccination/]] * [[/Physician-Assisted Suicide/]] * [[/Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures/]] * [[/The D.A.R.E. Program/]] * [[/Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Athletes, Superstition, and Performance/]] * [[/Gattaca Revisited/]] * [[/Artificial Wombs/]] * [[/The Weight Loss Industry in the United States/]] * [[/Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics/]] * [[/Vaping/]] * [[/Neuroprosthetics/]] * [[/Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon/]] * [[/Antibiotics in India/]] * [[/Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns/]] * [[/Public Health Responds to Physical Inactivity/]] * [[/Mobility and Access for the Disabled/]] * [[/Power Lines and Public Health/]] * [[/The HPV Vaccine/]] * [[/Medication Overload/]] * [[/The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy/]] * [[/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons/]] * [[/Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic/]] * [[/Pain Scales/]] * [[/Augmented Reality in Medicine/]] * [[/COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution/]] * [[/Chloramination of Drinking Water/]] * [[/Manual Water Collection in Developing Countries/]] * [[/The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919/]] * [[/Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics/]] * [[/Caffeine Addiction/]] * [[/The Cultural Politics of Obesity Drugs in the US/]] * [[/Pharma’s influence in FDA/]] </div> ==== Mobility and Land Use ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Cascadia Earthquake Preparation/]] * [[/Bicyclists in Cities/]] * [[/Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other/]] * [[/American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture/]] * [[/Congestion Pricing/]] * [[/Urban Sprawl/]] * [[/Planned Communities/]] * [[/Slugging/]] * [[/Bicycling in the Netherlands/]] * [[/Tata Nano and Mobility in India/]] * [[/How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture/]] * [[/Autonomous Vehicles/]] * [[/The Disappearing American Streetcar/]] * [[/Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs/]] * [[/Real-time Ridesharing/]] * [[/Hitchhiking in the Digital Age /]] * [[/Arcology/]] * [[/Lowriding/]] * [[/California High Speed Rail/]] * [[/Self-Driving Cars/]] * [[/The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945/]] * [[/Road Rage/]] * [[/The Ogallala Aquifer/]] * [[/Rail in America/]] * [[/The Belt and Road Initiative/]] * [[/Car Dependency in the U.S./]] * [[/Guerrilla Urbanism/]] *[[/The Transformation of Times Square/]] *[[/David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming/]] *[[/Vision Zero/]] *[[/Shared Space and Woonerven/]] *[[/Eyjafjallajökull 2010/]] *[[Lentis/Driving Speed Enforcement|Driving Speed Enforcement]] *[[/E-bikes and Personal Mobility/]] *[[Lentis/Zoning Laws in the United States|Zoning Laws in the United States]] *[[Lentis/Carpooling|Carpooling]] *[[The Politics of Electric Vehicle Subsidies]] *[[Lentis/Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities|Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities]] *[[/New Urbanism/]] </div> ==== Computers and the Internet ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/AI: More Human Than You Think/]] * [[/Antipiracy/]] * [[/Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution/]] * [[/Compulsive Connectivity/]] * [[/Screen-Free Child Rearing/]] * [[/Crowdsourcing Higher Education/]] * [[/Cryptocurrency/]] * [[/"Data is the new oil"/]] * [[/Deepfakes/]] * [[/Fake Users/]] * [[/Hacker Culture/]] * [[/Human Flesh Search Engine/]] * [[/Social Engineering/]] * [[/Internet Memes/]] * [[/Internet Subcultures/]] * [[/The Open-Source Movement/]] * [[/Electronic Voting/]] * [[/Online Consumer Reviews/]] * [[/Online Dating Scams/]] * [[/Online Shopping/]] * [[/Online Reputation Management/]] * [[/Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups/]] * [[/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing/]] * [[/Program and High Frequency Trading/]] * [[/Social Networks/]] * [[/Social Media and the Arab Spring/]] * [[/Social Norms in Virtual Worlds/]] * [[/Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News/]] * [[/Street View/]] * [[/Second Life/]] * [[/User-Generated Content in the Internet Age/]] * [[/password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture/]] * [[/Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms/]] * [[/Wikipedia/]] * [[/Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems/]] * [[/Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare/]] * [[/Mass Collaboration/]] * [[/Net Neutrality/]] * [[/Mass Control of a Single Gamer/]] * [[/Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China/]] * [[/Web Induced Risk Taking/]] * [[/Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage/]] * [[/Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China/]] * [[/Facebook Cheating/]] * [[/Intellectual Property in the Internet Age/]] * [[/The Social Psychology of YouTube/]] * [[/Learning from a Distance/]] *[[Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships]] * [[/Identity Theft/]] * [[/Higher Education Online/]] * [[/The Culture of Instagram/]] * [[/New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008/]] * [[/Targeted Advertising/]] * [[/Viral Marketing/]] * [[/Web Tracking/]] * [[/Internet Anonymity/]] * [[/The Culture of Snapchat/]] * [[/Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites/]] * [[/Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009/]] * [[/The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists/]] * [[/Google Translate|Google Translate]] * [[/The Deep Web/]] * [[/Social Media Mining/]] * [[/Internet Witch Hunts/]] * [[/News Echo Chambers/]] * [[/Featuritis/]] * [[/Content Moderation/]] * [[/Virtual Reality/]] * [[/Social Media Shaming Campaigns/]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok|The Geopolitics of TikTok]] * [[/AI Music, Creativity, and Intellectual Property/]] * [[/Texting in Japan/]] </div> ==== Portable Electronics ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading|Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading]] * [[Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain]] * [[/Driving while Texting/]] * [[/GPS and Driving/]] * [[/Sociology of Texting/]] * [[/The Text Effect/]] * [[/Norms of Handheld Device Use/]] * [[/Happy Slapping/]] * [[/The Walkman Effect/]] * [[/Electronically Enabled Test Cheating/]] * [[/Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction/]] * [[/Children and Cell Phones/]] * [[/Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry/]] * [[/Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras/]] * [[/Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics/]] * [[/Pokémon Go/]] * [[/Phone Cinematography/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Wearable Activity Trackers/]] * [[/Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society/]] * [[/The Looking Glass/]] </div> ==== Entertainment and Media ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games/]] * [[/Gambling/]] * [[/Game Addictions/]] * [[/The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion/]] * [[/The Proliferation of Music Production Capability/]] * [[/Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion/]] * [[/Portrayal of Women in Video Games/]] * [[/Children,Video Games and Obesity/]] * [[/Electronic Sports (eSports)/]] * [[/Electronic Music Popular/]] * [[/From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony/]] * [[/The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL/]] * [[/Gold Farming/]] * [[/Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation/]] * [[/Anti-TV Social Movements/]] * [[/Media Format Wars/]] * [[/Microtransactions in Videogames/]] * [[/Moe Anthropomorphism/]] * [[/Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More/]] * [[/Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty/]] * [[/Dance Dance Revolution/]] * [[/Super Smash Bros./]] * [[/Twitch/]] * [[/Instant Replay in International Soccer/]] * [[/Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World/]] * [[Lentis/TikTok|TikTok]] </div> ==== Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/JEDI Cloud/]] * [[/Digital Rights Management/]] * [[/Military Industrial Complex/]] * [[/Tasers and Stun Guns/]] * [[/Probation Technology/]] * [[/International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement/]] * [[/Air Travel Security/]] * [[/The United States - Mexico Border/]] * [[/Recording Police Activity/]] * [[/Video Surveillance/]] * [[/Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Prison/]] * [[/Cell Phone Jamming in the United States/]] * [[/Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks/]] * [[/Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth/]] * [[/Cyberslacking/]] * [[/Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft/]] * [[/Video Surveillance in Great Britain/]] * [[/Technology and Incarceration in the United States/]] * [[/Additive Manufacturing/]] * [[/Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data/]] * [[/Amateurs with Drones/]] * [[/Body Cameras/]] * [[/Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness/]] * [[/Law Enforcement and Social Media/]] * [[/Cyber-attack Attribution/]] * [[/China’s Social Credit System/]] * [[/Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests/]] * [[/8chan/]] * [[/Lockheed Martin F-35/]] * [[/Drone Warfare/]] *[[/Capital Punishment in the United States/]] * [[/The Yellow Vests Movement/]] * [[Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike|The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike]] * [[Lentis/Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace|Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine|The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine]] </div> ==== Systemic Racism in the U.S. ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Gentrification/]] * [[/Predictive Policing/]] *[[The Prison-Industrial Complex]] *[[/The War on Drugs/]] *[[Lentis/Algorithmic Bias|Algorithmic Bias]] *[[Lentis/The School to Prison Pipeline|The School to Prison Pipeline]] *[[Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance|The HBCU Renaissance]] </div> ==== Technology and Gender ==== * [[Lentis/Algorithmic_bias_by_gender|Algorithmic Bias by Gender]] ==== History of Technology ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[The Decline of Public Transport in the U.S., 1945-1975]] * [[/The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics/]] * [[/Education and the Space Race in the United States/]] * [[/Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States/]] * [[/Disease Prevention in the First World War/]] * [[/Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s/]] * [[/Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy/]] * [[/Phreaking/]] * [[/Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970/]] *[[/The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1946/]] *[[/COINTELPRO: The FBI, Civil Rights, and Domestic Surveillance/]] </div> ==== Sociotechnical Theories and Movements ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Protection Motivation Theory|Protection Motivation Theory]] * [[/The Singularity/]] * [[/Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States/]] * [[/Disintermediation/]] * [[/Jevons Paradox/]] * [[/Path Dependence/]] * [[/Neoluddism and Technophilia/]] * [[/Emergent Behavior/]] * [[/Free Range Kids/|Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility]] * [[/User Trust/]] * [[/The Panopticon/]] * [[/Planned Obsolescence/]] * [[/Fake News/]] *[[/Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government/]] *[[/Risk Compensation/]] </div> {{BookCat}} {{Shelves|general engineering|Class projects}} {{alphabetical|L}} {{status|100%}} gy285yvkmv0t1x99cxu1ei8ya19oj57 4634008 4633990 2026-05-03T23:21:54Z ~2026-27036-93 3581027 4634008 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[Image:UVa Rotunda.jpg|thumb|196px|right|The Rotunda at The University of Virginia]] ''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology'' is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a [[w:Lens (geometry)|lens]] in shape. Hence the short title of the book, ''Lentis,'' which is Latin for "of [or about] the lens." If the title (with its association with [[w:Lens|lenses]]) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the "social interface of technology." The chief authors of ''Lentis'' are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering. As a wikibook, ''Lentis'' will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 20, 2024, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question. ''Lentis'' is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, "true fables" that offer "morals" of practical value in diverse endeavors. More specifically, ''Lentis'' is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there. If "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects. Most of the chapters in ''Lentis'' are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2024. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value. == Table of Contents == === '''Preliminaries''' === * [[/Chapters: Active and Candidates/]] === '''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology''' === ==== Food and Energy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby|Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby]] * [[/Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Politics of Biofuels/]] * [[/Opposition to GMOs in Europe/]] * [[/Patenting of GM Seeds/]] * [[/Corn, Beef and Feedlots/]] * [[/Dakota Access Pipeline/]] * [[/High-Fructose Corn Syrup/]] * [[/The Organic Foods Movement/]] * [[/Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation/]] * [[/Local Food as a Social Movement/]] * [[/Marketing of Natural Foods/]] * [[/Corn Ethanol in the United States/]] * [[/Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power/]] * [[/Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake?/]] * [[/Fracking/]] * [[/Wind Energy/]] * [[/Rare Earth Metals/]] * [[/Carbon Offsets/]] * [[/Clean Coal/]] * [[/Food Waste in the United States/]] * [[/Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States/]] *[[/Solar Energy Policy in Germany/]] *[[/Peak Oil/]] *[[/U.S. Arctic Oil Mining/]] *[[/How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves/]] * [[/Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value/]] *[[/Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values/]] *[[/Energy from Trash/]] *[[/Life Off the Grid/]] * [[/Soylent/]] * [[/Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States/]] * [[/Urban Farming/]] * [[/Oil Palm Plantations/]] * [[/Golden Rice/]] * [[/Miracle Rice/]] *[[/The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight/]] *[[/Atlantic Coast Pipeline/]] * [[/Cooking with Wood Fuel/]] * [[Lentis/Solar Panel Recycling in the United States|Solar Panel Recycling in the United States]] * [[Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy|Line 3 Pipeline Controversy]] * [[/Data Centers and Energy/]] * [[/Conflicts of Interest in US Nutrition Research/]] </div> ==== Environmental Values and Climate Change ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/8 House|8 House]] * [[Lentis/Plastic Bags|Plastic Bags]] * [[Lentis/Water Bottles|Water Bottles]] * [[Lentis/Competition for Water in California|Competition for Water in California]] * [[Lentis/Green Roofing|Green Roofing]] * [[Lentis/Hypoxic Zones|Hypoxic Zones]] * [[Lentis/Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds|Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds]] * [[Lentis/Masdar City|Masdar City]] * [[Lentis/World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector|World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector]] * [[Lentis/Noise pollution|Noise pollution]] * [[Lentis/Ecovillages|Ecovillages]] * [[Lentis/Climate Change Denial|Climate Change Denial]] * [[Lentis/Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest|Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest]] * [[Lentis/Marine Waste|Marine Waste]] * [[Lentis/Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru|Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru]] * [[Lentis/The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019|The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019]] * [[Lentis/Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles|Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles]] * [[Lentis/BedZED|BedZED]] * [[Lentis/Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise|Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise]] * [[Lentis/Light pollution|Light pollution]] * [[Lentis/The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.|The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.]] * [[Lentis/les Zadistes|les Zadistes]] *[[/Flight Shaming/]] *[[/Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing/]] *[[/Zero-Plastic Retailing/]] *[[/The PFAS Controversy/]] </div> ==== Health and Medicine ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Insurance Companies’ Influence in US Health Policy|Insurance Companies’ Influence in US Health Policy]] * [[Lentis/The Ebola Outbreak of 2014|The Ebola Outbreak of 2014]] * [[AI & Medical Imaging]] * [[Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products]] * [[Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market]] * [[/Nicotine Addictions/]] * [[/Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries/]] * [[/Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti/]] * [[/Fluoridation/]] * [[/Medicine and Disgust/]] * [[/Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices/]] * [[/Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital/]] * [[/Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill/]] * [[/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy/]] * [[/Chatbots as Therapists/]] * [[/Placebos/]] * [[/Baby Formula/]] * [[/Sick Building Syndrome/]] * [[/Football and Concussions/]] * [[/The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States /|The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States]] * [[/Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States/]] * [[/Steroids and Baseball/]] * [[/Nanotechnology and Health/]] * [[/Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)/]] * [[/Malaria and Mosquito Nets/]] * [[/International Air Travel as a Disease Vector/]] * [[/Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism/]] * [[/Religious Opposition to Vaccination/]] * [[/Physician-Assisted Suicide/]] * [[/Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures/]] * [[/The D.A.R.E. Program/]] * [[/Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Athletes, Superstition, and Performance/]] * [[/Gattaca Revisited/]] * [[/Artificial Wombs/]] * [[/The Weight Loss Industry in the United States/]] * [[/Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics/]] * [[/Vaping/]] * [[/Neuroprosthetics/]] * [[/Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon/]] * [[/Antibiotics in India/]] * [[/Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns/]] * [[/Public Health Responds to Physical Inactivity/]] * [[/Mobility and Access for the Disabled/]] * [[/Power Lines and Public Health/]] * [[/The HPV Vaccine/]] * [[/Medication Overload/]] * [[/The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy/]] * [[/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons/]] * [[/Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic/]] * [[/Pain Scales/]] * [[/Augmented Reality in Medicine/]] * [[/COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution/]] * [[/Chloramination of Drinking Water/]] * [[/Manual Water Collection in Developing Countries/]] * [[/The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919/]] * [[/Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics/]] * [[/Caffeine Addiction/]] * [[/The Cultural Politics of Obesity Drugs in the US/]] * [[/Pharma’s influence in FDA/]] </div> ==== Mobility and Land Use ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Cascadia Earthquake Preparation/]] * [[/Bicyclists in Cities/]] * [[/Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other/]] * [[/American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture/]] * [[/Congestion Pricing/]] * [[/Urban Sprawl/]] * [[/Planned Communities/]] * [[/Slugging/]] * [[/Bicycling in the Netherlands/]] * [[/Tata Nano and Mobility in India/]] * [[/How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture/]] * [[/Autonomous Vehicles/]] * [[/The Disappearing American Streetcar/]] * [[/Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs/]] * [[/Real-time Ridesharing/]] * [[/Hitchhiking in the Digital Age /]] * [[/Arcology/]] * [[/Lowriding/]] * [[/California High Speed Rail/]] * [[/Self-Driving Cars/]] * [[/The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945/]] * [[/Road Rage/]] * [[/The Ogallala Aquifer/]] * [[/Rail in America/]] * [[/The Belt and Road Initiative/]] * [[/Car Dependency in the U.S./]] * [[/Guerrilla Urbanism/]] *[[/The Transformation of Times Square/]] *[[/David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming/]] *[[/Vision Zero/]] *[[/Shared Space and Woonerven/]] *[[/Eyjafjallajökull 2010/]] *[[Lentis/Driving Speed Enforcement|Driving Speed Enforcement]] *[[/E-bikes and Personal Mobility/]] *[[Lentis/Zoning Laws in the United States|Zoning Laws in the United States]] *[[Lentis/Carpooling|Carpooling]] *[[The Politics of Electric Vehicle Subsidies]] *[[Lentis/Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities|Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities]] *[[/New Urbanism/]] </div> ==== Computers and the Internet ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/AI: More Human Than You Think/]] * [[/Antipiracy/]] * [[/Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution/]] * [[/Compulsive Connectivity/]] * [[/Screen-Free Child Rearing/]] * [[/Crowdsourcing Higher Education/]] * [[/Cryptocurrency/]] * [[/"Data is the new oil"/]] * [[/Deepfakes/]] * [[/Fake Users/]] * [[/Hacker Culture/]] * [[/Human Flesh Search Engine/]] * [[/Social Engineering/]] * [[/Internet Memes/]] * [[/Internet Subcultures/]] * [[/The Open-Source Movement/]] * [[/Electronic Voting/]] * [[/Online Consumer Reviews/]] * [[/Online Dating Scams/]] * [[/Online Shopping/]] * [[/Online Reputation Management/]] * [[/Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups/]] * [[/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing/]] * [[/Program and High Frequency Trading/]] * [[/Social Networks/]] * [[/Social Media and the Arab Spring/]] * [[/Social Norms in Virtual Worlds/]] * [[/Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News/]] * [[/Street View/]] * [[/Second Life/]] * [[/User-Generated Content in the Internet Age/]] * [[/password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture/]] * [[/Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms/]] * [[/Wikipedia/]] * [[/Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems/]] * [[/Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare/]] * [[/Mass Collaboration/]] * [[/Net Neutrality/]] * [[/Mass Control of a Single Gamer/]] * [[/Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China/]] * [[/Web Induced Risk Taking/]] * [[/Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage/]] * [[/Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China/]] * [[/Facebook Cheating/]] * [[/Intellectual Property in the Internet Age/]] * [[/The Social Psychology of YouTube/]] * [[/Learning from a Distance/]] *[[Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships]] * [[/Identity Theft/]] * [[/Higher Education Online/]] * [[/The Culture of Instagram/]] * [[/New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008/]] * [[/Targeted Advertising/]] * [[/Viral Marketing/]] * [[/Web Tracking/]] * [[/Internet Anonymity/]] * [[/The Culture of Snapchat/]] * [[/Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites/]] * [[/Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009/]] * [[/The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists/]] * [[/Google Translate|Google Translate]] * [[/The Deep Web/]] * [[/Social Media Mining/]] * [[/Internet Witch Hunts/]] * [[/News Echo Chambers/]] * [[/Featuritis/]] * [[/Content Moderation/]] * [[/Virtual Reality/]] * [[/Social Media Shaming Campaigns/]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok|The Geopolitics of TikTok]] * [[/AI Music, Creativity, and Intellectual Property/]] * [[/Texting in Japan/]] * [[/Social Media Influencers and Public Health/]] </div> ==== Portable Electronics ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading|Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading]] * [[Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain]] * [[/Driving while Texting/]] * [[/GPS and Driving/]] * [[/Sociology of Texting/]] * [[/The Text Effect/]] * [[/Norms of Handheld Device Use/]] * [[/Happy Slapping/]] * [[/The Walkman Effect/]] * [[/Electronically Enabled Test Cheating/]] * [[/Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction/]] * [[/Children and Cell Phones/]] * [[/Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry/]] * [[/Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras/]] * [[/Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics/]] * [[/Pokémon Go/]] * [[/Phone Cinematography/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Wearable Activity Trackers/]] * [[/Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society/]] * [[/The Looking Glass/]] </div> ==== Entertainment and Media ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games/]] * [[/Gambling/]] * [[/Game Addictions/]] * [[/The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion/]] * [[/The Proliferation of Music Production Capability/]] * [[/Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion/]] * [[/Portrayal of Women in Video Games/]] * [[/Children,Video Games and Obesity/]] * [[/Electronic Sports (eSports)/]] * [[/Electronic Music Popular/]] * [[/From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony/]] * [[/The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL/]] * [[/Gold Farming/]] * [[/Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation/]] * [[/Anti-TV Social Movements/]] * [[/Media Format Wars/]] * [[/Microtransactions in Videogames/]] * [[/Moe Anthropomorphism/]] * [[/Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More/]] * [[/Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty/]] * [[/Dance Dance Revolution/]] * [[/Super Smash Bros./]] * [[/Twitch/]] * [[/Instant Replay in International Soccer/]] * [[/Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World/]] * [[Lentis/TikTok|TikTok]] </div> ==== Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/JEDI Cloud/]] * [[/Digital Rights Management/]] * [[/Military Industrial Complex/]] * [[/Tasers and Stun Guns/]] * [[/Probation Technology/]] * [[/International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement/]] * [[/Air Travel Security/]] * [[/The United States - Mexico Border/]] * [[/Recording Police Activity/]] * [[/Video Surveillance/]] * [[/Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Prison/]] * [[/Cell Phone Jamming in the United States/]] * [[/Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks/]] * [[/Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth/]] * [[/Cyberslacking/]] * [[/Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft/]] * [[/Video Surveillance in Great Britain/]] * [[/Technology and Incarceration in the United States/]] * [[/Additive Manufacturing/]] * [[/Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data/]] * [[/Amateurs with Drones/]] * [[/Body Cameras/]] * [[/Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness/]] * [[/Law Enforcement and Social Media/]] * [[/Cyber-attack Attribution/]] * [[/China’s Social Credit System/]] * [[/Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests/]] * [[/8chan/]] * [[/Lockheed Martin F-35/]] * [[/Drone Warfare/]] *[[/Capital Punishment in the United States/]] * [[/The Yellow Vests Movement/]] * [[Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike|The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike]] * [[Lentis/Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace|Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine|The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine]] </div> ==== Systemic Racism in the U.S. ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Gentrification/]] * [[/Predictive Policing/]] *[[The Prison-Industrial Complex]] *[[/The War on Drugs/]] *[[Lentis/Algorithmic Bias|Algorithmic Bias]] *[[Lentis/The School to Prison Pipeline|The School to Prison Pipeline]] *[[Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance|The HBCU Renaissance]] </div> ==== Technology and Gender ==== * [[Lentis/Algorithmic_bias_by_gender|Algorithmic Bias by Gender]] ==== History of Technology ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[The Decline of Public Transport in the U.S., 1945-1975]] * [[/The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics/]] * [[/Education and the Space Race in the United States/]] * [[/Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States/]] * [[/Disease Prevention in the First World War/]] * [[/Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s/]] * [[/Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy/]] * [[/Phreaking/]] * [[/Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970/]] *[[/The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1946/]] *[[/COINTELPRO: The FBI, Civil Rights, and Domestic Surveillance/]] </div> ==== Sociotechnical Theories and Movements ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Protection Motivation Theory|Protection Motivation Theory]] * [[/The Singularity/]] * [[/Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States/]] * [[/Disintermediation/]] * [[/Jevons Paradox/]] * [[/Path Dependence/]] * [[/Neoluddism and Technophilia/]] * [[/Emergent Behavior/]] * [[/Free Range Kids/|Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility]] * [[/User Trust/]] * [[/The Panopticon/]] * [[/Planned Obsolescence/]] * [[/Fake News/]] *[[/Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government/]] *[[/Risk Compensation/]] </div> {{BookCat}} {{Shelves|general engineering|Class projects}} {{alphabetical|L}} {{status|100%}} qzbizlnc6dp8vzxqi34cgunb7iswvqh 0 255546 4634009 4484864 2026-05-03T23:56:55Z DavidLevinson 82769 Added 2026 Cases 4634009 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Table of contents== [[File:1948_San_Francisco_trafficways_plan.jpg|366px|thumb|1948 Traffic Plan for San Francisco, from "A Report to the City Planning Commission on a Transportation Plan for San Francisco", published in 1948. ]] == Introduction== * [[/About/]] * [[/Introduction/]] == Cases == === '''2026''' === * [[/Africa's Free-Market Bus Systems/]] * [[/Convict Bridge/]] * [[/London's Bicycle Superhighways/]] * [[/Rede Integrada de Transporte (RIT), Curitiba, Brazil/]] * [[/Stroget, Copenhagen/]] * [[/Transit Oriented Development policies in New South Wales/]] === '''2025''' === * [[/Queensland Olympic Transport Plan for 2032/]] * [[/Western Sydney Rapid Bus Network|Western Sydney Rapid Bus Network (WSA Linkages)]] * [[/New York Congestion Pricing Rollout/]] * [[/Mexico City Cablebús Network/]] * [[/London's Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) Expansion/]] * [[/Jakarta’s Integrated Transport Master Plan/]] === 2024 === * [[/IPART Fare Setting in New South Wales/]] * [[/Melbourne Metro and Suburban Rail Loop/]] * [[/Cross-River Rail/]] * [[/F6-M6 in NSW|F6/M6 in NSW]] * [[/Metronet Western Australia/]] * [[/Westconnex - What Went Wrong|Westconnex - What Went Wrong]] === 2023 === * [[/Sydney Trains Labour Relations/]] * [[/Fast(er) Rail in NSW/]] * [[/Bays Precinct Transformation/]] * [[/Transport Asset Holding Entity/]] * [[/Sydney Airport Link Train (T8)/]] * [[/Brisbane Airportlink (M7) toll road/]] === 2022 === * [[/New South Wales Inland Rail/]] * [[/Melbourne Orbital Rail/]] * [[/Parramatta Road/]] === 2021 === * [[/Stop de kindermoord/]] (updated and revised from 2015 [[/Bike_Lanes_in_Amsterdam/]]) * [[/COVID-19 and Popup Cycleways and Road Space Reallocation/]] * [[/COVID-19 and International Aviation/]] * [[/Sydney Monorail/]] * [[/COVID-19 and Public Transport/]] ≈ === 2020 === * [[/Western Harbour Tunnel / Beaches Link/]] (updated and revised from 2018) * [[/Western Sydney Airport/]] * [[/Sydney Metro-Greater West/]] * [[/Liverpool Trackless Tram/]] === 2019 === * [[/B-Line Bus Service (Sydney)/]] * [[/Sydney Metro (CBD and Southwest)/]] * [[/Sydney F6 Motorway/]] === 2018 === * [[/New Public Transport Timetables for Sydney/]] * [[/Stationless Bikesharing in Sydney/]] * [[/Sydney Metro (Northwest)/]] * [[/Sydney LRT (CBD and Southeast)/]] * [[/Western Sydney Airport (and City Deal)/]] * [[/Westconnex/]] * [[/Western Harbour Tunnel/]] * [[/Northern Beaches Freeway/]] * [[/Port of Botany Bay/]] * [[/30-Minute City/]] * [[/Sydney West Metro/]] * [[/Road User Charging in Australia/]] * [[/Sydney Ferries/]] * [[/Asset Recycling/]] === 2015 === * [[/Crossrail 2 in London/]] * [[/Road Pricing in Singapore/]] * [[/Bike Lanes in Amsterdam/]] * [[/Alaska Way Viaduct in Seattle/]] * [[/Rio 2016 Olympics Transportation Planning/]] === 2014 === * [[/Transportation Network Companies/]] * [[/Transit Plans in Toronto/]] * [[/Transmilenio/]] * [[/Melbourne Trams/]] * [[/Autonomous Cars/]] === 2013 === * [[/Hyperloop/]] * [[/Airline Merger/]] * [[/St. Paul Streetcars vs. Arterial BRT/]] * [[/Gateway Corridor: LRT v. Freeway BRT/]] === 2012 === * [[/Northeast Corridor High speed Train/]] * [[/Twin Cities Bike Networks/]] * [[/Stockholm Cordon Tolls/]] * [[/London Bus Deregulation/]] * [[/The emergence of Self-Driving Vehicles/]] ===2011 === * [[/Vancouver Skytrain/]] * [[/London Crossrail/]] * [[/China High-Speed Rail/]] * [[/I-69/]] * [[/Transantiago/]] <!-- * [[/Transportation Security Administration/]] --> == Related Wikibooks == * [[Fundamentals of Transportation]] * [[Transportation Economics]] * [[Transportation Geography and Network Science]] * [[Transportation Deployment Casebook]] <!-- {{Collection}} {{PDF version}} {{Print version}} --> {{Wikipedia|Transport planning}} {{shelves|Transportation}} {{alphabetical|T}} {{status|0%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 9fxerpiet2pc36e7xn9msd419kgftf5 0 266214 4633918 4633343 2026-05-03T16:03:34Z ~2026-25678-06 3579663 4633918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Glagolitic Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E00x |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER AZU|&#x1e000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER BUKY|&#x1e001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER VEDE|&#x1e002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER GLAGOLI|&#x1e003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER DOBRO|&#x1e004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YESTU|&#x1e005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER ZHIVETE|&#x1e006;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER ZEMLJA|&#x1e008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IZHE|&#x1e009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER INITIAL IZHE|&#x1e00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER I|&#x1e00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER DJERVI|&#x1e00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER KAKO|&#x1e00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER LJUDIJE|&#x1e00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER MYSLITE|&#x1e00f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER NASHI|&#x1e010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER ONU|&#x1e011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER POKOJI|&#x1e012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER RITSI|&#x1e013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SLOVO|&#x1e014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER TVRIDO|&#x1e015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER UKU|&#x1e016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER FRITU|&#x1e017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER HERU|&#x1e018;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SHTA|&#x1e01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER TSI|&#x1e01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER CHRIVI|&#x1e01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SHA|&#x1e01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YERU|&#x1e01f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YERI|&#x1e020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YATI|&#x1e021;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YU|&#x1e023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SMALL YUS|&#x1e024;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YO|&#x1e026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IOTATED SMALL YUS|&#x1e027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER BIG YUS|&#x1e028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IOTATED BIG YUS|&#x1e029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER FITA|&#x1e02a;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL A|&#x1e030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BE|&#x1e031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL VE|&#x1e032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL GHE|&#x1e033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL DE|&#x1e034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL IE|&#x1e035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ZHE|&#x1e036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ZE|&#x1e037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL I|&#x1e038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL KA|&#x1e039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EL|&#x1e03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EM|&#x1e03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL O|&#x1e03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL PE|&#x1e03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ER|&#x1e03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ES|&#x1e03f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL TE|&#x1e040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL U|&#x1e041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EF|&#x1e042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL HA|&#x1e043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL TSE|&#x1e044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL CHE|&#x1e045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL SHA|&#x1e046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YERU|&#x1e047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL E|&#x1e048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YU|&#x1e049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL DZZE|&#x1e04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL SCHWA|&#x1e04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&#x1e04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL JE|&#x1e04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BARRED O|&#x1e04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL STRAIGHT U|&#x1e04f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL PALOCHKA|&#x1e050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER A|&#x1e051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BE|&#x1e052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER VE|&#x1e053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GHE|&#x1e054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DE|&#x1e055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER IE|&#x1e056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ZHE|&#x1e057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ZE|&#x1e058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER I|&#x1e059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER KA|&#x1e05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER EL|&#x1e05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER O|&#x1e05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER PE|&#x1e05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ES|&#x1e05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER U|&#x1e05f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER EF|&#x1e060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER HA|&#x1e061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER TSE|&#x1e062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER CHE|&#x1e063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SHA|&#x1e064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN|&#x1e065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER YERU|&#x1e066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN|&#x1e067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&#x1e068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DZE|&#x1e069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DZHE|&#x1e06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ES WITH DESCENDER|&#x1e06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YERU WITH BACK YER|&#x1e06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL STRAIGHT U WITH STROKE|&#x1e06d;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E07x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E08x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&#x1e08f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E09x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E0Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E0Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E0Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E0Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E0Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E0Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER MA|&#x1e100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TSA|&#x1e101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTA|&#x1e102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TA|&#x1e103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER HA|&#x1e104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NA|&#x1e105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER XA|&#x1e106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NKA|&#x1e107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER CA|&#x1e108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER LA|&#x1e109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER SA|&#x1e10a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER ZA|&#x1e10b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NCA|&#x1e10c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTSA|&#x1e10d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER KA|&#x1e10e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER DA|&#x1e10f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NYA|&#x1e110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NRA|&#x1e111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER VA|&#x1e112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTXA|&#x1e113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TXA|&#x1e114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER FA|&#x1e115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER RA|&#x1e116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER QA|&#x1e117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER YA|&#x1e118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NQA|&#x1e119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER PA|&#x1e11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER XYA|&#x1e11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NPA|&#x1e11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER DLA|&#x1e11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NPLA|&#x1e11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER HAH|&#x1e11f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E12x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER MLA|&#x1e120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER PLA|&#x1e121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER GA|&#x1e122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER RRA|&#x1e123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER A|&#x1e124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER AA|&#x1e125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER I|&#x1e126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER U|&#x1e127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER O|&#x1e128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER OO|&#x1e129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER E|&#x1e12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER EE|&#x1e12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER W|&#x1e12c;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E13x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-B|&#x1e130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-M|&#x1e131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-J|&#x1e132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-V|&#x1e133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-S|&#x1e134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-G|&#x1e135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-D|&#x1e136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR PERSON|&#x1e137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR THING|&#x1e138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR LOCATION|&#x1e139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR ANIMAL|&#x1e13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR INVERTEBRATE|&#x1e13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN XW XW|&#x1e13c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SYLLABLE LENGTHENER|&#x1e13d;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E14x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT ONE|&#x1e141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT TWO|&#x1e142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT THREE|&#x1e143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT SIX|&#x1e146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT NINE|&#x1e149;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LOGOGRAM NYAJ|&#x1e14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG CIRCLED CA|&#x1e14f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Eebee Hmong''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E15x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E16x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E17x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E18x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E19x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E1Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E1Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E1Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Western Cham''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#bba757" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E20x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER KA|&#x1e200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER KHA|&#x1e201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER GA|&#x1e202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER GHA|&#x1e203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NGUE|&#x1e204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NGA|&#x1e205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER CHA|&#x1e206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER CHHA|&#x1e207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER JA|&#x1e208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER JHA|&#x1e209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NHUE|&#x1e20a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NHA|&#x1e20b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NHJA|&#x1e20c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER TAK|&#x1e20d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER THA|&#x1e20e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER DA|&#x1e20f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#bba757" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E21x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER DHA|&#x1e210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NUE|&#x1e211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NA|&#x1e212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER SIGN NOEN|&#x1e213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER DDA|&#x1e214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER PA|&#x1e215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER PA TNAW|&#x1e216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER PA PRONG|&#x1e217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER PHA|&#x1e218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER BA|&#x1e219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER BHA|&#x1e21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER MUE|&#x1e21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER MA|&#x1e21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER BBA|&#x1e21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER YA|&#x1e21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER RA|&#x1e21f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#bba757" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E22x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER LA|&#x1e220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER VA|&#x1e221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER SSA|&#x1e222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER SA|&#x1e223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A|&#x1e224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A DHA|&#x1e225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A DHA|&#x1e226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A BA|&#x1e227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A U|&#x1e228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER I|&#x1e229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER U|&#x1e22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER E|&#x1e22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER AI|&#x1e22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER OH|&#x1e22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1e22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1e22f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#bba757" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E23x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN II|&#x1e230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1e231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN OEK|&#x1e232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN OE|&#x1e233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1e234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN AAY|&#x1e235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN AW|&#x1e236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1e237;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E24x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#bba757" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E25x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT ONE|&#x1e251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT TWO|&#x1e252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT THREE|&#x1e253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT SIX|&#x1e256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT NINE|&#x1e259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA PATOK SAP|&#x1e25a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM SHADDAH|&#x1e25b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA PATOK PHUN|&#x1e25c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA TAMA PHUN|&#x1e25d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA TAMA PHUN|&#x1e25e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA PDAEM IU|&#x1e25f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#bba757" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E26x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DANDA|&#x1e260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DOUBLE DANDA|&#x1e261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TRIPLE DANDA|&#x1e262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM SIGN TANA TAMAT AYAT|&#x1e263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM SIGN TANA TAMAT TAKUE|&#x1e264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LUNAR TEN|&#x1e265;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Toto''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E29x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER PA|&#x1e290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BA|&#x1e291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER TA|&#x1e292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER DA|&#x1e293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER KA|&#x1e294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER GA|&#x1e295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER MA|&#x1e296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER NA|&#x1e297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER NGA|&#x1e298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER SA|&#x1e299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER CHA|&#x1e29a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER YA|&#x1e29b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER WA|&#x1e29c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER JA|&#x1e29d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER HA|&#x1e29e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER RA|&#x1e29f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E2Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER LA|&#x1e2a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER I|&#x1e2a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY I|&#x1e2a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER IU|&#x1e2a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY IU|&#x1e2a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER U|&#x1e2a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER E|&#x1e2a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY E|&#x1e2a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER EO|&#x1e2a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY EO|&#x1e2a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER O|&#x1e2aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER AE|&#x1e2ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY AE|&#x1e2ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER A|&#x1e2ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO SIGN RISING TONE|&#x1e2ae;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Wancho''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E2Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AA|&#x1e2c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER A|&#x1e2c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER BA|&#x1e2c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER CA|&#x1e2c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER DA|&#x1e2c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER GA|&#x1e2c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER YA|&#x1e2c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER PHA|&#x1e2c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER LA|&#x1e2c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NA|&#x1e2c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER PA|&#x1e2ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TA|&#x1e2cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER THA|&#x1e2cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER FA|&#x1e2cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER SA|&#x1e2ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER SHA|&#x1e2cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E2Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER JA|&#x1e2d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ZA|&#x1e2d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER WA|&#x1e2d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER VA|&#x1e2d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER KA|&#x1e2d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER O|&#x1e2d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AU|&#x1e2d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER RA|&#x1e2d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER MA|&#x1e2d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER KHA|&#x1e2d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER HA|&#x1e2da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER E|&#x1e2db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER I|&#x1e2dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NGA|&#x1e2dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER U|&#x1e2de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER LLHA|&#x1e2df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E2Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TSA|&#x1e2e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TRA|&#x1e2e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ONG|&#x1e2e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AANG|&#x1e2e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ANG|&#x1e2e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ING|&#x1e2e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ON|&#x1e2e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER EN|&#x1e2e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AAN|&#x1e2e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NYA|&#x1e2e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER UEN|&#x1e2ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER YIH|&#x1e2eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE TUP|&#x1e2ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE TUPNI|&#x1e2ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE KOI|&#x1e2ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE KOINI|&#x1e2ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E2Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e2f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT ONE|&#x1e2f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT TWO|&#x1e2f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT THREE|&#x1e2f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e2f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e2f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT SIX|&#x1e2f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e2f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e2f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT NINE|&#x1e2f9;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO NGUN SIGN|&#x1e2ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Loma''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E30x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E31x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E32x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E33x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E34x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E35x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E36x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E37x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E38x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E39x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E3Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E3Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E3Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E3Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E3Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E3Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E40x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E41x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Bagam''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E42x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E43x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E44x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E45x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E46x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E47x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E48x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E49x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E4Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E4Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E4Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Nag Mundari''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E4Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER O|&#x1e4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OP|&#x1e4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OL|&#x1e4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OY|&#x1e4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ONG|&#x1e4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER A|&#x1e4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AJ|&#x1e4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AB|&#x1e4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ANY|&#x1e4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AH|&#x1e4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER I|&#x1e4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IS|&#x1e4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IDD|&#x1e4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IT|&#x1e4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IH|&#x1e4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER U|&#x1e4df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E4Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UC|&#x1e4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UD|&#x1e4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UK|&#x1e4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UR|&#x1e4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER E|&#x1e4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ENN|&#x1e4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EG|&#x1e4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EM|&#x1e4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EN|&#x1e4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ETT|&#x1e4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ELL|&#x1e4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN OJOD|&#x1e4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN MUHOR|&#x1e4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN TOYOR|&#x1e4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN IKIR|&#x1e4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN SUTUH|&#x1e4ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E4Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT ONE|&#x1e4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT TWO|&#x1e4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT THREE|&#x1e4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT SIX|&#x1e4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e4f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT NINE|&#x1e4f9;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Pungchen''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E50x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E51x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E52x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E53x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E54x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E55x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E56x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E57x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E58x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E59x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E5Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E5Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E5Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Ol Onal''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E5Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER O|&#x1e5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OM|&#x1e5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ONG|&#x1e5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ORR|&#x1e5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OO|&#x1e5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OY|&#x1e5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER A|&#x1e5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AD|&#x1e5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AB|&#x1e5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AH|&#x1e5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AL|&#x1e5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AW|&#x1e5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER I|&#x1e5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IT|&#x1e5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IP|&#x1e5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ITT|&#x1e5df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E5Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ID|&#x1e5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IN|&#x1e5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER U|&#x1e5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UK|&#x1e5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UDD|&#x1e5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UJ|&#x1e5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UNY|&#x1e5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UR|&#x1e5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER E|&#x1e5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ES|&#x1e5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EH|&#x1e5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EC|&#x1e5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ENN|&#x1e5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EG|&#x1e5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN MU|&#x1e5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN IKIR|&#x1e5ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E5Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN HODDOND|&#x1e5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT ONE|&#x1e5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT TWO|&#x1e5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT THREE|&#x1e5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT SIX|&#x1e5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT NINE|&#x1e5fa;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x1e5ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Chola''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E60x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E61x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E62x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E63x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E64x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E65x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Box-Headed''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E66x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E67x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E68x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E69x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E6Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E6Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Tai Yo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E6Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KO|&#x1e6c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KO|&#x1e6c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KHO|&#x1e6c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KHO|&#x1e6c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER GO|&#x1e6c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER NGO|&#x1e6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER CO|&#x1e6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW XO|&#x1e6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH XO|&#x1e6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW NYO|&#x1e6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH NYO|&#x1e6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER DO|&#x1e6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW TO|&#x1e6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH TO|&#x1e6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER THO|&#x1e6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER NO|&#x1e6cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E6Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER BO|&#x1e6d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW PO|&#x1e6d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH PO|&#x1e6d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER PHO|&#x1e6d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW FO|&#x1e6d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH FO|&#x1e6d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER MO|&#x1e6d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER YO|&#x1e6d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LO|&#x1e6d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER VO|&#x1e6d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW HO|&#x1e6da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH HO|&#x1e6db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER QO|&#x1e6dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KVO|&#x1e6dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KVO|&#x1e6de;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E6Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AA|&#x1e6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER I|&#x1e6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UE|&#x1e6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN UE|&#x1e6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER U|&#x1e6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AE|&#x1e6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN AU|&#x1e6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER O|&#x1e6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER E|&#x1e6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER IA|&#x1e6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UEA|&#x1e6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UA|&#x1e6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER OO|&#x1e6ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AUE|&#x1e6ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN AY|&#x1e6ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN ANG|&#x1e6ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E6Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AN|&#x1e6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AM|&#x1e6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AK|&#x1e6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AT|&#x1e6f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AP|&#x1e6f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN OM|&#x1e6f5;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SYMBOL MUEANG|&#x1e6fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO XAM LAI|&#x1e6ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Lampung''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E70x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E71x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E72x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E73x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Kerinci''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E74x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E75x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E76x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Buginese Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E77x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E78x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E79x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E7Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E7Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E7Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E7Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E7Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYA|&#x1e7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYU|&#x1e7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYI|&#x1e7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYAA|&#x1e7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYEE|&#x1e7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYE|&#x1e7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYO|&#x1e7e6;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE HHWA|&#x1e7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWI|&#x1e7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWEE|&#x1e7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWE|&#x1e7eb;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE MWI|&#x1e7ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE MWEE|&#x1e7ee;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E7Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWI|&#x1e7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWEE|&#x1e7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWE|&#x1e7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE BWI|&#x1e7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE BWEE|&#x1e7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWI|&#x1e7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWEE|&#x1e7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWE|&#x1e7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWI|&#x1e7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWEE|&#x1e7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWE|&#x1e7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE FWI|&#x1e7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE FWEE|&#x1e7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE PWI|&#x1e7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE PWEE|&#x1e7fe;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Mende Kikakui''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E80x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M001 KI|&#x1e800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M002 KA|&#x1e801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M003 KU|&#x1e802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M065 KEE|&#x1e803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M095 KE|&#x1e804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M076 KOO|&#x1e805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M048 KO|&#x1e806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M179 KUA|&#x1e807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M004 WI|&#x1e808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M005 WA|&#x1e809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M006 WU|&#x1e80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M126 WEE|&#x1e80b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M118 WE|&#x1e80c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M114 WOO|&#x1e80d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M045 WO|&#x1e80e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M194 WUI|&#x1e80f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E81x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M143 WEI|&#x1e810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M061 WVI|&#x1e811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M049 WVA|&#x1e812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M139 WVE|&#x1e813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M007 MIN|&#x1e814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M008 MAN|&#x1e815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M009 MUN|&#x1e816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M059 MEN|&#x1e817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M094 MON|&#x1e818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M154 MUAN|&#x1e819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M189 MUEN|&#x1e81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M010 BI|&#x1e81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M011 BA|&#x1e81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M012 BU|&#x1e81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M150 BEE|&#x1e81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M097 BE|&#x1e81f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E82x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M103 BOO|&#x1e820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M138 BO|&#x1e821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M013 I|&#x1e822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M014 A|&#x1e823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M015 U|&#x1e824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M163 EE|&#x1e825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M100 E|&#x1e826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M165 OO|&#x1e827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M147 O|&#x1e828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M137 EI|&#x1e829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M131 IN|&#x1e82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M135 IN|&#x1e82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M195 AN|&#x1e82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M178 EN|&#x1e82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M019 SI|&#x1e82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M020 SA|&#x1e82f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E83x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M021 SU|&#x1e830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M162 SEE|&#x1e831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M116 SE|&#x1e832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M136 SOO|&#x1e833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M079 SO|&#x1e834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M196 SIA|&#x1e835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M025 LI|&#x1e836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M026 LA|&#x1e837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M027 LU|&#x1e838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M084 LEE|&#x1e839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M073 LE|&#x1e83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M054 LOO|&#x1e83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M153 LO|&#x1e83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M110 LONG LE|&#x1e83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M016 DI|&#x1e83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M017 DA|&#x1e83f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E84x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M018 DU|&#x1e840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M089 DEE|&#x1e841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M180 DOO|&#x1e842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M181 DO|&#x1e843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M022 TI|&#x1e844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M023 TA|&#x1e845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M024 TU|&#x1e846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M091 TEE|&#x1e847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M055 TE|&#x1e848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M104 TOO|&#x1e849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M069 TO|&#x1e84a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M028 JI|&#x1e84b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M029 JA|&#x1e84c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M030 JU|&#x1e84d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M157 JEE|&#x1e84e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M113 JE|&#x1e84f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E85x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M160 JOO|&#x1e850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M063 JO|&#x1e851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M175 LONG JO|&#x1e852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M031 YI|&#x1e853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M032 YA|&#x1e854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M033 YU|&#x1e855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M109 YEE|&#x1e856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M080 YE|&#x1e857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M141 YOO|&#x1e858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M121 YO|&#x1e859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M034 FI|&#x1e85a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M035 FA|&#x1e85b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M036 FU|&#x1e85c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M078 FEE|&#x1e85d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M075 FE|&#x1e85e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M133 FOO|&#x1e85f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E86x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M088 FO|&#x1e860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M197 FUA|&#x1e861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M101 FAN|&#x1e862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M037 NIN|&#x1e863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M038 NAN|&#x1e864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M039 NUN|&#x1e865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M117 NEN|&#x1e866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M169 NON|&#x1e867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M176 HI|&#x1e868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M041 HA|&#x1e869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M186 HU|&#x1e86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M040 HEE|&#x1e86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M096 HE|&#x1e86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M042 HOO|&#x1e86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M140 HO|&#x1e86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M083 HEEI|&#x1e86f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E87x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M128 HOOU|&#x1e870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M053 HIN|&#x1e871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M130 HAN|&#x1e872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M087 HUN|&#x1e873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M052 HEN|&#x1e874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M193 HON|&#x1e875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M046 HUAN|&#x1e876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M090 NGGI|&#x1e877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M043 NGGA|&#x1e878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M082 NGGU|&#x1e879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M115 NGGEE|&#x1e87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M146 NGGE|&#x1e87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M156 NGGOO|&#x1e87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M120 NGGO|&#x1e87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M159 NGGAA|&#x1e87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M127 NGGUA|&#x1e87f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E88x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M086 LONG NGGE|&#x1e880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M106 LONG NGGOO|&#x1e881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M183 LONG NGGO|&#x1e882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M155 GI|&#x1e883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M111 GA|&#x1e884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M168 GU|&#x1e885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M190 GEE|&#x1e886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M166 GUEI|&#x1e887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M167 GUAN|&#x1e888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M184 NGEN|&#x1e889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M057 NGON|&#x1e88a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M177 NGUAN|&#x1e88b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M068 PI|&#x1e88c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M099 PA|&#x1e88d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M050 PU|&#x1e88e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M081 PEE|&#x1e88f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E89x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M051 PE|&#x1e890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M102 POO|&#x1e891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M066 PO|&#x1e892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M145 MBI|&#x1e893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M062 MBA|&#x1e894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M122 MBU|&#x1e895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M047 MBEE|&#x1e896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M188 MBEE|&#x1e897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M072 MBE|&#x1e898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M172 MBOO|&#x1e899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M174 MBO|&#x1e89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M187 MBUU|&#x1e89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M161 LONG MBE|&#x1e89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M105 LONG MBOO|&#x1e89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M142 LONG MBO|&#x1e89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M132 KPI|&#x1e89f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E8Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M092 KPA|&#x1e8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M074 KPU|&#x1e8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M044 KPEE|&#x1e8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M108 KPE|&#x1e8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M112 KPOO|&#x1e8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M158 KPO|&#x1e8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M124 GBI|&#x1e8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M056 GBA|&#x1e8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M148 GBU|&#x1e8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M093 GBEE|&#x1e8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M107 GBE|&#x1e8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M071 GBOO|&#x1e8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M070 GBO|&#x1e8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M171 RA|&#x1e8ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M123 NDI|&#x1e8ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M129 NDA|&#x1e8af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E8Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M125 NDU|&#x1e8b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M191 NDEE|&#x1e8b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M119 NDE|&#x1e8b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M067 NDOO|&#x1e8b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M064 NDO|&#x1e8b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M152 NJA|&#x1e8b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M192 NJU|&#x1e8b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M149 NJEE|&#x1e8b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M134 NJOO|&#x1e8b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M182 VI|&#x1e8b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M185 VA|&#x1e8ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M151 VU|&#x1e8bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M173 VEE|&#x1e8bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M085 VE|&#x1e8bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M144 VOO|&#x1e8be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M077 VO|&#x1e8bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E8Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M164 NYIN|&#x1e8c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M058 NYAN|&#x1e8c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M170 NYUN|&#x1e8c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M098 NYEN|&#x1e8c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M060 NYON|&#x1e8c4;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT ONE|&#x1e8c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT TWO|&#x1e8c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT THREE|&#x1e8c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e8ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e8cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT SIX|&#x1e8cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e8cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e8ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT NINE|&#x1e8cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E8Dx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TEENS|&#x1e8d0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TENS|&#x1e8d1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER HUNDREDS|&#x1e8d2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER THOUSANDS|&#x1e8d3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TEN THOUSANDS|&#x1e8d4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER HUNDRED THOUSANDS|&#x1e8d5;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER MILLIONS|&#x1e8d6;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Adlam''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E90x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER ALIF|&#x1e900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER DAALI|&#x1e901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER LAAM|&#x1e902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER MIIM|&#x1e903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER BA|&#x1e904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER SINNYIIYHE|&#x1e905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER PE|&#x1e906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER BHE|&#x1e907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER RA|&#x1e908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1e909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER FA|&#x1e90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1e90b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1e90c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER DHA|&#x1e90d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER YHE|&#x1e90e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER WAW|&#x1e90f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E91x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NUN|&#x1e910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KAF|&#x1e911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER YA|&#x1e912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1e913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER JIIM|&#x1e914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER CHI|&#x1e915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER HA|&#x1e916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER QAAF|&#x1e917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER GA|&#x1e918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NYA|&#x1e919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER TU|&#x1e91a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NHA|&#x1e91b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER VA|&#x1e91c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KHA|&#x1e91d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER GBE|&#x1e91e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER ZAL|&#x1e91f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E92x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KPO|&#x1e920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER SHA|&#x1e921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER ALIF|&#x1e922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER DAALI|&#x1e923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER LAAM|&#x1e924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER MIIM|&#x1e925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER BA|&#x1e926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER SINNYIIYHE|&#x1e927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER PE|&#x1e928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER BHE|&#x1e929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER RA|&#x1e92a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER E|&#x1e92b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER FA|&#x1e92c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER I|&#x1e92d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER O|&#x1e92e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER DHA|&#x1e92f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E93x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER YHE|&#x1e930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER WAW|&#x1e931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NUN|&#x1e932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KAF|&#x1e933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER YA|&#x1e934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER U|&#x1e935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER JIIM|&#x1e936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER CHI|&#x1e937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER HA|&#x1e938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER QAAF|&#x1e939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER GA|&#x1e93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NYA|&#x1e93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER TU|&#x1e93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NHA|&#x1e93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER VA|&#x1e93e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KHA|&#x1e93f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E94x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER GBE|&#x1e940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER ZAL|&#x1e941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KPO|&#x1e942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER SHA|&#x1e943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM ALIF LENGTHENER|&#x1e944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM VOWEL LENGTHENER|&#x1e945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM GEMINATION MARK|&#x1e946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM HAMZA|&#x1e947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CONSONANT MODIFIER|&#x1e948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM GEMINATE CONSONANT MODIFIER|&#x1e949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM NUKTA|&#x1e94a;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM NASALIZATION MARK|&#x1e94b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E95x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT ONE|&#x1e951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT TWO|&#x1e952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT THREE|&#x1e953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT SIX|&#x1e956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT NINE|&#x1e959;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM INITIAL EXCLAMATION MARK|&#x1e95e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM INITIAL QUESTION MARK|&#x1e95f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''N'Ko Supplement''' |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E96x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E97x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E98x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E99x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E9Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E9Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E9Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E9Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E9Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1E9Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Oduduwa''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EA9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EAAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EAEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EAFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EB9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EBAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EBBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EBCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EBDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EBEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EBFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC7x |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE|&#x1ec71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO|&#x1ec72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE|&#x1ec73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR|&#x1ec74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE|&#x1ec75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX|&#x1ec76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN|&#x1ec77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT|&#x1ec78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE|&#x1ec79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TEN|&#x1ec7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1ec7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY|&#x1ec7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY|&#x1ec7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY|&#x1ec7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY|&#x1ec7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x1ec80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x1ec81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY|&#x1ec82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&#x1ec83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO HUNDRED|&#x1ec84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE HUNDRED|&#x1ec85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&#x1ec86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE HUNDRED|&#x1ec87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&#x1ec88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN HUNDRED|&#x1ec89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT HUNDRED|&#x1ec8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE HUNDRED|&#x1ec8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&#x1ec8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&#x1ec8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE THOUSAND|&#x1ec8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR THOUSAND|&#x1ec8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EC9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE THOUSAND|&#x1ec90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX THOUSAND|&#x1ec91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN THOUSAND|&#x1ec92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT THOUSAND|&#x1ec93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE THOUSAND|&#x1ec94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&#x1ec95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY THOUSAND|&#x1ec9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER LAKH|&#x1ec9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER LAKHAN|&#x1ec9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ECAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ LAKH MARK|&#x1eca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER KAROR|&#x1eca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER KARORAN|&#x1eca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED ONE|&#x1eca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED TWO|&#x1eca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED THREE|&#x1eca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED FOUR|&#x1eca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED FIVE|&#x1eca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED SIX|&#x1eca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED SEVEN|&#x1eca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED EIGHT|&#x1ecaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED NINE|&#x1ecab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ PLACEHOLDER|&#x1ecac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION ONE QUARTER|&#x1ecad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION ONE HALF|&#x1ecae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION THREE QUARTERS|&#x1ecaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ECBx |style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ RUPEE MARK|&#x1ecb0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE ONE|&#x1ecb1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE TWO|&#x1ecb2;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE TEN THOUSAND|&#x1ecb3;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ ALTERNATE LAKH MARK|&#x1ecb4;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ECCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ECDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ECEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ECFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED0x |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE|&#x1ed01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO|&#x1ed02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE|&#x1ed03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR|&#x1ed04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE|&#x1ed05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX|&#x1ed06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN|&#x1ed07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT|&#x1ed08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE|&#x1ed09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TEN|&#x1ed0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1ed0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY|&#x1ed0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY|&#x1ed0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY|&#x1ed0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY|&#x1ed0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x1ed10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x1ed11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY|&#x1ed12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&#x1ed13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO HUNDRED|&#x1ed14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE HUNDRED|&#x1ed15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&#x1ed16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE HUNDRED|&#x1ed17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&#x1ed18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN HUNDRED|&#x1ed19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT HUNDRED|&#x1ed1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE HUNDRED|&#x1ed1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&#x1ed1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&#x1ed1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE THOUSAND|&#x1ed1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR THOUSAND|&#x1ed1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE THOUSAND|&#x1ed20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX THOUSAND|&#x1ed21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN THOUSAND|&#x1ed22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT THOUSAND|&#x1ed23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE THOUSAND|&#x1ed24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&#x1ed25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY THOUSAND|&#x1ed2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ MARRATAN|&#x1ed2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TWO|&#x1ed2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER THREE|&#x1ed30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FOUR|&#x1ed31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FIVE|&#x1ed32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SIX|&#x1ed33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SEVEN|&#x1ed34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER EIGHT|&#x1ed35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER NINE|&#x1ed36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TEN|&#x1ed37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&#x1ed38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&#x1ed39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&#x1ed3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&#x1ed3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ FRACTION ONE HALF|&#x1ed3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ FRACTION ONE SIXTH|&#x1ed3d;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1ED9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EDAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EDBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EDCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EDDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EDEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EDFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ALEF|&#x1ee00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL BEH|&#x1ee01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL JEEM|&#x1ee02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DAL|&#x1ee03;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL WAW|&#x1ee05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ZAIN|&#x1ee06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL HAH|&#x1ee07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAH|&#x1ee08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL YEH|&#x1ee09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL KAF|&#x1ee0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LAM|&#x1ee0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL MEEM|&#x1ee0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL NOON|&#x1ee0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SEEN|&#x1ee0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL AIN|&#x1ee0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL FEH|&#x1ee10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SAD|&#x1ee11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL QAF|&#x1ee12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL REH|&#x1ee13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SHEEN|&#x1ee14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TEH|&#x1ee15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL THEH|&#x1ee16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL KHAH|&#x1ee17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL THAL|&#x1ee18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DAD|&#x1ee19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ZAH|&#x1ee1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL GHAIN|&#x1ee1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS BEH|&#x1ee1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS NOON|&#x1ee1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS FEH|&#x1ee1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS QAF|&#x1ee1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE2x |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL BEH|&#x1ee21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL JEEM|&#x1ee22;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL HEH|&#x1ee24;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL HAH|&#x1ee27;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL YEH|&#x1ee29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL KAF|&#x1ee2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL LAM|&#x1ee2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL MEEM|&#x1ee2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL NOON|&#x1ee2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SEEN|&#x1ee2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL AIN|&#x1ee2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL FEH|&#x1ee30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SAD|&#x1ee31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL QAF|&#x1ee32;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SHEEN|&#x1ee34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL TEH|&#x1ee35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL THEH|&#x1ee36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL KHAH|&#x1ee37;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL DAD|&#x1ee39;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL GHAIN|&#x1ee3b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED JEEM|&#x1ee42;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED HAH|&#x1ee47;}}||&nbsp;||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED YEH|&#x1ee49;}}||&nbsp;||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED LAM|&#x1ee4b;}}||&nbsp;||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED NOON|&#x1ee4d;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SEEN|&#x1ee4e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED AIN|&#x1ee4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE5x |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SAD|&#x1ee51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED QAF|&#x1ee52;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SHEEN|&#x1ee54;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED KHAH|&#x1ee57;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DAD|&#x1ee59;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED GHAIN|&#x1ee5b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DOTLESS NOON|&#x1ee5d;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DOTLESS QAF|&#x1ee5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE6x |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED BEH|&#x1ee61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED JEEM|&#x1ee62;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED HEH|&#x1ee64;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED HAH|&#x1ee67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED TAH|&#x1ee68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED YEH|&#x1ee69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED KAF|&#x1ee6a;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED MEEM|&#x1ee6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED NOON|&#x1ee6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SEEN|&#x1ee6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED AIN|&#x1ee6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED FEH|&#x1ee70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SAD|&#x1ee71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED QAF|&#x1ee72;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SHEEN|&#x1ee74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED TEH|&#x1ee75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED THEH|&#x1ee76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED KHAH|&#x1ee77;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DAD|&#x1ee79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED ZAH|&#x1ee7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED GHAIN|&#x1ee7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DOTLESS BEH|&#x1ee7c;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DOTLESS FEH|&#x1ee7e;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ALEF|&#x1ee80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED BEH|&#x1ee81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED JEEM|&#x1ee82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED DAL|&#x1ee83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED HEH|&#x1ee84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED WAW|&#x1ee85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ZAIN|&#x1ee86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED HAH|&#x1ee87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED TAH|&#x1ee88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED YEH|&#x1ee89;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED LAM|&#x1ee8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED MEEM|&#x1ee8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED NOON|&#x1ee8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SEEN|&#x1ee8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED AIN|&#x1ee8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EE9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED FEH|&#x1ee90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SAD|&#x1ee91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED QAF|&#x1ee92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED REH|&#x1ee93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SHEEN|&#x1ee94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED TEH|&#x1ee95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED THEH|&#x1ee96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED KHAH|&#x1ee97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED THAL|&#x1ee98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED DAD|&#x1ee99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ZAH|&#x1ee9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED GHAIN|&#x1ee9b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EEAx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK BEH|&#x1eea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK JEEM|&#x1eea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DAL|&#x1eea3;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK WAW|&#x1eea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK ZAIN|&#x1eea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK HAH|&#x1eea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK TAH|&#x1eea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK YEH|&#x1eea9;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK LAM|&#x1eeab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK MEEM|&#x1eeac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK NOON|&#x1eead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SEEN|&#x1eeae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK AIN|&#x1eeaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7ef9ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EEBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK FEH|&#x1eeb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SAD|&#x1eeb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK QAF|&#x1eeb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK REH|&#x1eeb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SHEEN|&#x1eeb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK TEH|&#x1eeb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK THEH|&#x1eeb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK KHAH|&#x1eeb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK THAL|&#x1eeb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DAD|&#x1eeb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK ZAH|&#x1eeba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK GHAIN|&#x1eebb;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EEFx |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATOR MEEM WITH HAH WITH TATWEEL|&#x1eef0;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATOR HAH WITH DAL|&#x1eef1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Arabic Miscellaneous Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1EFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} eb56sb17ndk1nkgdcee7wdr80i8cydf 0 272971 4633975 4631727 2026-05-03T20:11:55Z ~2026-24486-96 3578216 /* Object-Oriented Programming */ 4633975 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{print version}} ==Table of contents == === Introduction to Programming Languages === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Preface|Preface]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Programming Language Paradigms|Programming Language Paradigms]] === Syntax === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Grammars|Grammars]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parsing|Parsing]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Ambiguity|Ambiguity]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Precedence and Associativity|Precedence and Associativity]] === Grammars in Practice === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Logic Grammars|Logic Grammars]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Interpretation|Syntax Directed Interpretation]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Translation|Syntax Directed Translation]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Type Checking|Syntax Directed Type Checking]] :{{stage short|75%|Feb 3, 2020}} [[Compiler Construction/A recipe for writing a reusable grammar|A recipe for writing a reusable grammar]] === Execution Environments === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Compiled Programs|Compiled Programs]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Interpreted Programs|Interpreted Programs]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Binding|Binding]] === Functional Programming in Haskell === :{{stage short|25%|September 19, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Concepts of Functional Languages|Concepts of Functional Languages]] === Pattern Matching === === Types === :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Definition|Data Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Primitive Types|Primitive Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Constructed Types|Constructed Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Annotations|Type Annotations]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Checking|Type Checking]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Equivalence Issues|Type Equivalence Issues]] === Typing Disciplines === :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Dynamically vs Statically Typed Languages|Dynamically vs Statically Typed Languages]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Nominal vs Structural Typing Equivalence|Nominal vs Structural Typing Equivalence]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Safe vs Unsafe Typing|Safe vs Unsafe Typing]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Inference vs Type Annotations|Type Inference vs Type Annotations]] === Polymorphism === :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Polymorphis|What is Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Ad Hoc Polymorphism|Ad-Hoc Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Universal Polymorphism|Universal Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Overloading|Overloading]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Coercion|Coercion]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parametric Polymorphism|Parametric Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Subtype Polymorphism|Subtype Polymorphism]] === The Lambda Calculus === === High-Order Functions === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Definition and Examples|Definition and Examples]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Closures|Closures]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Partial Application|Partial Application]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Noticeable High-Order Functions|Noticeable High-Order Functions]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Template Oriented Programming|Template Oriented Programming]] === Scope === :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Definitions and Scope Type|Definitions and Types of Scope]] :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Scoping with Blocks|Scoping with Blocks]] :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Scoping with Namespaces|Scoping with Namespaces]] === Functional Data Structures === :{{stage short|75%|Dec 10, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Algebraic Data Types|Algebraic Data Types]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 10, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Functional Data Structures|Functional Data Structures]] === Memory Allocation === === Imperative Programming in Python === === Memory Management === :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Types of Storage|Types of Storage]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Static Memory|Static Memory]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Stack|Stack]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Heap|Heap]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Garbage Collection|Garbage Collection]] === Abstract Data Types === === Object-Oriented Programming === [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Object Orientation|Object Orientation]] === Exceptions === === Parameter Passing === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parameter Matching|Parameter Matching]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Evaluation Strategies|Evaluation Strategies]] === Introduction to Logic Programming === === Unification === === Cost Models === :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Introduction to Cost Models|Introduction]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/List Cost Model|Lists]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Tail Call Cost Model|Tail Call Optimization]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Unification Cost Model|Unification]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Array Cost Model|Arrays]] === Math in Prolog === {{Subjects|Computer science}} {{alphabetical|I}} {{status|50%}} :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Simple Predicates|Simple Predicates]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Exhaustive Searches|The Power of Exhaustive Search]] === Semantics === {{Shelves|Computer science}} {{alphabetical|I}} {{status|50%}} :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Quest for Meaning|Quest for Meaning]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/An Interpreter for ML|An Interpreter for ML]] hrrrkjl0f8ospw0yxnnop8rxriuuwvy 4633978 4633975 2026-05-03T20:28:30Z ~2026-24486-96 3578216 /* Object-Oriented Programming */ 4633978 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{print version}} ==Table of contents == === Introduction to Programming Languages === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Preface|Preface]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Programming Language Paradigms|Programming Language Paradigms]] === Syntax === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Grammars|Grammars]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parsing|Parsing]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Ambiguity|Ambiguity]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Precedence and Associativity|Precedence and Associativity]] === Grammars in Practice === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Logic Grammars|Logic Grammars]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Interpretation|Syntax Directed Interpretation]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Translation|Syntax Directed Translation]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Type Checking|Syntax Directed Type Checking]] :{{stage short|75%|Feb 3, 2020}} [[Compiler Construction/A recipe for writing a reusable grammar|A recipe for writing a reusable grammar]] === Execution Environments === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Compiled Programs|Compiled Programs]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Interpreted Programs|Interpreted Programs]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Binding|Binding]] === Functional Programming in Haskell === :{{stage short|25%|September 19, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Concepts of Functional Languages|Concepts of Functional Languages]] === Pattern Matching === === Types === :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Definition|Data Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Primitive Types|Primitive Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Constructed Types|Constructed Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Annotations|Type Annotations]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Checking|Type Checking]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Equivalence Issues|Type Equivalence Issues]] === Typing Disciplines === :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Dynamically vs Statically Typed Languages|Dynamically vs Statically Typed Languages]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Nominal vs Structural Typing Equivalence|Nominal vs Structural Typing Equivalence]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Safe vs Unsafe Typing|Safe vs Unsafe Typing]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Inference vs Type Annotations|Type Inference vs Type Annotations]] === Polymorphism === :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Polymorphis|What is Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Ad Hoc Polymorphism|Ad-Hoc Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Universal Polymorphism|Universal Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Overloading|Overloading]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Coercion|Coercion]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parametric Polymorphism|Parametric Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Subtype Polymorphism|Subtype Polymorphism]] === The Lambda Calculus === === High-Order Functions === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Definition and Examples|Definition and Examples]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Closures|Closures]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Partial Application|Partial Application]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Noticeable High-Order Functions|Noticeable High-Order Functions]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Template Oriented Programming|Template Oriented Programming]] === Scope === :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Definitions and Scope Type|Definitions and Types of Scope]] :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Scoping with Blocks|Scoping with Blocks]] :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Scoping with Namespaces|Scoping with Namespaces]] === Functional Data Structures === :{{stage short|75%|Dec 10, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Algebraic Data Types|Algebraic Data Types]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 10, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Functional Data Structures|Functional Data Structures]] === Memory Allocation === === Imperative Programming in Python === === Memory Management === :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Types of Storage|Types of Storage]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Static Memory|Static Memory]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Stack|Stack]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Heap|Heap]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Garbage Collection|Garbage Collection]] === Abstract Data Types === === Object-Oriented Programming === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Object Orientation|Object Orientation]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Object Oriented Programming|Object Oriented Programming]] === Exceptions === === Parameter Passing === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parameter Matching|Parameter Matching]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Evaluation Strategies|Evaluation Strategies]] === Introduction to Logic Programming === === Unification === === Cost Models === :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Introduction to Cost Models|Introduction]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/List Cost Model|Lists]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Tail Call Cost Model|Tail Call Optimization]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Unification Cost Model|Unification]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Array Cost Model|Arrays]] === Math in Prolog === {{Subjects|Computer science}} {{alphabetical|I}} {{status|50%}} :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Simple Predicates|Simple Predicates]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Exhaustive Searches|The Power of Exhaustive Search]] === Semantics === {{Shelves|Computer science}} {{alphabetical|I}} {{status|50%}} :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Quest for Meaning|Quest for Meaning]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/An Interpreter for ML|An Interpreter for ML]] 2p03cl943u91ld663falk8ato5mvken 4633981 4633978 2026-05-03T20:51:17Z ~2026-24486-96 3578216 /* Object-Oriented Programming */ 4633981 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{print version}} ==Table of contents == === Introduction to Programming Languages === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Preface|Preface]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Programming Language Paradigms|Programming Language Paradigms]] === Syntax === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Grammars|Grammars]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parsing|Parsing]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Ambiguity|Ambiguity]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Precedence and Associativity|Precedence and Associativity]] === Grammars in Practice === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Logic Grammars|Logic Grammars]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Interpretation|Syntax Directed Interpretation]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Translation|Syntax Directed Translation]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Syntax Directed Type Checking|Syntax Directed Type Checking]] :{{stage short|75%|Feb 3, 2020}} [[Compiler Construction/A recipe for writing a reusable grammar|A recipe for writing a reusable grammar]] === Execution Environments === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Compiled Programs|Compiled Programs]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Interpreted Programs|Interpreted Programs]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Binding|Binding]] === Functional Programming in Haskell === :{{stage short|25%|September 19, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Concepts of Functional Languages|Concepts of Functional Languages]] === Pattern Matching === === Types === :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Definition|Data Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Primitive Types|Primitive Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Constructed Types|Constructed Types]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Annotations|Type Annotations]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Checking|Type Checking]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Equivalence Issues|Type Equivalence Issues]] === Typing Disciplines === :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Dynamically vs Statically Typed Languages|Dynamically vs Statically Typed Languages]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Nominal vs Structural Typing Equivalence|Nominal vs Structural Typing Equivalence]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Safe vs Unsafe Typing|Safe vs Unsafe Typing]] :{{stage short|25%|July 23, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Type Inference vs Type Annotations|Type Inference vs Type Annotations]] === Polymorphism === :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Polymorphis|What is Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Ad Hoc Polymorphism|Ad-Hoc Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|July 10, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Universal Polymorphism|Universal Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Overloading|Overloading]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Coercion|Coercion]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parametric Polymorphism|Parametric Polymorphism]] :{{stage short|25%|May 6, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Subtype Polymorphism|Subtype Polymorphism]] === The Lambda Calculus === === High-Order Functions === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Definition and Examples|Definition and Examples]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Closures|Closures]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Partial Application|Partial Application]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Noticeable High-Order Functions|Noticeable High-Order Functions]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Template Oriented Programming|Template Oriented Programming]] === Scope === :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Definitions and Scope Type|Definitions and Types of Scope]] :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Scoping with Blocks|Scoping with Blocks]] :{{stage short|25%|Ago 24, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Scoping with Namespaces|Scoping with Namespaces]] === Functional Data Structures === :{{stage short|75%|Dec 10, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Algebraic Data Types|Algebraic Data Types]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 10, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Functional Data Structures|Functional Data Structures]] === Memory Allocation === === Imperative Programming in Python === === Memory Management === :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Types of Storage|Types of Storage]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Static Memory|Static Memory]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Stack|Stack]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Heap|Heap]] :{{stage short|75%|Dec 30, 2013}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Garbage Collection|Garbage Collection]] === Abstract Data Types === === Object-Oriented Programming === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Object Orientation|Object Orientation]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Object Oriented Programming|Object Oriented Programming]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Object Oriented Language Features|Object Oriented Language Features]] === Exceptions === === Parameter Passing === :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Parameter Matching|Parameter Matching]] :{{stage short|75%|Jun 28, 2012}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Evaluation Strategies|Evaluation Strategies]] === Introduction to Logic Programming === === Unification === === Cost Models === :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Introduction to Cost Models|Introduction]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/List Cost Model|Lists]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Tail Call Cost Model|Tail Call Optimization]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Unification Cost Model|Unification]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 7, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Array Cost Model|Arrays]] === Math in Prolog === {{Subjects|Computer science}} {{alphabetical|I}} {{status|50%}} :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Simple Predicates|Simple Predicates]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Exhaustive Searches|The Power of Exhaustive Search]] === Semantics === {{Shelves|Computer science}} {{alphabetical|I}} {{status|50%}} :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/Quest for Meaning|Quest for Meaning]] :{{stage short|25%|Nov 9, 2016}} [[Introduction to Programming Languages/An Interpreter for ML|An Interpreter for ML]] ruvneldcwqtbl9tla4jimb811quz9u1 0 295454 4634021 4602181 2026-05-04T05:46:37Z ~2026-27057-11 3581084 /* Economic consequences */ 4634021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|100%}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Results of World War I}} When the delegates of the 'victorious' powers met at Versailles near Paris in 1918 to attempt to create a peace settlement, they faced a Europe that was very different to that of 1914, and one that was in a state of turmoil and chaos. The old empires of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary had disappeared, and various successor states were struggling to replace them. A communist revolution spreading across Europe. In addition, there had been terrible destruction, and the population of Europe now faced the problems of starvation, displacement, and a lethal flu epidemic. Against this difficult background, the leaders of France, Britain, the USA, and Italy attempted to create a peace settlement. The fact that their peace settlement was to break down within 20 years had led many historians to view it as a disaster that contributed to the outbreak of World War II. More recently, however, historians have argued that the peacemakers did not fully comprehend the scale of the problems in 1919, therefore it is not surprising that they failed to create a lasting peace. == The impact of war on Europe: the situation in 1919 == === The human cost of war === The death toll for the armed forces in World War I was appalling. Around nine million soldiers were killed, which was about 15 per cent of all combatants. In addition, millions more were permanently disabled by the war; of British war veterans, for example, 41,000 lost a limb in the fighting. In Britain, it became common to talk of a 'lost generation'. Such was a particularly appropriate phrase for the situation in France, where 20 per cent of those between the ages of 20 and 40 in 1914 were killed. Although civilians were not killed on the scale that they would be in World War II, populations had nevertheless become targets of war. In addition to the civilians killed directly in the war, millions more died from famine and disease at the end of the war and at least a further 20 million died worldwide in the Spanish flu epidemic in the winter of 1918–19. === Economic consequences === The economic impact of war on Europe was devastating. The war cost Britain alone more than £34 billion. All powers had financed the war by borrowing money. U-boats had also sunk 40 per cent of British merchant shipping. Throughout the 1920s, Britain and France spent between one-third and one-half of their total public expenditure on debt charges and repayments. Britain never regained its pre-war international financial predominance, and lost several overseas markets. Germany lost its economy because it had to pay money for reparations and pay for maintaining an army of the Allied Powers. The physical effects of the war also had an impact on the economic situation of Europe. Wherever fighting had taken place, land, and industry had been destroyed. France suffered particularly badly, with farm land (2 million hectares), factories and railway lines along the Western Front totally ruined. Belgium, Poland, Italy, and Serbia were also badly affected. Roads and railway lines needed to be reconstructed, hospitals and houses had to be rebuilt and arable land made productive again by the removal of unexploded shells. Consequently, there was a dramatic decline in manufacturing output. Combined with the loss of trade and foreign investments, it is clear that Europe faced an acute economic crisis in 1919. Countries such as Germany and Italy faced hyper-inflation within their countries as their currencies were devaluating due to the underdevelopments that they had faced during the war . This led to great depression of the defeated countries . Hyper inflation caused the unemployment rate to increase as workers particularly in Germany ended up burning the money , this shows how weak the currency within Germany had become . Low agricultural produce and low industrialization led to food shortages as most of the industries were destroyed during the war and most of the industrial workers left the country to search for safer zones to live in , this resulted in the brain drain of Germany and many other countries . === Political consequences === When the world war was over, the victorious governments of Britain and France did not suffer any major political changes as a result of the war. However, there were huge changes in Central Europe, where the map was completely redrawn. Before 1914, Central Europe had been dominated by multi-national, monarchical regimes. By the end of the war, these regimes had all collapsed. {{quote|The war led to a triumph of republicanism undreamt of even in the 1790s|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson Niall Ferguson]|''The Pity of War''}} ==== Germany ==== Even before the war ended on the 11th of November 1918, revolution had broken out in Germany against the old regime. Sailors in northern Germany mutinied and took over the town of Kiel. The action triggered other revolts, with socialists leading uprisings of workers and soldiers in other German ports and cities. In Bavaria, an independent socialist republic was declared. On the 9th of November 1918, the Kaiser abdicated his throne and fled to Holland. The following day, the socialist leader Friedrich Ebert became the new leader of the Republic of Germany. ==== Russia ==== Russia experienced two revolutions in 1917. The first overthrew the Tsarist regime and replaced it briefly with a Provisional Government that planned to hold free elections. This government, however, was overthrown in the second revolution of 1917, in which the communist Bolsheviks seized power and sought to establish a dictatorship. In turn this, and the peace of Brest-Litovsk that took Russia out of the war, helped to cause a civil war that lasted until the end of 1920. ==== [[IB History/Route 2/Causes, Practices, and Effects of Wars/The Causes of World War I#The Habsburgs|The Habsburg Empire]] ==== With the defeat of Austria-Hungary, the Habsburg Empire disintegrated and the monarchy collapsed. The last emperor, Karl I, was forced to abdicate in November 1918 and a republic was declared. Austria and Hungary split into two separate states and the various other nationalities in the empire declared themselves independent. ==== Turkey ==== The collapse of the Sultanate finally came in 1922, and it was replaced by the rule of Mustapha Kemal, who established an authoritarian regime. The collapse of these empires left a huge area of Central and Eastern Europe in turmoil. In addition, the success of the Bolsheviks in Russia encouraged growth of socialist politics in post-war Europe. Many of the ruling classes were afraid that revolution would spread across the continent, particularly given the weak economic state of all countries. == Impact of war outside of Europe: the situation in 1919 == === America === In stark comparison to the economic situation in Europe, the USA emerged from the war as the world's leading economy. Throughout the war, American industry and trade had prospered as US food, raw materials, and munitions were sent to Europe to help with the war effort. In addition, the USA had taken over European overseas markets during the war, and many American industries had become more successful than their European competitors. The USA had, for example, replaced Germany as the world's leading producer for fertilisers, dyes, and chemical products. The war also led to US advances in technology – the USA was now the world leader in areas such as mechanisation and the development of plastics. Woodrow Wilson hoped that America would now play a larger role in international affairs and worked hard at the peace conference to create an alternatives world order in which international problems would be solved through collective security. However, the majority of Americans had never wanted to be involved in World War I, and once it ended they were keen to return to concerns nearer to home: the Spanish flu epidemic, the fear of communism (exacerbated by a series of industrial strikes), and racial tension, which exploded into riots in 25 cities across the USA. There was also a concern that America might be dragged into other European disputes. === Japan and China === Japan also did well economically out of the war, As in the case of America, new markets and new demands for Japanese goods brought economic growth and prosperity, with exports nearly tripling during the war years. World War I also presented Japan with opportunities for territorial expansion; under the guide of the Anglo-Japanese alliance, it was able to seize German holdings in Shandong and German-held islands in the Pacific, as well as presenting the Chinese with a list of 21 demands that aimed for political and economic domination of China. At the end of the war, Japan hoped to be able to hold on to these gains. China, which had finally entered the war on the Allied side in 1917, was also entitled to send delegates to the Versailles Conference. Their hopes were entirely opposed to those of the Japanese; they wanted to resume political and economic control over Shandong and they wanted a release from the Japanese demands. == Problems facing the peacemakers in 1919 == The Versailles peace conference was dominated by the political leaders of three of the four victorious powers: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 10px auto; width: 660px;" |- ! style="padding: 10px;" colspan="4" | [[w:The Big Four (World War I)|The Big Four]] |- | style="padding: 10px;" colspan="4" align="center" | [[File:Big four.jpg|600px|The Big Four, Paris peace conference]] |- | style="padding: 4px 10px;" colspan="4" | The Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference. Below, in order of appearance (from left to right) in the photograph above: |- ! style="padding: 4px 10px;" | [[w:David Lloyd George|David Lloyd George]] !! style="padding: 4px 10px;" | [[w:Vittorio Orlando|Vittorio Orlando]] !! style="padding: 4px 10px;" |[[w:Georges Clemenceau|Georges Clemenceau]] !! style="padding: 4px 10px;" | [[w:Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson]] |- | style="padding: 10px;" align="center" | [[File:David Lloyd George.jpg|120px|David Lloyd George]] || style="padding: 10px;" align="center" | [[File:VittorioEmanuelleOrlando28379v cropped.jpg|120px|VittorioEmanuelleOrlando28379v cropped]] || style="padding: 10px;" align="center" | [[File:Georges Clemenceau 1.jpg|120px|Georges Clemenceau]] || style="padding: 10px;" align="center" | [[File:Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson,_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait,_1919.jpg|120px|Woodrow Wilson]] |- | style="padding: 4px 10px;" align="center" | Prime Minister of the UK || style="padding:4px 10px;" align="center" | Prime Minister of Italy || style="padding: 4px 10px;" align="center" | Prime Minister of France || style="padding:4px 10px;" align="center" | President of the USA |} Japan was only interested in what was decided about the Pacific, and played little part. Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy, played only a minor role in discussions and in fact walked out of the conference when he failed to get the territorial gains that Italy had hoped for. The first problem faced by the peacemakers at Versailles was the political and social instability in Europe, which necessitated that they act speedily to reach a peace settlement. One Allied observer noted that 'there was a veritable race between peace and anarchy'. Other political issues, however, combined to make a satisfactory treaty difficult to achieve: * The different aims of the peacemakers, * The nature of the Armistice settlement and the mood of the German population, and * The popular settlement in the Allied countries. === The aims of the peacemakers === In a speech to Congress on the 8th of January, Woodrow Wilson stated US war aims in his Fourteen Points, which can be summarised as follows: # Abolition of secret diplomacy, # Free navigation at sea for all nations in war and peace, # Free trade between countries, # Disarmament by all countries, # Colonies to have a say in their own future, # German troops to leave Russia, # Restoration of independence for Belgium, # France to regain Alsace-Lorraine, # Frontier between Austria and Italy to be adjusted along the lines of nationality, # Self-determination for the peoples of Austria-Hungary, # Serbia to have access to the sea, # Self-determination for the people in Turkish Empire and permanent opening of the Dardanelles, # Poland to become an independent state with access to the sea, # A League of Nations to be set up in order to preserve the peace. As can be seen from the points above, Wilson was an idealist whose aim was to build a better and more peaceful world. Although he believed that Germany should be punished, he hoped that these points would allow for a new political and international world order. Self-determination – giving the different ethnic groups within the old empires of Europe the change to set up their own countries – would, in Wilson's mind, end the frustrations that had contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In addition, open diplomacy, world disarmament, economic integration and a League of Nations would stop secret alliances, and force countries to work together to prevent a tragedy such as World War I happening again. Wilson also believed that the USA should take the lead in this new world order. In 1916, he had proclaimed that the object of the war should be 'to make the world safe for democracy'; unlike the ostensibly more selfish aims of the Allied powers, the USA would take the lead in promoting the ideas of democracy and self-determination. Wilson's idealist views were not shared by Clemenceau and Lloyd George. Clemenceau (who commented [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lz5UpZIj9i8C&lpg=RA1-PA29&ots=aJDz5lC446&dq=Clemenceau%20Only%20god%20has%2010%20points&pg=RA1-PA29#v=onepage&q=God%20himself%20only%20has%20ten&f=false that even God had only needed Ten Points]) wanted a harsh settlement to ensure that Germany could not threaten France again. The way to achieve this would be to combine heavy economic and territorial sanctions with disarmament policies. Reparations for France were necessary not only to pay for the terrible losses inflicted upon their country but also keep Germany weak. Clemenceau was also keen to retain wartime links with Britain and America, and was ready to make concessions in order to achieve this aim. Lloyd George was in favour of a less severe settlement. He wanted Germany to lose its navy and colonies so that it could not threaten the British Empire. Yet he also wanted Germany to be able to recover quickly, so that it could start trading again with Britain and so that it could be a bulwark against the spread of communism from the new Bolshevik Russia. He was also aware that 'injustice and arrogance displayed in the hour of triumph will never be forgotten or forgiven.' He was under pressure from public opinion at home, however, to make Germany accountable for the death and suffering that had taken place. The aims of Japan and Italy were to maximise their wartime gains. The Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando, wanted the Allies to keep their promises in the Treaty of London and also demanded the port of Fiume in the Adriatic. Japan, which had already seized the German islands in the Pacific, wanted recognition of these gains. Japan also wanted the inclusion of a racial equality clause in the Covenant of the League of Nations in the hope that this would protect Japanese immigrants in America. ==The Armistice settlement and the mood of the German population== When the German government sued for an end to fighting, they did so in the belief that the Armistice would be based on Wilson's Fourteen Points. It offered an alternate to having to face the 'total' defeat that the nature of this war had indicated would happen. In reality, the Armistice terms were very tough, and were designed not only to remove Germany's ability to continue fighting, but also to serve as the basis for a more permanent weakening of Germany. The terms of the Armistice ordered Germany to evacuate all occupied territory including Alsace-Lorraine, and to withdraw beyond a 10km-wide neutral zone to the east of the Rhine. Allied troops would occupy the west bank of the Rhine. The Germans also lost all their submarines and much of their surface fleet and air force. When the German Army returned home after the new government had signed the Armistice, they were still greeted as heroes. For the German population, however, the defeat came as a shock. The Germany Army had occupied parts of France and Belgium and had defeated Russia. The German people had been told that their army was on the very of victory; the defeat did not seem to have been caused by any overwhelming Allied military victory, and certainly not by an invasion of Germany. Several days after the Armistice had been signed, Field Marshal Paul von Hinderburg, a respected German commander, made the following comment: {{quote|In spite of the superiority of the enemy in men and materials, we could have brought the struggle to a favourable conclusion if there had been proper cooperating between the politicians and the army. The German Army was stabbed in the back.|Paul von Hinderburg}} Although the Germany Army was in a disarray by November 1918, the idea that Germany had been 'stabbed in the back' soon took hold. The months before the Armistice was signed had seen Germany facing mutinies and strikes and attempts by some groups to set up a socialist government. Therefore, the blame for defeat was put on 'internal' enemies – Jews, socialists, communists. Hitler would later refer to those who had agreed to an armistice in November 1918 as the 'November Criminals'. Thus, at the start of the Versailles Conference, the German population believed that they had not been truly defeated; even their leaders still believed that Germany would play a part in the peace conference and that the final treaty, based on Wilson's principles, would not be too harsh. There was, therefore, a huge difference between the expectations of the Germans and the expectations of the Allies, who believed that Germany would accept the terms of the treaty as the defeated nation. == The popular mood in Britain, France, Italy, and the USA == Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Orlando also faced pressure from the popular mood in their own countries, where the feeling was that revenge must be exacted from the Germans for the trauma of the last four years. Encouraged by the popular press, the populations of Britain and France in particular looked to the peacemakers at Versailles to 'hang the Kaiser' and 'squeeze the German lemon until the pops squeak.' The French, having borne the brunt of the fighting, would be satisfied with nothing less than a punitive peace. The press closely reported all the details of the Versailles Conference and helped put pressure on the delegates to create a settlement that would satisfy popular demands. Clemenceau and Lloyd George also knew that their political success depended on keeping their electorates happy, which meant obtaining a harsh settlement. Similarly, Orlando was under pressure from opinion at home to get a settlement that gave Italy the territorial and economic gains it desired and which would at last make Italy into a great power. In America, however, the electorate had lost interest in the Versailles settlement and Wilson's aims for Europe. Mid-term elections held on the 5th of November 1918 saw Americans reject Wilson's appeal to voters to support him in his work in Europe. There were sweeping gains for his Republican opponents, who had been very critical of his foreign policy and his Fourteen Points. When he sailed for Europe in December 1918, he left behind the Republican dominated House of Representatives and Senate and a hostile Foreign Relations Committee. He thus could not be sure that any agreements reached at Versailles would be honoured by his own government. == The terms of the Treaty of Versailles == After six hectic weeks of negotiations, deals, and compromises, the German government was presented with the terms of the peace treaty. None of the powers on the losing side had been allowed any representation during the discussions. For this reason, it became known as a diktat. The signing ceremony took place in the Hall of the Mirrors at Versailles, where the Germans had proclaimed the German Empire 50 years earlier following the Franco-Prussian War. The 440 clauses of the peace treaty covered the following areas: === War guilt === The infamous Clause 231, or what later became known as the 'war guilt clause', lay at the heart of the treaty: {{quote|The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.|Article 231, Treaty of Versailles, 1919.}} This clause allowed moral justification for the other terms of the treaty that were imposed upon Germany. === Disarmament === It was generally accepted that the pre-1914 arms race in Europe had contributed to the outbreak of war. Thus the treaty addressed disarmament directly. Yet while Germany was obliged to disarm to the lowest possible compatible with internal security, there was only a general reference to the idea of full international disarmament. Specifically, Germany was forbidden to have submarines, an air force, armoured cars, or tanks. It was allowed to keep six battleships and an army of 100,000 men to provide internal security. (The German Navy sank its own fleet at Scapa Flow in Scotland in protest.) In addition, the west bank of the Rhine was demilitarised (stripped of German troops) and an Allied Army of Occupation was to be stationed in the area for 15 years. The French had actually wanted the Rhineland taken away from Germany altogether, but this was not acceptable to Britain and the USA. Finally, a compromise was reached. France agreed that Germany could keep the (demilitarised) Rhineland and in return America and Britain gave a guarantee that if France were ever attacked by Germany in the future, they would immediately come to its assistance. === Territorial changes === Wilson's Fourteen Points proposed respect for the principle of self-determination, and the collapse of large empires gave an opportunity to create states based on the different nationalities. This ambition was to prove very difficult to achieve, and, unavoidable, some nations were left in countries where they constituted minorities, such as Germans who lived in Czechoslovakia. The situation was made even more complex by the territorial demands of the different powers and of the economic arrangements related to the payment of reparations. The following points were agreed upon: * Alsace-Lorraine, which had been seized from France after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, was returned to France. * The Saarland was put under the administration of the League of Nations for 15 years, after which a plebiscite was allowed the inhabitants to decide whether they wanted to be annexed to Germany or France. In the meantime, the coal extracted there was to go to France. * Eupen, Moresnet, and Malmedy were to become parts of Belgium after a plebiscite in 1920. * Germany as a country was split in two. Parts of Upper Silesia, Poznan, and West Prussia former part of the new Poland, creating a 'Polish Corridor' between Germany and East Prussia and giving Poland access to the sea. The German port of Danzig became a free city under the mandate of the League of Nations. * North Schleswig was given to Denmark after a plebiscite (South Schleswig remained German). * All territory received by Germany from Russia under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was to be returned. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were made independent states in line with the principle of self-determination. * The port of Memel was to be given to Lithuania in 1922. * Union (Anschluss) between Germany and Austria was forbidden. * Germany's African colonies were taken away because, the Allies argued, Germany had shown itself unfit to govern subject races. Those in Asia (including Shandong) were given to Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, and those in Africa to Britain, France, Belgiium, and South Africa. All were to become 'mandates', which mean that the new countries came under the supervision of the League of Nations. === Mandates === Germany's colonies were handed over to the League of Nations. Yet Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations reflected a change in attitude towards colonies, requiring all nations to help underdeveloped countries whose peoples were 'not yet able to stand up for themselves'. The mandate system thus meant that nations who were given Germany#s colonies had to ensure that they looked after the people in their care; they would also be answerable to the League of Nations for their actions. 'A' mandate countries – including Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan (given to Britain), and Syria and the Lebanon (given to France) – were to become independent in the near future. Colonies that were considered to be less developed and therefore not ready for immediate independence were 'B' mandates. These included the Cameroons, Togoland, and Tanganyika, and were also given to Britain and France. Belgium also received a 'B' mandate – Rwanda-Urundi. 'C' mandate areas were considered to be very backward and were handed over to the powers that had originally conquered them in the war. Thus the North Pacific Islands went to Japan, New Guinea to Australia, South-West Africa to the Union of South Africa, and Western Samoa to New Zealand. === Reparations === Germany's 'war guilt' provided justification for the Allied demands for reparations. The Allies wanted to make Germany pay for the material damage done to them during the war. They also proposed to charge Germany for the future costs of pensions to war widows and war wounded. There was much argument between the delegates at the conference on the whole issue of reparations. Although France has traditionally been blamed for pushing for a high reparations sum, and thus stopping a practical reparations deal, in fact more recent accounts of the negotiations at Versailles blame Britain for making the most extreme demands, and preventing a settlement. In the end it was the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission that, in 1921, came up with the reparations sum of £6,600 million. === Punishment of war criminals === The Treaty of Versailles also called for the extradition and trial of the Kaiser and other 'war criminals'. However, the Dutch government refused to hand over the Kaiser and the Allied leaders found it difficult to identify and find the lesser war criminals. Eventually, a few German military commanders and submarine captains were tried by a German military court at Leipzig, and received fines or short terms of imprisonment. These were light sentences, but what is important about the whole process is that the concept of 'crimes against humanity' was given legal sanction for the first time. == What was the contemporary response to the Treaty of Versailles? == === Criticisms of the Treaty of Versailles === ==== The issue of war guilt ==== The 'war guilt' clause was particularly hated by the Germans, who felt that all countries should bear responsibility for the outbreak of war in 1914. It was especially harsh to put the whole guilt for the war on the new republic, which was already struggling for survival against the forces of the extreme right. This clause later helped Hitler to gain support, as he was able to play on the resentment and anger felt by the German population towards the war guilt clause, and also towards the fact that it was a ''diktat''. ==== Disarmament clauses ==== These were hard for the Germans to accept. An army of 100,000 was small for a country of Germany's size. Germany was also very proud of its army. Germany's anger grew when, despite Wilson's call for disarmament in his Fourteen Points, efforts by the other European powers to disarm came to nothing in the 1920s and 1930s. ==== Reparations and loss of key resources ==== Keynes led the criticism of the treaty of in the area of reparations. In The Economic Consequences of the Peace, he argued that 'the treaty ignores the economic solidarity of Europe by aiming at the destruction of the economic life of Germany which threatens the health and prosperity of the Allies themselves.' Not only could Germany not pay the huge reparations bill, but by taking away Germany's coal and iron resources, it also meant that Germany's economy would be unable to recover. Keynes argued that the real problem of the settlement lay not in issues of boundaries 'but rather in questions of food, coal, and commerce.' The fact that Germany was to face hyper-inflation in the early 1920s seems to provide evidence for his predictions. ==== Territorial changes to satisfy the issue of self-determination ==== On this issue, Germany was treated unfairly. Thus while the Danes were given the chance of a plebiscite in northern Schleswig, the Germans in the Sudetenland and Austria were not given any such choice. Many German-speaking people were now ruled by non-Germans. Historian W. H. Dawson claimed in 1933, in his book, ''Germany under the Treaty'', that Germany's borders 'are literally bleeding. From them oozes out the life-blood, physical, spiritual, and material of large populations.' ==== Removal of colonies ==== Wilson's reason for removing regions like South-West Africa and Rwanda-Urundi from German administration was to remove them from the harsh nature of German rule. Yet this action was clearly hypocritical. States that received German colonies – South Africa and Belgium, for example – could not themselves claim to be model colonial rulers. ==== League of Nations ==== The failure of the peacemakers to invite Germany to join the League of Nations not only insulted Germany and added to its sense of grievance, but made it less likely that the League of Nations could be effective in promoting international cooperation. == Alternative views of the Treaty of Versailles == Many historians take a different view of the Treaty of Versailles and its impact on the events of Europe after 1920. In fact, it is now argued by many that the treaty was in fact 'relatively lenient' (Niall Ferguson) and that, given the huge problems facing the peacemakers, it would have been difficult for them to have achieved a more satisfactory settlement. Compared to the treaties that Germany had imposed on Russia and Romania earlier in 1918, the Treaty of Versailles was quite moderate. Germany's war aims were far-reaching and, as shown in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, indicate that Germany would have sought huge areas of land from the Allies if it had won. Thus, the Allies can be seen to have exercised considerable restraint. The treaty deprived Germany of about 13.5 per cent of its territory (much of this consisted of Alsace-Lorraine, which was returned to France), about 13 per cent of its economic productivity and just over 10 per cent of its population. In addition, it can be argued that France deserved to be compensated for the destruction of so much of its land and industry. German land had not been invaded and its farmland and industries therefore remained intact. The treaty in fact left Germany in a relatively strong position in the centre of Europe. Germany remained a dominant power in a weakened Europe. Not only was it physically undamaged, it had gained strategic advantages. Russia remained weak and isolated at this time, and Central Europe was fragmented. The peacemakers had created several new states in accordance with the principle of self-determination, and this was to create a power vacuum that would favour the expansion of Germany in the future. Anthony Lentin has pointed out the problem here of creating a treaty that failed to weaken Germany, but at the same time left it 'scourged, humiliated, and resentful'. The huge reparations bill was not responsible for the economic crisis that Germany faced in the early 1920s. In fact, the issue of banknotes by the German government was a major factor in causing hyper-inflation. In addition, many economic historians have argued that Germany could have paid the 7.2 per cent of its national income that the Reparations Schedule required in the years 1925–29, if it had reformed its financial system or raised its taxation to British levels. However, it chose not to pay the reparations as a way of protesting against the peace settlement. Thus it can be argued that the treaty was reasonable, and not in itself responsible, for the chaos of post-war Germany. Why then is the view that the treaty was vindictive and unjust so prevalent, and why is it so often cited as a key factor in the cause of World War II? The first issue is that while treaty was not in itself exceptionally unfair, the Germans thought it was and they directed all their efforts into persuading others of their case. German propaganda on this issue was very successful, and Britain and France were forced into several revisions of the treaty, while Germany evaded paying reparations or carrying out the disarmament clauses. The second issue is t hat the USA and Britain lacked the will to enforce the terms of the treaty. The coalition that put the treaty together at Versailles soon collapsed. The USA refused to ratify the treaty, and Britain, content with colonial gains and with strategic and maritime security from Germany, now wished to distance itself from many of the treat's territorial provisions. Liberal opinion in the USA and Britain was influenced not only by German propaganda, but also by Keynes' arguments for allowing Germany to recover economically. France was the only country that still feared for its security and which wanted to enforce Versailles in full. This fact explains why France invaded the Ruhr in 1923 in order to secure reparation payments. It received no support for such actions, however, from the USA and Great Britain, who accused France of 'bullying' Germany. As the American historian William R. Keylor writes, 'it must in fairness be recorded that the Treaty of Versailles proved to be a failure less because of the inherent defects it contained than because it was never put into full effect' (The Twentieth Century World and Beyond, 2006). The one feature of the Versailles settlement that guaranteed peace and the security of France was the occupation of the Rhineland. Yet the treaty stipulated that the troops should only be there for 15 years. In fact, the last Allied soldiers left in 1930, five years earlier than agreed and just as Germany was recovering its strength. == Settlement of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe == Four separate treaties were signed with Austria (Treaty of St Germain), Hungary (Treaty of Trianon), Bulgaria (Treaty of Neuilly) and Turkey (Treaty of Sèvres, revised by the Treaty of Lausanne). Following the format of the Treaty of Versailles, all four countries were to disarm, to pay reparations and to lose territory. === The Treaty of St Germain (1919) === By the time the delegates met at Versailles, the peoples of Austria-Hungary had already broken away from the empire and were setting up their own states in accordance with the principle of self-determination. The conference had no choice but to agree to this situation and suggest minor changes. Austria was separated from Hungary and reduced to a tiny land-locked state consisting of only 25 per cent of its pre-war area and 20 per cent of its pre-war population. It became a republic of seven million people, which many nicknamed 'the tadpole state' due to its shape and size. Other conditions of the Treaty of St Germain were: * Austria lost Bohemia and Moravia – wealthy industrial provinces – to the new state of Czechoslovakia. * Austria lost Dalmatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina to a new state peopled by Serbs, Croats, and Sloevenes, a state that became known as Yugoslavia. * Poland gained Galicia. * Italy received the South Tyrol, Trentino, and Istria. In addition, Anschluss (union with Germany) was forbidden and Austrian armed forces were reduced to 30,000 men. Austria had to pay reparations to the Allies, and by 1922 Austria was virtually bankrupt and the League of Nations took over its financial affairs. === The Treaty of Trianon (1920) === Hungary had to recognise the independence of the new states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Austria. In this treraty it lost 75 per cent of its pre-war territory and 66 per cent of its pre-war population: * Slovakia and Ruthenia were given to Czechoslovakia. * Croatia and SLovenia were given to Yugoslavia. * Transylvania and the Banat of Temesvar were given to Romania. In addition, the Hungarian Army was limited to 35,000 men and Hungary had to pay reparations. Hungary complained bitterly that the newly formed Hungarian nation was much smaller than the Kingdom of Hungary that had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and that more than three million Magyars had been put under foreign rule. === The Treaty of Neuilly (1919) === In the Treaty of Neuilly, Bulgaria lost territory to Greece and Yugoslavia. Significantly, it lost its Aegean coastline and therefore access to the Mediterranean. However, it was the only defeated nation to receive territory, from Turkey. === The Treaty of Sevres (1920) === The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire had been long expected and both Britain and France hoped to make some gains in the region. In the Treaty of Sèvres: * Syria went to France as a mandate. * Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan and Cyprus went to Great Britain. * Eastern Thrace went to Greece. * Rhodes and the Dodecanese Islands went to Italy. * Smyrna was occupied by the Greeks for five years and then a plebiscite was held. * The Straits (exit from the Black Sea) were to become a demilitarised zone administerd by the League of Nations, and Britain, France, and Italy were to keep troops in Turkey. The treaty was accepted by Sultan Muhammad VI. Yet there was fierce resentment to the terms. The nationalist leader Mustapha Kemal led a National Assembly to Ankara to pledge the unification of Muslim Turks and the rejection of Sèvres. Greece, ambitious for more land, attempted to take advantages of this internal disorder and declared war, but Kemal smashed their advance, captured, and burned Smyrna and finally ejected all Greek soldiers and civilanas from Asia. Kemal advanced on the Straits and for a while it looked as though he intended to attack the British soldiers at a town of Chanak. A compromise was agreed upon, however, which resulted in the Treaty of Sèvres being revised at Lausanne in Switzerland. === Thee Treaty of Laussane (1923) === The provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne ran as follows: * Turkey regained Eastern Thrace, Smyrna, some territory along the Syrian borders and several Aegean islands. * Turkish sovereignty over the Straits was recognised, but the rea remained demilitarised. * Foreign troops were with drawn from Turkish territory. * Turkey no longer had to pay reparations or have its army reduced. === What were the criticisms of the peace settlements in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe? === It was very difficult to apply the principle of self-determination consistently and fairly. Because Czechoslovakia needed a mountainous, defensible border and because the new state lacked certain minerals and industry, it was given the ex-Austrian Sudetenland, which contained around three and a half million German speakers. The new Czechoslovakia set up on racial lines therefore contained give main racial grups: Czechs, Poles, Magyars, Ruthenians, and German speakers. Racial problems were also rife in the new Yugoslavia, where there were at least a dozen nationalities within its borders. Thus the historian Alan Sharp writes that 'the 1919 minorities were probably more discontented than those of 1914' (Modern History Review, November 1991). As well as ethnic strife, the new states were weak politically and economically. Both Hungary and Austria suffered economic collapse by 1922. The weakness of these new states was later to create a power vacuum in this part of Europe and thus the area became an easy target for German domination. The treaties caused much bitterness: * Hungary resented the loss of its territories, particularly Transylvania. Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia later formed the Little Entente, with the aim of protecting one another from any Hungarian attempt to regain control over their territories. * Turkey was extremely bitter about the settlement, and this bitterness led to a takeover by Kemal anad the revision of the Treaty of Sèvres. * Italy was also discontented. It ferred to the settlement as 'the mutilated peace' because it had not received the Dalmatian coast, Fiume, and certain colonies. In 1919, Gabriele D'Annuzio, a leader in Italy's fascist movement, occupied Fiume with a force of supporters in the name of Italian nationalists, and in 1924, the Yugoslavians gave Fiume to the Italians. == What was the impact of the war and the peace treaties by the early 1920s? == === Political issues === Although Western Europe was still familiar on the map in 1920, this was not the case for Eastern Europe, where no fewer than nine new or revived states came into existence: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. Meanwhile, Russia's government was now a Bolshevik dictatorship that was encouraging revolution abroad. The frontiers of new states thus became the frontiers of the Europe from which Russia was excluded. Russia was not invited to the Versailles Conference and was not a member of the League of Nations until 1934. The new Europe remained divided not only between the 'victorious' and the 'defeated', but also between those who wanted to maintain the peace settlement and those who wanted to see it revised. Not only Germany, but also Hungary and Italy, were active in pursuing their aims of getting the treaties changed. Despite Wilson's hopes to the contrary, international 'blocs' developed, such as that formed by the Little Entente. The peacemakers had hoped for an encouraged democracy in the new states. Yet people in Central Europe had only experienced with autocracy, and governments were undermined by the rivalry between the different ethnic groups and by the economic problems that they faced. Although Britain and France still had their empires and continued their same colonial policies, the war saw the start of the decline of these powers on the world stage. The role of America in the war had made it clear that Britain and France were going to find it hard to act on their own to deal with international disputes; the focus of power in the world had shifted away from Europe. Furthermore, the war encouraged movements for independence in French and British colonies in Asia and Africa. As P. M. H. Bell writes, 'Empires were wider than before, but in many places they were less secure' (''Twentieth Century Europe'', 2006). === Economic issues === The war caused severe economic disruption in Europe. Germany suffered particularly badly, but all countries of Europe faced rising prices; 'the impact of inflation on generations which had grown accustomed to stable prices and a reliable currency was enormous, and was as much psychological as economic. The lost landmark of stable currency proved much harder to restore than the ruins of towns and villages' (P. M. H. Bell, Twentieth Century Europe, 2006). The middle class of Europe were hit especially hard by inflation, with destroyed the wealth of many bourgeois families. In Germany, for example, the total collapse of the currency meant that the savings of middle-class families were made completely worthless. In Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the new fragmentation of the rea hindered economic recovery. There was now serious disruption in what had been a free trade area of some 50 million inhabitants. From 1919, each country tried to build up its economy, which meant fierce competition and high tariffs. Attempts at economic cooperation foundered and any success was wrecked by the Great Depression. As noted, only America and Japan benefited economically from the war, and they went on to experience economic prosperity until the Wall Street Crash of 1929. === Social changes === The war also swept away the traditional structures in society. Across Europe, the landed aristocracy, which had been so prominent before 1914, lost much of its power and influence. In Russia, the revolution rid the country of its aristocracy completely. In the lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, estates were broken up; many governments, such as that of Yugoslavia, undertook land reform and distributed land out to the peasants. In Prussia, the land owners (Junker) kept their hands but lost much of their influence with the decline of the military and the collapse of the monarchy. Other groups of people benefited from the war. Trade unions were considerably strengthened by the role that they played in negotiating with the governments during the war to improve pay and conditions for the valuable war workers. In both Britain and France, standards of health and welfare also rose during the war, thus improving the lives of the poorest citizens. Measures were introduced to improve the health of children. In Britain, social legislation continued after the war and the Housing Act of 1918, which subsidised the building of houses, and the Unemployment Insurance Acts of 1920 and 1921, which increased benefits for unemployed workers and their families. After the war, women gained rights in society to which they had previously been denied. Such changes were reflected in growing female confidence and a change in fashion and behaviour. In Britain and America the so-called 'flappers' wore plain, short-dresses, had short hair, smoked cigarettes and drank cocktails. The kind of behaviour would have been considered unacceptable before the war. In Britain, some professions also opened up to women after the war; they could now train to become architects and lawyers and were allowed to serve on a jury. The end of the war also saw women getting the vote in a number of countries; Russia in 1917, Austria and Britain in 1918, Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden in 1918, and American and Belgium in 1920. The role that women played in the war effort was a contributory factor to this shift in some countries, though it was not the only factor. In Britain, for instance, the pre-war work of the suffrage movements in raising awareness of women's rights issues was also important. Yet the new employment opportunities that women had experienced during the war did not continue after the war, with most women giving up their work and returning to their more traditional roles in the home. {{BookCat}} q4c2pwj87ezl7ehqrn562qv8k89w65y 4634023 4634021 2026-05-04T05:48:23Z SHB2000 3332924 Rejected the last 2 text changes (by [[Special:Contributions/~2025-34684-25|~2025-34684-25]] and [[Special:Contributions/~2026-27057-11|~2026-27057-11]]) and restored revision 4099563 by SHB2000 4634023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|100%}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Results of World War I}} When the delegates of the 'victorious' powers met at Versailles near Paris in 1918 to attempt to create a peace settlement, they faced a Europe that was very different to that of 1914, and one that was in a state of turmoil and chaos. The old empires of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary had disappeared, and various successor states were struggling to replace them. A communist revolution spreading across Europe. In addition, there had been terrible destruction, and the population of Europe now faced the problems of starvation, displacement, and a lethal flu epidemic. Against this difficult background, the leaders of France, Britain, the USA, and Italy attempted to create a peace settlement. The fact that their peace settlement was to break down within 20 years had led many historians to view it as a disaster that contributed to the outbreak of World War II. More recently, however, historians have argued that the peacemakers did not fully comprehend the scale of the problems in 1919, therefore it is not surprising that they failed to create a lasting peace. == The impact of war on Europe: the situation in 1919 == === The human cost of war === The death toll for the armed forces in World War I was appalling. Around nine million soldiers were killed, which was about 15 per cent of all combatants. In addition, millions more were permanently disabled by the war; of British war veterans, for example, 41,000 lost a limb in the fighting. In Britain, it became common to talk of a 'lost generation'. Such was a particularly appropriate phrase for the situation in France, where 20 per cent of those between the ages of 20 and 40 in 1914 were killed. Although civilians were not killed on the scale that they would be in World War II, populations had nevertheless become targets of war. In addition to the civilians killed directly in the war, millions more died from famine and disease at the end of the war and at least a further 20 million died worldwide in the Spanish flu epidemic in the winter of 1918–19. === Economic consequences === The economic impact of war on Europe was devastating. The war cost Britain alone more than £34 billion. All powers had financed the war by borrowing money. By 1918, the USA had lent $2,000 million to Britain and France; USA had become leading industrial power and creditor in the world; U-boats had also sunk 40 per cent of British merchant shipping. Throughout the 1920s, Britain and France spent between one-third and one-half of their total public expenditure on debt charges and repayments. Britain never regained its pre-war international financial predominance, and lost several overseas markets. Germany lost its economy because it had to pay money for reparations and pay for maintaining an army of the Allied Powers. The physical effects of the war also had an impact on the economic situation of Europe. Wherever fighting had taken place, land, and industry had been destroyed. France suffered particularly badly, with farm land (2 million hectares), factories and railway lines along the Western Front totally ruined. Belgium, Poland, Italy, and Serbia were also badly affected. Roads and railway lines needed to be reconstructed, hospitals and houses had to be rebuilt and arable land made productive again by the removal of unexploded shells. Consequently, there was a dramatic decline in manufacturing output. Combined with the loss of trade and foreign investments, it is clear that Europe faced an acute economic crisis in 1919. Countries such as Germany and Italy faced hyper-inflation within their countries as their currencies were devaluating due to the underdevelopments that they had faced during the war . This led to great depression of the defeated countries . Hyper inflation caused the unemployment rate to increase as workers particularly in Germany ended up burning the money , this shows how weak the currency within Germany had become . Low agricultural produce and low industrialization led to food shortages as most of the industries were destroyed during the war and most of the industrial workers left the country to search for safer zones to live in , this resulted in the brain drain of Germany and many other countries . === Political consequences === When the world war was over, the victorious governments of Britain and France did not suffer any major political changes as a result of the war. However, there were huge changes in Central Europe, where the map was completely redrawn. Before 1914, Central Europe had been dominated by multi-national, monarchical regimes. By the end of the war, these regimes had all collapsed. {{quote|The war led to a triumph of republicanism undreamt of even in the 1790s|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson Niall Ferguson]|''The Pity of War''}} ==== Germany ==== Even before the war ended on the 11th of November 1918, revolution had broken out in Germany against the old regime. Sailors in northern Germany mutinied and took over the town of Kiel. The action triggered other revolts, with socialists leading uprisings of workers and soldiers in other German ports and cities. In Bavaria, an independent socialist republic was declared. On the 9th of November 1918, the Kaiser abdicated his throne and fled to Holland. The following day, the socialist leader Friedrich Ebert became the new leader of the Republic of Germany. ==== Russia ==== Russia experienced two revolutions in 1917. The first overthrew the Tsarist regime and replaced it briefly with a Provisional Government that planned to hold free elections. This government, however, was overthrown in the second revolution of 1917, in which the communist Bolsheviks seized power and sought to establish a dictatorship. In turn this, and the peace of Brest-Litovsk that took Russia out of the war, helped to cause a civil war that lasted until the end of 1920. ==== [[IB History/Route 2/Causes, Practices, and Effects of Wars/The Causes of World War I#The Habsburgs|The Habsburg Empire]] ==== With the defeat of Austria-Hungary, the Habsburg Empire disintegrated and the monarchy collapsed. The last emperor, Karl I, was forced to abdicate in November 1918 and a republic was declared. Austria and Hungary split into two separate states and the various other nationalities in the empire declared themselves independent. ==== Turkey ==== The collapse of the Sultanate finally came in 1922, and it was replaced by the rule of Mustapha Kemal, who established an authoritarian regime. The collapse of these empires left a huge area of Central and Eastern Europe in turmoil. In addition, the success of the Bolsheviks in Russia encouraged growth of socialist politics in post-war Europe. Many of the ruling classes were afraid that revolution would spread across the continent, particularly given the weak economic state of all countries. == Impact of war outside of Europe: the situation in 1919 == === America === In stark comparison to the economic situation in Europe, the USA emerged from the war as the world's leading economy. Throughout the war, American industry and trade had prospered as US food, raw materials, and munitions were sent to Europe to help with the war effort. In addition, the USA had taken over European overseas markets during the war, and many American industries had become more successful than their European competitors. The USA had, for example, replaced Germany as the world's leading producer for fertilisers, dyes, and chemical products. The war also led to US advances in technology – the USA was now the world leader in areas such as mechanisation and the development of plastics. Woodrow Wilson hoped that America would now play a larger role in international affairs and worked hard at the peace conference to create an alternatives world order in which international problems would be solved through collective security. However, the majority of Americans had never wanted to be involved in World War I, and once it ended they were keen to return to concerns nearer to home: the Spanish flu epidemic, the fear of communism (exacerbated by a series of industrial strikes), and racial tension, which exploded into riots in 25 cities across the USA. There was also a concern that America might be dragged into other European disputes. === Japan and China === Japan also did well economically out of the war, As in the case of America, new markets and new demands for Japanese goods brought economic growth and prosperity, with exports nearly tripling during the war years. World War I also presented Japan with opportunities for territorial expansion; under the guide of the Anglo-Japanese alliance, it was able to seize German holdings in Shandong and German-held islands in the Pacific, as well as presenting the Chinese with a list of 21 demands that aimed for political and economic domination of China. At the end of the war, Japan hoped to be able to hold on to these gains. China, which had finally entered the war on the Allied side in 1917, was also entitled to send delegates to the Versailles Conference. Their hopes were entirely opposed to those of the Japanese; they wanted to resume political and economic control over Shandong and they wanted a release from the Japanese demands. == Problems facing the peacemakers in 1919 == The Versailles peace conference was dominated by the political leaders of three of the four victorious powers: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 10px auto; width: 660px;" |- ! style="padding: 10px;" colspan="4" | [[w:The Big Four (World War I)|The Big Four]] |- | style="padding: 10px;" colspan="4" align="center" | [[File:Big four.jpg|600px|The Big Four, Paris peace conference]] |- | style="padding: 4px 10px;" colspan="4" | The Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference. Below, in order of appearance (from left to right) in the photograph above: |- ! style="padding: 4px 10px;" | [[w:David Lloyd George|David Lloyd George]] !! style="padding: 4px 10px;" | [[w:Vittorio Orlando|Vittorio Orlando]] !! style="padding: 4px 10px;" |[[w:Georges Clemenceau|Georges Clemenceau]] !! style="padding: 4px 10px;" | [[w:Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson]] |- | style="padding: 10px;" align="center" | [[File:David Lloyd George.jpg|120px|David Lloyd George]] || style="padding: 10px;" align="center" | [[File:VittorioEmanuelleOrlando28379v cropped.jpg|120px|VittorioEmanuelleOrlando28379v cropped]] || style="padding: 10px;" align="center" | [[File:Georges Clemenceau 1.jpg|120px|Georges Clemenceau]] || style="padding: 10px;" align="center" | [[File:Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson,_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait,_1919.jpg|120px|Woodrow Wilson]] |- | style="padding: 4px 10px;" align="center" | Prime Minister of the UK || style="padding:4px 10px;" align="center" | Prime Minister of Italy || style="padding: 4px 10px;" align="center" | Prime Minister of France || style="padding:4px 10px;" align="center" | President of the USA |} Japan was only interested in what was decided about the Pacific, and played little part. Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy, played only a minor role in discussions and in fact walked out of the conference when he failed to get the territorial gains that Italy had hoped for. The first problem faced by the peacemakers at Versailles was the political and social instability in Europe, which necessitated that they act speedily to reach a peace settlement. One Allied observer noted that 'there was a veritable race between peace and anarchy'. Other political issues, however, combined to make a satisfactory treaty difficult to achieve: * The different aims of the peacemakers, * The nature of the Armistice settlement and the mood of the German population, and * The popular settlement in the Allied countries. === The aims of the peacemakers === In a speech to Congress on the 8th of January, Woodrow Wilson stated US war aims in his Fourteen Points, which can be summarised as follows: # Abolition of secret diplomacy, # Free navigation at sea for all nations in war and peace, # Free trade between countries, # Disarmament by all countries, # Colonies to have a say in their own future, # German troops to leave Russia, # Restoration of independence for Belgium, # France to regain Alsace-Lorraine, # Frontier between Austria and Italy to be adjusted along the lines of nationality, # Self-determination for the peoples of Austria-Hungary, # Serbia to have access to the sea, # Self-determination for the people in Turkish Empire and permanent opening of the Dardanelles, # Poland to become an independent state with access to the sea, # A League of Nations to be set up in order to preserve the peace. As can be seen from the points above, Wilson was an idealist whose aim was to build a better and more peaceful world. Although he believed that Germany should be punished, he hoped that these points would allow for a new political and international world order. Self-determination – giving the different ethnic groups within the old empires of Europe the change to set up their own countries – would, in Wilson's mind, end the frustrations that had contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In addition, open diplomacy, world disarmament, economic integration and a League of Nations would stop secret alliances, and force countries to work together to prevent a tragedy such as World War I happening again. Wilson also believed that the USA should take the lead in this new world order. In 1916, he had proclaimed that the object of the war should be 'to make the world safe for democracy'; unlike the ostensibly more selfish aims of the Allied powers, the USA would take the lead in promoting the ideas of democracy and self-determination. Wilson's idealist views were not shared by Clemenceau and Lloyd George. Clemenceau (who commented [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lz5UpZIj9i8C&lpg=RA1-PA29&ots=aJDz5lC446&dq=Clemenceau%20Only%20god%20has%2010%20points&pg=RA1-PA29#v=onepage&q=God%20himself%20only%20has%20ten&f=false that even God had only needed Ten Points]) wanted a harsh settlement to ensure that Germany could not threaten France again. The way to achieve this would be to combine heavy economic and territorial sanctions with disarmament policies. Reparations for France were necessary not only to pay for the terrible losses inflicted upon their country but also keep Germany weak. Clemenceau was also keen to retain wartime links with Britain and America, and was ready to make concessions in order to achieve this aim. Lloyd George was in favour of a less severe settlement. He wanted Germany to lose its navy and colonies so that it could not threaten the British Empire. Yet he also wanted Germany to be able to recover quickly, so that it could start trading again with Britain and so that it could be a bulwark against the spread of communism from the new Bolshevik Russia. He was also aware that 'injustice and arrogance displayed in the hour of triumph will never be forgotten or forgiven.' He was under pressure from public opinion at home, however, to make Germany accountable for the death and suffering that had taken place. The aims of Japan and Italy were to maximise their wartime gains. The Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando, wanted the Allies to keep their promises in the Treaty of London and also demanded the port of Fiume in the Adriatic. Japan, which had already seized the German islands in the Pacific, wanted recognition of these gains. Japan also wanted the inclusion of a racial equality clause in the Covenant of the League of Nations in the hope that this would protect Japanese immigrants in America. ==The Armistice settlement and the mood of the German population== When the German government sued for an end to fighting, they did so in the belief that the Armistice would be based on Wilson's Fourteen Points. It offered an alternate to having to face the 'total' defeat that the nature of this war had indicated would happen. In reality, the Armistice terms were very tough, and were designed not only to remove Germany's ability to continue fighting, but also to serve as the basis for a more permanent weakening of Germany. The terms of the Armistice ordered Germany to evacuate all occupied territory including Alsace-Lorraine, and to withdraw beyond a 10km-wide neutral zone to the east of the Rhine. Allied troops would occupy the west bank of the Rhine. The Germans also lost all their submarines and much of their surface fleet and air force. When the German Army returned home after the new government had signed the Armistice, they were still greeted as heroes. For the German population, however, the defeat came as a shock. The Germany Army had occupied parts of France and Belgium and had defeated Russia. The German people had been told that their army was on the very of victory; the defeat did not seem to have been caused by any overwhelming Allied military victory, and certainly not by an invasion of Germany. Several days after the Armistice had been signed, Field Marshal Paul von Hinderburg, a respected German commander, made the following comment: {{quote|In spite of the superiority of the enemy in men and materials, we could have brought the struggle to a favourable conclusion if there had been proper cooperating between the politicians and the army. The German Army was stabbed in the back.|Paul von Hinderburg}} Although the Germany Army was in a disarray by November 1918, the idea that Germany had been 'stabbed in the back' soon took hold. The months before the Armistice was signed had seen Germany facing mutinies and strikes and attempts by some groups to set up a socialist government. Therefore, the blame for defeat was put on 'internal' enemies – Jews, socialists, communists. Hitler would later refer to those who had agreed to an armistice in November 1918 as the 'November Criminals'. Thus, at the start of the Versailles Conference, the German population believed that they had not been truly defeated; even their leaders still believed that Germany would play a part in the peace conference and that the final treaty, based on Wilson's principles, would not be too harsh. There was, therefore, a huge difference between the expectations of the Germans and the expectations of the Allies, who believed that Germany would accept the terms of the treaty as the defeated nation. == The popular mood in Britain, France, Italy, and the USA == Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Orlando also faced pressure from the popular mood in their own countries, where the feeling was that revenge must be exacted from the Germans for the trauma of the last four years. Encouraged by the popular press, the populations of Britain and France in particular looked to the peacemakers at Versailles to 'hang the Kaiser' and 'squeeze the German lemon until the pops squeak.' The French, having borne the brunt of the fighting, would be satisfied with nothing less than a punitive peace. The press closely reported all the details of the Versailles Conference and helped put pressure on the delegates to create a settlement that would satisfy popular demands. Clemenceau and Lloyd George also knew that their political success depended on keeping their electorates happy, which meant obtaining a harsh settlement. Similarly, Orlando was under pressure from opinion at home to get a settlement that gave Italy the territorial and economic gains it desired and which would at last make Italy into a great power. In America, however, the electorate had lost interest in the Versailles settlement and Wilson's aims for Europe. Mid-term elections held on the 5th of November 1918 saw Americans reject Wilson's appeal to voters to support him in his work in Europe. There were sweeping gains for his Republican opponents, who had been very critical of his foreign policy and his Fourteen Points. When he sailed for Europe in December 1918, he left behind the Republican dominated House of Representatives and Senate and a hostile Foreign Relations Committee. He thus could not be sure that any agreements reached at Versailles would be honoured by his own government. == The terms of the Treaty of Versailles == After six hectic weeks of negotiations, deals, and compromises, the German government was presented with the terms of the peace treaty. None of the powers on the losing side had been allowed any representation during the discussions. For this reason, it became known as a diktat. The signing ceremony took place in the Hall of the Mirrors at Versailles, where the Germans had proclaimed the German Empire 50 years earlier following the Franco-Prussian War. The 440 clauses of the peace treaty covered the following areas: === War guilt === The infamous Clause 231, or what later became known as the 'war guilt clause', lay at the heart of the treaty: {{quote|The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.|Article 231, Treaty of Versailles, 1919.}} This clause allowed moral justification for the other terms of the treaty that were imposed upon Germany. === Disarmament === It was generally accepted that the pre-1914 arms race in Europe had contributed to the outbreak of war. Thus the treaty addressed disarmament directly. Yet while Germany was obliged to disarm to the lowest possible compatible with internal security, there was only a general reference to the idea of full international disarmament. Specifically, Germany was forbidden to have submarines, an air force, armoured cars, or tanks. It was allowed to keep six battleships and an army of 100,000 men to provide internal security. (The German Navy sank its own fleet at Scapa Flow in Scotland in protest.) In addition, the west bank of the Rhine was demilitarised (stripped of German troops) and an Allied Army of Occupation was to be stationed in the area for 15 years. The French had actually wanted the Rhineland taken away from Germany altogether, but this was not acceptable to Britain and the USA. Finally, a compromise was reached. France agreed that Germany could keep the (demilitarised) Rhineland and in return America and Britain gave a guarantee that if France were ever attacked by Germany in the future, they would immediately come to its assistance. === Territorial changes === Wilson's Fourteen Points proposed respect for the principle of self-determination, and the collapse of large empires gave an opportunity to create states based on the different nationalities. This ambition was to prove very difficult to achieve, and, unavoidable, some nations were left in countries where they constituted minorities, such as Germans who lived in Czechoslovakia. The situation was made even more complex by the territorial demands of the different powers and of the economic arrangements related to the payment of reparations. The following points were agreed upon: * Alsace-Lorraine, which had been seized from France after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, was returned to France. * The Saarland was put under the administration of the League of Nations for 15 years, after which a plebiscite was allowed the inhabitants to decide whether they wanted to be annexed to Germany or France. In the meantime, the coal extracted there was to go to France. * Eupen, Moresnet, and Malmedy were to become parts of Belgium after a plebiscite in 1920. * Germany as a country was split in two. Parts of Upper Silesia, Poznan, and West Prussia former part of the new Poland, creating a 'Polish Corridor' between Germany and East Prussia and giving Poland access to the sea. The German port of Danzig became a free city under the mandate of the League of Nations. * North Schleswig was given to Denmark after a plebiscite (South Schleswig remained German). * All territory received by Germany from Russia under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was to be returned. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were made independent states in line with the principle of self-determination. * The port of Memel was to be given to Lithuania in 1922. * Union (Anschluss) between Germany and Austria was forbidden. * Germany's African colonies were taken away because, the Allies argued, Germany had shown itself unfit to govern subject races. Those in Asia (including Shandong) were given to Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, and those in Africa to Britain, France, Belgiium, and South Africa. All were to become 'mandates', which mean that the new countries came under the supervision of the League of Nations. === Mandates === Germany's colonies were handed over to the League of Nations. Yet Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations reflected a change in attitude towards colonies, requiring all nations to help underdeveloped countries whose peoples were 'not yet able to stand up for themselves'. The mandate system thus meant that nations who were given Germany#s colonies had to ensure that they looked after the people in their care; they would also be answerable to the League of Nations for their actions. 'A' mandate countries – including Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan (given to Britain), and Syria and the Lebanon (given to France) – were to become independent in the near future. Colonies that were considered to be less developed and therefore not ready for immediate independence were 'B' mandates. These included the Cameroons, Togoland, and Tanganyika, and were also given to Britain and France. Belgium also received a 'B' mandate – Rwanda-Urundi. 'C' mandate areas were considered to be very backward and were handed over to the powers that had originally conquered them in the war. Thus the North Pacific Islands went to Japan, New Guinea to Australia, South-West Africa to the Union of South Africa, and Western Samoa to New Zealand. === Reparations === Germany's 'war guilt' provided justification for the Allied demands for reparations. The Allies wanted to make Germany pay for the material damage done to them during the war. They also proposed to charge Germany for the future costs of pensions to war widows and war wounded. There was much argument between the delegates at the conference on the whole issue of reparations. Although France has traditionally been blamed for pushing for a high reparations sum, and thus stopping a practical reparations deal, in fact more recent accounts of the negotiations at Versailles blame Britain for making the most extreme demands, and preventing a settlement. In the end it was the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission that, in 1921, came up with the reparations sum of £6,600 million. === Punishment of war criminals === The Treaty of Versailles also called for the extradition and trial of the Kaiser and other 'war criminals'. However, the Dutch government refused to hand over the Kaiser and the Allied leaders found it difficult to identify and find the lesser war criminals. Eventually, a few German military commanders and submarine captains were tried by a German military court at Leipzig, and received fines or short terms of imprisonment. These were light sentences, but what is important about the whole process is that the concept of 'crimes against humanity' was given legal sanction for the first time. == What was the contemporary response to the Treaty of Versailles? == === Criticisms of the Treaty of Versailles === ==== The issue of war guilt ==== The 'war guilt' clause was particularly hated by the Germans, who felt that all countries should bear responsibility for the outbreak of war in 1914. It was especially harsh to put the whole guilt for the war on the new republic, which was already struggling for survival against the forces of the extreme right. This clause later helped Hitler to gain support, as he was able to play on the resentment and anger felt by the German population towards the war guilt clause, and also towards the fact that it was a ''diktat''. ==== Disarmament clauses ==== These were hard for the Germans to accept. An army of 100,000 was small for a country of Germany's size. Germany was also very proud of its army. Germany's anger grew when, despite Wilson's call for disarmament in his Fourteen Points, efforts by the other European powers to disarm came to nothing in the 1920s and 1930s. ==== Reparations and loss of key resources ==== Keynes led the criticism of the treaty of in the area of reparations. In The Economic Consequences of the Peace, he argued that 'the treaty ignores the economic solidarity of Europe by aiming at the destruction of the economic life of Germany which threatens the health and prosperity of the Allies themselves.' Not only could Germany not pay the huge reparations bill, but by taking away Germany's coal and iron resources, it also meant that Germany's economy would be unable to recover. Keynes argued that the real problem of the settlement lay not in issues of boundaries 'but rather in questions of food, coal, and commerce.' The fact that Germany was to face hyper-inflation in the early 1920s seems to provide evidence for his predictions. ==== Territorial changes to satisfy the issue of self-determination ==== On this issue, Germany was treated unfairly. Thus while the Danes were given the chance of a plebiscite in northern Schleswig, the Germans in the Sudetenland and Austria were not given any such choice. Many German-speaking people were now ruled by non-Germans. Historian W. H. Dawson claimed in 1933, in his book, ''Germany under the Treaty'', that Germany's borders 'are literally bleeding. From them oozes out the life-blood, physical, spiritual, and material of large populations.' ==== Removal of colonies ==== Wilson's reason for removing regions like South-West Africa and Rwanda-Urundi from German administration was to remove them from the harsh nature of German rule. Yet this action was clearly hypocritical. States that received German colonies – South Africa and Belgium, for example – could not themselves claim to be model colonial rulers. ==== League of Nations ==== The failure of the peacemakers to invite Germany to join the League of Nations not only insulted Germany and added to its sense of grievance, but made it less likely that the League of Nations could be effective in promoting international cooperation. == Alternative views of the Treaty of Versailles == Many historians take a different view of the Treaty of Versailles and its impact on the events of Europe after 1920. In fact, it is now argued by many that the treaty was in fact 'relatively lenient' (Niall Ferguson) and that, given the huge problems facing the peacemakers, it would have been difficult for them to have achieved a more satisfactory settlement. Compared to the treaties that Germany had imposed on Russia and Romania earlier in 1918, the Treaty of Versailles was quite moderate. Germany's war aims were far-reaching and, as shown in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, indicate that Germany would have sought huge areas of land from the Allies if it had won. Thus, the Allies can be seen to have exercised considerable restraint. The treaty deprived Germany of about 13.5 per cent of its territory (much of this consisted of Alsace-Lorraine, which was returned to France), about 13 per cent of its economic productivity and just over 10 per cent of its population. In addition, it can be argued that France deserved to be compensated for the destruction of so much of its land and industry. German land had not been invaded and its farmland and industries therefore remained intact. The treaty in fact left Germany in a relatively strong position in the centre of Europe. Germany remained a dominant power in a weakened Europe. Not only was it physically undamaged, it had gained strategic advantages. Russia remained weak and isolated at this time, and Central Europe was fragmented. The peacemakers had created several new states in accordance with the principle of self-determination, and this was to create a power vacuum that would favour the expansion of Germany in the future. Anthony Lentin has pointed out the problem here of creating a treaty that failed to weaken Germany, but at the same time left it 'scourged, humiliated, and resentful'. The huge reparations bill was not responsible for the economic crisis that Germany faced in the early 1920s. In fact, the issue of banknotes by the German government was a major factor in causing hyper-inflation. In addition, many economic historians have argued that Germany could have paid the 7.2 per cent of its national income that the Reparations Schedule required in the years 1925–29, if it had reformed its financial system or raised its taxation to British levels. However, it chose not to pay the reparations as a way of protesting against the peace settlement. Thus it can be argued that the treaty was reasonable, and not in itself responsible, for the chaos of post-war Germany. Why then is the view that the treaty was vindictive and unjust so prevalent, and why is it so often cited as a key factor in the cause of World War II? The first issue is that while treaty was not in itself exceptionally unfair, the Germans thought it was and they directed all their efforts into persuading others of their case. German propaganda on this issue was very successful, and Britain and France were forced into several revisions of the treaty, while Germany evaded paying reparations or carrying out the disarmament clauses. The second issue is t hat the USA and Britain lacked the will to enforce the terms of the treaty. The coalition that put the treaty together at Versailles soon collapsed. The USA refused to ratify the treaty, and Britain, content with colonial gains and with strategic and maritime security from Germany, now wished to distance itself from many of the treat's territorial provisions. Liberal opinion in the USA and Britain was influenced not only by German propaganda, but also by Keynes' arguments for allowing Germany to recover economically. France was the only country that still feared for its security and which wanted to enforce Versailles in full. This fact explains why France invaded the Ruhr in 1923 in order to secure reparation payments. It received no support for such actions, however, from the USA and Great Britain, who accused France of 'bullying' Germany. As the American historian William R. Keylor writes, 'it must in fairness be recorded that the Treaty of Versailles proved to be a failure less because of the inherent defects it contained than because it was never put into full effect' (The Twentieth Century World and Beyond, 2006). The one feature of the Versailles settlement that guaranteed peace and the security of France was the occupation of the Rhineland. Yet the treaty stipulated that the troops should only be there for 15 years. In fact, the last Allied soldiers left in 1930, five years earlier than agreed and just as Germany was recovering its strength. == Settlement of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe == Four separate treaties were signed with Austria (Treaty of St Germain), Hungary (Treaty of Trianon), Bulgaria (Treaty of Neuilly) and Turkey (Treaty of Sèvres, revised by the Treaty of Lausanne). Following the format of the Treaty of Versailles, all four countries were to disarm, to pay reparations and to lose territory. === The Treaty of St Germain (1919) === By the time the delegates met at Versailles, the peoples of Austria-Hungary had already broken away from the empire and were setting up their own states in accordance with the principle of self-determination. The conference had no choice but to agree to this situation and suggest minor changes. Austria was separated from Hungary and reduced to a tiny land-locked state consisting of only 25 per cent of its pre-war area and 20 per cent of its pre-war population. It became a republic of seven million people, which many nicknamed 'the tadpole state' due to its shape and size. Other conditions of the Treaty of St Germain were: * Austria lost Bohemia and Moravia – wealthy industrial provinces – to the new state of Czechoslovakia. * Austria lost Dalmatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina to a new state peopled by Serbs, Croats, and Sloevenes, a state that became known as Yugoslavia. * Poland gained Galicia. * Italy received the South Tyrol, Trentino, and Istria. In addition, Anschluss (union with Germany) was forbidden and Austrian armed forces were reduced to 30,000 men. Austria had to pay reparations to the Allies, and by 1922 Austria was virtually bankrupt and the League of Nations took over its financial affairs. === The Treaty of Trianon (1920) === Hungary had to recognise the independence of the new states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Austria. In this treraty it lost 75 per cent of its pre-war territory and 66 per cent of its pre-war population: * Slovakia and Ruthenia were given to Czechoslovakia. * Croatia and SLovenia were given to Yugoslavia. * Transylvania and the Banat of Temesvar were given to Romania. In addition, the Hungarian Army was limited to 35,000 men and Hungary had to pay reparations. Hungary complained bitterly that the newly formed Hungarian nation was much smaller than the Kingdom of Hungary that had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and that more than three million Magyars had been put under foreign rule. === The Treaty of Neuilly (1919) === In the Treaty of Neuilly, Bulgaria lost territory to Greece and Yugoslavia. Significantly, it lost its Aegean coastline and therefore access to the Mediterranean. However, it was the only defeated nation to receive territory, from Turkey. === The Treaty of Sevres (1920) === The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire had been long expected and both Britain and France hoped to make some gains in the region. In the Treaty of Sèvres: * Syria went to France as a mandate. * Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan and Cyprus went to Great Britain. * Eastern Thrace went to Greece. * Rhodes and the Dodecanese Islands went to Italy. * Smyrna was occupied by the Greeks for five years and then a plebiscite was held. * The Straits (exit from the Black Sea) were to become a demilitarised zone administerd by the League of Nations, and Britain, France, and Italy were to keep troops in Turkey. The treaty was accepted by Sultan Muhammad VI. Yet there was fierce resentment to the terms. The nationalist leader Mustapha Kemal led a National Assembly to Ankara to pledge the unification of Muslim Turks and the rejection of Sèvres. Greece, ambitious for more land, attempted to take advantages of this internal disorder and declared war, but Kemal smashed their advance, captured, and burned Smyrna and finally ejected all Greek soldiers and civilanas from Asia. Kemal advanced on the Straits and for a while it looked as though he intended to attack the British soldiers at a town of Chanak. A compromise was agreed upon, however, which resulted in the Treaty of Sèvres being revised at Lausanne in Switzerland. === Thee Treaty of Laussane (1923) === The provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne ran as follows: * Turkey regained Eastern Thrace, Smyrna, some territory along the Syrian borders and several Aegean islands. * Turkish sovereignty over the Straits was recognised, but the rea remained demilitarised. * Foreign troops were with drawn from Turkish territory. * Turkey no longer had to pay reparations or have its army reduced. === What were the criticisms of the peace settlements in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe? === It was very difficult to apply the principle of self-determination consistently and fairly. Because Czechoslovakia needed a mountainous, defensible border and because the new state lacked certain minerals and industry, it was given the ex-Austrian Sudetenland, which contained around three and a half million German speakers. The new Czechoslovakia set up on racial lines therefore contained give main racial grups: Czechs, Poles, Magyars, Ruthenians, and German speakers. Racial problems were also rife in the new Yugoslavia, where there were at least a dozen nationalities within its borders. Thus the historian Alan Sharp writes that 'the 1919 minorities were probably more discontented than those of 1914' (Modern History Review, November 1991). As well as ethnic strife, the new states were weak politically and economically. Both Hungary and Austria suffered economic collapse by 1922. The weakness of these new states was later to create a power vacuum in this part of Europe and thus the area became an easy target for German domination. The treaties caused much bitterness: * Hungary resented the loss of its territories, particularly Transylvania. Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia later formed the Little Entente, with the aim of protecting one another from any Hungarian attempt to regain control over their territories. * Turkey was extremely bitter about the settlement, and this bitterness led to a takeover by Kemal anad the revision of the Treaty of Sèvres. * Italy was also discontented. It ferred to the settlement as 'the mutilated peace' because it had not received the Dalmatian coast, Fiume, and certain colonies. In 1919, Gabriele D'Annuzio, a leader in Italy's fascist movement, occupied Fiume with a force of supporters in the name of Italian nationalists, and in 1924, the Yugoslavians gave Fiume to the Italians. == What was the impact of the war and the peace treaties by the early 1920s? == === Political issues === Although Western Europe was still familiar on the map in 1920, this was not the case for Eastern Europe, where no fewer than nine new or revived states came into existence: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. Meanwhile, Russia's government was now a Bolshevik dictatorship that was encouraging revolution abroad. The frontiers of new states thus became the frontiers of the Europe from which Russia was excluded. Russia was not invited to the Versailles Conference and was not a member of the League of Nations until 1934. The new Europe remained divided not only between the 'victorious' and the 'defeated', but also between those who wanted to maintain the peace settlement and those who wanted to see it revised. Not only Germany, but also Hungary and Italy, were active in pursuing their aims of getting the treaties changed. Despite Wilson's hopes to the contrary, international 'blocs' developed, such as that formed by the Little Entente. The peacemakers had hoped for an encouraged democracy in the new states. Yet people in Central Europe had only experienced with autocracy, and governments were undermined by the rivalry between the different ethnic groups and by the economic problems that they faced. Although Britain and France still had their empires and continued their same colonial policies, the war saw the start of the decline of these powers on the world stage. The role of America in the war had made it clear that Britain and France were going to find it hard to act on their own to deal with international disputes; the focus of power in the world had shifted away from Europe. Furthermore, the war encouraged movements for independence in French and British colonies in Asia and Africa. As P. M. H. Bell writes, 'Empires were wider than before, but in many places they were less secure' (''Twentieth Century Europe'', 2006). === Economic issues === The war caused severe economic disruption in Europe. Germany suffered particularly badly, but all countries of Europe faced rising prices; 'the impact of inflation on generations which had grown accustomed to stable prices and a reliable currency was enormous, and was as much psychological as economic. The lost landmark of stable currency proved much harder to restore than the ruins of towns and villages' (P. M. H. Bell, Twentieth Century Europe, 2006). The middle class of Europe were hit especially hard by inflation, with destroyed the wealth of many bourgeois families. In Germany, for example, the total collapse of the currency meant that the savings of middle-class families were made completely worthless. In Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the new fragmentation of the rea hindered economic recovery. There was now serious disruption in what had been a free trade area of some 50 million inhabitants. From 1919, each country tried to build up its economy, which meant fierce competition and high tariffs. Attempts at economic cooperation foundered and any success was wrecked by the Great Depression. As noted, only America and Japan benefited economically from the war, and they went on to experience economic prosperity until the Wall Street Crash of 1929. === Social changes === The war also swept away the traditional structures in society. Across Europe, the landed aristocracy, which had been so prominent before 1914, lost much of its power and influence. In Russia, the revolution rid the country of its aristocracy completely. In the lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, estates were broken up; many governments, such as that of Yugoslavia, undertook land reform and distributed land out to the peasants. In Prussia, the land owners (Junker) kept their hands but lost much of their influence with the decline of the military and the collapse of the monarchy. Other groups of people benefited from the war. Trade unions were considerably strengthened by the role that they played in negotiating with the governments during the war to improve pay and conditions for the valuable war workers. In both Britain and France, standards of health and welfare also rose during the war, thus improving the lives of the poorest citizens. Measures were introduced to improve the health of children. In Britain, social legislation continued after the war and the Housing Act of 1918, which subsidised the building of houses, and the Unemployment Insurance Acts of 1920 and 1921, which increased benefits for unemployed workers and their families. After the war, women gained rights in society to which they had previously been denied. Such changes were reflected in growing female confidence and a change in fashion and behaviour. In Britain and America the so-called 'flappers' wore plain, short-dresses, had short hair, smoked cigarettes and drank cocktails. The kind of behaviour would have been considered unacceptable before the war. In Britain, some professions also opened up to women after the war; they could now train to become architects and lawyers and were allowed to serve on a jury. The end of the war also saw women getting the vote in a number of countries; Russia in 1917, Austria and Britain in 1918, Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden in 1918, and American and Belgium in 1920. The role that women played in the war effort was a contributory factor to this shift in some countries, though it was not the only factor. In Britain, for instance, the pre-war work of the suffrage movements in raising awareness of women's rights issues was also important. Yet the new employment opportunities that women had experienced during the war did not continue after the war, with most women giving up their work and returning to their more traditional roles in the home. {{BookCat}} bxasdl2ret70fh11ifuh28msurhyge6 0 379541 4634011 4633475 2026-05-04T02:33:11Z AnjiniV 3580999 Added information regarding the participant groups associated in case study 2 and future of cyber attacks. 4634011 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== A cyber-attack can be defined as an attack on computer systems/architecture, or information systems with malicious intent. The attack could be an individual or group acting against other individuals, business or civilian groups with the intention of acquiring unsecured data from the victim. Specifically, cyber-attacks on cyber-physical systems are becoming increasing as physical systems become more interconnected. These attacks also disrupt vital services, compromise safety of users, and risk severe economic damage, especially when targeting systems that are essential to daily functions. A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system in which there is some connection between a physical entity and its related cyber component. The connection is typically sustained between system components by feeding data through sensors or actuators. The main distinction between a CPS and a typical computer is that a CPS has physical inputs and outputs.<ref>Thompson, K. (2014, June 20). Cyber-Physical Systems. https://www.nist.gov/el/cyber-physical-systems</ref><ref>Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.-A. (2015). A Cyber-Physical Systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, 3, 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001</ref> Examples of cyber-physical systems include industrial control systems, smart power grids, autonomous vehicles, smart home technologies, and medical devices. Because these systems often operate in real time and control critical infrastructure, they require high levels of reliability and security. Any breaches in these systems could lead to long-term consequences, such as service outages, safety hazards, and loss of trust from frequent users. The large scale interconnection of CPS devices through networks and cloud based platforms is commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT allow devices to communicate, share data, and operate more efficiently, but they also introduce new security challenges. Many CPS and IoT devices are built with limited computational resources, including restricted processing power, memory, and energy capacity, which makes it difficult to implement strong security mechanisms such as advanced encryption, real time monitoring, and intrusion detection. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yaacoub |first=Jean-Paul A. |last2=Salman |first2=Ola |last3=Noura |first3=Hassan N. |last4=Kaaniche |first4=Nesrine |last5=Chehab |first5=Ali |last6=Malli |first6=Mohamad |date=2020-09 |title=Cyber-physical systems security: Limitations, issues and future trends |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7340599/ |journal=Microprocessors and Microsystems |volume=77 |pages=103201 |doi=10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103201 |issn=0141-9331 |pmc=7340599 |pmid=32834204}}</ref> These limitations can weaken overall system security and increase vulnerability to cyber-attacks, particularly in large scale, distributed environments. As a result, securing cyber physical systems have become a critical area of research and policy, emphasizing the need for strong authentication, and resilience against both cyber and physical threats. Future work to mitigate risk of attacks must prioritize continuous monitoring and secure architecture to remain proactive. == Types of Cyber-Physical Systems == ===Smart Car=== A smart car is equipped with visual and weather sensors that feed information to the driver and to the auto response functions of the car itself, such as automated driving, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. New CPS components in cars are commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and are integrated from third parties. Many car producers fail to realize that new security issues arise from integrating these heterogeneous components in the vehicle. Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS), for instance, have unencrypted communication with the vehicle. Attackers could exploit this communication, and retrieve unique vehicle IDs.<ref>Humayed, A., & Luo, B. (2015). Cyber-physical Security for Smart Cars: Taxonomy of Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Attacks. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (pp. 252–253). New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735992</ref> ===Smart Home=== A smart home could have weather sensors to auto regulate various temperature, lighting, and appliance components in the home. All of these features could be easily programmable from a universal device. Some devices are already commercially available, such as Nest, Google Home, and Amazon Echo. If hackers took control of a home's smart thermostat, like Nest, they could have complete information on the family's schedule, specifically when people are in and out of the home. <ref>5 Security Concerns to Consider When Creating Your Smart Home. (n.d.). http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-security-concerns-consider-creating-smart-home/</ref><ref name=":0">Network Security. (2014). Black Hat USA 2014 - Embedded: Smart Nest Thermostat A Smart Spy in Your Home. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQ9AYMee_Q</ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQ9AYMee_Q (Video: Nest Thermostat Hacking)] Although security measures like two-factor authentication can help prevent cyber attacks, they make the user experience more tedious which makes companies more reluctant to make these protections mandatory. For platforms like Google Next and other smart home ecosystems, this creates a tradeoff between usability and security, where simplifying access may unintentionally weaken system protection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=visceral_dev_admin |date=2022-08-25 |title=Smart Homes and Policy: Cybersecurity Risks and Tradeoffs |url=https://bipartisanpolicy.org/article/smart-homes-policy-cybersecurity-risks/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Bipartisan Policy Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2020 introduced baseline security requirements for devices used by federal agencies, aiming to improve standards among manufactures that contract with the government. While this law does not directly regulate consumer smart home devices, it encourages broader industry adoption of strong cybersecurity practices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rep. Kelly |first=Robin L. [D-IL-2 |date=2020-12-04 |title=H.R.1668 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): IoT Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2020 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1668 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> ===Smart Grid=== Smart meters could be placed on homes to communicate with the utility providers on a daily basis for close monitoring of electricity use. This could help utility providers better predict peak electricity demand, thus decreasing wasted electricity. Looking to future, if more homes are equipped with electric storage capabilities such as solar panels and/or electric vehicle batteries, it becomes easier to scale up renewable energy integration. The grid is currently highly centralized due to reliance on fossil fuel plants, and needs diversified storage opportunities for renewable energy.<ref>Department of Energy. (n.d.-b). What is the Smart Grid? https://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid/smart_grid.html</ref> ===Drones=== Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or drones are a widely used technology. The U.S. Custom and Border Protection uses MQ-9 Reaper, a type of UAV, for surveillance missions across the border.<ref>DHS Is Using Surveillance Drones To Spy On Americans. (2014, October 12). http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/dhs-using-surveillance-drones-spy-americans/</ref> Law enforcement agencies began to operate commercial drones to replace their manned helicopter units.<ref>Gettinger, D. (2013, November 30). Lawkeepers: Police Drones. http://dronecenter.bard.edu/lawkeepers-police-drones/</ref> Fire fighters use commercial drones to gather structural information of hazardous buildings before they perform search and rescue missions.<ref>Schroth, F. (2016, August 4). Drones & Fire - Officials Speak to the Value of UAS in Firefighting. http://dronelife.com/2016/08/04/drones-fire-officials-speak-value-uas-firefighting/</ref> Companies like Amazon are developing autonomous package delivery systems using drones. Hobbyists fly drones for entertainment. Commercial drones have vulnerabilities that can be exploited. Many drone manufacturing companies such as DJI and 3D Robotics use different flight control platforms like Pixhawk, however they operate under same communication protocol, MAVLink. MAVLink was developed as an open source program for hobbyists. Since security features add cost, MAVLink does not have security features to protect drones from cyber physical attacks.<ref>Making a Mavlink WiFi bridge using the Raspberry Pi — Dev documentation. (n.d.). http://ardupilot.org/dev/docs/making-a-mavlink-wifi-bridge-using-the-raspberry-pi.html</ref> MAVLink pairs the drone and the ground control station with NetID. A properly programmed attacking device can parse the radio transmission to obtain and update this paired NetID. Then, the attacking device can send commands to power off or take control of the drone. The code to parse the radio transmission is easy to look up, so anyone could conduct a cyber physical attack on commercial drones running with MAVLink.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sycgvpIxvPU (Video: Anti drone device)]<ref>shellntel. (2015). anti-drone device demo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sycgvpIxvPU</ref> === Transportation Systems === A transportation system is a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods.<ref>transportation system - Dictionary Definition. (n.d.). https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/transportation%20system</ref> Transport networks have become increasingly digital, which makes them highly susceptible to cyber attacks. Electronic data can now track the location, status, and condition of vehicles and infrastructure. Electronics are used to monitor weather-related risks, such as hurricanes or landslides, that will cause damage or delays to transportation systems. Any organization will be exposed to cyber attacks if they use computer networks or internet for sales, administrative functions, automated control systems, or storage of confidential information <ref>Marsh. (2015). Cyber Risk in the Transportation Industry. http://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/marsh/Documents/PDF/UK-en/Cyber%20Risk%20in%20the%20Transportation%20Industry-03-2015.pdf</ref> . Specifically, the major transportation systems at risk are: 1. Railroads/trains 2. Airplanes and airports 3. Connected cars (cars with internet access) === Medical Devices === A medical device is any instrument, machine, or piece of equipment used to diagnose, treat, or monitor patients in a clinical setting. As healthcare facilities have become increasingly reliant on network connectivity, medical devices have evolved from standalone tools into integrated components of hospital IT ecosystems. Electronic data can now track device status, patient vitals, and equipment performance in real time. While this has improved patient outcomes and support doctors make treatment decisions, this also leads to organizations being susceptible to cyber threats if they connect medical devices to internal networks. The rapid growth of AI and blockchain technologies has further accelerated the digitization of healthcare, shifting the industry from conventional hub based systems toward more interconnected, personalized healthcare management systems <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Susan |last2=Surineni |first2=Kamalakar |last3=Prabhakaran |first3=Nishant |date=2025-09-01 |title=Cyber-Attacks on Hospital Systems: A Narrative Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950386825000103 |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Open Science, Education, and Practice |volume=7 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1016/j.osep.2025.03.002 |issn=2950-3868}}</ref>. === '''Precision Agriculture''' === Precision agriculture, also known as smart farming, is an innovative strategy that utilizes technologies such as GPS, IoT sensors, drones, and others to manage larger expanses of farm land, and optimize resources like fertilizers and pesticides. Smart farming has proven to increase efficiency, profitability, and promote sustainable crop production.<ref>Brinkle, C. (2026, February 26). ''Precision agriculture: Definition, Key Technologies, and benefits''. Precision Agriculture: Definition, Key Technologies, and Benefits. <nowiki>https://www.thomasnet.com/insights/precision-agriculture/</nowiki></ref> As resources become more scarce with a growing demand, associated costs of farming have risen, making precision agriculture all the more vital. The system works by using automated machinery known as variable rate technology (VRT) that adjusts the rate of resource input on the go. In addition to VRTs, site-specific crop management (SSCM) assists by tailoring soil and crop input to field locations based on need. These machineries are supported by GPS and drone sensing technology that map field variability and provide aerial imagery, respectively.<ref>Wigmore, I. (2022, October 18). ''What is Precision Agriculture/precision farming?''. WhatIs. <nowiki>https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/precision-agriculture-precision-farming#:~:text=Precision%20agriculture%20(PA)%20is%20a,navigates%20crops%20without%20a%20driver</nowiki>.</ref> ==Agendas of Cyber Attacks== [[File:01 2016 Cyberattacks.png|thumb| January 2016 Cyber Attacks Statistics]] === Criminal === This is the most common agenda, comprising of 60.6% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats>{{Passeri, P. (2016, February 16). January 2016 Cyber Attacks Statistics. http://www.hackmageddon.com/2016/02/16/january-2016-cyber-attacks-statistics/}}</ref> In many of these cases, the attacker targets the digital assets of a company or transportation network. This includes personal info such social security numbers of customers and employees, credit card numbers, and intellectual property of the company. * A Dutch-based trafficking group hid cocaine and heroin in cargoes shipping containers of timber and bananas from South America by hacking into computer networks of companies operating in the port of Antwerp. This allowed the hackers to access secure data about the location and security details of containers, meaning the traffickers could steal the smuggled cargo before the legitimate owner arrived.<ref>Herberger, C. (2016, April 21). Cybersecurity in the Real World: 4 Examples of the Rise of Public Transportation Systems Threats. https://blog.radware.com/security/2016/04/cybersecurity-4-public-transportation-threats/</ref> * In 2018, a major data breach against Marriott International occurred. Attackers were able to gain illegal access to the Starwood guest reservation database, exposing personal guest details of roughly 500 million guests; including passport numbers and contact information.<ref>Burgess, M. (2025, October 31). ''Marriott Data Breach: What happened, impact, and lessons''. Huntress. <nowiki>https://www.huntress.com/threat-library/data-breach/marriott-data-breach</nowiki></ref> This attack was a turning point in terms of data protection, leading companies to take extreme measures to mitigate future risk. Criminal cyber attacks may also be motivated by malice. In this case, the attacker could be a disgruntled employee or customer that wants to get back at the system. They could also be motivated by desire to prove their ability to perform a cyber attack. These cyber attacks could be the result of untargeted malicious code and random selection. * In Lodz, Poland, a 14-year-old modified a TV remote control so that it could be used to change track points. The teenager hacked into the train system for the information needed to build the device, essentially making it his own personal train set. As a result, four vehicles were derailed injuring twelve people. He had no desire to hurt anyone, but was hacking into this system as a prank.<ref>Smith, S. (2008, February 12). Teen Hacker in Poland Plays Trains and Derails City Tram System. http://inhomelandsecurity.com/teen_hacker_in_poland_plays_tr/</ref> === Hacktivism === Hacktivism is defined by the hacking, or breaking into a computer system, for a politically or socially motivated purpose.<ref>What is hacktivism? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/hacktivism</ref> It is the second most common agenda, comprising of 27.7% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> * A group protesting the Communications Decency Act in 1996 hacked into the Department of Justice website and changed the title to the “Department of Injustice.”<ref>Adams, B. (1997, July 24). Web site a victim of `ecoterrorism’? http://www.deseretnews.com/article/573959/Web-site-a-victim-of-ecoterrorism.html?pg=all</ref> * Over the past several years, Pro-Russia hacktivists have conducted cyberattacks against U.S. critical infrastructure. The Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022 increased the number of pro-Russia groups with some appearing to have associations with the Russian state. They used low sophisticated methods such as scanning for exposed systems and exploiting weak remote access. Their activities have affected sectors like energy, water, and agriculture, sometimes causing operational disruption. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Pro-Russia Hacktivists Conduct Opportunistic Attacks Against US and Global Critical Infrastructure {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa25-343a |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Cyber Espionage === Cyber espionage is the use of computer networks to gain illicit access to confidential information, typically that held by a government or other organization.<ref>Eugenie, de S. (2015). National Security and Counterintelligence in the Era of Cyber Espionage. IGI Global.</ref> This is more sophisticated than most other cyber attacks and attackers are looking for trade secrets and intellectual property of other countries or governments. This comprised of 7.4% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> * High end UAVs have exploitable vulnerabilities. In 2011, Iran hijacked the RQ-170 Sentinel UAV, operated by the CIA. The Iranians first jammed the radio communication channel controlling the Sentinel from the ground control center. This forces Sentinel to rely on GPS to determine its latitude, longitude, altitude, and velocity. Iran then sent false GPS coordinates, guiding Sentinel to land on their territory, while Sentinel thought it was landing on its home base.<ref>Mick, J. (2011, December 15). Iran: Yes, We Hacked the U.S.’s Drone, and Here’s How We Did It. http://www.dailytech.com/Iran+Yes+We+Hacked+the+USs+Drone+and+Heres+How+We+Did+It/article23533.htm</ref> === Cyber Warfare === Cyber warfare is a politically motivated attack on an enemy's computer or information systems.<ref>Cyber Warfare. (n.d.). http://www.rand.org/topics/cyber-warfare.html</ref> These attacks aim to disrupt critical infrastructure and cause property damage and loss of life. These would be considered terrorist attacks from organizations such as ISIS. This comprised of 4.3% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> Commercial drones are easy to exploit without leaving any logs or traces to track attackers. Terrorists can use these drones as a weapon. * ISIS recently started to use drones as a weapon by delivering bomb or chemical weapons. * Cartels and drug dealers uses commercial drones to smuggle narcotics, and inmates also uses drones to smuggle contrabands such as cell phones, cigarettes, and drugs to their cells. In early 2016, Maryland inmate was able to arrange to deliver these contrabands to right in front of his cell window.<ref>Kelly, H. (2016, June 24). How to catch drones smuggling drugs into prison. http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/24/technology/dedrone-drone-prisons/index.html</ref> === Data Harvesting === Profiling or harvesting data is the process of examining, analyzing, and summarizing datasets to understand underlying correlations or consistencies. The process begins with collection and ends with documentation, often in the form of reports. While not all data harvesting is malicious, it can be done illegally and is frequently the driver behind cyber attacks. Attackers use data harvesting as a technique to gather information such as user credentials (known as credential theft), and later use these credentials to illegally access systems, share them on the dark web, or advance their future attacks<ref>Lenaerts-Bergmans, B. (2023, July 18). ''What is credential harvesting?''. CrowdStrike. <nowiki>https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/cybersecurity-101/cyberattacks/credential-harvesting/#:~:text=Credential%20Harvesting%20Definition,for%20years%20at%20a%20time</nowiki>.</ref>. Other forms of illegal data harvesting include: * Phishing: act of sending emails or other messages, acting as a reputable company, in order to harvest data * Social Engineering: exploiting human error by manipulating their psychology to reveal confidential information With that, data harvesting is a driving agenda behind cyber attacks, which often allows attackers to advance their attacks and access cyber-physical systems. == Case Studies == === '''Iranian-Affiliated PLC Attacks on Critical Infrastructure (2026)''' === In early April 2024, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) issued a warning regarding Iranian-affiliated cyber attacks targeting critical infrastructure through Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Unlike sophisticated exploits, attackers leveraged legitimate engineering tools to compromise industrial systems that had been left internet-exposed with weak security configurations. The attacks were motivated by geopolitical tensions rather than financial gain. The sectors primarily targeted were those relying on Rockwell Automation/Allen-Bradley PLCs<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Iranian-Affiliated Cyber Actors Exploit Programmable Logic Controllers Across US Critical Infrastructure {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa26-097a |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref>, including water and wastewater systems, the energy sector, government services, and food and beverage manufacturing. Attackers gained unauthorized access by exploiting systems that lacked basic protections such as multi-factor authentication, network segmentation, and firewall rules restricting remote access. Once inside, they altered PLC settings and project logic files, causing Human-Machine Interface (HMI) displays to show operators false data and system statuses. This meant that facility operators were making decisions based on inaccurate readings, potentially allowing dangerous conditions to go undetected. The attacks resulted in operational disruptions, financial losses, and interference with critical infrastructure systems. This example demonstrates how a cyber attack can produce real-world physical consequences that extend well beyond simple data theft. The impact of these attacks varies across various participant groups, each with different ideas, interests, and values. Rockwell Automation, as the main manufacturers of the Allen-Bradley PLC’s, played a vital role. Since they were responsible for the security vulnerabilities that led to their product getting hacked, they suffered reputational risks and even potential liabilities. Incidents like these can reduce public trust in their products and increase pressure to develop tools with more security <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Iranian-Affiliated Cyber Actors Exploit Programmable Logic Controllers Across US Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2026/260407.pdf |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=IC3.gov}}</ref>. The primary companies that utilized these products were key parts of U.S. infrastructure, such as the Water and Wastewater Systems, energy sectors, and manufacturing companies. Their primary goal is to create and maintain safe, secure resources for the American public. They utilize PLC products to automate, control, and monitor machinery <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmanan |first=Ravie |date=2026-04-08 |title=Iran-Linked Hackers Disrupt U.S. Critical Infrastructure by Targeting Internet-Exposed PLCs |url=http://thehackernews.com/2026/04/iran-linked-hackers-disrupt-us-critical.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Hacker News |language=en}}</ref>. As a result of the attack, critical data was manipulated and crucial project files were lost, illustrating the importance, but also dependence, of vital infrastructure on emerging technologies. Six government agencies were involved in monitoring the cyber attack, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Energy, National Security Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, and United States Cyber Command. They investigated the attack and issued alerts to the public and organizations about the risk of similar intrusions. Cyber attacks like these increase the burden on such agencies to respond to threats. In this case, Iranian-affiliated hacking groups were the attackers, whose goal was likely to create operational disruptions and financial losses. However, since this event occurred very recently, investigations into the attackers' exact motives are continuing to happen <ref name=":1" />. The last associated participants are the general U.S. public. They represent a highly vulnerable group, as they lose resources such as clean water, energy, etc, if there is a disruption to key U.S. infrastructure. This case demonstrates how hacks on individual modules of technology can cause larger societal groups, on a variety of demographics. == Sociotechnical Factors == === Common Themes Across Incidents === Across these incidents, vulnerabilities emerge not from technical flaws alone, but from the interaction between technology, human behavior, and organizational practices. Shared passwords, insufficient staff training, poor monitoring, and internet-exposed systems with weak security configurations are recurring factors that create openings for attackers. This happens regardless of the specific target or method used. These human and procedural failures often prove just as consequential as any software vulnerability. At the organizational level, constraints such as limited funding, legacy infrastructure, and competing priorities directly shape security outcomes. Many water and industrial facilities rely on outdated systems never designed for modern network connectivity, and decisions around cost, efficiency, and maintenance have downstream consequences for how secure these systems ultimately are. The broader geopolitical context also plays a significant role. Some attacks are isolated and locally motivated, while others are linked to state-aligned actors, reflecting a growing trend of cyber operations being embedded within international political conflicts. Critical infrastructure systems are increasingly becoming deliberate targets in geopolitical disputes, making international cooperation on cybersecurity standards more important than ever. Finally, these cases collectively emphasize the societal dimension of cyber-physical systems. Because these systems support essential public services such as water supply and energy, even minor disruptions carry the potential to breakdown public trust and generate widespread concern. This reinforces why securing them demands urgent and sustained attention. === Future of Cyber-Attacks === As cyber-physical systems become more integrated, cyber attacks are likely to become more sophisticated with extensive impacts. Part of this is due to the advancement of AI and edge devices, which allows attackers to operate with more automation in large-scale breaches <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The Claroty |date=2025-11-25 |title=3 Emerging Threats to Cyber-Physical Systems |url=https://claroty.com/blog/3-emerging-threats-to-cyber-physical-systems |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Claroty |language=en}}</ref>. The increasing interconnectedness of these technologies also amplify hacker impacts, as disruptions to small modules of technology can cascade into various sectors, such as health, finance, and transportation. Repeated attacks can also worsen public confidence in technology, which makes its widespread acceptance difficult. However, cyber safety will also improve to counteract these new trends. For one, future safety efforts will cover entire systems, rather than isolated units, for in depth defense. Additionally, AI and automation can reduce human error, which is currently one of the leading causes of cyber attacks. However, even as systems become more secure, risk compensation may lead individuals or organizations to be more careless with their work, introducing new vulnerabilities into advanced systems. == Conclusion == As seen with hacks on drones and transportation systems, CPS security breaches could result in loss of secret information, physical property, and human lives. According to Tony Tyler, CEO of the International Air Transport Association (CTA), drones are one of the biggest threat to the passenger airlines by interfering the route of the commercial airplanes.<ref>Crowe, S. (n.d.). Drones a “Real Threat” to Passenger Planes: IATA - Robotics Trends. http://www.roboticstrends.com/article/drones_a_real_threat_to_passenger_planes_iata/</ref> To minimize the risk, FAA started to enforce drone regulations and prohibited flying drones near airports. Army officers have developed a cyber rifle using raspberry pi to power off commercial drones. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), established in 1967, is a government agency that investigates accidents in the aviation, highway, marine, pipeline, and railroad modes.<ref>National Transportation Safety Board. (n.d.). History of The National Transportation Safety Board. http://www.ntsb.gov/about/history/pages/default.aspx</ref> The NTSB must implement policies to meet the requirements placed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2006, October 13) Audit of NTSB’s Information Security Program. https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/NTSB_FISMA_FINAL.pdf</ref> The NIST develops actionable recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity in the public and private sectors to better secure the growing digital economy.<ref>Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity. (2016, December 1). Report on Securing and Growing the Digital Economy. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2016/12/02/cybersecurity-commission-report-final-post.pdf</ref> There are many initiatives to prevent CPS breaches. The Department of Energy has a Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems (CEDS) program designed to improve the United States' energy infrastructure. A main goal of the program is to better assess risk on a large scale, and identify vulnerabilities in our current system.<ref>Department of Energy. (n.d.-a). Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems | Department of Energy. http://energy.gov/oe/services/technology-development/cybersecurity-for-energy-delivery-systems</ref> Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid (TCIPG) is an example of a program funded by the Department of Energy. TCIPG has developed commercial software packages that can be integrated by utility providers. Examples include sensors like Amilyzer that identify system threats in real time, and middleware frameworks like GridStat that decrease data delivery latencies in the power grid.<ref>Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid. (2014). http://tcipg.org/about-us</ref> The National Science Foundation has founded a Team for Research in Ubiquitous Secure Technology (TRUST) that is currently looking into financial, healthcare, and physical infrastructure solutions.<ref>The Team for Research in Ubiquitous Secure Technology (TRUST). (n.d.). https://www.truststc.org/research/index.html</ref> Carnegie Mellon's CyLab is also committed to building more of these public-private partnerships in developing new technology for secure computing.<ref>Technology Transfer. (n.d.). https://www.cylab.cmu.edu/partners/tech_transfer.html</ref> The internet of things is now a reality. The connection of various cyber-physical systems is intended to improve our way of life, but is also being exploited with criminal intent. Security issues are now more complex and larger scale than ever before. Research into cyber-physical security will help us better understand the cyber interface between physical systems, and the growth in consumer adoption of new technology. == References == {{BookCat}} <references /> 09291p2jze8sujsuw3eokt6g4d61cgx 4634012 4634011 2026-05-04T02:34:30Z LaraMahajan 3578851 Change Date 4634012 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== A cyber-attack can be defined as an attack on computer systems/architecture, or information systems with malicious intent. The attack could be an individual or group acting against other individuals, business or civilian groups with the intention of acquiring unsecured data from the victim. Specifically, cyber-attacks on cyber-physical systems are becoming increasing as physical systems become more interconnected. These attacks also disrupt vital services, compromise safety of users, and risk severe economic damage, especially when targeting systems that are essential to daily functions. A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system in which there is some connection between a physical entity and its related cyber component. The connection is typically sustained between system components by feeding data through sensors or actuators. The main distinction between a CPS and a typical computer is that a CPS has physical inputs and outputs.<ref>Thompson, K. (2014, June 20). Cyber-Physical Systems. https://www.nist.gov/el/cyber-physical-systems</ref><ref>Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.-A. (2015). A Cyber-Physical Systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, 3, 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001</ref> Examples of cyber-physical systems include industrial control systems, smart power grids, autonomous vehicles, smart home technologies, and medical devices. Because these systems often operate in real time and control critical infrastructure, they require high levels of reliability and security. Any breaches in these systems could lead to long-term consequences, such as service outages, safety hazards, and loss of trust from frequent users. The large scale interconnection of CPS devices through networks and cloud based platforms is commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT allow devices to communicate, share data, and operate more efficiently, but they also introduce new security challenges. Many CPS and IoT devices are built with limited computational resources, including restricted processing power, memory, and energy capacity, which makes it difficult to implement strong security mechanisms such as advanced encryption, real time monitoring, and intrusion detection. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yaacoub |first=Jean-Paul A. |last2=Salman |first2=Ola |last3=Noura |first3=Hassan N. |last4=Kaaniche |first4=Nesrine |last5=Chehab |first5=Ali |last6=Malli |first6=Mohamad |date=2020-09 |title=Cyber-physical systems security: Limitations, issues and future trends |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7340599/ |journal=Microprocessors and Microsystems |volume=77 |pages=103201 |doi=10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103201 |issn=0141-9331 |pmc=7340599 |pmid=32834204}}</ref> These limitations can weaken overall system security and increase vulnerability to cyber-attacks, particularly in large scale, distributed environments. As a result, securing cyber physical systems have become a critical area of research and policy, emphasizing the need for strong authentication, and resilience against both cyber and physical threats. Future work to mitigate risk of attacks must prioritize continuous monitoring and secure architecture to remain proactive. == Types of Cyber-Physical Systems == ===Smart Car=== A smart car is equipped with visual and weather sensors that feed information to the driver and to the auto response functions of the car itself, such as automated driving, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. New CPS components in cars are commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and are integrated from third parties. Many car producers fail to realize that new security issues arise from integrating these heterogeneous components in the vehicle. Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS), for instance, have unencrypted communication with the vehicle. Attackers could exploit this communication, and retrieve unique vehicle IDs.<ref>Humayed, A., & Luo, B. (2015). Cyber-physical Security for Smart Cars: Taxonomy of Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Attacks. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (pp. 252–253). New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735992</ref> ===Smart Home=== A smart home could have weather sensors to auto regulate various temperature, lighting, and appliance components in the home. All of these features could be easily programmable from a universal device. Some devices are already commercially available, such as Nest, Google Home, and Amazon Echo. If hackers took control of a home's smart thermostat, like Nest, they could have complete information on the family's schedule, specifically when people are in and out of the home. <ref>5 Security Concerns to Consider When Creating Your Smart Home. (n.d.). http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-security-concerns-consider-creating-smart-home/</ref><ref name=":0">Network Security. (2014). Black Hat USA 2014 - Embedded: Smart Nest Thermostat A Smart Spy in Your Home. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQ9AYMee_Q</ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQ9AYMee_Q (Video: Nest Thermostat Hacking)] Although security measures like two-factor authentication can help prevent cyber attacks, they make the user experience more tedious which makes companies more reluctant to make these protections mandatory. For platforms like Google Next and other smart home ecosystems, this creates a tradeoff between usability and security, where simplifying access may unintentionally weaken system protection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=visceral_dev_admin |date=2022-08-25 |title=Smart Homes and Policy: Cybersecurity Risks and Tradeoffs |url=https://bipartisanpolicy.org/article/smart-homes-policy-cybersecurity-risks/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Bipartisan Policy Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2020 introduced baseline security requirements for devices used by federal agencies, aiming to improve standards among manufactures that contract with the government. While this law does not directly regulate consumer smart home devices, it encourages broader industry adoption of strong cybersecurity practices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rep. Kelly |first=Robin L. [D-IL-2 |date=2020-12-04 |title=H.R.1668 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): IoT Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2020 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1668 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> ===Smart Grid=== Smart meters could be placed on homes to communicate with the utility providers on a daily basis for close monitoring of electricity use. This could help utility providers better predict peak electricity demand, thus decreasing wasted electricity. Looking to future, if more homes are equipped with electric storage capabilities such as solar panels and/or electric vehicle batteries, it becomes easier to scale up renewable energy integration. The grid is currently highly centralized due to reliance on fossil fuel plants, and needs diversified storage opportunities for renewable energy.<ref>Department of Energy. (n.d.-b). What is the Smart Grid? https://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid/smart_grid.html</ref> ===Drones=== Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or drones are a widely used technology. The U.S. Custom and Border Protection uses MQ-9 Reaper, a type of UAV, for surveillance missions across the border.<ref>DHS Is Using Surveillance Drones To Spy On Americans. (2014, October 12). http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/dhs-using-surveillance-drones-spy-americans/</ref> Law enforcement agencies began to operate commercial drones to replace their manned helicopter units.<ref>Gettinger, D. (2013, November 30). Lawkeepers: Police Drones. http://dronecenter.bard.edu/lawkeepers-police-drones/</ref> Fire fighters use commercial drones to gather structural information of hazardous buildings before they perform search and rescue missions.<ref>Schroth, F. (2016, August 4). Drones & Fire - Officials Speak to the Value of UAS in Firefighting. http://dronelife.com/2016/08/04/drones-fire-officials-speak-value-uas-firefighting/</ref> Companies like Amazon are developing autonomous package delivery systems using drones. Hobbyists fly drones for entertainment. Commercial drones have vulnerabilities that can be exploited. Many drone manufacturing companies such as DJI and 3D Robotics use different flight control platforms like Pixhawk, however they operate under same communication protocol, MAVLink. MAVLink was developed as an open source program for hobbyists. Since security features add cost, MAVLink does not have security features to protect drones from cyber physical attacks.<ref>Making a Mavlink WiFi bridge using the Raspberry Pi — Dev documentation. (n.d.). http://ardupilot.org/dev/docs/making-a-mavlink-wifi-bridge-using-the-raspberry-pi.html</ref> MAVLink pairs the drone and the ground control station with NetID. A properly programmed attacking device can parse the radio transmission to obtain and update this paired NetID. Then, the attacking device can send commands to power off or take control of the drone. The code to parse the radio transmission is easy to look up, so anyone could conduct a cyber physical attack on commercial drones running with MAVLink.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sycgvpIxvPU (Video: Anti drone device)]<ref>shellntel. (2015). anti-drone device demo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sycgvpIxvPU</ref> === Transportation Systems === A transportation system is a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods.<ref>transportation system - Dictionary Definition. (n.d.). https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/transportation%20system</ref> Transport networks have become increasingly digital, which makes them highly susceptible to cyber attacks. Electronic data can now track the location, status, and condition of vehicles and infrastructure. Electronics are used to monitor weather-related risks, such as hurricanes or landslides, that will cause damage or delays to transportation systems. Any organization will be exposed to cyber attacks if they use computer networks or internet for sales, administrative functions, automated control systems, or storage of confidential information <ref>Marsh. (2015). Cyber Risk in the Transportation Industry. http://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/marsh/Documents/PDF/UK-en/Cyber%20Risk%20in%20the%20Transportation%20Industry-03-2015.pdf</ref> . Specifically, the major transportation systems at risk are: 1. Railroads/trains 2. Airplanes and airports 3. Connected cars (cars with internet access) === Medical Devices === A medical device is any instrument, machine, or piece of equipment used to diagnose, treat, or monitor patients in a clinical setting. As healthcare facilities have become increasingly reliant on network connectivity, medical devices have evolved from standalone tools into integrated components of hospital IT ecosystems. Electronic data can now track device status, patient vitals, and equipment performance in real time. While this has improved patient outcomes and support doctors make treatment decisions, this also leads to organizations being susceptible to cyber threats if they connect medical devices to internal networks. The rapid growth of AI and blockchain technologies has further accelerated the digitization of healthcare, shifting the industry from conventional hub based systems toward more interconnected, personalized healthcare management systems <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Susan |last2=Surineni |first2=Kamalakar |last3=Prabhakaran |first3=Nishant |date=2025-09-01 |title=Cyber-Attacks on Hospital Systems: A Narrative Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950386825000103 |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Open Science, Education, and Practice |volume=7 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1016/j.osep.2025.03.002 |issn=2950-3868}}</ref>. === '''Precision Agriculture''' === Precision agriculture, also known as smart farming, is an innovative strategy that utilizes technologies such as GPS, IoT sensors, drones, and others to manage larger expanses of farm land, and optimize resources like fertilizers and pesticides. Smart farming has proven to increase efficiency, profitability, and promote sustainable crop production.<ref>Brinkle, C. (2026, February 26). ''Precision agriculture: Definition, Key Technologies, and benefits''. Precision Agriculture: Definition, Key Technologies, and Benefits. <nowiki>https://www.thomasnet.com/insights/precision-agriculture/</nowiki></ref> As resources become more scarce with a growing demand, associated costs of farming have risen, making precision agriculture all the more vital. The system works by using automated machinery known as variable rate technology (VRT) that adjusts the rate of resource input on the go. In addition to VRTs, site-specific crop management (SSCM) assists by tailoring soil and crop input to field locations based on need. These machineries are supported by GPS and drone sensing technology that map field variability and provide aerial imagery, respectively.<ref>Wigmore, I. (2022, October 18). ''What is Precision Agriculture/precision farming?''. WhatIs. <nowiki>https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/precision-agriculture-precision-farming#:~:text=Precision%20agriculture%20(PA)%20is%20a,navigates%20crops%20without%20a%20driver</nowiki>.</ref> ==Agendas of Cyber Attacks== [[File:01 2016 Cyberattacks.png|thumb| January 2016 Cyber Attacks Statistics]] === Criminal === This is the most common agenda, comprising of 60.6% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats>{{Passeri, P. (2016, February 16). January 2016 Cyber Attacks Statistics. http://www.hackmageddon.com/2016/02/16/january-2016-cyber-attacks-statistics/}}</ref> In many of these cases, the attacker targets the digital assets of a company or transportation network. This includes personal info such social security numbers of customers and employees, credit card numbers, and intellectual property of the company. * A Dutch-based trafficking group hid cocaine and heroin in cargoes shipping containers of timber and bananas from South America by hacking into computer networks of companies operating in the port of Antwerp. This allowed the hackers to access secure data about the location and security details of containers, meaning the traffickers could steal the smuggled cargo before the legitimate owner arrived.<ref>Herberger, C. (2016, April 21). Cybersecurity in the Real World: 4 Examples of the Rise of Public Transportation Systems Threats. https://blog.radware.com/security/2016/04/cybersecurity-4-public-transportation-threats/</ref> * In 2018, a major data breach against Marriott International occurred. Attackers were able to gain illegal access to the Starwood guest reservation database, exposing personal guest details of roughly 500 million guests; including passport numbers and contact information.<ref>Burgess, M. (2025, October 31). ''Marriott Data Breach: What happened, impact, and lessons''. Huntress. <nowiki>https://www.huntress.com/threat-library/data-breach/marriott-data-breach</nowiki></ref> This attack was a turning point in terms of data protection, leading companies to take extreme measures to mitigate future risk. Criminal cyber attacks may also be motivated by malice. In this case, the attacker could be a disgruntled employee or customer that wants to get back at the system. They could also be motivated by desire to prove their ability to perform a cyber attack. These cyber attacks could be the result of untargeted malicious code and random selection. * In Lodz, Poland, a 14-year-old modified a TV remote control so that it could be used to change track points. The teenager hacked into the train system for the information needed to build the device, essentially making it his own personal train set. As a result, four vehicles were derailed injuring twelve people. He had no desire to hurt anyone, but was hacking into this system as a prank.<ref>Smith, S. (2008, February 12). Teen Hacker in Poland Plays Trains and Derails City Tram System. http://inhomelandsecurity.com/teen_hacker_in_poland_plays_tr/</ref> === Hacktivism === Hacktivism is defined by the hacking, or breaking into a computer system, for a politically or socially motivated purpose.<ref>What is hacktivism? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/hacktivism</ref> It is the second most common agenda, comprising of 27.7% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> * A group protesting the Communications Decency Act in 1996 hacked into the Department of Justice website and changed the title to the “Department of Injustice.”<ref>Adams, B. (1997, July 24). Web site a victim of `ecoterrorism’? http://www.deseretnews.com/article/573959/Web-site-a-victim-of-ecoterrorism.html?pg=all</ref> * Over the past several years, Pro-Russia hacktivists have conducted cyberattacks against U.S. critical infrastructure. The Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022 increased the number of pro-Russia groups with some appearing to have associations with the Russian state. They used low sophisticated methods such as scanning for exposed systems and exploiting weak remote access. Their activities have affected sectors like energy, water, and agriculture, sometimes causing operational disruption. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Pro-Russia Hacktivists Conduct Opportunistic Attacks Against US and Global Critical Infrastructure {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa25-343a |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Cyber Espionage === Cyber espionage is the use of computer networks to gain illicit access to confidential information, typically that held by a government or other organization.<ref>Eugenie, de S. (2015). National Security and Counterintelligence in the Era of Cyber Espionage. IGI Global.</ref> This is more sophisticated than most other cyber attacks and attackers are looking for trade secrets and intellectual property of other countries or governments. This comprised of 7.4% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> * High end UAVs have exploitable vulnerabilities. In 2011, Iran hijacked the RQ-170 Sentinel UAV, operated by the CIA. The Iranians first jammed the radio communication channel controlling the Sentinel from the ground control center. This forces Sentinel to rely on GPS to determine its latitude, longitude, altitude, and velocity. Iran then sent false GPS coordinates, guiding Sentinel to land on their territory, while Sentinel thought it was landing on its home base.<ref>Mick, J. (2011, December 15). Iran: Yes, We Hacked the U.S.’s Drone, and Here’s How We Did It. http://www.dailytech.com/Iran+Yes+We+Hacked+the+USs+Drone+and+Heres+How+We+Did+It/article23533.htm</ref> === Cyber Warfare === Cyber warfare is a politically motivated attack on an enemy's computer or information systems.<ref>Cyber Warfare. (n.d.). http://www.rand.org/topics/cyber-warfare.html</ref> These attacks aim to disrupt critical infrastructure and cause property damage and loss of life. These would be considered terrorist attacks from organizations such as ISIS. This comprised of 4.3% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> Commercial drones are easy to exploit without leaving any logs or traces to track attackers. Terrorists can use these drones as a weapon. * ISIS recently started to use drones as a weapon by delivering bomb or chemical weapons. * Cartels and drug dealers uses commercial drones to smuggle narcotics, and inmates also uses drones to smuggle contrabands such as cell phones, cigarettes, and drugs to their cells. In early 2016, Maryland inmate was able to arrange to deliver these contrabands to right in front of his cell window.<ref>Kelly, H. (2016, June 24). How to catch drones smuggling drugs into prison. http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/24/technology/dedrone-drone-prisons/index.html</ref> === Data Harvesting === Profiling or harvesting data is the process of examining, analyzing, and summarizing datasets to understand underlying correlations or consistencies. The process begins with collection and ends with documentation, often in the form of reports. While not all data harvesting is malicious, it can be done illegally and is frequently the driver behind cyber attacks. Attackers use data harvesting as a technique to gather information such as user credentials (known as credential theft), and later use these credentials to illegally access systems, share them on the dark web, or advance their future attacks<ref>Lenaerts-Bergmans, B. (2023, July 18). ''What is credential harvesting?''. CrowdStrike. <nowiki>https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/cybersecurity-101/cyberattacks/credential-harvesting/#:~:text=Credential%20Harvesting%20Definition,for%20years%20at%20a%20time</nowiki>.</ref>. Other forms of illegal data harvesting include: * Phishing: act of sending emails or other messages, acting as a reputable company, in order to harvest data * Social Engineering: exploiting human error by manipulating their psychology to reveal confidential information With that, data harvesting is a driving agenda behind cyber attacks, which often allows attackers to advance their attacks and access cyber-physical systems. == Case Studies == === '''Iranian-Affiliated PLC Attacks on Critical Infrastructure (2026)''' === In early April 2026, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) issued a warning regarding Iranian-affiliated cyber attacks targeting critical infrastructure through Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Unlike sophisticated exploits, attackers leveraged legitimate engineering tools to compromise industrial systems that had been left internet-exposed with weak security configurations. The attacks were motivated by geopolitical tensions rather than financial gain. The sectors primarily targeted were those relying on Rockwell Automation/Allen-Bradley PLCs<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Iranian-Affiliated Cyber Actors Exploit Programmable Logic Controllers Across US Critical Infrastructure {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa26-097a |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref>, including water and wastewater systems, the energy sector, government services, and food and beverage manufacturing. Attackers gained unauthorized access by exploiting systems that lacked basic protections such as multi-factor authentication, network segmentation, and firewall rules restricting remote access. Once inside, they altered PLC settings and project logic files, causing Human-Machine Interface (HMI) displays to show operators false data and system statuses. This meant that facility operators were making decisions based on inaccurate readings, potentially allowing dangerous conditions to go undetected. The attacks resulted in operational disruptions, financial losses, and interference with critical infrastructure systems. This example demonstrates how a cyber attack can produce real-world physical consequences that extend well beyond simple data theft. The impact of these attacks varies across various participant groups, each with different ideas, interests, and values. Rockwell Automation, as the main manufacturers of the Allen-Bradley PLC’s, played a vital role. Since they were responsible for the security vulnerabilities that led to their product getting hacked, they suffered reputational risks and even potential liabilities. Incidents like these can reduce public trust in their products and increase pressure to develop tools with more security <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Iranian-Affiliated Cyber Actors Exploit Programmable Logic Controllers Across US Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2026/260407.pdf |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=IC3.gov}}</ref>. The primary companies that utilized these products were key parts of U.S. infrastructure, such as the Water and Wastewater Systems, energy sectors, and manufacturing companies. Their primary goal is to create and maintain safe, secure resources for the American public. They utilize PLC products to automate, control, and monitor machinery <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmanan |first=Ravie |date=2026-04-08 |title=Iran-Linked Hackers Disrupt U.S. Critical Infrastructure by Targeting Internet-Exposed PLCs |url=http://thehackernews.com/2026/04/iran-linked-hackers-disrupt-us-critical.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Hacker News |language=en}}</ref>. As a result of the attack, critical data was manipulated and crucial project files were lost, illustrating the importance, but also dependence, of vital infrastructure on emerging technologies. Six government agencies were involved in monitoring the cyber attack, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Energy, National Security Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, and United States Cyber Command. They investigated the attack and issued alerts to the public and organizations about the risk of similar intrusions. Cyber attacks like these increase the burden on such agencies to respond to threats. In this case, Iranian-affiliated hacking groups were the attackers, whose goal was likely to create operational disruptions and financial losses. However, since this event occurred very recently, investigations into the attackers' exact motives are continuing to happen <ref name=":1" />. The last associated participants are the general U.S. public. They represent a highly vulnerable group, as they lose resources such as clean water, energy, etc, if there is a disruption to key U.S. infrastructure. This case demonstrates how hacks on individual modules of technology can cause larger societal groups, on a variety of demographics. == Sociotechnical Factors == === Common Themes Across Incidents === Across these incidents, vulnerabilities emerge not from technical flaws alone, but from the interaction between technology, human behavior, and organizational practices. Shared passwords, insufficient staff training, poor monitoring, and internet-exposed systems with weak security configurations are recurring factors that create openings for attackers. This happens regardless of the specific target or method used. These human and procedural failures often prove just as consequential as any software vulnerability. At the organizational level, constraints such as limited funding, legacy infrastructure, and competing priorities directly shape security outcomes. Many water and industrial facilities rely on outdated systems never designed for modern network connectivity, and decisions around cost, efficiency, and maintenance have downstream consequences for how secure these systems ultimately are. The broader geopolitical context also plays a significant role. Some attacks are isolated and locally motivated, while others are linked to state-aligned actors, reflecting a growing trend of cyber operations being embedded within international political conflicts. Critical infrastructure systems are increasingly becoming deliberate targets in geopolitical disputes, making international cooperation on cybersecurity standards more important than ever. Finally, these cases collectively emphasize the societal dimension of cyber-physical systems. Because these systems support essential public services such as water supply and energy, even minor disruptions carry the potential to breakdown public trust and generate widespread concern. This reinforces why securing them demands urgent and sustained attention. === Future of Cyber-Attacks === As cyber-physical systems become more integrated, cyber attacks are likely to become more sophisticated with extensive impacts. Part of this is due to the advancement of AI and edge devices, which allows attackers to operate with more automation in large-scale breaches <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The Claroty |date=2025-11-25 |title=3 Emerging Threats to Cyber-Physical Systems |url=https://claroty.com/blog/3-emerging-threats-to-cyber-physical-systems |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Claroty |language=en}}</ref>. The increasing interconnectedness of these technologies also amplify hacker impacts, as disruptions to small modules of technology can cascade into various sectors, such as health, finance, and transportation. Repeated attacks can also worsen public confidence in technology, which makes its widespread acceptance difficult. However, cyber safety will also improve to counteract these new trends. For one, future safety efforts will cover entire systems, rather than isolated units, for in depth defense. Additionally, AI and automation can reduce human error, which is currently one of the leading causes of cyber attacks. However, even as systems become more secure, risk compensation may lead individuals or organizations to be more careless with their work, introducing new vulnerabilities into advanced systems. == Conclusion == As seen with hacks on drones and transportation systems, CPS security breaches could result in loss of secret information, physical property, and human lives. According to Tony Tyler, CEO of the International Air Transport Association (CTA), drones are one of the biggest threat to the passenger airlines by interfering the route of the commercial airplanes.<ref>Crowe, S. (n.d.). Drones a “Real Threat” to Passenger Planes: IATA - Robotics Trends. http://www.roboticstrends.com/article/drones_a_real_threat_to_passenger_planes_iata/</ref> To minimize the risk, FAA started to enforce drone regulations and prohibited flying drones near airports. Army officers have developed a cyber rifle using raspberry pi to power off commercial drones. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), established in 1967, is a government agency that investigates accidents in the aviation, highway, marine, pipeline, and railroad modes.<ref>National Transportation Safety Board. (n.d.). History of The National Transportation Safety Board. http://www.ntsb.gov/about/history/pages/default.aspx</ref> The NTSB must implement policies to meet the requirements placed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2006, October 13) Audit of NTSB’s Information Security Program. https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/NTSB_FISMA_FINAL.pdf</ref> The NIST develops actionable recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity in the public and private sectors to better secure the growing digital economy.<ref>Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity. (2016, December 1). Report on Securing and Growing the Digital Economy. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2016/12/02/cybersecurity-commission-report-final-post.pdf</ref> There are many initiatives to prevent CPS breaches. The Department of Energy has a Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems (CEDS) program designed to improve the United States' energy infrastructure. A main goal of the program is to better assess risk on a large scale, and identify vulnerabilities in our current system.<ref>Department of Energy. (n.d.-a). Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems | Department of Energy. http://energy.gov/oe/services/technology-development/cybersecurity-for-energy-delivery-systems</ref> Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid (TCIPG) is an example of a program funded by the Department of Energy. TCIPG has developed commercial software packages that can be integrated by utility providers. Examples include sensors like Amilyzer that identify system threats in real time, and middleware frameworks like GridStat that decrease data delivery latencies in the power grid.<ref>Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid. (2014). http://tcipg.org/about-us</ref> The National Science Foundation has founded a Team for Research in Ubiquitous Secure Technology (TRUST) that is currently looking into financial, healthcare, and physical infrastructure solutions.<ref>The Team for Research in Ubiquitous Secure Technology (TRUST). (n.d.). https://www.truststc.org/research/index.html</ref> Carnegie Mellon's CyLab is also committed to building more of these public-private partnerships in developing new technology for secure computing.<ref>Technology Transfer. (n.d.). https://www.cylab.cmu.edu/partners/tech_transfer.html</ref> The internet of things is now a reality. The connection of various cyber-physical systems is intended to improve our way of life, but is also being exploited with criminal intent. Security issues are now more complex and larger scale than ever before. Research into cyber-physical security will help us better understand the cyber interface between physical systems, and the growth in consumer adoption of new technology. == References == {{BookCat}} <references /> 737xa4zbeotv1kcy9x6qnc5n5mzdhfq 4634014 4634012 2026-05-04T02:44:18Z AnjiniV 3580999 Small edits to my parts 4634014 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== A cyber-attack can be defined as an attack on computer systems/architecture, or information systems with malicious intent. The attack could be an individual or group acting against other individuals, business or civilian groups with the intention of acquiring unsecured data from the victim. Specifically, cyber-attacks on cyber-physical systems are becoming increasing as physical systems become more interconnected. These attacks also disrupt vital services, compromise safety of users, and risk severe economic damage, especially when targeting systems that are essential to daily functions. A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system in which there is some connection between a physical entity and its related cyber component. The connection is typically sustained between system components by feeding data through sensors or actuators. The main distinction between a CPS and a typical computer is that a CPS has physical inputs and outputs.<ref>Thompson, K. (2014, June 20). Cyber-Physical Systems. https://www.nist.gov/el/cyber-physical-systems</ref><ref>Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.-A. (2015). A Cyber-Physical Systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, 3, 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001</ref> Examples of cyber-physical systems include industrial control systems, smart power grids, autonomous vehicles, smart home technologies, and medical devices. Because these systems often operate in real time and control critical infrastructure, they require high levels of reliability and security. Any breaches in these systems could lead to long-term consequences, such as service outages, safety hazards, and loss of trust from frequent users. The large scale interconnection of CPS devices through networks and cloud based platforms is commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT allow devices to communicate, share data, and operate more efficiently, but they also introduce new security challenges. Many CPS and IoT devices are built with limited computational resources, including restricted processing power, memory, and energy capacity, which makes it difficult to implement strong security mechanisms such as advanced encryption, real time monitoring, and intrusion detection. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yaacoub |first=Jean-Paul A. |last2=Salman |first2=Ola |last3=Noura |first3=Hassan N. |last4=Kaaniche |first4=Nesrine |last5=Chehab |first5=Ali |last6=Malli |first6=Mohamad |date=2020-09 |title=Cyber-physical systems security: Limitations, issues and future trends |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7340599/ |journal=Microprocessors and Microsystems |volume=77 |pages=103201 |doi=10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103201 |issn=0141-9331 |pmc=7340599 |pmid=32834204}}</ref> These limitations can weaken overall system security and increase vulnerability to cyber-attacks, particularly in large scale, distributed environments. As a result, securing cyber physical systems have become a critical area of research and policy, emphasizing the need for strong authentication, and resilience against both cyber and physical threats. Future work to mitigate risk of attacks must prioritize continuous monitoring and secure architecture to remain proactive. == Types of Cyber-Physical Systems == ===Smart Car=== A smart car is equipped with visual and weather sensors that feed information to the driver and to the auto response functions of the car itself, such as automated driving, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. New CPS components in cars are commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and are integrated from third parties. Many car producers fail to realize that new security issues arise from integrating these heterogeneous components in the vehicle. Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS), for instance, have unencrypted communication with the vehicle. Attackers could exploit this communication, and retrieve unique vehicle IDs.<ref>Humayed, A., & Luo, B. (2015). Cyber-physical Security for Smart Cars: Taxonomy of Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Attacks. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (pp. 252–253). New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735992</ref> ===Smart Home=== A smart home could have weather sensors to auto regulate various temperature, lighting, and appliance components in the home. All of these features could be easily programmable from a universal device. Some devices are already commercially available, such as Nest, Google Home, and Amazon Echo. If hackers took control of a home's smart thermostat, like Nest, they could have complete information on the family's schedule, specifically when people are in and out of the home. <ref>5 Security Concerns to Consider When Creating Your Smart Home. (n.d.). http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-security-concerns-consider-creating-smart-home/</ref><ref name=":0">Network Security. (2014). Black Hat USA 2014 - Embedded: Smart Nest Thermostat A Smart Spy in Your Home. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQ9AYMee_Q</ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQ9AYMee_Q (Video: Nest Thermostat Hacking)] Although security measures like two-factor authentication can help prevent cyber attacks, they make the user experience more tedious which makes companies more reluctant to make these protections mandatory. For platforms like Google Next and other smart home ecosystems, this creates a tradeoff between usability and security, where simplifying access may unintentionally weaken system protection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=visceral_dev_admin |date=2022-08-25 |title=Smart Homes and Policy: Cybersecurity Risks and Tradeoffs |url=https://bipartisanpolicy.org/article/smart-homes-policy-cybersecurity-risks/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Bipartisan Policy Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2020 introduced baseline security requirements for devices used by federal agencies, aiming to improve standards among manufactures that contract with the government. While this law does not directly regulate consumer smart home devices, it encourages broader industry adoption of strong cybersecurity practices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rep. Kelly |first=Robin L. [D-IL-2 |date=2020-12-04 |title=H.R.1668 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): IoT Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2020 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1668 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> ===Smart Grid=== Smart meters could be placed on homes to communicate with the utility providers on a daily basis for close monitoring of electricity use. This could help utility providers better predict peak electricity demand, thus decreasing wasted electricity. Looking to future, if more homes are equipped with electric storage capabilities such as solar panels and/or electric vehicle batteries, it becomes easier to scale up renewable energy integration. The grid is currently highly centralized due to reliance on fossil fuel plants, and needs diversified storage opportunities for renewable energy.<ref>Department of Energy. (n.d.-b). What is the Smart Grid? https://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid/smart_grid.html</ref> ===Drones=== Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or drones are a widely used technology. The U.S. Custom and Border Protection uses MQ-9 Reaper, a type of UAV, for surveillance missions across the border.<ref>DHS Is Using Surveillance Drones To Spy On Americans. (2014, October 12). http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/dhs-using-surveillance-drones-spy-americans/</ref> Law enforcement agencies began to operate commercial drones to replace their manned helicopter units.<ref>Gettinger, D. (2013, November 30). Lawkeepers: Police Drones. http://dronecenter.bard.edu/lawkeepers-police-drones/</ref> Fire fighters use commercial drones to gather structural information of hazardous buildings before they perform search and rescue missions.<ref>Schroth, F. (2016, August 4). Drones & Fire - Officials Speak to the Value of UAS in Firefighting. http://dronelife.com/2016/08/04/drones-fire-officials-speak-value-uas-firefighting/</ref> Companies like Amazon are developing autonomous package delivery systems using drones. Hobbyists fly drones for entertainment. Commercial drones have vulnerabilities that can be exploited. Many drone manufacturing companies such as DJI and 3D Robotics use different flight control platforms like Pixhawk, however they operate under same communication protocol, MAVLink. MAVLink was developed as an open source program for hobbyists. Since security features add cost, MAVLink does not have security features to protect drones from cyber physical attacks.<ref>Making a Mavlink WiFi bridge using the Raspberry Pi — Dev documentation. (n.d.). http://ardupilot.org/dev/docs/making-a-mavlink-wifi-bridge-using-the-raspberry-pi.html</ref> MAVLink pairs the drone and the ground control station with NetID. A properly programmed attacking device can parse the radio transmission to obtain and update this paired NetID. Then, the attacking device can send commands to power off or take control of the drone. The code to parse the radio transmission is easy to look up, so anyone could conduct a cyber physical attack on commercial drones running with MAVLink.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sycgvpIxvPU (Video: Anti drone device)]<ref>shellntel. (2015). anti-drone device demo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sycgvpIxvPU</ref> === Transportation Systems === A transportation system is a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods.<ref>transportation system - Dictionary Definition. (n.d.). https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/transportation%20system</ref> Transport networks have become increasingly digital, which makes them highly susceptible to cyber attacks. Electronic data can now track the location, status, and condition of vehicles and infrastructure. Electronics are used to monitor weather-related risks, such as hurricanes or landslides, that will cause damage or delays to transportation systems. Any organization will be exposed to cyber attacks if they use computer networks or internet for sales, administrative functions, automated control systems, or storage of confidential information <ref>Marsh. (2015). Cyber Risk in the Transportation Industry. http://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/marsh/Documents/PDF/UK-en/Cyber%20Risk%20in%20the%20Transportation%20Industry-03-2015.pdf</ref> . Specifically, the major transportation systems at risk are: 1. Railroads/trains 2. Airplanes and airports 3. Connected cars (cars with internet access) === Medical Devices === A medical device is any instrument, machine, or piece of equipment used to diagnose, treat, or monitor patients in a clinical setting. As healthcare facilities have become increasingly reliant on network connectivity, medical devices have evolved from standalone tools into integrated components of hospital IT ecosystems. Electronic data can now track device status, patient vitals, and equipment performance in real time. While this has improved patient outcomes and support doctors make treatment decisions, this also leads to organizations being susceptible to cyber threats if they connect medical devices to internal networks. The rapid growth of AI and blockchain technologies has further accelerated the digitization of healthcare, shifting the industry from conventional hub based systems toward more interconnected, personalized healthcare management systems <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Susan |last2=Surineni |first2=Kamalakar |last3=Prabhakaran |first3=Nishant |date=2025-09-01 |title=Cyber-Attacks on Hospital Systems: A Narrative Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950386825000103 |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Open Science, Education, and Practice |volume=7 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1016/j.osep.2025.03.002 |issn=2950-3868}}</ref>. === '''Precision Agriculture''' === Precision agriculture, also known as smart farming, is an innovative strategy that utilizes technologies such as GPS, IoT sensors, drones, and others to manage larger expanses of farm land, and optimize resources like fertilizers and pesticides. Smart farming has proven to increase efficiency, profitability, and promote sustainable crop production.<ref>Brinkle, C. (2026, February 26). ''Precision agriculture: Definition, Key Technologies, and benefits''. Precision Agriculture: Definition, Key Technologies, and Benefits. <nowiki>https://www.thomasnet.com/insights/precision-agriculture/</nowiki></ref> As resources become more scarce with a growing demand, associated costs of farming have risen, making precision agriculture all the more vital. The system works by using automated machinery known as variable rate technology (VRT) that adjusts the rate of resource input on the go. In addition to VRTs, site-specific crop management (SSCM) assists by tailoring soil and crop input to field locations based on need. These machineries are supported by GPS and drone sensing technology that map field variability and provide aerial imagery, respectively.<ref>Wigmore, I. (2022, October 18). ''What is Precision Agriculture/precision farming?''. WhatIs. <nowiki>https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/precision-agriculture-precision-farming#:~:text=Precision%20agriculture%20(PA)%20is%20a,navigates%20crops%20without%20a%20driver</nowiki>.</ref> ==Agendas of Cyber Attacks== [[File:01 2016 Cyberattacks.png|thumb| January 2016 Cyber Attacks Statistics]] === Criminal === This is the most common agenda, comprising of 60.6% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats>{{Passeri, P. (2016, February 16). January 2016 Cyber Attacks Statistics. http://www.hackmageddon.com/2016/02/16/january-2016-cyber-attacks-statistics/}}</ref> In many of these cases, the attacker targets the digital assets of a company or transportation network. This includes personal info such social security numbers of customers and employees, credit card numbers, and intellectual property of the company. * A Dutch-based trafficking group hid cocaine and heroin in cargoes shipping containers of timber and bananas from South America by hacking into computer networks of companies operating in the port of Antwerp. This allowed the hackers to access secure data about the location and security details of containers, meaning the traffickers could steal the smuggled cargo before the legitimate owner arrived.<ref>Herberger, C. (2016, April 21). Cybersecurity in the Real World: 4 Examples of the Rise of Public Transportation Systems Threats. https://blog.radware.com/security/2016/04/cybersecurity-4-public-transportation-threats/</ref> * In 2018, a major data breach against Marriott International occurred. Attackers were able to gain illegal access to the Starwood guest reservation database, exposing personal guest details of roughly 500 million guests; including passport numbers and contact information.<ref>Burgess, M. (2025, October 31). ''Marriott Data Breach: What happened, impact, and lessons''. Huntress. <nowiki>https://www.huntress.com/threat-library/data-breach/marriott-data-breach</nowiki></ref> This attack was a turning point in terms of data protection, leading companies to take extreme measures to mitigate future risk. Criminal cyber attacks may also be motivated by malice. In this case, the attacker could be a disgruntled employee or customer that wants to get back at the system. They could also be motivated by desire to prove their ability to perform a cyber attack. These cyber attacks could be the result of untargeted malicious code and random selection. * In Lodz, Poland, a 14-year-old modified a TV remote control so that it could be used to change track points. The teenager hacked into the train system for the information needed to build the device, essentially making it his own personal train set. As a result, four vehicles were derailed injuring twelve people. He had no desire to hurt anyone, but was hacking into this system as a prank.<ref>Smith, S. (2008, February 12). Teen Hacker in Poland Plays Trains and Derails City Tram System. http://inhomelandsecurity.com/teen_hacker_in_poland_plays_tr/</ref> === Hacktivism === Hacktivism is defined by the hacking, or breaking into a computer system, for a politically or socially motivated purpose.<ref>What is hacktivism? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/hacktivism</ref> It is the second most common agenda, comprising of 27.7% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> * A group protesting the Communications Decency Act in 1996 hacked into the Department of Justice website and changed the title to the “Department of Injustice.”<ref>Adams, B. (1997, July 24). Web site a victim of `ecoterrorism’? http://www.deseretnews.com/article/573959/Web-site-a-victim-of-ecoterrorism.html?pg=all</ref> * Over the past several years, Pro-Russia hacktivists have conducted cyberattacks against U.S. critical infrastructure. The Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022 increased the number of pro-Russia groups with some appearing to have associations with the Russian state. They used low sophisticated methods such as scanning for exposed systems and exploiting weak remote access. Their activities have affected sectors like energy, water, and agriculture, sometimes causing operational disruption. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Pro-Russia Hacktivists Conduct Opportunistic Attacks Against US and Global Critical Infrastructure {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa25-343a |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Cyber Espionage === Cyber espionage is the use of computer networks to gain illicit access to confidential information, typically that held by a government or other organization.<ref>Eugenie, de S. (2015). National Security and Counterintelligence in the Era of Cyber Espionage. IGI Global.</ref> This is more sophisticated than most other cyber attacks and attackers are looking for trade secrets and intellectual property of other countries or governments. This comprised of 7.4% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> * High end UAVs have exploitable vulnerabilities. In 2011, Iran hijacked the RQ-170 Sentinel UAV, operated by the CIA. The Iranians first jammed the radio communication channel controlling the Sentinel from the ground control center. This forces Sentinel to rely on GPS to determine its latitude, longitude, altitude, and velocity. Iran then sent false GPS coordinates, guiding Sentinel to land on their territory, while Sentinel thought it was landing on its home base.<ref>Mick, J. (2011, December 15). Iran: Yes, We Hacked the U.S.’s Drone, and Here’s How We Did It. http://www.dailytech.com/Iran+Yes+We+Hacked+the+USs+Drone+and+Heres+How+We+Did+It/article23533.htm</ref> === Cyber Warfare === Cyber warfare is a politically motivated attack on an enemy's computer or information systems.<ref>Cyber Warfare. (n.d.). http://www.rand.org/topics/cyber-warfare.html</ref> These attacks aim to disrupt critical infrastructure and cause property damage and loss of life. These would be considered terrorist attacks from organizations such as ISIS. This comprised of 4.3% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> Commercial drones are easy to exploit without leaving any logs or traces to track attackers. Terrorists can use these drones as a weapon. * ISIS recently started to use drones as a weapon by delivering bomb or chemical weapons. * Cartels and drug dealers uses commercial drones to smuggle narcotics, and inmates also uses drones to smuggle contrabands such as cell phones, cigarettes, and drugs to their cells. In early 2016, Maryland inmate was able to arrange to deliver these contrabands to right in front of his cell window.<ref>Kelly, H. (2016, June 24). How to catch drones smuggling drugs into prison. http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/24/technology/dedrone-drone-prisons/index.html</ref> === Data Harvesting === Profiling or harvesting data is the process of examining, analyzing, and summarizing datasets to understand underlying correlations or consistencies. The process begins with collection and ends with documentation, often in the form of reports. While not all data harvesting is malicious, it can be done illegally and is frequently the driver behind cyber attacks. Attackers use data harvesting as a technique to gather information such as user credentials (known as credential theft), and later use these credentials to illegally access systems, share them on the dark web, or advance their future attacks<ref>Lenaerts-Bergmans, B. (2023, July 18). ''What is credential harvesting?''. CrowdStrike. <nowiki>https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/cybersecurity-101/cyberattacks/credential-harvesting/#:~:text=Credential%20Harvesting%20Definition,for%20years%20at%20a%20time</nowiki>.</ref>. Other forms of illegal data harvesting include: * Phishing: act of sending emails or other messages, acting as a reputable company, in order to harvest data * Social Engineering: exploiting human error by manipulating their psychology to reveal confidential information With that, data harvesting is a driving agenda behind cyber attacks, which often allows attackers to advance their attacks and access cyber-physical systems. == Case Studies == === '''Iranian-Affiliated PLC Attacks on Critical Infrastructure (2026)''' === In early April 2026, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) issued a warning regarding Iranian-affiliated cyber attacks targeting critical infrastructure through Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Unlike sophisticated exploits, attackers leveraged legitimate engineering tools to compromise industrial systems that had been left internet-exposed with weak security configurations. The attacks were motivated by geopolitical tensions rather than financial gain. The sectors primarily targeted were those relying on Rockwell Automation/Allen-Bradley PLCs<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Iranian-Affiliated Cyber Actors Exploit Programmable Logic Controllers Across US Critical Infrastructure {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa26-097a |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref>, including water and wastewater systems, the energy sector, government services, and food and beverage manufacturing. Attackers gained unauthorized access by exploiting systems that lacked basic protections such as multi-factor authentication, network segmentation, and firewall rules restricting remote access. Once inside, they altered PLC settings and project logic files, causing Human-Machine Interface (HMI) displays to show operators false data and system statuses. This meant that facility operators were making decisions based on inaccurate readings, potentially allowing dangerous conditions to go undetected. The attacks resulted in operational disruptions, financial losses, and interference with critical infrastructure systems. This example demonstrates how a cyber attack can produce real-world physical consequences that extend well beyond simple data theft. The impact of these attacks varies across different participant groups, each with unique ideas, interests, and values. Rockwell Automation, as the main manufacturers of the Allen-Bradley PLC’s, played a vital role. Since they were responsible for the security vulnerabilities that led to their product getting hacked, they suffered reputational risks and even potential liabilities. Incidents like these can reduce public trust in their products and increase pressure to develop tools with more security <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Iranian-Affiliated Cyber Actors Exploit Programmable Logic Controllers Across US Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2026/260407.pdf |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=IC3.gov}}</ref>. The primary companies that utilized these products were key parts of U.S. infrastructure, such as the Water and Wastewater Systems, energy sectors, and manufacturing companies. Their primary goal is to create and maintain safe, secure resources for the American public. They utilize PLC products to automate, control, and monitor machinery <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmanan |first=Ravie |date=2026-04-08 |title=Iran-Linked Hackers Disrupt U.S. Critical Infrastructure by Targeting Internet-Exposed PLCs |url=http://thehackernews.com/2026/04/iran-linked-hackers-disrupt-us-critical.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Hacker News |language=en}}</ref>. As a result of the attack, critical data was manipulated and crucial project files were lost, illustrating the importance, but also dependence, of vital infrastructure on emerging technologies. Six government agencies were involved in monitoring the cyber attack, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Energy, National Security Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, and United States Cyber Command. They investigated the attack and issued alerts to the public and organizations about the risk of similar intrusions. Cyber attacks like these increase the burden on such agencies to respond to threats. In this case, Iranian-affiliated hacking groups were the attackers, whose goal was likely to create operational disruptions and financial losses. However, since this event occurred very recently, investigations into the attackers' exact motives are continuing to happen <ref name=":1" />. The last associated participants are the general U.S. public. They represent a highly vulnerable group, since they lose resources such as clean water and energy, if there is a disruption to key U.S. infrastructure. This case demonstrates how hacks on individual technology modules can cause larger effects on a variety of different demographics. == Sociotechnical Factors == === Common Themes Across Incidents === Across these incidents, vulnerabilities emerge not from technical flaws alone, but from the interaction between technology, human behavior, and organizational practices. Shared passwords, insufficient staff training, poor monitoring, and internet-exposed systems with weak security configurations are recurring factors that create openings for attackers. This happens regardless of the specific target or method used. These human and procedural failures often prove just as consequential as any software vulnerability. At the organizational level, constraints such as limited funding, legacy infrastructure, and competing priorities directly shape security outcomes. Many water and industrial facilities rely on outdated systems never designed for modern network connectivity, and decisions around cost, efficiency, and maintenance have downstream consequences for how secure these systems ultimately are. The broader geopolitical context also plays a significant role. Some attacks are isolated and locally motivated, while others are linked to state-aligned actors, reflecting a growing trend of cyber operations being embedded within international political conflicts. Critical infrastructure systems are increasingly becoming deliberate targets in geopolitical disputes, making international cooperation on cybersecurity standards more important than ever. Finally, these cases collectively emphasize the societal dimension of cyber-physical systems. Because these systems support essential public services such as water supply and energy, even minor disruptions carry the potential to breakdown public trust and generate widespread concern. This reinforces why securing them demands urgent and sustained attention. === Future of Cyber-Attacks === As cyber-physical systems become more integrated, cyber attacks are likely to become more sophisticated with larger impacts. Part of this is due to the advancement of AI and edge devices, which allows attackers to operate with more automation in large-scale breaches <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The Claroty |date=2025-11-25 |title=3 Emerging Threats to Cyber-Physical Systems |url=https://claroty.com/blog/3-emerging-threats-to-cyber-physical-systems |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Claroty |language=en}}</ref>. The increasing interconnectedness of these technologies also amplify hacker impacts, as disruptions to small units of technology can cascade into various sectors, such as health, finance, and transportation. Repeated attacks can also worsen public confidence in technology, which makes its widespread acceptance difficult. However, cyber safety will also improve to counteract these new trends. For one, future safety efforts will cover entire systems, rather than isolated modules, for in depth defense. Additionally, AI and automation can reduce human error, which is currently one of the leading causes of cyber attacks. However, even as systems become more secure, risk compensation may lead individuals or organizations to be more careless with their work, introducing new vulnerabilities into advanced systems. == Conclusion == As seen with hacks on drones and transportation systems, CPS security breaches could result in loss of secret information, physical property, and human lives. According to Tony Tyler, CEO of the International Air Transport Association (CTA), drones are one of the biggest threat to the passenger airlines by interfering the route of the commercial airplanes.<ref>Crowe, S. (n.d.). Drones a “Real Threat” to Passenger Planes: IATA - Robotics Trends. http://www.roboticstrends.com/article/drones_a_real_threat_to_passenger_planes_iata/</ref> To minimize the risk, FAA started to enforce drone regulations and prohibited flying drones near airports. Army officers have developed a cyber rifle using raspberry pi to power off commercial drones. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), established in 1967, is a government agency that investigates accidents in the aviation, highway, marine, pipeline, and railroad modes.<ref>National Transportation Safety Board. (n.d.). History of The National Transportation Safety Board. http://www.ntsb.gov/about/history/pages/default.aspx</ref> The NTSB must implement policies to meet the requirements placed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2006, October 13) Audit of NTSB’s Information Security Program. https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/NTSB_FISMA_FINAL.pdf</ref> The NIST develops actionable recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity in the public and private sectors to better secure the growing digital economy.<ref>Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity. (2016, December 1). Report on Securing and Growing the Digital Economy. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2016/12/02/cybersecurity-commission-report-final-post.pdf</ref> There are many initiatives to prevent CPS breaches. The Department of Energy has a Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems (CEDS) program designed to improve the United States' energy infrastructure. A main goal of the program is to better assess risk on a large scale, and identify vulnerabilities in our current system.<ref>Department of Energy. (n.d.-a). Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems | Department of Energy. http://energy.gov/oe/services/technology-development/cybersecurity-for-energy-delivery-systems</ref> Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid (TCIPG) is an example of a program funded by the Department of Energy. TCIPG has developed commercial software packages that can be integrated by utility providers. Examples include sensors like Amilyzer that identify system threats in real time, and middleware frameworks like GridStat that decrease data delivery latencies in the power grid.<ref>Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid. (2014). http://tcipg.org/about-us</ref> The National Science Foundation has founded a Team for Research in Ubiquitous Secure Technology (TRUST) that is currently looking into financial, healthcare, and physical infrastructure solutions.<ref>The Team for Research in Ubiquitous Secure Technology (TRUST). (n.d.). https://www.truststc.org/research/index.html</ref> Carnegie Mellon's CyLab is also committed to building more of these public-private partnerships in developing new technology for secure computing.<ref>Technology Transfer. (n.d.). https://www.cylab.cmu.edu/partners/tech_transfer.html</ref> The internet of things is now a reality. The connection of various cyber-physical systems is intended to improve our way of life, but is also being exploited with criminal intent. Security issues are now more complex and larger scale than ever before. Research into cyber-physical security will help us better understand the cyber interface between physical systems, and the growth in consumer adoption of new technology. == References == {{BookCat}} <references /> r2ehwxt34uvst1rgpp46uanuk9ngpir 0 403829 4634013 3936618 2026-05-04T02:40:25Z Ronit mal 3581047 Extended the Case Studies Section to be framed as sociotechnical contests by adding to Silk Road/AlphaBay and adding Panama Papers/DigAI case studies. 4634013 wikitext text/x-wiki <b>The Deep Web</b> (also referred to as <b>The Hidden Web</b> and <b>The Invisible Web</b>) is a collection of non-indexed web content. The deep web is often confused with the term "[[w:Dark Web|dark web]]", the darknet networks that require special tools and authorizations to access. The dark web is a subset of the deep web, as the two fulfill separate purposes. Both are separate from the "surface web", web pages openly accessible to anyone. [[w:Hypertext Transfer Protocol| HTTP]] form hide content on the deep web <Ref>{{cite web|url=|title=How Do You Want Me to Do It? Does It Have to Look like an Accident? – an Assassin Selling a Hit on the Net; Revealed Inside the Deep Web|newspaper=[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]] |date=June 8, 2014 |first=Sam |last=Shedden |accessdate=December 9, 2018}}</ref> that [[w:Web indexing| web crawlers]] cannot access nor index. This secures data from the public. A login page can hide information from unauthorized users. With most of the inaccessible deep web being dedicated to business transactions and database storage with limited widespread social impact, this page will focus on the dark web with respects to anonymity, privacy, and security. =The Dark Web= People can access the dark web through either onion routing or garlic routing. Onion routing and garlic routing are most commonly employed by the Tor and I2P projects, respectively. The Tor Project has a larger user base. There are several differences between the two projects.<ref>https://geti2p.net/en/comparison/tor</ref> While originally developed for government and military communications, dark web use has expanded to civilians, journalists, law enforcers, activists, business executives, and professionals.<ref name="TorUsers">{{cite web |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/torusers |title=Who uses Tor? |publisher=The Tor Project |accessdate=2018-12-09 }}</ref> ==The Onion Router Project== [[File:Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg|thumb|The Tor Project logo]] The Onion Router (Tor) Project<ref name=":0">https://www.torproject.org/index.html.en</ref> is an open-source volunteer-driven project with the agenda of improving the privacy and security of people on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/overview |title=Tor Project: Overview |publisher=The Tor Project |accessdate=2018-12-08 }}</ref> Its Tor browser software protects users by bouncing their communications around a distributed network of relays run by volunteers around the world. The software is a modified Mozilla Firefox web browser that can access darknet [[w:.onion|.onion domains]] as well as surface web domains. ==The Invisible Internet Project== [[File:I2P logo.svg|thumb|The I2P logo]] The Invisible Internet (I2P) Project<ref>https://geti2p.net/en/is</ref> an open-source anonymous overlay network that relies on bouncing encrypted messages around numerous one-way tunnels.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://geti2p.net/en/about/intro |title=Intro |work=The Invisible Internet Project |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> Instead of the Tor's .onion sites, the I2P browser features its own .i2p eepsites. Its browser can only access darknet domains within the I2P network.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/how-to-access-the-deep-web-and-darknet/ |title=Step by step guide to safely accessing the dark net and deep web |last=Bischoff |first=Paul |work=VPN & Privacy |publisher=Comparitech |date=2018-09-12 |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> ==Peer-to-Peer Networks== The dark web uses a peer-to-peer network. It differs from the conventional client-server model since there are no designated servers. The network's infrastructure, processing power, and storage comes from the computers, also called nodes, on the network. They function as servers and routers. Tor<ref name=":2">https://www.torproject.org/docs/documentation.html.en</ref> uses standard internet communication protocol, which allows any computer to join the network. The list of Tor relays at any moment is public. A user's Tor client facilitates the routing process to provide security, privacy, and anonymity. The client retrieves the list of active relays, generates a random path, and then adds additional overhead layers to the data packet for each node on the path. The computers at each node can only access their layer, which tells them the location of the next relay. As a result, a relay node does not know the end destination of the data, nor can it see the data. The last node, called exit node, delivers the data packet to the end destination. The network contains many features and vulnerabilities such as eavesdropping, protocol sabotage, and IP reveals. =Participants= Internet service providers have sold their customers' browsing records.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blodget |first=Henry |url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/29449-compete-ceo-isps-sell-clickstreams-for-5-a-month |title=Compete CEO: ISPs Sell Clickstreams For $5 A Month |work=Seeking Alpha |date=2007-03-13 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> Participants who care about their online privacy can communicate and research without unwanted surveillance. Darknet softwares hide peoples' identities and web traffic while browsing. ==Governments and Militaries== Governments and militaries need private untraceable communications. Originally designed for military communications, onion routing's original purpose was to distribute robust messages through centralized server sites.<ref name="TorUsers" /> Through onion routing, militaries can send messages without fear of surveillance, discovery, or shutdown. Law personnel can open truly anonymous tip lines that don't include traceable server logs. Governments can mask their IP addresses and engage in undercover sting operations.<ref name="TorUsers" /> ==Activists and Whistleblowers== Under government censorships in countries like China,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Race to the Bottom: Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship |journal=Human Rights Watch |date=2006-08 |volume=18 |issue=8 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/china0806web.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> activists and whistleblowers need protections and anonymity to protect themselves. Readers can evade national firewalls to research global perspectives on censored and/or controversial topics without risk of persecution.<ref name="TorUsers" /> Whistleblower submission systems such as SecureDrop<ref>https://securedrop.org/</ref> allow media organizations to securely accept documents from anonymous sources.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://securedrop.org/ |title=SecureDrop |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> Journalists can access the dark web to write about local events and social reforms that would otherwise be censored.<ref name="TorUsers" /> ==Terrorists== Terrorists deem the conventional surface web too risky as they could be monitored, traced, and found.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Terrorist Migration to the Dark Web |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |year=2016 |last=Weimann |first=Gabriel |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=40-44 |issn=2334-3745 |jstor=26297596 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297596 |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> The dark web provides a decentralized and anonymous network that terrorists use to communicate and plan attacks. ==Businesses== Trading cryptocurrencies over the dark web allow businesses and individuals to negotiate and transfer large amounts of funds without detection.<ref name="TorUsers" /> This way, they can commit tax fraud by reporting fewer assets in their tax reports. =Case Studies= ==Darknet Markets== Darknet markets and communications platforms do not simply pit technology against law enforcement - they are arenas where competing social actors content control, trust, and legitimacy. The cases below, spanning drug markets, financial whistleblowing, and AI, each illustrate how the dark web's conflicts are fundamentally about who sets the rules when there is no central authority. ===Silk Road=== [[File:Silk Road Seized.jpg|thumb|Screenshot of the Silk Road shutdown]] [[w:Silk Road (marketplace)| Silk Road]] was an online black market marketplace for drugs and other illegal goods founded by [[w:Ross Ulbricht| Ross Ulbricht]] who used the pseudonym "Dread Pirate Roberts".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/02/08/silk-road-trial-lessons/ |title=Anonymity is dead and other lessons from the Silk Road trial |last=Lee |first=Nicole |publisher=Engadget |date=2015-02-08 |accessdate=2018-12-09 }}</ref> Ulbricht's explicit goal was to build a free market where drug use was treated as a victimless personal choice, bypassing violet middlemen. To make that work without institutional backing, Silk Road layered ratings, escrow systems, and buyer feedback on top of [[wikipedia:Tor_(network)|Tor's]] anonymity - technology substituting for the social trust that ordinarily requires knowing someone in person. Buyers could purchase drugs with untraceable [[w:Bitcoin| Bitcoin]] transactions, and have them delivered by the postal service, an unwitting participant. In June 2013, FBI agents identified Silk Road's true server location through a software flaw, and Ulbricht was arrested.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/09/fbi-silk-road-hacking-question/ |title=FBI's Story of Finding Silk Road's Server Sounds a Lot Like Hacking |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |work=Security |publisher=Wired |date=2014-09-08 |accessdate=2018-12-09 }}</ref> Despite having no prior criminal record, he was sentenced to double life plus 40 years without parole. The severity of the sentence was widely debated: proportionate justice, or a strategic deterrent to discourage future operators?<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freeross.org/1-page-overview/ |title=1-page Overview |work=One-page Overview |publisher=Ross Ulbricht Defense Fund |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> That question was reopened in January 2025, when President Trump pardoned Ulbricht, reigniting debate about how states should respond to darknet markets.<ref /> ===AlphaBay=== [[File:Alphabay-forfeiture-notice-screenshot-2017-05-12.png|thumb|AlphaBay forfeiture notice screenshot|alt=Alphabay-forfeiture-notice-screenshot-2017-05-12.png]] Canadian citizen Alexandre Cazes launched [[w:AlphaBay| AlphaBay]] in September 2014,<ref>{{cite news |first=Django |url=https://darkwebnews.com/darkwebmarkets/alphabay/ |title=AlphaBay |work=Darkweb News |publisher=Dark Web News Publication |date=2018-11-12 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> and by July 2017 it had grown to ten times the size of the Silk Road by expanding beyond drugs into stolen corporate data, credentials, and financial records - making businesses unwitting victims alongside individual users. Cazes relocated to Thailand to operate the market and displayed his wealth publicly on social media, lapses that contributed to his arrest. But the most consequential innovcation in AlphaBay's takedown was the enforcement strategy surrounding it. As part of [[wikipedia:Operation_Bayonet_(darknet)|Operation Bayonet,]] the Dutch National Police secretly seized and continued operating the competing darknet market [[wikipedia:Hansa_(market)|Hansa]] in the weeks before AlphaBay was shut down.<ref name="Bayonet">{{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |url=https://www.wired.com/story/hansa-dutch-police-sting-operation/ |title=Operation Bayonet |work=Wired |location=New York |publisher=Wired Magazine |date=2018-03-08 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> When AlphaBay fell and users fled to what they believed was a safe alternative, they walked directly into a law enforcement honeypot. The FBI and DEA's goal was not merely to close one market but to destroy user confidence in the darknet markets as a category. The operation succeeded not because authorities broke the encryption, but because they understood the ecosystem's social dynamics - displacement behavior, trust migration, and platform loyalty - better than the users themselves did. Thai authorities found Cazes dead in his cell days after his arrest and suspect suicide. === "John Doe" and the Panama Papers === Not all dark web activity involves markets. In 2015, an anonymous source using the pseudonym "John Doe" contacted journalists at the German newspaper ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'' through encrypted, anonymous channels and offered access to internal documents from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca.<ref /> The whistleblower insisted on communicating exclusively over encrypted channels and refused any face-to-face contact, stating that their lift was in danger. The resulting leak - over 11.5 million documents exposing the offshore financial networks of politicians, executives, and celebrities worldwide - become known as the [[wikipedia:Panama_Papers|Panama Papers]] and triggered investigations in more than 80 countries. Without the ability to contact journalists anonymously, the source would have faced near-certain legal retaliation. The case surfaces a tension that runs through the entire dark web; the same infrastructure that enables criminal markets also enables accountability journalism. The Panama Papers strengthened financial transparency laws, increased regulation of offshore accounts, and expanded international cooperation on tax enforcement - while simultaneously legitimizing anonymous communication tools as instruments of the public interest. === DIG AI === The dark web's sociotechnical contests have expanded into [[wikipedia:Artificial_intelligence|artificial intelligence]]. In September 2025, DIG AI launched as a [[wikipedia:Tor_(network)|Tor]]-hosted [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language model]] built on open-weight models and explicitly designed without the content restrictions that mainstream AI systems enforce.<ref /> Where [[wikipedia:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] and [[wikipedia:Claude_(language_model)|Claude]] decline requests for phishing emails, weapons instructions, or malicious code, DIG AI fulfills them. The governance vacuum is striking: AI companies whose models were appropriated can only file threat reports; cybersecurity firms can monitor DIG AI but cannot remove it; no internal authority has jurisdiction over a Tor-hosted service. DIG AI extends a central pattern - each time enforcement closes one avenue, the ecosystem reconstitutes around a new technology. The question is not only how to respond to one uncensored model, but what it means for the dark web when AI-powered capability becomes as accessible as a drug listing. ==Darknet Communications== ===Facebook=== [[w:Facebook| Facebook]] <ref>{{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/10/facebook-tor-dark-site/ |title=Why Facebook Just Launched Its Own 'Dark Web' Site |work=Wired |location=New York |publisher=Wired Magazine |date=2014-10-31 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> launched [[w:facebookcorewwwi.onion| its services on the dark web]] in 2014 allowing users to circumvent any firewalls or censorship. The launch aligns with Facebook’s mission to connect people. Once the user reaches Facebook they can use services normally. Facebook used to flag excessive routing, like Tor, as suspicious behavior and even denied services. Android support and dark web client plug-ins followed. Dark web traffic to Facebook spiked temporarily near the end of 2015. Political conflict and civil unrest caused the Bangladesh government to ban Facebook and other social media services in November of 2015. However, they could not shut down nor block the Tor network. This rendered the ban ineffective. Most bans use IP, but Tor conceals the IP. Over 1 million users connect to Facebook monthly through Tor<ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Joon |url=https://qz.com/667880/a-million-people-now-access-facebook-on-the-dark-web-every-month/ |title=A million people now access Facebook on the “dark web” every month |work=Quartsz |location=New York |publisher=Quartz |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref>. Alec Muffett, a Facebook engineer wrote, “It’s important to us to provide methods for people to use our services securely—particularly if they lack reliable methods to do so.” Security expert Runa Sandvik praised Facebook and expects other companies to do the same. ===Chat Rooms and JavaScript=== In early 2018, a chatroom called OnionChat was developed for users to communicate anonymously and privately over the dark web.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://darkwebnews.com/anonymity-tools/tor/introducing-onionchat-first-anonymous-web-chat-service-tor/ |title=Introducing OnionChat, The First Anonymous Web Chat Service For Tor |date=2018-05-27 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> OnionChat is the first anonymous web chat service for Tor that does not use JavaScript. Malicious JavaScript inserted into darknet sites can leave users vulnerable to tracking and private information leaks. In April of 2012, Higinio O. Ochoa III, a hacker that goes by the w0rmer, was charged by the FBI with hacking into US law enforcement agencies and releasing phone numbers and home addresses of police officers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5901430/these-breasts-nailed-anonymous-hacker-in-fbi-case |title=These Breasts Nailed a Hacker For the FBI |last=Diaz |first=Jesus |date=2012-04-12 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> Ochoa posted pictures of his girlfriend on sites that he had hacked as a digital signature, indicating that he had exposed private information. The FBI was able to extract metadata contained in the JavaScript used to post the pictures, matching the GPS coordinates where the pictures were taken to Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Similar concerns have been raised for chat room and email services that use JavaScript, leaving users prone to information leaks and real time tracking. ===Dead Man Zero=== Dead Man Zero is a darknet site that allows whistleblowers to set up automatic releases of information in the case that they die, get jailed, or get injured. The site charges around 0.3 Bitcoin to provide users with a digital switch that is linked to encrypted files in a cloud storage service. The site relies on these external cloud storage services so that they do not have to upkeep their own file servers, which may be subject to targeting. The creators of Dead Man Zero built the site in response to [[w:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)| NSA scandals]], claiming that "there should be consequences if you are hurt, jailed, or even killed for trying to render a genuine and risky service to our free society." As of September 22, 2014, over 400 archives of encrypted files had been uploaded, with 17 pending release within the next 24 hours unless their owners logged in.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/wnjz7m/a-deep-web-service-will-leak-your-documents-if-the-government-murders-you |title=A Deep Web Service Will Leak Your Documents If the Government Murders You |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=2014-09-22 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> =References= <references/> {{BookCat}} 8rdum352hwumsc4vw1jcxy6q12hx7wd 4634015 4634013 2026-05-04T02:58:13Z Ronit mal 3581047 Fixed malformed references; added image to panama papers section; added further work section. 4634015 wikitext text/x-wiki <b>The Deep Web</b> (also referred to as <b>The Hidden Web</b> and <b>The Invisible Web</b>) is a collection of non-indexed web content. The deep web is often confused with the term "[[w:Dark Web|dark web]]", the darknet networks that require special tools and authorizations to access. The dark web is a subset of the deep web, as the two fulfill separate purposes. Both are separate from the "surface web", web pages openly accessible to anyone. [[w:Hypertext Transfer Protocol| HTTP]] form hide content on the deep web <Ref>{{cite web|url=|title=How Do You Want Me to Do It? Does It Have to Look like an Accident? – an Assassin Selling a Hit on the Net; Revealed Inside the Deep Web|newspaper=[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]] |date=June 8, 2014 |first=Sam |last=Shedden |accessdate=December 9, 2018}}</ref> that [[w:Web indexing| web crawlers]] cannot access nor index. This secures data from the public. A login page can hide information from unauthorized users. With most of the inaccessible deep web being dedicated to business transactions and database storage with limited widespread social impact, this page will focus on the dark web with respects to anonymity, privacy, and security. =The Dark Web= People can access the dark web through either onion routing or garlic routing. Onion routing and garlic routing are most commonly employed by the Tor and I2P projects, respectively. The Tor Project has a larger user base. There are several differences between the two projects.<ref>https://geti2p.net/en/comparison/tor</ref> While originally developed for government and military communications, dark web use has expanded to civilians, journalists, law enforcers, activists, business executives, and professionals.<ref name="TorUsers">{{cite web |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/torusers |title=Who uses Tor? |publisher=The Tor Project |accessdate=2018-12-09 }}</ref> ==The Onion Router Project== [[File:Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg|thumb|The Tor Project logo]] The Onion Router (Tor) Project<ref name=":0">https://www.torproject.org/index.html.en</ref> is an open-source volunteer-driven project with the agenda of improving the privacy and security of people on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/overview |title=Tor Project: Overview |publisher=The Tor Project |accessdate=2018-12-08 }}</ref> Its Tor browser software protects users by bouncing their communications around a distributed network of relays run by volunteers around the world. The software is a modified Mozilla Firefox web browser that can access darknet [[w:.onion|.onion domains]] as well as surface web domains. ==The Invisible Internet Project== [[File:I2P logo.svg|thumb|The I2P logo]] The Invisible Internet (I2P) Project<ref>https://geti2p.net/en/is</ref> an open-source anonymous overlay network that relies on bouncing encrypted messages around numerous one-way tunnels.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://geti2p.net/en/about/intro |title=Intro |work=The Invisible Internet Project |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> Instead of the Tor's .onion sites, the I2P browser features its own .i2p eepsites. Its browser can only access darknet domains within the I2P network.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/how-to-access-the-deep-web-and-darknet/ |title=Step by step guide to safely accessing the dark net and deep web |last=Bischoff |first=Paul |work=VPN & Privacy |publisher=Comparitech |date=2018-09-12 |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> ==Peer-to-Peer Networks== The dark web uses a peer-to-peer network. It differs from the conventional client-server model since there are no designated servers. The network's infrastructure, processing power, and storage comes from the computers, also called nodes, on the network. They function as servers and routers. Tor<ref name=":2">https://www.torproject.org/docs/documentation.html.en</ref> uses standard internet communication protocol, which allows any computer to join the network. The list of Tor relays at any moment is public. A user's Tor client facilitates the routing process to provide security, privacy, and anonymity. The client retrieves the list of active relays, generates a random path, and then adds additional overhead layers to the data packet for each node on the path. The computers at each node can only access their layer, which tells them the location of the next relay. As a result, a relay node does not know the end destination of the data, nor can it see the data. The last node, called exit node, delivers the data packet to the end destination. The network contains many features and vulnerabilities such as eavesdropping, protocol sabotage, and IP reveals. =Participants= Internet service providers have sold their customers' browsing records.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blodget |first=Henry |url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/29449-compete-ceo-isps-sell-clickstreams-for-5-a-month |title=Compete CEO: ISPs Sell Clickstreams For $5 A Month |work=Seeking Alpha |date=2007-03-13 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> Participants who care about their online privacy can communicate and research without unwanted surveillance. Darknet softwares hide peoples' identities and web traffic while browsing. ==Governments and Militaries== Governments and militaries need private untraceable communications. Originally designed for military communications, onion routing's original purpose was to distribute robust messages through centralized server sites.<ref name="TorUsers" /> Through onion routing, militaries can send messages without fear of surveillance, discovery, or shutdown. Law personnel can open truly anonymous tip lines that don't include traceable server logs. Governments can mask their IP addresses and engage in undercover sting operations.<ref name="TorUsers" /> ==Activists and Whistleblowers== Under government censorships in countries like China,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Race to the Bottom: Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship |journal=Human Rights Watch |date=2006-08 |volume=18 |issue=8 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/china0806web.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> activists and whistleblowers need protections and anonymity to protect themselves. Readers can evade national firewalls to research global perspectives on censored and/or controversial topics without risk of persecution.<ref name="TorUsers" /> Whistleblower submission systems such as SecureDrop<ref>https://securedrop.org/</ref> allow media organizations to securely accept documents from anonymous sources.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://securedrop.org/ |title=SecureDrop |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> Journalists can access the dark web to write about local events and social reforms that would otherwise be censored.<ref name="TorUsers" /> ==Terrorists== Terrorists deem the conventional surface web too risky as they could be monitored, traced, and found.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Terrorist Migration to the Dark Web |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |year=2016 |last=Weimann |first=Gabriel |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=40-44 |issn=2334-3745 |jstor=26297596 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297596 |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> The dark web provides a decentralized and anonymous network that terrorists use to communicate and plan attacks. ==Businesses== Trading cryptocurrencies over the dark web allow businesses and individuals to negotiate and transfer large amounts of funds without detection.<ref name="TorUsers" /> This way, they can commit tax fraud by reporting fewer assets in their tax reports. =Case Studies= ==Darknet Markets== Darknet markets and communications platforms do not simply pit technology against law enforcement - they are arenas where competing social actors content control, trust, and legitimacy. The cases below, spanning drug markets, financial whistleblowing, and AI, each illustrate how the dark web's conflicts are fundamentally about who sets the rules when there is no central authority. ===Silk Road=== [[File:Silk Road Seized.jpg|thumb|Screenshot of the Silk Road shutdown]] [[w:Silk Road (marketplace)| Silk Road]] was an online black market marketplace for drugs and other illegal goods founded by [[w:Ross Ulbricht| Ross Ulbricht]] who used the pseudonym "Dread Pirate Roberts".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/02/08/silk-road-trial-lessons/ |title=Anonymity is dead and other lessons from the Silk Road trial |last=Lee |first=Nicole |publisher=Engadget |date=2015-02-08 |accessdate=2018-12-09 }}</ref> Ulbricht's explicit goal was to build a free market where drug use was treated as a victimless personal choice, bypassing violet middlemen. To make that work without institutional backing, Silk Road layered ratings, escrow systems, and buyer feedback on top of [[wikipedia:Tor_(network)|Tor's]] anonymity - technology substituting for the social trust that ordinarily requires knowing someone in person. Buyers could purchase drugs with untraceable [[w:Bitcoin| Bitcoin]] transactions, and have them delivered by the postal service, an unwitting participant. In June 2013, FBI agents identified Silk Road's true server location through a software flaw, and Ulbricht was arrested.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/09/fbi-silk-road-hacking-question/ |title=FBI's Story of Finding Silk Road's Server Sounds a Lot Like Hacking |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |work=Security |publisher=Wired |date=2014-09-08 |accessdate=2018-12-09 }}</ref> Despite having no prior criminal record, he was sentenced to double life plus 40 years without parole. The severity of the sentence was widely debated: proportionate justice, or a strategic deterrent to discourage future operators?<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freeross.org/1-page-overview/ |title=1-page Overview |work=One-page Overview |publisher=Ross Ulbricht Defense Fund |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref> That question was reopened in January 2025, when President Trump pardoned Ulbricht, reigniting debate about how states should respond to darknet markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/21/nx-s1-5270051/trump-pardons-dark-web-marketplace-creator-ross-ulbricht |title=Trump pardons Ross Ulbricht, creator of the Silk Road dark web marketplace|last=McLaughlin |first=Jenna |publisher=NPR |date=2025-01-21 |accessdate=2025-04-22 }}</ref> ===AlphaBay=== [[File:Alphabay-forfeiture-notice-screenshot-2017-05-12.png|thumb|AlphaBay forfeiture notice screenshot|alt=Alphabay-forfeiture-notice-screenshot-2017-05-12.png]] Canadian citizen Alexandre Cazes launched [[w:AlphaBay| AlphaBay]] in September 2014,<ref>{{cite news |first=Django |url=https://darkwebnews.com/darkwebmarkets/alphabay/ |title=AlphaBay |work=Darkweb News |publisher=Dark Web News Publication |date=2018-11-12 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> and by July 2017 it had grown to ten times the size of the Silk Road by expanding beyond drugs into stolen corporate data, credentials, and financial records - making businesses unwitting victims alongside individual users. Cazes relocated to Thailand to operate the market and displayed his wealth publicly on social media, lapses that contributed to his arrest. But the most consequential innovcation in AlphaBay's takedown was the enforcement strategy surrounding it. As part of [[wikipedia:Operation_Bayonet_(darknet)|Operation Bayonet,]] the Dutch National Police secretly seized and continued operating the competing darknet market [[wikipedia:Hansa_(market)|Hansa]] in the weeks before AlphaBay was shut down.<ref name="Bayonet">{{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |url=https://www.wired.com/story/hansa-dutch-police-sting-operation/ |title=Operation Bayonet |work=Wired |location=New York |publisher=Wired Magazine |date=2018-03-08 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> When AlphaBay fell and users fled to what they believed was a safe alternative, they walked directly into a law enforcement honeypot. The FBI and DEA's goal was not merely to close one market but to destroy user confidence in the darknet markets as a category. The operation succeeded not because authorities broke the encryption, but because they understood the ecosystem's social dynamics - displacement behavior, trust migration, and platform loyalty - better than the users themselves did. Thai authorities found Cazes dead in his cell days after his arrest and suspect suicide. === "John Doe" and the Panama Papers === [[File:Countries implicated in the Panama Papers.svg|thumb|Countries implicated in the Panama Papers leak]] Not all dark web activity involves markets. In 2015, an anonymous source using the pseudonym "John Doe" contacted journalists at the German newspaper ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'' through encrypted, anonymous channels and offered access to internal documents from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/the-story-that-rocked-the-world-ten-years-of-the-panama-papers-part-1/ |title=The story that rocked the world: Ten years of the Panama Papers, part 1 |last=Mauriello |first=Tracie |publisher=ICIJ |date=2026-03-31 |accessdate=2025-04-22 }}</ref> The whistleblower insisted on communicating exclusively over encrypted channels and refused any face-to-face contact, stating that their lift was in danger. The resulting leak - over 11.5 million documents exposing the offshore financial networks of politicians, executives, and celebrities worldwide - become known as the [[wikipedia:Panama_Papers|Panama Papers]] and triggered investigations in more than 80 countries. Without the ability to contact journalists anonymously, the source would have faced near-certain legal retaliation. The case surfaces a tension that runs through the entire dark web; the same infrastructure that enables criminal markets also enables accountability journalism. The Panama Papers strengthened financial transparency laws, increased regulation of offshore accounts, and expanded international cooperation on tax enforcement - while simultaneously legitimizing anonymous communication tools as instruments of the public interest. === DIG AI === The dark web's sociotechnical contests have expanded into [[wikipedia:Artificial_intelligence|artificial intelligence]]. In September 2025, DIG AI launched as a [[wikipedia:Tor_(network)|Tor]]-hosted [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language model]] built on open-weight models and explicitly designed without the content restrictions that mainstream AI systems enforce.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.resecurity.com/blog/article/dig-ai-uncensored-darknet-ai-assistant-at-the-service-of-criminals-and-terrorists |title=DIG AI: Uncensored Darknet AI Assistant at the Service of Criminals and Terrorists |publisher=Resecurity |date=2025-12-18 |accessdate=2025-04-22 }}</ref> Where [[wikipedia:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] and [[wikipedia:Claude_(language_model)|Claude]] decline requests for phishing emails, weapons instructions, or malicious code, DIG AI fulfills them. The governance vacuum is striking: AI companies whose models were appropriated can only file threat reports; cybersecurity firms can monitor DIG AI but cannot remove it; no internal authority has jurisdiction over a Tor-hosted service. DIG AI extends a central pattern - each time enforcement closes one avenue, the ecosystem reconstitutes around a new technology. The question is not only how to respond to one uncensored model, but what it means for the dark web when AI-powered capability becomes as accessible as a drug listing. ==Darknet Communications== ===Facebook=== [[w:Facebook| Facebook]] <ref>{{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/10/facebook-tor-dark-site/ |title=Why Facebook Just Launched Its Own 'Dark Web' Site |work=Wired |location=New York |publisher=Wired Magazine |date=2014-10-31 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> launched [[w:facebookcorewwwi.onion| its services on the dark web]] in 2014 allowing users to circumvent any firewalls or censorship. The launch aligns with Facebook’s mission to connect people. Once the user reaches Facebook they can use services normally. Facebook used to flag excessive routing, like Tor, as suspicious behavior and even denied services. Android support and dark web client plug-ins followed. Dark web traffic to Facebook spiked temporarily near the end of 2015. Political conflict and civil unrest caused the Bangladesh government to ban Facebook and other social media services in November of 2015. However, they could not shut down nor block the Tor network. This rendered the ban ineffective. Most bans use IP, but Tor conceals the IP. Over 1 million users connect to Facebook monthly through Tor<ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Joon |url=https://qz.com/667880/a-million-people-now-access-facebook-on-the-dark-web-every-month/ |title=A million people now access Facebook on the “dark web” every month |work=Quartsz |location=New York |publisher=Quartz |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref>. Alec Muffett, a Facebook engineer wrote, “It’s important to us to provide methods for people to use our services securely—particularly if they lack reliable methods to do so.” Security expert Runa Sandvik praised Facebook and expects other companies to do the same. ===Chat Rooms and JavaScript=== In early 2018, a chatroom called OnionChat was developed for users to communicate anonymously and privately over the dark web.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://darkwebnews.com/anonymity-tools/tor/introducing-onionchat-first-anonymous-web-chat-service-tor/ |title=Introducing OnionChat, The First Anonymous Web Chat Service For Tor |date=2018-05-27 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> OnionChat is the first anonymous web chat service for Tor that does not use JavaScript. Malicious JavaScript inserted into darknet sites can leave users vulnerable to tracking and private information leaks. In April of 2012, Higinio O. Ochoa III, a hacker that goes by the w0rmer, was charged by the FBI with hacking into US law enforcement agencies and releasing phone numbers and home addresses of police officers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5901430/these-breasts-nailed-anonymous-hacker-in-fbi-case |title=These Breasts Nailed a Hacker For the FBI |last=Diaz |first=Jesus |date=2012-04-12 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> Ochoa posted pictures of his girlfriend on sites that he had hacked as a digital signature, indicating that he had exposed private information. The FBI was able to extract metadata contained in the JavaScript used to post the pictures, matching the GPS coordinates where the pictures were taken to Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Similar concerns have been raised for chat room and email services that use JavaScript, leaving users prone to information leaks and real time tracking. ===Dead Man Zero=== Dead Man Zero is a darknet site that allows whistleblowers to set up automatic releases of information in the case that they die, get jailed, or get injured. The site charges around 0.3 Bitcoin to provide users with a digital switch that is linked to encrypted files in a cloud storage service. The site relies on these external cloud storage services so that they do not have to upkeep their own file servers, which may be subject to targeting. The creators of Dead Man Zero built the site in response to [[w:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)| NSA scandals]], claiming that "there should be consequences if you are hurt, jailed, or even killed for trying to render a genuine and risky service to our free society." As of September 22, 2014, over 400 archives of encrypted files had been uploaded, with 17 pending release within the next 24 hours unless their owners logged in.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/wnjz7m/a-deep-web-service-will-leak-your-documents-if-the-government-murders-you |title=A Deep Web Service Will Leak Your Documents If the Government Murders You |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=2014-09-22 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }}</ref> ===Further Work=== Future editors might consider renaming this page from "The Deep Web" to "The Dark Web" to better reflect its focus. The case studies section could also be retitled "Case Studies as Sociotechnical Contests" to make the analytical framing explicit. =References= <references/> {{BookCat}} 58yqjr51su22qjjtctint28v4wxzwbp 0 409662 4634050 3682242 2026-05-04T11:04:08Z Babywacko 3580642 /* */ Magician ebenezer 4634050 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Using Wikibooks/Page}} </noinclude> ''Note: this page is transcluded from [[Help:Contributing#Starting a book]]'' {{#section:Help:Contributing|Starting}} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Class Project Guidelines|Contributing To An Existing Wikibook|TOC mini}}</noinclude>ebenezer magician o2bqv9bxn08kx2vmlsd1pf89ic8sfo1 4634052 4634050 2026-05-04T11:41:39Z Stryn 390608 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko|Babywacko]] ([[User talk:Babywacko|talk]]) to last version by Mrjulesd 3682242 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Using Wikibooks/Page}} </noinclude> ''Note: this page is transcluded from [[Help:Contributing#Starting a book]]'' {{#section:Help:Contributing|Starting}} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Class Project Guidelines|Contributing To An Existing Wikibook|TOC mini}}</noinclude> mywxh6ctbwqbaoztky9toy7vqdc1k6n 0 434476 4633897 4113920 2026-05-03T14:21:39Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Dewikifying page 4633897 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Safari Zone''' is an area of the Pokémon video game series. As its name suggests, the player, upon entering, may capture Pokémon in an environment resembling a safari. Although many Pokémon residing in the Safari Zone can be caught elsewhere, some, such as Scyther and Pinsir, are exclusive to this area only. It also includes 1, 10, or 30 Safari Balls possible. If you pay the fee of 500 Poké-dollars you get 30 Safari Balls. If you have less than that you will get 10 Safari Balls. If you don't have any money you get 1 Safari Ball. [[Image:Safari Zone in Ruby and Sapphire.png|thumb|The Hoenn Safari Zone]] Unlike most areas containing wild Pokémon, the Safari Zone places several restrictions on the player. * A fee of 500 Pokémon dollars is required to enter. * A "time limit" of 500 steps (600 in Pokemon FireRed and LeafGreen) * The player is only allowed to use the 30 provided Safari Balls to capture Pokémon. In addition, owned Pokémon are not allowed to participate in confrontations, and the player must rely on a limited amount of commands, such as baiting and throwing rocks, to interact. ==Red/Blue/Yellow== The Safari Zone in the Red, Blue, and Yellow versions of Pokémon is located in the northern part of Fuchsia City. It contains four areas, each containing different species of Pokémon. When encountering a wild Pokémon, a Pokémon from the player's party is not sent out. Instead, the player has the option to run away, offer bait, throw rocks, or attempt to capture the Pokémon by using a Safari Ball. Offering bait will make the Pokémon less likely to run away, but decrease the chance of catching it by making the ball miss more often. Throwing rocks will hurt the Pokémon, making it easier to catch but increasing the chance of it running away. It is also the vital piece of the puzzle of Glitch City. Also there was a way to steal safari balls and using them for own use. ==Gold/Silver/Crystal== In the Gold, Silver, and Crystal versions of the game, the Safari Zone is absent. The entrance still remains at its usual location in the north of Fuchsia City, but the player is unable to enter it. A "beta" version of a Safari Zone map is included in the programming of the game, leading to the speculation that it might have been removed due to the discovery of so many glitches in the R/B/Y versions. However, it is also likely it was simply scrapped due to time restraints. The unfinished Safari Zone may still be accessed through GameShark or another cheating device.[http://glitchcity.info/docs/gscsafarizone] ==Ruby/Sapphire== In ''Pokémon Ruby'' and ''Sapphire'', the Safari Zone made a reappearance. It is located about halfway through Route 121, and while it is similar to the R/B/Y Safari Zone, it introduces several new key differences. Only 500 steps and 30 Safari Balls are permitted, as in the old version, and the player is still restricted to engaging the Pokémon themselves by luring, distracting, capturing, or running away. However, instead of using unlimited "baiting," the player must now use a Pokéblock chosen from their own inventory. Instead of throwing rocks, the player is given the choice to "get closer". Other changes include the addition of Pokéblock feeders, on which you can place a Pokéblock and wait for Pokémon to appear, rather than look for them. Also, some areas are inaccessible unless the player has a particular bike. The Mach Bike is needed to reach the Northwest corner of the map, while the Northeast corner of the map requires you to have the Acro Bike. Each area contains a different set of Pokémon. Finally, the player cannot save while inside the Safari Zone. However, quitting at any time is available by choosing the "RETIRE" option on the Start menu or talking to the man by the exit. The player can still use Pokémon abilities, such as Surf and Rock Smash, inside the Safari Zone, along with the new move, "Sweet Scent," which can be used to draw wild Pokémon without walking. Also, fishing or turning in circles without moving will not count against your time quota. ===Emerald=== The Safari Zone is also present in Pokémon Emerald, and is the same as Ruby and Sapphire's; however, it now has a new section to the right of the entrance that will open after defeating the Elite Four. This new area has a north and a south section, each filled with Pokémon from the Johto region (this is the only place in the game in which some Pokémon can be caught without trading). == Diamond and Pearl == Renamed Great Marsh (though the in-game map still refers to it as the Safari Zone), and located near Pastoria City. The player can travel by train to access each area of the Great Marsh, although some areas are interconnected without train. There are six areas in the Great Marsh most of which are covered with mud. You will get stuck in the mud and to get out, simply move the character around. The ability to "move closer" has changed to "throw mud", which functions much like the "throw rocks" of the earlier games, and "throw bait" also returns from the older games, while bait feeders were removed. ==External links== *[http://www.upokecenter.com/games/rby/walkthru/fuchsia.html Pokémon Walkthrough - Fuchsia City] *[http://www.upokecenter.com/games/rby/walkthru/safarizone.html Pokémon Walkthrough - Safari Zone] *[http://cheats.ign.com/ob2/068/016/016708.html Pokémon: Blue Version Cheats] *[http://www.gamefaqs.com/portable/gameboy/game/367023.html MISSINGNO. Guide for Pokémon Red and Blue] {{BookCat}} 9qpr4mvypoeziajkn7gloe2bo0mglqq 0 438545 4634005 4633535 2026-05-03T23:06:28Z Adithyabala 3580548 Added case studies for the Dutch Childcare Benefit Scandal and Google Gemini; included relevant citations. 4634005 wikitext text/x-wiki Algorithmic bias refers to undesirable results from a computer system that incorrectly or unfairly prioritizes one group over another. This chapter currently focuses on algorithmic bias in the United States. == Background == Of particular importance is algorithmic bias in Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Companies and individuals are increasing their reliance on AI systems. Search engine results, social media recommendations, hiring decisions, stock market predictions, and policing practices use information from AI predictive modeling. <ref>[https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/big-data-analytics IBM. (n.d.). ''Big Data Analytics''. https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/big-data-analytics.]</ref> Algorithmic bias in these models is particularly dangerous due to human Automation Bias, the tendency for humans to disregard contradictory information when presented with a computer-generated solution <ref> Cummings, Mary (2004). "Automation Bias in Intelligent Time Critical Decision Support Systems" (PDF). AIAA 1st Intelligent Systems Technical Conference (PDF). doi:10.2514/6.2004-6313. {{#isbn:978-1-62410-080-2}}. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. </ref>. This increases the likelihood that bias in the AI system will result in unfair or inequitable outcomes where the system is in use. How does Algorithmic Bias occur in AI systems? Often, AI systems operate on massive data sets amalgamated from existing sources [[Lentis/"Data is the new oil"|without refinement]]. This leads to any existing bias, often institutional or implicit, being passed along to the AI system. <ref>[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/ Hao, K. (2019, February 4). ''This is how AI bias really happens-and why it's so hard to fix''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/.]</ref> Consider an AI hiring algorithm created to give a competitive advantage in finding the best possible candidates for a computer science position. Because computer science is currently male dominated field, the hiring algorithm might erroneously prioritize male applicants. An example of a similar case is the Amazon Hiring Algorithm. In this way, AI systems will replicate existing bias and perpetuate existing prejudice in the status quo. Assembled bias, a proposed type of Algorithmic Bias unique to AI and ML systems, describes novel biases introduced by AI systems that do not currently exist in society.<ref>Waller, R.R., Waller, R.L. Assembled Bias: Beyond Transparent Algorithmic Bias. ''Minds & Machines'' 32, 533–562 (2022). <nowiki>https://doi-org.proxy1.library.virginia.edu/10.1007/s11023-022-09605-x</nowiki></ref> Assembled bias arises from the idea that AI models are generative rather than purely statistical. A toy example to better understand this phenomenon is AI generation of realistic images.<ref>Gray, Richard. (2018, November 27). ''Why machines dream of spiders with 15 legs.'' https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181127-the-weird-way-machines-with-ai-see-the-world </ref> When asked to create an image of a spider, an AI model might produce a highly detailed, realistically textured image of an eleven-legged spider. Even though the AI has only ever trained with images of eight-legged spiders, the AI has no concept of how to count legs – instead, it creates its own metrics for what defines a spider. Diversity is notably lacking from AI development and research positions. Only about 20% of AI researchers are women, and other minority groups are similarly underrepresented.<ref>Kumar, S., Choudhury, S. Gender and feminist considerations in artificial intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study. ''Humanit Soc Sci Commun'' 9, 31 (2022). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01043-5</nowiki></ref> Because the end goal when developing an AI system is often quantifying a nebulous concept, the perspectives of those present and working on the system strongly influence the outcome. The lack of diversity in AI positions represents another possible source of bias because the majority perspective will be overvalued in the outcome. Currently, the unfair outcomes resulting from Algorithmic Bias in AI systems appear to be disadvantaging primarily women and sexual or racial minorities. Combating this unintended result of AI and ML is an ongoing field of research.<ref name=":2">[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/ Hao, K. (2019, February 4). ''This is how AI bias really happens-and why it's so hard to fix''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/.]</ref> == Case Studies and Social Impacts == === Amazon's Hiring Algorithm === In 2014, Amazon initiated a program that used AI to review job resumes. The purpose of the program was to reduce the time spent on finding good candidates to fill job openings. The AI was trained on resumes submitted to the company during the previous 10 years. The demographics of the submitted resumes were similar to that of most tech companies: composed mostly of men, especially in technical roles. Consequently, the AI produced an algorithm that favored male resumes more than female resumes, as most of the previously successful candidates were male. This manifested itself in the algorithm as it penalized resumes that included the word “women’s”, or rewarding those with words more commonly found on male resumes such as “captured” or “executed”. The algorithm was also found to downgrade candidates who graduated from all-women’s colleges.<ref name=":0">Dastin, J. (2018, Oct. 10). ''Amazon Scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women.'' Reuters. <nowiki>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G</nowiki></ref> To combat the gender-bias outcome of the tool, Amazon made the program neutral to gender-correlated terms. By doing so, Amazon engaged in internal auditing, a technique designed to reduce algorithmic bias by ensuring any emerging bias in a machine learning model is caught and stopped. However, it did not address the crux of the problem, which was the underlying data. A different approach would have been to analyze the existing data set to predict where the algorithm could be biased, evaluating and modifying assumptions about the data as necessary. This approach has been successful in other AI applications. In this case, however, Amazon left the underlying data unaddressed. This abetted the algorithm to find additional discriminatory ways of sorting the candidates. The tool was retired in 2017 after “executives lost hope for the project.”<ref name=":0" /> Critics of Amazon argue this algorithm has perpetuated the gender disparity in their workforce. Amazon does not dispute that their recruiters looked at the recommendations generated by the tool, but maintain the tool “was never used by [them] to evaluate candidates.”<ref name=":0" /> Opponents of Amazon argue the two are mutually exclusive; recruiters were surely influenced by a tool that rates candidates from 1-5 stars, even if they claim they were not. Some critics, like ACLU Attorney Rachel Goodman, further contend that AI hiring tools “are not eliminating human bias – they are merely laundering it through software.”<ref>Goodman, R. (2018, Oct. 12). Why Amazon’s Automated Hiring Tool Discriminated Against Women. ''American Civil Liberties Union.'' <nowiki>https://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/womens-rights-workplace/why-amazons-automated-hiring-tool-discriminated-against</nowiki></ref> Proponents of AI hiring technology are more optimistic: In a 2017 survey from CareerBuilder, 55% of U.S. human resources managers said AI would be a regular part of their work within the next five years.<ref>CareerBuilder. (2017, May 18). ''More than half of HR managers say artificial intelligence will become a regular part of HR in next 5 years'' [press release]. <nowiki>https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/press-release/</nowiki></ref> However, as Vice President of LinkedIn Talent Solutions John Jersin explains, the technology has much room for improvement before it can “make a hiring decision on its own.”<ref name=":0" /> Amazon has since revived the project, hoping that emphasizing diversity will lead to more equitable algorithmic outcomes. However, in the absence of critically evaluating the data the models are trained on, it is unclear why a certain algorithmic emphasis will lead to a non-discriminatory outcome of the algorithm. === Vendors, Regulators, and the Hiring Pipeline === While Amazon's algorithm represents one company's failed attempt at automated recruiting, automated hiring tools are now widespread. As of 2025, an estimated 99% of Fortune 500 companies use some form of applicant tracking system, and a growing share rely on AI for screening, ranking, and video assessment.<ref name=":hire1">Jobscan. (2025). ''Fortune 500 ATS usage report''. <nowiki>https://www.jobscan.co/blog/fortune-500-use-applicant-tracking-systems/</nowiki></ref> Vendors such as HireVue, Pymetrics, and Eightfold supply these tools to employers across industries. HireVue, one of the largest, reports having facilitated over 70 million video interviews.<ref>HireVue. (2025). ''AI-powered skill validation, video interviewing, assessments and more''. <nowiki>https://www.hirevue.com/</nowiki></ref> Vendors frame their tools as standardizing fairness. HireVue states that its AI provides "a standard, structured, and fair way to screen many candidates… in a shorter time and at lower cost."<ref>HireVue. (2022, April). ''AI explainability statement (short form)''. <nowiki>https://www.hirevue.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/HV_AI_Short-Form_Explainability_1pager.pdf</nowiki></ref> Critics argue this framing conflates algorithmic consistency with equity. The Electronic Privacy Information Center filed an FTC complaint against HireVue in 2019, alleging that the company's facial analysis features lacked scientific basis and produced biased outcomes.<ref name=":10">Electronic Privacy Information Center. (2019, November 6). ''EPIC files FTC complaint against HireVue''. <nowiki>https://epic.org/epic-files-complaint-with-ftc-about-employment-screening-firm-hirevue/</nowiki></ref> HireVue announced in January 2021 that it had removed facial analysis from its assessments, citing public concern, but retained voice and language analysis.<ref>Maurer, R. (2021, February 3). HireVue discontinues facial analysis screening. ''SHRM''. <nowiki>https://www.shrm.org/topics-tools/news/talent-acquisition/hirevue-discontinues-facial-analysis-screening</nowiki></ref> Employers and HR departments occupy a distinct position in this pipeline. The Society for Human Resource Management reports that among organizations using AI in hiring, nearly nine in ten do so to save time or increase efficiency.<ref>SHRM. (2024). ''2024 Talent Trends Survey: Artificial intelligence findings''. <nowiki>https://shrm-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/AI/2024-Talent-Trends-Survey_Artificial-Intelligence-Findings.pdf</nowiki></ref> However, most HR departments lack the technical capacity to independently audit the tools they purchase, creating a diffusion of responsibility: vendors maintain that employers control how the tools are used, while employers defer to algorithmic outputs they cannot meaningfully evaluate. === The Regulatory Landscape === Governance of automated hiring is fragmented. In the United States, no federal law specifically addresses AI in employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has issued guidance noting that automated screening can violate the Americans with Disabilities Act and Title VII, but this guidance is non-binding.<ref>U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2022, May 12). ''U.S. EEOC and U.S. Department of Justice warn against disability discrimination''. <nowiki>https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/us-eeoc-and-us-department-justice-warn-against-disability-discrimination</nowiki></ref> In the absence of federal action, individual states and cities have legislated. Illinois passed the Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act in 2019, requiring employers to notify applicants when AI evaluates video interviews and obtain their consent.<ref>Illinois Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act, 820 ILCS 42 (2019). <nowiki>https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/ILCS/Articles?ActID=4015&ChapterID=68</nowiki></ref> New York City's Local Law 144, effective in 2023, requires employers using automated employment decision tools to commission annual independent bias audits and publish the results.<ref>New York City Local Law 144 of 2021, Administrative Code § 20-871 (2023).</ref> The European Union has taken a different approach: the EU AI Act, which entered into force in 2024, classifies hiring AI as "high-risk" and imposes mandatory pre-deployment impact assessments.<ref>European Parliament. (2024). ''Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence''. <nowiki>https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj</nowiki></ref> This product-safety framework contrasts with the U.S. civil-rights model, which generally requires harm to occur before legal action can proceed. The trade group BSA | The Software Alliance, whose members include Microsoft, Oracle, and Workday, has actively lobbied to narrow these regulations. In comments on Local Law 144, BSA argued that "requiring third-party audits is not a feasible or optimal approach," citing the absence of common AI auditing standards and professional oversight bodies.<ref>BSA | The Software Alliance. (2023, January 23). ''Comments on the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection's revised proposed rules implementing Local Law 144''. <nowiki>https://www.bsa.org/files/policy-filings/01232023nyctools.pdf</nowiki></ref> The result is a contested regulatory environment in which the standards meant to govern these tools are themselves shaped by the industries they are intended to constrain. === Facial Recognition Algorithms === Several companies, including IBM and Microsoft, have developed facial recognition algorithms to recognize people only using their face<ref>Najibi, A. (2020). ''Racial Discrimination in Face Recognition Technology''. Science in the News; Harvard University. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2020/racial-discrimination-in-face-recognition-technology/</ref>. These algorithms are available to the public and have been used by police departments in conjunction with [[Lentis/Video Surveillance|video surveillance]] programs <ref>Hao, K. (2020, June 12). ''The two-year fight to stop Amazon from selling face recognition to the police''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003482/amazon-stopped-selling-police-face-recognition-fight/</ref>. In 2018, Joy Buolamwini studied biases in gender classification for facial recognition algorithms from IBM, Microsoft, and Face++, and discovered that all of them perform better on "lighter faces than darker faces", and performed worst for "darker female faces "<ref name=":8">Buolamwini, J., Gebru, T., Friedler, S., & Wilson, C. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification *. ''Proceedings of Machine Learning Research'', ''81'', 1–15. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a/buolamwini18a.pdf</ref>. All of the algorithms had an accuracy gap between "lighter males and darker females" of over 20% with IBM's algorithm performing the worst with a gap of 34.4%<ref name=":8" />. In 2019, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) confirmed the issue of [[Lentis/Algorithmic bias by gender|algorithmic gender bias]] and racial bias is an industry wide problem with 189 of the studied facial recognition algorithms being least accurate for people of color, and in particular, women of color<ref>Grother, P., Ngan, M., & Hanaoka, K. (2019). Face recognition vendor test part 3: ''Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 3: Demographic Effects''. https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8280 ‌</ref>. In response to the research IBM stopped working on their facial recognition algorithm<ref>Jee, C. (2020, June 9). ''IBM says it is no longer working on face recognition because it’s used for racial profiling''. Technology Review; MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/09/1002947/ibm-says-it-is-no-longer-working-on-face-recognition-because-its-used-for-racial-profiling/</ref>, Microsoft and Face++ released improved versions of their facial recognition algorithms and reduced their accuracy gap by over 19%<ref>Buolamwini, J. (2019). ''Actionable Auditing: Investigating the Impact of Publicly Naming Biased Performance Results of Commercial AI Products – MIT Media Lab''. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/publications/actionable-auditing-investigating-the-impact-of-publicly-naming-biased-performance-results-of-commercial-ai-products/</ref>, and Amazon stopped police departments from using its facial recognition algorithm<ref>Hao, K. (2020, June 12). ''The two-year fight to stop Amazon from selling face recognition to the police''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003482/amazon-stopped-selling-police-face-recognition-fight/</ref>. === Wrongful Arrests and the Limits of Corporate Response === While companies like IBM and Amazon paused or withdrew their facial recognition products in response to research findings, deployment by law enforcement continued through other vendors. In January 2020, Detroit police arrested Robert Williams in front of his wife and two daughters after a facial recognition system incorrectly matched him to surveillance footage of a shoplifting suspect.<ref>Hill, K. (2020, June 24). Wrongfully accused by an algorithm. ''The New York Times''. <nowiki>https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.html</nowiki></ref> Williams spent thirty hours in jail before officers acknowledged the match was wrong. His was the first publicly reported case of a wrongful arrest caused by facial recognition technology.<ref name=":fr1">American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan. (2024). ''Williams v. City of Detroit''. <nowiki>https://www.aclumich.org/en/cases/facial-recognition</nowiki></ref> Williams's case was not isolated. By 2025, the American Civil Liberties Union had documented more than a dozen publicly known wrongful arrests in the United States caused by police reliance on facial recognition matches, with nearly all of the affected individuals being Black.<ref>American Civil Liberties Union. (2025). ''More than a dozen wrongful arrests due to police reliance on facial recognition technology''. <nowiki>https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology</nowiki></ref> Cases include Nijeer Parks in New Jersey, Porcha Woodruff in Detroit (arrested while eight months pregnant), and Randal Reid in Georgia.<ref>Innocence Project. (2024, January 17). ''Artificial intelligence is putting innocent people at risk of being incarcerated''. <nowiki>https://innocenceproject.org/news/artificial-intelligence-is-putting-innocent-people-at-risk-of-being-incarcerated/</nowiki></ref> The American Civil Liberties Union, working with the University of Michigan Civil Rights Litigation Initiative, filed suit on Williams's behalf in 2021, arguing that Detroit's use of the technology violated his civil rights.<ref>American Civil Liberties Union. (2024, June 28). ''Williams v. City of Detroit''. <nowiki>https://www.aclu.org/cases/williams-v-city-of-detroit-face-recognition-false-arrest</nowiki></ref> The case settled in June 2024, with Detroit agreeing to what advocates described as the strongest police facial recognition policy in the United States, including a prohibition on arrests based solely on algorithmic matches.<ref>Michigan Public Radio. (2024, June 28). ''Wrongful facial recognition arrest in Detroit leads to landmark settlement''. <nowiki>https://www.michiganpublic.org/criminal-justice-legal-system/2024-06-28/it-didnt-make-sense-at-all-wrongful-facial-recognition-arrest-leads-to-landmark-settlement</nowiki></ref> The Williams case illustrates a recurring pattern in algorithmic bias advocacy. Researchers such as Joy Buolamwini generate quantitative evidence of bias; advocacy organizations identify specific victims whose stories make the harm legible to non-technical audiences; journalists amplify these cases; and litigators or legislators use the resulting political pressure to force change. Buolamwini's Gender Shades findings were published in 2018, but the most consequential policy responses came only after individual harms became public. This dynamic raises questions about the time lag between technical research and accountability: tools shown to be biased often remain in deployment for years before specific cases generate enough visibility to compel response. === Predictive Policing === {{See also|Lentis/Predictive_Policing}} === Loan Lending Algorithms === Financial technology (Fintech) is a field in which loan lending algorithms have begun to replace face-to-face meetings. In the U.S., 45% of the largest mortgage lenders offer software-based loan solutions but they have been scrutinized for discriminative pricing. A study by Bartlett et al. found that through online platforms and face-to-face meetings Black and Latinx borrowers paid, on average, 7.9 basis points higher interest on purchase loans than comparable borrowers and paid 3.6 basis points more on refinance loans. This difference costs Black and Latinx borrowers $756M annually. Researchers found the discrimination in algorithms to be about 40 percent less than face-to-face lenders. Specifically, when Fintech algorithms are used, underrepresented borrowers pay 5.3 basis points higher than their counterparts (2.6 points lower than traditional methods)<ref>Gunn, D. (2019, Oct.). Minority Borrowers Pay More, Even under Algorithmic Lending. ''The Digest No. 10''. www.nber.org/digest/oct19/minority-borrowers-pay-more-even-under-algorithmic-lending</ref>. The study analyzed 30-year, fixed-rate, single-family residential loans issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac between 2008 and 2015, and lenders were found to make 11 percent to 17 percent higher profits from purchase loans to underrepresented groups<ref name=":9">Counts, L. (2018, Nov. 13). Minority homebuyers face widespread statistical lending discrimination, study finds. BerkeleyHaas. newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/minority-homebuyers-face-widespread-statistical-lending-discrimination-study-finds</ref>. Although loaning algorithms demonstrate less bias than traditional face-to-face lenders, the persistence of bias of any degree emphasizes the need to examine loaning algorithms and determine the source of the algorithmic bias. Loaning algorithms are based on machine learning and big data, which use a wide array of customer attributes to set prices. For example, geography can play a major role since the algorithm can target locations where comparison shopping is less likely. The algorithm may determine areas that are financial deserts where financial reserves are low and applicants are faced with monopoly pricing instead of having access to many options. The algorithm may not specifically target underrepresented applicants, but its logic may set a higher price knowing the applicant is more likely to accept it<ref name=":9" />. Underlying historical discrimination in training data may also lead algorithms to disfavor underrepresented groups and further wealth disparity. Fintech loaning algorithms use the prospective borrower’s credit histories, employment status, assets, debts, and the size of the loan requested to set interest rates. “If the data that you’re putting in is based on historical discrimination, then you’re basically cementing the discrimination at the other end,” says Aracely Panameño, director of Latino affairs for the Center for Responsible Lending. Research also shows that payday loan sellers often prey on neighborhoods predominantly populated with people of color since they typically have fewer bank branches. Banks report both positive and negative credit behavior while payday loan services only report missed payments. As a result, underrepresented groups from these neighborhoods find themselves with incomplete or skewed credit histories that are later fed into loan financing algorithms<ref>Martinez, E., & Kirchner, L. (2021, Aug. 25). The Secret Bias Hidden in Mortgage-Approval Algorithms. ''The Markup''. themarkup.org/denied/2021/08/25/the-secret-bias-hidden-in-mortgage-approval-algorithms</ref>. === COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm === ==== The Algorithm ==== The Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions algorithm (COMPAS), is a machine learning algorithm for judicial decision-making during criminal sentencing. Used in Wisconsin, New York, California, and Florida, COMPAS predicts the potential risk of recidivism. Created by Northpointe, Inc. (now Equivant), this commercial algorithm uses a questionnaire to categorize defendants as "low-risk", "medium-risk", or "high-risk", with respective scores of 1-4, 5-7, or 8-10.<ref name=":4">Park, A. L. (2019, February 19). ''Injustice Ex Machina: Predictive Algorithms in Criminal Sentencing''. Law Meets World. <nowiki>https://www.uclalawreview.org/injustice-ex-machina-predictive-algorithms-in-criminal-sentencing/#_ftn2</nowiki>.</ref> Factors such as age, gender, and criminal history are used while race is not.<ref>Rahman, F. (2020, September 7). ''Compas case study: Fairness of a Machine Learning Model''. Towards Data Science. <nowiki>https://towardsdatascience.com/compas-case-study-fairness-of-a-machine-learning-model-f0f804108751</nowiki>.</ref> Used still today to advise on bail, sentencing, and early release, many are questioning the validity and fairness of COMPAS in providing objective advice, particularly by race.<ref name=":5">Angwin, J., & Larson, J. (2016, December 30). ''BIAS in Criminal Risk Scores is Mathematically Inevitable, Researchers Say''. ProPublica. <nowiki>https://www.propublica.org/article/bias-in-criminal-risk-scores-is-mathematically-inevitable-researchers-say</nowiki>.</ref> In 2016 the Pulitzer Prize-winning nonprofit news organization ProPublica<ref name=":6">Spielkamp, M. (2017, June 12). ''Inspecting Algorithms for Bias''. MIT Technology Review. <nowiki>https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/12/105804/inspecting-algorithms-for-bias/</nowiki>.</ref> conducted a study to assess COMPAS for racial bias. A COMPAS score of medium or high risk and a defendant recidivating in 2 years, and a COMPAS score of low and a defendant not recidivating in 2 years are considered correct predictions<ref name=":7">Larson, J., Mattu, S., Kirchner, L., & Angwin, J. (2016, May 23). ''How we Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm''. ProPublica. <nowiki>https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm</nowiki>.</ref>. ProPublica found that a correct prediction of recidivism was made for white and black defendants 59 percent and 63 percent of the time, respectively. This is roughly the same rate. Upon questioning, the company said "it had devised the algorithm to achieve this goal. A test that is correct in equal proportions for all groups cannot be biased.”<ref name=":5" /> Northpointe Inc. even cites other studies within their Practitioner's Guide confirming the success and neutrality of their algorithm.<ref>Northpointe Inc. (2015, March 19). Practitioner's Guide to COMPAS Core. <nowiki>http://www.northpointeinc.com/downloads/compas/Practitioners-Guide-COMPAS-Core-_031915.pdf</nowiki></ref> ProPublica found that Black defendants had uniform scores from 1-10, while White defendants had predominantly lower scores. After adjusting for Black defendants having higher recidivism rates overall, ProPublica found that COMPAS, while maintaining a similar accuracy, is "more likely to misclassify a black defendant as higher risk than a white defendant...the test tended to make the opposite mistake with whites."<ref name=":7" /> ==== Perpetuated Systemic Racism ==== COMPAS perpetuates the historic and structural bias that is found in the criminal system. For example, COMPAS considers one's area of residence. Minority-dominated areas are often more policed, which inflates arrest statistics. If geography correlates to recidivism, then race indirectly does too. Thus, these correlations can be dangerous when not taking validity measures. As a private company, Northpointe has no legal obligation to share details on how COMPAS calculates its score or weighs its variables.<ref name=":4" /> Defendants labeled high/medium risk may be subject to harsher sentencing. The United States Sentencing Commission found that offenders who were sentenced to an incarceration length between 60 to 120 months and over 120 months were significantly less likely to recidivate.<ref>ORD (2020, April). Office of Research and Data, United States Sentencing Commission. ''Length of Incarceration and Recidivism.'' <nowiki>https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2020/20200429_Recidivism-SentLength.pdf</nowiki></ref> If a defendant is suspected of being high-risk, they may be given a longer sentence, and be less likely to receive bail or early release. COMPAS’s mislabeling of Black defendants may result in negative consequences despite reported racial neutrality, and could further perpetuate racial inequity in the criminal justice system.<ref name=":6" /> === United States Health Care Management Algorithm === ==== The Algorithm ==== Several U.S. health care systems use commercial algorithms to guide health decisions and target patients for "high-risk care management" programs to help ensure that appropriate care is provided. Most of these programs are beneficial to patients with critical conditions because they have teams of specialized nurses, extra primary care appointment slots, and other scarce resources.<ref name=":1">[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax2342?adobe_mc=MCMID=75787059768315457960559156472529521667%7CMCORGID=242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%40AdobeOrg%7CTS=1638729658 Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. ''Science'', ''366''(6464), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342]</ref> As a result, hospitals and insurance companies have relied on one specific algorithm to minimize the cost for patients while targeting sicker patients that would benefit most from these programs.<ref>[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/racial-bias-found-in-a-major-health-care-risk-algorithm/ Vartan, S. (2019, October 24). ''Racial bias found in a major health care risk algorithm''. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/racial-bias-found-in-a-major-health-care-risk-algorithm/.]</ref> In 2019, Obermeyer et al. conducted a study funded by the National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation on this commercial care management algorithm in response to “the growing concern that algorithms may reproduce racial and gender disparities via the people building them or through the data used to train them." This predictive-risk algorithm generated a risk score for each patient to infer their medical needs, which was primarily based on the patient's previous health care spending. Based on the score, patients would be automatically enrolled to the program, referred to their primary care physician for consultation, or no recommendations were made.<ref name=":1" /> The study found that Black patients with the same level of algorithm-predicted risk as White patients had 26.3% more chronic illnesses. Furthermore, researchers found that when looking at specific biomarkers that index the severity of various chronic illnesses (hypertension, diabetes, bad cholesterol, etc.), Black patients had more severe illnesses than White patients with the same risk score. This was due to Black patients generating lower expected medical costs than White patients with the same chronic illnesses. These spending differences resulted in disparities between the perceived level of sicknesses between Black and White patients since the algorithm focused on patient health care spending as it's primary mechanism for producing risk scores.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Perpetuated Systemic Racism ==== The study identifies two systemic causes for reduced health care spending by Blacks that contributed to this algorithm's bias. First, poor patients face several barriers that can impede their access to healthcare despite having health insurance (geography, transportation access, competing demands from jobs or child care, knowledge of reasons to seek care, etc.). Second, race can impact patient spending through either direct discrimination by physicians or changes to the doctor-patient relationship, causing patients to not be recommended for or choosing not to seek further care. These observations demonstrate that accurate methods for decision-making models can indirectly disadvantage specific groups in society and have the ability to perpetuate existing systemic racism.<ref name=":1" /> === The Dutch Childcare Benefit Scandal (Toeslagenaffaire) === The Dutch Childcare Benefit Scandal, known in the Netherlands as the ''Toeslagenaffaire'', serves as a landmark case of how algorithmic bias can lead to systemic human rights violations outside of the United States. Starting in 2013, the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration (''Belastingdienst'') employed a self-learning algorithm to create risk profiles of individuals suspected of childcare benefit fraud. The algorithm utilized "foreign-sounding names" and "dual nationality" as high-risk indicators for fraud.<ref>Amnesty International. (2021, October 25). ''Xenophobic machines: Discriminatory algorithmic detector in the Dutch childcare benefit scandal''. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur35/4686/2021/en/</ref> Because of the "High Risk" designation generated by the algorithm, tens of thousands of families—predominantly from low-income and ethnic minority backgrounds—were subjected to aggressive debt collection. The tax authorities demanded the immediate repayment of entire years of benefits based on minor clerical errors or mere suspicion. This led to severe financial ruin, divorces, and the illegal removal of children from their homes by social services. The scandal eventually led to the mass resignation of the Dutch cabinet in January 2021.<ref>Heikkilä, M. (2022, March 29). ''Dutch environment of 'institutional racism' led to childcare benefits scandal, report says''. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-institutional-racism-childcare-benefits-scandal-report/</ref> This case highlights the dangers of automation bias, where civil servants deferred to the "objective" output of the risk-scoring system, ignoring the obvious discriminatory variables embedded in the training data. === Generative AI and "Assembled Bias" (Google Gemini) === In early 2024, the launch of Google’s Gemini image generation tool introduced a new dimension of algorithmic bias: over-correction leading to historical inaccuracy. When users prompted the model to generate images of historically specific groups—such as the Founding Fathers of the United States or 1940s German soldiers—the model produced images featuring diverse racial and gender identities that did not align with the historical record.<ref>Milmo, D. (2024, February 22). ''Google pauses Gemini AI chatbot’s ability to generate images of people''. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/22/google-pauses-gemini-ai-chatbot-image-generation-people</ref> This phenomenon is a practical example of "Assembled Bias" discussed earlier in this chapter. The bias was not necessarily present in the original historical training data; rather, it was "assembled" by the developers' safety filters and diversity-tuning layers intended to prevent the exclusion of minority groups in contemporary contexts. While these guardrails were designed to combat the historical underrepresentation of minorities in AI, their application to historical prompts resulted in what critics described as an erasure of historical facts.<ref>Knight, W. (2024, February 27). ''Google’s Gemini AI image bias is a sign of a much larger problem''. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/google-gemini-ai-image-bias-historical-accuracy/</ref> Google temporarily suspended the tool's ability to generate images of people, illustrating the sociotechnical challenge of balancing the need for diverse representation with the requirement for factual and contextual accuracy. === '''Regulatory Models and the Sociotechnical Divide''' === The failures of Amazon's hiring algorithm<ref name=":0" />, HireVue's facial analysis tools<ref name=":10" />, and the healthcare management algorithm<ref name=":1" /> described above have a common feature: internal auditing and voluntary corporate response did not prevent discriminatory outcomes. What regulatory structures are necessary to address this at a systemic level is contested, and the European Union and United States have taken markedly different approaches. ==== '''The EU AI Act''' ==== The EU AI Act, which entered into force in 2024, does not wait for individual algorithmic failures before intervening<ref>European Parliament. (2024, March 13). Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law. ''European Parliament News''. <nowiki>https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law</nowiki></ref>. It assigns risk categories to AI systems prior to deployment. By August 2026, systems classified as "high-risk," including those used in employment, loan lending, and law enforcement, must meet requirements for fundamental rights impact assessments, data governance standards, and human oversight<ref>European Commission. (2024). AI Act. ''Shaping Europe's Digital Future''. <nowiki>https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai</nowiki></ref>. Systems classified as posing "unacceptable risk," including biometric categorization based on sensitive traits and predictive policing algorithms, are banned from deployment<ref>Future of Privacy Forum. (2024). FPF Resources on the EU AI Act. ''FPF Resources''. <nowiki>https://fpf.org/fpf-resources-on-the-eu-ai-act/</nowiki></ref>. ==== '''The U.S. Regulatory Environment''' ==== The United States has no comparable federal law. The EEOC has issued guidance noting that automated screening tools can violate the ADA and Title VII, but this guidance is non-binding. In the absence of federal legislation, state lawmakers have introduced over 1,500 AI-related bills as of 2026<ref>MultiState. (2026). State AI Legislation Tracker 2026: All 50 States. <nowiki>https://www.multistate.ai/artificial-intelligence-ai-legislation</nowiki></ref>. Legislation like the Colorado AI Act targets developers of high-risk systems that make consequential decisions about healthcare, housing, and employment <ref>Colorado General Assembly. (2024). Senate Bill 24-205: Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence. <nowiki>https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205</nowiki></ref>. These state-level efforts face resistance from tech industry lobbying groups. Arguing that a fragmented compliance environment is unworkable for developers, industry organizations have actively advocated for a unified federal standard that would preempt state AI laws<ref>BSA | The Software Alliance. (2024). 2025 State AI Wave Building After 700 Bills in 2024. ''BSA News & Events''. <nowiki>https://www.bsa.org/news-events/news/2025-state-ai-wave-building-after-700-bills-in-2024</nowiki></ref>. This creates a volatile sociotechnical dynamic, pitting state legislatures, the primary source of binding regulation in this area, in direct conflict with an industry approach that prioritizes removing local barriers to AI development. ==== '''Regulatory Models and Accountability''' ==== The two regulatory models differ in when they require accountability. The EU treats high-risk AI as a product requiring pre-deployment safety assessment, similar to how medical devices are regulated. The U.S. model has generally required harm to occur before legal action follows. The facial recognition cases are illustrative: Buolamwini's findings were published in 2018, but the most consequential policy responses did not come until after Robert Williams's wrongful arrest became public in 2020. Whether pre-deployment regulation or a reactive civil-rights framework more effectively reduces algorithmic harm is an open question, and one that the case studies in this article do not definitively resolve. == Conclusion == In the future, algorithmic biases will have an increased impact on human activity.<ref name=":3">Garcia, M. (2016, Dec. 1). Racist in the Machine: The Disturbing Implications of Algorithmic Bias. ''World Policy Journal'', 33(4), 111 - 117.</ref> It is clear that unmonitored, unrestrained production and application of algorithms can be detrimental to various groups of people. The ease with which companies and industries can utilize these algorithms creates an environment where inequitable outcomes are perpetuated. Possible avenues for reducing algorithmic biases include legislation, internal auditing, and community adjudication, as well as increased awareness and a culture of responsibility.<ref name=":3" /> Many of these avenues are primarily social and non-technical, which accords with the socio-technical nature of algorithmic bias. The increased prevalence of algorithmic biases is simply one way in which technology is impacting human life in the U.S, and more broadly, the world. Many other novel technologies with seemingly unlimited potential must be examined carefully before their widespread adoption, as failure to do so can result in harmful consequences, which is the case for many applied algorithms today. Finally, further research is recommended on the impact of legislation on algorithmic bias, the impact of algorithmic bias in countries outside the U.S., and new bias-mitigation techniques. == References == {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 4dtpmzbmtr68af1vdoiyzompy48cgbx 10 451339 4633957 4526288 2026-05-03T18:07:06Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Blanked the page 4633957 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 4633959 4633957 2026-05-03T19:18:09Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Rollback 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]]: Vandalism 4526288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mbox |text='''This recipe is incomplete. Please feel free to complete it and remove this template.''' {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{{reason|}}} | <div style="color:inherit">Additional comments: ''{{{reason|}}}''</div>}} [[:Category:Incomplete recipes|Incomplete recipes]] with insufficient meaningful content may be nominated for deletion as abandoned content per [[Wikibooks:Deletion_policy#Meaningful_content|the deletion policy]]. Please also consider notifying the primary contributors on their discussion page with:<br/> :''{{subst|Incomplete recipe warning|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}'' }} <includeonly>[[Category:Incomplete recipes|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> icx5hw2u01ye0zisqbi4vjefhmuqghk 110 478116 4633866 4537543 2026-05-03T13:25:33Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633866 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''E''' is for '''E'''lephant</div> [[File:Elephas maximus in Singapore Zoo, 20240206 0857 6202.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} ktpp2excyguh66xwxgpss82qut8s72v 110 478117 4633873 4537544 2026-05-03T13:26:44Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633873 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''L''' is for '''L'''ion</div> [[File:Asiatic lion 03.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} fojo49hy19f1naemr3hv7qns63i6qk3 110 478119 4633881 4537546 2026-05-03T13:28:11Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633881 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''T''' is for '''T'''iger</div> [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 12.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} gv737yo636mj3eclkcy4mvm4kw7aebe 110 478121 4633886 4632587 2026-05-03T13:29:01Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633886 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Y''' is for '''Y'''ak</div> [[File:Yak standing in grass close up - DPLA - 639afe5d64d7309ff362d03998c7cdab.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 2elsu6w3781uysn1i2xdd2bnlu8ixq6 110 478122 4633887 4537549 2026-05-03T13:29:10Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633887 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Z''' is for '''Z'''ebu</div> [[File:Zebu (49574350278).jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} lyjd35ue8zwoli2tfb1tlx84c5zsojm 0 479319 4633896 4582770 2026-05-03T14:20:55Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Dewikifying page 4633896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meteor Falls''' is a waterfall cavern located in the Hoenn region (near Fallarbor Town). It appears in Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and Pokémon Emerald. The cavern is particularly distinctive as it's the habitat Lunatone and Solrock. Though players will initially have to pass through the area early on in the games, the majority of the area is not accessible to players until late in the game, when the Waterfall HM is available. Of interest to trainers is the rare Dragon Pokémon Bagon, which is only found deep inside the caves. Additionally, in Pokémon Emerald one may challenge Steven Stone after becoming champion. {{Poke-stub}} {{Pokémon locations}} {{BookCat}} 6xkj8znyntuz6b7k0ltz64g3alawua4 0 480034 4633894 4602135 2026-05-03T14:20:30Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Dewikifying page 4633894 wikitext text/x-wiki The following is a '''list of characters featured exclusively in ''Mario''-related cartoons, films, and comics'''. == Films == === ''Super Mario Bros.'' (film) === * '''Anthony Scapelli''': A corrupt business man and rival to Mario and Luigi. He is later turned into a monkey by King Koopa. * '''Bertha''': A woman dressed in red with rocket shoes. She steals Mario and Luigi's rock, and later helps the Bros. in the final battle against Koopa. * '''Daniella''': Mario's girlfriend. * '''Lena''': Koopa's female henchman, who later betrays him to try and get the rock. She is later killed when the force of the meteorite is too strong for her. * '''Iggy''': One of King Koopa's cousins and henchmen, he later betrays King Koopa to aid Mario and Luigi. * '''Spike''': King Koopa's other cousin and minion; after being made super intelligent by King Koopa, Spike betrays him to help Mario and Luigi. === Super Mario Bros.: Peach-Hime Kyushutsu Dai Sakusen! === <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Marioanime.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Super Mario Bros.: Peach-Hime Kyushutsu Dai Sakusen!'', featuring Prince Haru as well as other characters.]] --> * '''Prince Haru''': Princess Peach's fiancee from the Flower Kingdom, who was turned into a dog (Kibedango) by Koopa (Bowser). He follows Mario around for the entire movie as a dog; however, it is not until the very end of the movie that viewers see that he is actually a prince. * '''Jugem''': The Japanese name for '''Lakitu'''. He had a cloud from which he could control the weather, which made him much more powerful than he was in the games. * '''Kibedango''': A little blue dog that follows Mario around for the majority of the movie. * '''Miss Endless''': An elderly woman who is a frequent customer to Mario and Luigi's grocery store. * '''Mushroom Hermit''': A wise old sage that informs the Mario Bros. about their quest. == Television Shows == ===''Saturday Supercade''=== *'''Bones''': Donkey Kong Jr.'s traveling companion. Rides a motorcycle but is very incompetent at everything. === DiC Shows === <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Oogtar.jpg|right|thumb|Oogtar the Caveboy]] --> * '''Alligator Dundee''': An Australian hunter who planned to capture the Ratigator and become famous, enlisting an oblivious Mario and Luigi to help. He realizes that Ratigator is the brothers' pet and stops, but then gets the idea to star in a movie where he travels to New York City, captures a beast like the Ratigator and falls in love with a beautiful American woman and changes his name to "Ratigator Dundee". Appears in "Alligator Dundee", an obvious parody of Crocodile Dundee. * '''Bowser's mother''': Comes for her son's wedding in "Do You Princess Toadstool Take This Koopa...?" She is apparently disappointed in the fact that he is still single. * '''Big Bad Wolf''': The resident villain of the Mushroom Woods, he grows a grudge against Koopa when he steals his shtick. Appears in "Little Red Riding Princess". * '''Birdo Mother''': Lil' Cheepy's mother who loses her son. She apparently has bad eyesight (she kidnaps Toad, mistaking him for her son, and holds a telephone wrong). The Mario Bros and Peach help reunite Cheepy with his mother in order to get Toad back. * '''Brutius Maximus Grouchimus''': The guardian of the Linguini Empire's colloseum. Appears in the episode "The Great Gladiator Gig". * '''Butterfingers''': The clumsy assistant of Dr. Sheldon, Butterfingers aids Princess Toadstool rescue the doctor in "Jungle Fever". * '''Captain Clump''': A surly sea captain with a hook, eye-patch and a large peg leg; he aids Mario, Luigi and Toad in saving Princess Toadstool from Blackbeard Koopa in "Pirates of Koopa". * '''Cave-People''': In the Super Mario World cartoon, Dinosaur World is inhabited by slow-witted cavepeople. Besides Oogtar, only two cavemen, Agga and Ooga, are revealed to have names in the episode "The Wheel Thing". * '''Lil' Cheepy''': A small, pink Birdo wearing a scarf who inexplicably becomes frozen in a block of ice in "The Bird! The Bird!". * '''Clog''': A cycloptic monster seemingly made of hair and garbage, it would occasionally venture into Mario and Luigi's apartment to cause havoc in The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! * '''Cooie, Murrie, and Moma''': Parodies of the Three Stooges, they are turned to stone by Kooptut in "The Ten Koopmandments" after trying to fight him and the Koopa Pack with pies. * '''Cookooo Bird''': A large, possibly sentient and rather poor looking Cookoo Bird that inhabits Mario Brothers Plumbing. Appears in "Toupee" and "Santa Claus Is Coming to Flatbush". * '''Count Zoltan Dracula''': A somewhat snooty vampire originating from Transylvania. He appears as an exchange student sent to live with Mario and Luigi in "Bats in the Basement". He appears in a later episode, posing as an exterminator the Mario Bros hire to get rid of a bat in their basement (which turns out to be Zoltan Dracula in disguise) and was only bothering the Marios because he was lonely and befriends them. * '''Crimewave Clyde''': A criminal from Earth whom Koopa breaks out of prison in "Crimes R Us" to help train the Koopalings into real troublemakers. He is considered a "fagin" (named after the Jewish criminal ringleader in Charles Dickens' novel, "Oliver Twist") a person who teaches children to commit crimes. * '''Cutter''': A tall, skinny and blonde stereotypical surfer living in Hawaii. He participates in various sports with the vacationing Princess Toadstool in "Reign Storm". * '''Dealin' Delbert''': The owner of a cow lot who trades "magic beans" to Mario and Luigi in exchange for the royal cow in "Mario and the Beanstalk". * '''Dr. Sheldon''': The world's most powerful witch doctor, he is abducted by Koopa in "Jungle Fever". He later defeats Koopa by throwing a powerful itching potion on him. * '''Dr. Sigmund Fruitcake''': A famous "head doctor" who helps Mario when he believes himself to be a monkey and chicken in "Bonkers from Yonkers". The character is a spoof of Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud. * '''Dr. T. Garden''': A scientist and inventor of Super Sushi, which can make whoever eats it grow giant. Appears in "Mario Meets Koop-zilla". His name is a pun on "tea garden." * '''Dr. Toby''': An eccentric botanist dressed like a surgeon who claims to have "the power, the gift and the curse" of knowing when plants are in peril. Dr. Toby helps the Mario Bros. save their Mama's dying basil bush and later returns it to normal when it mutates in "Super Plant". * '''Duke, Lulu, and Rockman''': A trio known as the DinoRiders. They trick Yoshi into allowing them to capture the Mario Bros. so they can bring them to Koopa for a huge reward in "Born to Ride". * '''E.C.''': Mario's "computer date" in "E.C. The Extra Creepy". She is later revealed to be an alien robot sent to scout Brooklyn. * '''Edison''': An electrician who is apparently the Mario Bros.' roommate in the live-action segments of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show. His name may be a reference to Thomas Edison. * '''Einstein''': A friendly scientist who gives Mario and Luigi the HAL 9001 and later helps them detroy it in "9001: A Mario Odyssey". He is clearly a reference to the famous scientist Albert Einstein. * '''Elvin Parsley''': The King of Rock and Roll and Sock Hop Land, he is kidnapped and frozen by Kool Koopa in "Elvin Lives". A parody of legendary rock singer Elvis Presley. * '''Elvis Presley''': The spirit of Elvis Presley visits the Mario brothers' home and teaches them to be better rock and roll stars. * '''Emperor Ed''': The ruler of Sky Land who is kidnapped by Bowser and Kooky in "Up, Up, and a Koopa". * '''Flab Boys''': Overweight rappers and inhabitants of Rap Land who help Mario and Co. defeat Rappin' Koopa in "Bad Rap". They appear to be parodies of The Fat Boys. * '''General George Washingtoad''': A Mushroomer who helps Mario, Luigi, Toad and Princess Toadstool fight Redcoat Koopa in "The Koopas Are Coming! The Koopas Are Coming!". Unlike most Mushroom People, he has ears and a nose. He is a parody of George Washington. * '''Gramps''': Toad's elderly grandfather who was imprisoned in Koopatraz State Prison years ago by King Koopa. He helps Mario, Luigi, Toad and Princess Toadstool escape the prison in "Escape from Koopatraz". * '''Grunt''': A dim-witted, yet powerful Super Troopa minion of King Koopa from "Mario and Joliet". He strongly resembles a Battletoad with a turtle shell. * '''HAL 9001''': A sentient pizza maker given to Mario and Luigi. It later turns malevolent and brainwashes them in "9001: A Mario Odyssey". Is a parody of the HAL 9000. * '''Hercufleas''': A Heracles-inspired hero and the official guardian of the Great Balls of Fire who, after gaining weight, is trained back into shape by the Marios and their companions in "The Fire of Hercufleas". He is apparently old friends with Toad. * '''Herman''': A gruff-looking Floridian dog catcher who continually tries to capture Luigi and King Windbag, who have been turned into dogs, in "Life's Ruff". * '''Herlock Solmes''': A detective whose name is an obvious anagram of Sherlock Holmes. He apparently thinks Bowser is "a cross between a lizard and an inferior species of toad". * '''Holly Mackeral''': The mermaid princess of the underwater city of Mertropolis, and the ugly mermaid of the episode's title. She apparently cannot tell the difference between a real frog and a man dressed as a frog, and thus mistakenly believes the Frog Suited Mario to be a frog prince. * '''Imperial Poobah''': A worker for the "Grand Order of Plumbers", he appears to award Mario and Luigi with the status of Plumbers of the Year, after inspecting them. Appears "Plumbers of the Year". * '''Indiana Joe''': An Indiana Jones-esque explorer who helps Mario and company find the Lost Mushroom, but has a fear of the Koopas (akin to Jones' fear of snakes). He gets over his phobia after a failed attempt at babysitting. For some reason, he is drawn without an actual face. * '''James Blonde''': A secret agent who works for Princess Toadstool. He is turned to stone by Koopfinger in "On Her Majesty's Sewer Service". Is a clear parody of James Bond. * '''Junior''': A bratty boy from Brooklyn whom the Mario Bros. reluctantly babysit in "Misadventures in Babysitting". Accompanied by the Koopalings, he pulls a prank that almost gets them killed. * '''Kenneth''': A goldfish who was to be babysat by Mario and Luigi, who later accidentally killed him. Appears in "Goodbye Mr. Fish". * '''King James''': The funky ruler of Rap Land who is taken hostage by Rappin' Koopa in "Bad Rap". Appears to be loosely based upon soul legend James Brown. * '''King Neptune''': The ruler of the Mermushrooms and an underwater kingdom. He is taken captive by Barra-Koopa and his Bloobers in "Mario of the Deep". He is extremely mellow in demeanor. * '''King Windbag''': The foul-mooded king of Iced Land whom Iggy and Lemmy turn into a dog in "Life's Ruff". * '''Luigeena''': A cousin of Mario and Luigi who visits them in "Marianne and Luigeena". The Marios also have an aunt of the same name that is said to be even more strict than their mother. * '''Mama Fireplant''': A Piranha Plant who provides fire for Dome City. Wendy O. Koopa kidnaps her in "Fire Sale". * '''Marianne''': The cousin of Mario and Luigi who visits them in "Marianne and Luigeena. * '''Mama Mario''': The Mario Bros. strict and overbearing mother * '''Mark Twang''': Bowser's opponent in the race to be King of the River in "Rolling Down the River." His name is a spoof of American writer and satirist Mark Twain (pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens). * '''Mayor Fettuccinni''': The mayor of Pastaland, who appears in "The Pied Koopa" and "Mario and the Red Baron Koopa". * '''Mervin the Magician''': A wizard who helps drive away Bowser in "King Mario of Cramalot." Official summaries for the episode describe him as being clumsy, but he shows no such trait in the actual episode. His name is a pun on Merlin, the famed advisor of King Arthur. * '''Mighty Plumber''': A television action hero whose show Mario and Luigi are big fans of. Koopa tricks him into helping him rob the Pipe Maze's coin treasury. * '''Misaki''': A powerful martial artist who teaches Mario and Luigi "Plumb Fu" and helps them beat Koopa in "Karate Koopa". * '''Mouth of the River''': A gypsy-like woman with large lips who aids Mario, Luigi and Mark Twang in "Rolling Down the River". * '''Mousersaurus Rex''': A gigantic dinosaur who resembles Mouser, he continues to try and help Alley Koop in "The Quest for Pizza", but keeps getting his foot hurt instead. * '''Murphy''': A leprechaun whose gold was stolen by King O'Koopa in "Mighty McMario and the Pot of Gold". With his gold gone, he kept unintentionally bringing bad luck to everyone around him. His name may have been inspired by Murphey's Law. * '''Obi Wan Cannoli''': The spirit of a martial artists that helps people who "are about to get pounded" and helps Mario face a bully. A parody of Obi-Wan Kenobi. * '''Obi Wan Toadi''': An old and wise Mushroomer who aids Mario, Luigi, Toad and Princess Toadstool in "Star Koopa". He is a clear parody of Obi-Wan Kenobi of Star Wars fame. * '''Oogtar the Caveboy''': A slang-speaking and somewhat mischievous caveboy living in Dinosaur Land. Voice played by John Stocker, who previously voiced Toad in the first two Super Mario cartoon series. * '''Patty the Sad-Eyed Orphan''': A girl who claims to be an orphan in "Day of the Orphan". * '''Pietro''': A man who claimed to be Mario and Luigi's long-lost older brother in "Fake Bro". He was later revealed to be a scam artist. * '''Prince Hugo the Huge''': The giant ruler of Big Island. Koopa turns him into a poodle in "Sneaky Lying Cheating Giant Ninja Koopas". * '''Pronto''': An extremely quick Mushroom native. He aids Mario, Luigi, Toad and Princess Toadstool defeat Billy the Koopa in "The Provolone Ranger". * '''Queen Mushroomkhamen''': A mummifed queen whose slumber is disturbed when Iggy and Lemmy kidnap her son, who looks just like Mario, in "Mind Your Mummy Mommy, Mario." She briefly mentions that her husband looks just like Luigi. * '''Queen Rotunda''': The obese and self-delusional queen of Rotunda Land who, after drinking a love potion, falls madly in love with Mario in "Love 'Em and Leave 'Em". Luigi later poors the same potion into the punch at their wedding causing Rotunda to fall back in love with her original love interest, Prince Pompotour and vice versa. * '''Ratigator''': A large creature looking like a cross between a sewer rat and an alligator; the Ratigator would occasionally enter Mario and Luigi apartment through the sewer system in ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'' * '''Robot Princess''': A poorly-constructed robot created by Kooky Von Koopa in Princess Toadstool's likeness. Koopa attempts to use it to take control of the Mushroom Kingdom while the real Princess Toadstool is away in "Reign Storm". * '''Salvador Drainado''', alternatively spelled as '''Salvador Drainotto''': A master plumber who had apparently disappeared into the Mushroom World and met the Mario brothers and friends who helped him find a way back to Brooklyn thirteen years later. * '''Sam Shalam''': A dishonest used magic carpet salesman who lives in the clouds. Appears in "Mario and the Red Baron Koopa." "Shalam" is a pun on "sham." * '''Santa Claus/"Nick"''': The jolly saint who delivers gifts on Christmas, Santa Claus first appeared in "Koopa Klaus", where he was kidnapped by King Koopa. He later appeared, under the alias of Nick, in "Santa Claus Is Coming to Flatbush". Santa was also briefly mentioned by Luigi in "Rock TV". * '''Secret Agent N''': A large agent who works in Princess Toadstool's Secret Service. He supplies Mario and Luigi with several gadgets and weapons in "On Her Majesty's Sewer Service". He is a spoof of both James Bond's superior "Agent M," and gadget maker "Q." * '''Sergeant Kooperman''': The strict, but unsavory instructor at the plumbing college Mario and Luigi attended in "Plummers Academy". Voiced by Harvey Atkin and thus sounded exactly like Koopa. * '''Sergeant Slaughter''': He first appears in an episode as a customer to the Marios Bros. and hires them to repair his steam machine. He is portrayed as being bossy and demanding. He appears in a later episode, assigned by the president to recruit the brothers for the army, when in fact he was meant to recruit the Ratigator. * '''Sultan Pasbah''': The gluttonous sultan of a desert kingdom who captures Mario, Luigi, Toad and Princess Toadstool to make them his slaves. Appears in "Mario's Magic Carpet". * '''Ted Bull''': A wealthy Texan and oil tycoon who offers to buy Mario Brothers Plumbing from the Mario Bros. after they find oil in it. Appears in "Texas Tea". * '''The Sultan of Desert Hill''': Appears in "The Beauty of Kootie." His palace is built on an oil well. * '''Tyrannosaurus Twins''': Dinosaur wrestlers hired by King Koopa to take-down Mario and Luigi in "Rock TV". * '''The Wizard King of the West''': The king of Skyland, who receives his wand fifty years after he requested it in "A Toadally Magical Adventure". * '''Vampa White''': Koopfinger's female minion and the host of "Wheel of Misfortune" in "On Her Majesty's Sewer Service". She is a parody of Wheel of Fortune hostess Vanna White. * '''Waldo the Wizard''': A friendly wizard who's home was taken over by King Koopa and his clan. He invented a shrinking potion to help the brothers defeat him but the brothers themselves were accidentally shrunk. He gets his home back when the Marios defeat King Koopa. * '''Wizardheimer''': A Magikoopa who took Mario, Luigi, and Princess Toadstool hostage in his Ghost House. Claims to own the Forest of Illusions. Hates it when people pronounce his name wrong. * '''Zero''': A masked vigilante in the style of Zorro. "His" secret identity is actually a nameless girl who runs a taco stand. == Comics == === Nintendo Comics System === <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Luigi as Dirk.jpg|right|thumb|Luigi and Mario dressed (respectively) as Dirk and Snakey.]] --> * '''Barbara the Bush''': Stanley the Talking Fish's first girlfriend. * '''Baroness Blue Blood''': Also known as "the Cheerful Champion of Social Status", Baroness Blue Blood is Princess Toadstool's favorite character. She considers Blue Blood as "the only magazine worth reading in our generation". * '''Bertha''': Stanley the Talking Fish's on-and-off girlfriend. She once fell in love with Mario when she mistook him for a frog. * '''Dark Dirk''': Dirk Drain-Head's evil twin. * '''Dirk Drain-Head''': He was first briefly mentioned in the story ''A Mouser in the Houser'' as Mario's favorite comic book star. A more detailed description of him is given in a later story, titled ''The Adventures of Dirk Drain-Head''. * '''Dr. Waldo Bloom''': The usual doctor at the Mushroom Kingdom Hospital. He ends up giving the job to Mario as a result of becoming addicted to golf. * '''Herman Smirch''': The protagonist of the ''Game Boy'' comic book series, based on the ''Super Mario Land'' video game. In this series, he is the apparent human servant of the game's villain, Tatanga. Because Smirch is a weak-willed man, he is easily hypnotized by Tatanga into releasing him into the "real world" via "the gateway" (a Game Boy system, actually). * '''Josh p''': A teenager who summoned Mario to Earth and aided him in defeating Tatanga; is Rick's brother. * '''King Toadstool''': The ruler of the a mushroom land. His character was mentioned in the packaging and instruction manual for the original ''Super Mario Bros.'' game, but he is never seen in the games themselves. In the Nintendo Comic System, his design seems to be based on the King of Grass Land from ''Super Mario Bros. 3''. The King confides in Mario, and often assigns him to do some tasks, such as gathering Coins with which to balance the royal budget. * '''Moonfungie''': One of a group of Mushroom people on an island that Mario, Peach, and Toad stumble onto in the story "Beauty and the Beach". * '''Mr. Levison''': Herman Smirch's boss. * '''Muck''': Pipe Ooze's sidekick. * '''Pipe Ooze''': Dirk Drain-Head's archnemesis. * '''Piranha Sue''': Leader of a Piranha Plant rebellion who attempts to take over the world behind Koopa's back. * '''Pookie''': Roy Koopa's pet bunny, whom he often roughs up for Koopa's amusement. He escapes at the end of the story he appears in. * '''Rick''': A teenager who aids Mario in defeating Tatanga; is Josh's brother. * '''Rusty Water''': A friend of Dirk Drain-Head. In "Revenge of Pipe Ooze!", he is cosplayed by a Piranha Plant wearing a rusty faucet. * '''The Shrubs''': A pair of talking bushes Toad briefly interviews in "The Kingdom Enquirer". They are apparently movie stars. * '''Smirch's mother''': Herman Smirch's mother, who asks Smirch to give up the Game Boy and come home in "It's a Small World After All". Smirch hides out in her house at the start of the next issue's story, "Team Play". * '''Smookers the Jelectro''': One of Stanley the Talking Fish's many girlfriends. * '''Snakey''': Dirk Drain-Head's teenage companion, who is named after the plumber's snake he wears around his waist. He is first mentioned while Mario was sleep-walking in "Bedtime for Drain-Head", when Mario thinks that he is Dirk and tries to find Snakey. * '''Stanley the Talking Fish''': An annoying fish who often pestered Mario about his dating problems. * '''Tannis Rhodes''': Another one of Tatanga's prisoners. * '''Wooster''': A toad who's role is to be the royal advisor of King Toadstool. === ''Super Mario Adventures'' === * '''Friendly Floyd:''' A human traveling salesman who helped the Mario bros. more than once. * '''Minister of Massage''': He turns a petrified Mario back to normal through the use of martial-arts. {{BookCat}} kwwzyyb6o51ze0ryn8mid4z2fr0pvic 0 480939 4634004 4609794 2026-05-03T22:59:55Z Reillylb93 3572239 Added graph 4634004 wikitext text/x-wiki === Overview === ==== What they are... ==== "Surveys" are what the CMS Regulations call Nursing Home and Skilled Nursing Home facility audits. These surveys are used to respond to complaints, assess any changes in facility performance after important changes in ownership or the highest levels of facility management, or review the general performance of the facility. The objective is to be sure that the facility meets the requirements of Medicaid and Medicare for re-imbursment of care to residents. These surveys are accompanied by local (county or municipal) audits of the facility for fire and mechanical safety when at least annual. Surveys may also be conducted to assess the success of and compliance with corrections planned to answer deficiencies found in the previous survey. The surveys are conducted under the federal rules for CMS (Title 42) by employees or agents of the state CMS organization. Facilities are compared across a state based on a code number and a severity of the finding. Each deficiency is noted by a code that refers to the area in which the deficiency was identified. Next the surveyors review the scope of the deficiency. Is it limited to a single resident or is this a wide spread issue. Then each deficiency is lastly assessed for the level of actual or potential harm to residents. The scope and severity have a letter associated with them that range from A as isolated and least dangerous up to L as widespread and immediately jeopardizing to the health and safety of resident(s). Each finding and its deficiency score is commonly called a tag. Codes that start with 'F' are federal requirements, other letters indicate other governmental requirements. '''Survey Deficiency Score: SFF Weights for Different Types of Deficiencies''' {| class="wikitable" !Scope !Severity !Points (Deficiency Score) |- |Isolated |Widespread / Immediate jeopardy |J: 50 pts; K: 100 pts; L: 150 pts |- |Actual harm (not immediate jeopardy) |G: 10 pts; H: 20 pts; I: 30 pts | |- |No actual harm, potential harm > minimal |D: 2 pts; E: 4 pts; F: 6 pts | |- |No actual harm, minimal potential harm |A: 0 pts; B: 0 pts; C: 0 pts | |} ==== When do they happen.... ==== These surveys must be done within the 15 months (to the day) of the completion day of the previous survey. There is also a statewide average of 12 months that must also be met by the state CMS agency. (See [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-42/chapter-IV/subchapter-G/part-488/subpart-E/section-488.308 42CFR488-308a].) === Process of the Survey === The surveyors === Review of the Results of the Survey === === After the Survey === === Possible Follow-up Survey === {{BookCat}} t1nih8xouq8vbiku5w2vwdm294yvyth 4634006 4634004 2026-05-03T23:14:02Z Reillylb93 3572239 /* When do they happen.... */ added some content to a few sections 4634006 wikitext text/x-wiki === Overview === ==== What they are... ==== "Surveys" are what the CMS Regulations call Nursing Home and Skilled Nursing Home facility audits. These surveys are used to respond to complaints, assess any changes in facility performance after important changes in ownership or the highest levels of facility management, or review the general performance of the facility. The objective is to be sure that the facility meets the requirements of Medicaid and Medicare for re-imbursment of care to residents. These surveys are accompanied by local (county or municipal) audits of the facility for fire and mechanical safety when at least annual. Surveys may also be conducted to assess the success of and compliance with corrections planned to answer deficiencies found in the previous survey. The surveys are conducted under the federal rules for CMS (Title 42) by employees or agents of the state CMS organization. Facilities are compared across a state based on a code number and a severity of the finding. Each deficiency is noted by a code that refers to the area in which the deficiency was identified. Next the surveyors review the scope of the deficiency. Is it limited to a single resident or is this a wide spread issue. Then each deficiency is lastly assessed for the level of actual or potential harm to residents. The scope and severity have a letter associated with them that range from A as isolated and least dangerous up to L as widespread and immediately jeopardizing to the health and safety of resident(s). Each finding and its deficiency score is commonly called a tag. Codes that start with 'F' are federal requirements, other letters indicate other governmental requirements. '''Survey Deficiency Score: SFF Weights for Different Types of Deficiencies''' {| class="wikitable" !Scope !Severity !Points (Deficiency Score) |- |Isolated |Widespread / Immediate jeopardy |J: 50 pts; K: 100 pts; L: 150 pts |- |Actual harm (not immediate jeopardy) |G: 10 pts; H: 20 pts; I: 30 pts | |- |No actual harm, potential harm > minimal |D: 2 pts; E: 4 pts; F: 6 pts | |- |No actual harm, minimal potential harm |A: 0 pts; B: 0 pts; C: 0 pts | |} ==== When do they happen.... ==== These surveys must be done within the 15 months (to the day) of the completion day of the previous survey. There is also a statewide average of 12 months that must also be met by the state CMS agency. (See [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-42/chapter-IV/subchapter-G/part-488/subpart-E/section-488.308 42CFR488-308a].) Surveys may also be completed as the state receives complaints by residents, family members, community members, and/or staff. === Process of the Survey === The surveyors will arrive at the Nursing Home during business hours to begin the survey. It is usually a small team of 3-4 with a lead surveyor assigned to oversee processes. They will base out of a quiet, secluded area like a meeting room as they conduct their work. Surveys can take anywhere between 1-4 days, not including follow-up visits. During the survey they will interact with residents and follow up with appropriate departments and staff. It is the responsibility of the Nursing Home to respond in a timely manner to all requested documents and information. === Review of the Results of the Survey === Once the results of the survey have been concluded, they will be delivered to the Nursing Home in a document. The surveyors also will review the results with leadership, usually the Director of Nursing and the Administrator. === After the Survey === Following the survey the Nursing Home will share the results with department staff and indicate next steps if any. If there are areas the Nursing Home needs to improve or respond to, the appropriate departments will ensure follow up is completed and sent to the state. === Possible Follow-up Survey === {{BookCat}} icm6iizexkno1eo894szaa993mhmt2d 0 481968 4633864 4633782 2026-05-03T13:21:57Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 4, Body Style: */ 4633864 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''924:''' * A = Coupe '''944:''' * A = Coupe * B = Cabriolet (1989 only) * C = Cabriolet (1990-1991) '''968/Boxster/Cayman/718:''' * A = Coupe * C = Cabriolet '''928:''' * J = Coupe (1981-1990) * A = Coupe (1991-1995) '''911:''' * A = Coupe (Except Type 930 Turbo coupe) * B = Targa (911 - Type 964/996/997/991/992) * C = Cabriolet (911 - Type 964/993/996/997/991/992) * D = Targa (911 - Type 993) * E = Targa or Cabriolet (911 [1981-1989] or 911 Turbo - Type 930 [1987-1989]) * J = Turbo Coupe (911 - Type 930 [US: 1986-1989, Canada: 1981-1989]) '''Carrera GT / 918 Spyder:''' * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 270 hp (911 Carrera '95, Carrera 4 '95) *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera '96-'98, Targa '96-'98, Carrera S '98, Carrera 4 '96-'98, Carrera 4S '96-'98) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 400 hp (911 Turbo '96-'97) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 424 hp (911 Turbo S '97) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} flo31vls1v51y3seee16fat7gffn71q 4633900 4633864 2026-05-03T14:28:12Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 4, Body Style: */ 4633900 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''924:''' * A = Coupe '''944:''' * A = Coupe * B = Cabriolet (1989 only) * C = Cabriolet (1990-1991) '''968/Boxster/Cayman/718:''' * A = Coupe * C = Cabriolet '''928:''' * J = Coupe (1981-1990) * A = Coupe (1991-1995) '''911:''' * A = Coupe (Except Type 930 Turbo coupe) * B = Targa (911 - Type 964/996/997/991/992) * C = Cabriolet (911 - Type 964/993/996/997/991/992) or Speedster (Type 964/997/991) or Roadster (Type 964) * D = Targa (911 - Type 993) * E = Targa or Cabriolet (911 [1981-1989] or 911 Turbo - Type 930 [1987-1989]) or Speedster (911 - 1989) * J = Turbo Coupe (911 - Type 930 [US: 1986-1989, Canada: 1981-1989]) '''Carrera GT / 918 Spyder:''' * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 270 hp (911 Carrera '95, Carrera 4 '95) *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera '96-'98, Targa '96-'98, Carrera S '98, Carrera 4 '96-'98, Carrera 4S '96-'98) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 400 hp (911 Turbo '96-'97) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 424 hp (911 Turbo S '97) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} kzp91kluuavcpg6r0itv5feizuw4mje 4633965 4633900 2026-05-03T19:43:28Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4633965 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''924:''' * A = Coupe '''944:''' * A = Coupe * B = Cabriolet (1989 only) * C = Cabriolet (1990-1991) '''968/Boxster/Cayman/718:''' * A = Coupe * C = Cabriolet '''928:''' * J = Coupe (1981-1990) * A = Coupe (1991-1995) '''911:''' * A = Coupe (Except Type 930 Turbo coupe) * B = Targa (911 - Type 964/996/997/991/992) * C = Cabriolet (911 - Type 964/993/996/997/991/992) or Speedster (Type 964/997/991) or Roadster (Type 964) * D = Targa (911 - Type 993) * E = Targa or Cabriolet (911 [1981-1989] or 911 Turbo - Type 930 [1987-1989]) or Speedster (911 - 1989) * J = Turbo Coupe (911 - Type 930 [US: 1986-1989, Canada: 1981-1989]) '''Carrera GT / 918 Spyder:''' * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 964: *B = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 247 hp (911 Carrera 2 '90-'94, Targa '90-'94, 911 America Roadster '92-'93, RS America '93-'94, Speedster '94,<br> Carrera 4 '89-'94, Carrera 4 Widebody Coupe '94, Carrera 4 Targa '90-'93) *B = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 256 hp (911 Carrera Cup USA Edition '92) *A = 3.3L turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 315 hp (911 Turbo '91-'92) *C = 3.6L turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 355 hp (911 Turbo 3.6 '94) *C = 3.6L turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 380 hp (911 Turbo S 3.6 '94) Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 270 hp (911 Carrera '95, Carrera 4 '95) *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera '96-'98, Targa '96-'98, Carrera S '98, Carrera 4 '96-'98, Carrera 4S '96-'98) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 400 hp (911 Turbo '96-'97) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 424 hp (911 Turbo S '97) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} ljkm339gj72aqi07i4y3nbfavbp60fy 4633998 4633965 2026-05-03T22:29:19Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4633998 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''924:''' * A = Coupe '''944:''' * A = Coupe * B = Cabriolet (1989 only) * C = Cabriolet (1990-1991) '''968/Boxster/Cayman/718:''' * A = Coupe * C = Cabriolet '''928:''' * J = Coupe (1981-1990) * A = Coupe (1991-1995) '''911:''' * A = Coupe (Except Type 930 Turbo coupe) * B = Targa (911 - Type 964/996/997/991/992) * C = Cabriolet (911 - Type 964/993/996/997/991/992) or Speedster (Type 964/997/991) or Roadster (Type 964) * D = Targa (911 - Type 993) * E = Targa or Cabriolet (911 [1981-1989] or 911 Turbo - Type 930 [1987-1989]) or Speedster (911 - 1989) * J = Turbo Coupe (911 - Type 930 [US: 1986-1989, Canada: 1981-1989]) '''Carrera GT / 918 Spyder:''' * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''968:''' *A = 3.0L DOHC 16-valve I4, 236 hp ('92-'95) '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 964: *B = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 247 hp (911 Carrera 2 '90-'94, Targa '90-'94, 911 America Roadster '92-'93, RS America '93-'94, Speedster '94,<br> Carrera 4 '89-'94, Carrera 4 Widebody Coupe '94, Carrera 4 Targa '90-'93) *B = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 256 hp (911 Carrera Cup USA Edition '92) *A = 3.3L turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 315 hp (911 Turbo '91-'92) *C = 3.6L turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 355 hp (911 Turbo 3.6 '94) *C = 3.6L turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 380 hp (911 Turbo S 3.6 '94) Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 270 hp (911 Carrera '95, Carrera 4 '95) *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera '96-'98, Targa '96-'98, Carrera S '98, Carrera 4 '96-'98, Carrera 4S '96-'98) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 400 hp (911 Turbo '96-'97) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 424 hp (911 Turbo S '97) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} 3sq1r3mz3t7o1nigpix0e3px3g78nwm 0 482817 4633889 4633536 2026-05-03T13:43:17Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in Progress. Added image. 4633889 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 ft/s at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. '''Note:''' The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI unless noted otherwise. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign ( = ) is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 ft/s is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> index syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An assignment operator can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution: solve(igl,\ρ ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>This expression can be checked against known values:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows, * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° the calculated value for density is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory (); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. '''Note:''' The ''wxMaxima'' GUI makes loading packages simply a matter of a menu selection. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formula for pressure and temperatures in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> lbf/ft² <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> °R ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== The expressions for pressure and temperature as functions of altitude can be used with the expression for the ideal gas law for an expression of density as a function of altitude as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i42) ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o42) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i42) excel_round(ρ(20000)*10^4,2); (%o42) 12.67 </syntaxhighlight>This result agrees with the density value of the standard atmosphere at 20,000 ft. Using the expression for the air density as a function of altitude, an expression for dynamic pressure is as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i43) q(h,VTAS) := ((\ρ(h)*VTAS^2))/2; (%o43) q(h,VTAS):=(ρ(h)*VTAS^2)/2 </syntaxhighlight>Using the expression above, values of dynamic pressure can be calculated as a function of altitude and true airspeed as follows for 20,000 feet and 15,000 feet at 200 ft/s:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i44) q(20000,200); (%o44) 25.34079027107967 (%i45) q(15000,200); (%o45) 29.922636037412556 </syntaxhighlight>This value can be checked using the value for density from the standard atmosphere table at 15,000 ft and the expression for dynamic pressure as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i46) excel_round(%,2); (%o46) 29.92 (%i47) (200.0^2)*0.001496/2.0; (%o47) 29.919999999999998 (%i48) excel_round(%,2); (%o48) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>In the context of aviation and aircraft performance, airspeeds are commonly referenced to knots (nautical miles per hour) instead of ft/s. To determine dynamic pressure as a function of altitude and true airspeed in knots, the following expressions are used:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i49) VTAS(knots) := 1.687811*knots; (%o49) VTAS(knots):=1.687811*knots (%i50) excel_round(VTAS(118.49676),2); (%o50) 200.0 (%i51) q(h,knots) (%o51) q(h,knots):=(ρ(h)*VTAS(knots)^2)/2 (%i52) excel_round(q(15000,118.49676),2); (%o52) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>So approximately 118 knots true airspeed is equivalent to 200 ft/s, and the above expression for dynamic pressure is in terms of a function of altitude in feet and true airspeed in knots. ==== Plotting ==== Maxima has several ways to do plotting. The image that follows is a simple plot of density as a function of altitude produced using the plotting operator <code>wxplot2d()</code> :<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> wxplot2d([ρ(h)], [h,-100,35000])$ </syntaxhighlight> [[File:Density as a Function of Altitude.png|left|thumb|876x876px|'''Air Density (slugs/ft³) As a Function of Altitude (ft)''']] {{BookCat}} o9dk1nbl4623p897a55qgknwjws3r2h 4633890 4633889 2026-05-03T13:46:28Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4633890 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 ft/s at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. '''Note:''' The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI unless noted otherwise. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign ( = ) is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 ft/s is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> index syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An assignment operator can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution: solve(igl,\ρ ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>This expression can be checked against known values:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows, * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° the calculated value for density is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory (); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. '''Note:''' The ''wxMaxima'' GUI makes loading packages simply a matter of a menu selection. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formula for pressure and temperatures in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> lbf/ft² <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> °R ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== The expressions for pressure and temperature as functions of altitude can be used with the expression for the ideal gas law for an expression of density as a function of altitude as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i42) ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o42) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i42) excel_round(ρ(20000)*10^4,2); (%o42) 12.67 </syntaxhighlight>This result agrees with the density value of the standard atmosphere at 20,000 ft. Using the expression for the air density as a function of altitude, an expression for dynamic pressure is as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i43) q(h,VTAS) := ((\ρ(h)*VTAS^2))/2; (%o43) q(h,VTAS):=(ρ(h)*VTAS^2)/2 </syntaxhighlight>Using the expression above, values of dynamic pressure can be calculated as a function of altitude and true airspeed as follows for 20,000 feet and 15,000 feet at 200 ft/s:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i44) q(20000,200); (%o44) 25.34079027107967 (%i45) q(15000,200); (%o45) 29.922636037412556 </syntaxhighlight>This value can be checked using the value for density from the standard atmosphere table at 15,000 ft and the expression for dynamic pressure as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i46) excel_round(%,2); (%o46) 29.92 (%i47) (200.0^2)*0.001496/2.0; (%o47) 29.919999999999998 (%i48) excel_round(%,2); (%o48) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>In the context of aviation and aircraft performance, airspeeds are commonly referenced to knots (nautical miles per hour) instead of ft/s. To determine dynamic pressure as a function of altitude and true airspeed in knots, the following expressions are used:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i49) VTAS(knots) := 1.687811*knots; (%o49) VTAS(knots):=1.687811*knots (%i50) excel_round(VTAS(118.49676),2); (%o50) 200.0 (%i51) q(h,knots) (%o51) q(h,knots):=(ρ(h)*VTAS(knots)^2)/2 (%i52) excel_round(q(15000,118.49676),2); (%o52) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>So approximately 118 knots true airspeed is equivalent to 200 ft/s, and the above expression for dynamic pressure is in terms of a function of altitude in feet and true airspeed in knots. ==== Plotting ==== Maxima has several ways to do plotting. The image that follows is a simple plot of density as a function of altitude produced using the plotting operator <code>wxplot2d()</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> wxplot2d([ρ(h)], [h,-100,35000])$ </syntaxhighlight> [[File:Density as a Function of Altitude.png|thumb|876x876px|'''Air Density (slugs/ft³) As a Function of Altitude (ft)'''|none]] {{BookCat}} 7w24vbvs39w03jj1505ecgfe63c96ti 4633893 4633890 2026-05-03T14:13:44Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Page revisions. Work in progress. Edited code block fr image. Saving changes. 4633893 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 ft/s at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. '''Note:''' The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI unless noted otherwise. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign ( = ) is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 ft/s is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> index syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An assignment operator can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution: solve(igl,\ρ ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>This expression can be checked against known values:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows, * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° the calculated value for density is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory (); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. '''Note:''' The ''wxMaxima'' GUI makes loading packages simply a matter of a menu selection. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formula for pressure and temperatures in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> lbf/ft² <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> °R ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== The expressions for pressure and temperature as functions of altitude can be used with the expression for the ideal gas law for an expression of density as a function of altitude as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i42) ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o42) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i42) excel_round(ρ(20000)*10^4,2); (%o42) 12.67 </syntaxhighlight>This result agrees with the density value of the standard atmosphere at 20,000 ft. Using the expression for the air density as a function of altitude, an expression for dynamic pressure is as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i43) q(h,VTAS) := ((\ρ(h)*VTAS^2))/2; (%o43) q(h,VTAS):=(ρ(h)*VTAS^2)/2 </syntaxhighlight>Using the expression above, values of dynamic pressure can be calculated as a function of altitude and true airspeed as follows for 20,000 feet and 15,000 feet at 200 ft/s:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i44) q(20000,200); (%o44) 25.34079027107967 (%i45) q(15000,200); (%o45) 29.922636037412556 </syntaxhighlight>This value can be checked using the value for density from the standard atmosphere table at 15,000 ft and the expression for dynamic pressure as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i46) excel_round(%,2); (%o46) 29.92 (%i47) (200.0^2)*0.001496/2.0; (%o47) 29.919999999999998 (%i48) excel_round(%,2); (%o48) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>In the context of aviation and aircraft performance, airspeeds are commonly referenced to knots (nautical miles per hour) instead of ft/s. To determine dynamic pressure as a function of altitude and true airspeed in knots, the following expressions are used:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i49) VTAS(knots) := 1.687811*knots; (%o49) VTAS(knots):=1.687811*knots (%i50) excel_round(VTAS(118.49676),2); (%o50) 200.0 (%i51) q(h,knots) (%o51) q(h,knots):=(ρ(h)*VTAS(knots)^2)/2 (%i52) excel_round(q(15000,118.49676),2); (%o52) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>So approximately 118 knots true airspeed is equivalent to 200 ft/s, and the above expression for dynamic pressure is in terms of a function of altitude in feet and true airspeed in knots. ==== Plotting ==== Maxima has several ways to do plotting. The image that follows is a simple plot of density as a function of altitude produced using the plotting operator <code>wxplot2d()</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) T(h) := 518.688 - 0.0035616*h; (%o53) T(h):=518.688-0.0035616*h (%i54) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o54) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i55) R :1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i56) ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o56) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i57) wxplot2d([ρ(h)], [h,-100,35000])$ </syntaxhighlight> [[File:Density as a Function of Altitude.png|thumb|876x876px|'''Air Density (slugs/ft³) As a Function of Altitude (ft)'''|none]] {{BookCat}} oa3fd7zymtj624a3lyi1dyfiyjp8bim 110 482857 4633885 4632590 2026-05-03T13:28:50Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633885 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''iphosura</div> [[File:Limule(dD).jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 8gydl90g0he2s88m1idy6bhiqk14chi 110 482858 4633884 4632591 2026-05-03T13:28:40Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633884 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''W''' is for '''W'''olf</div> [[File:Genome Sequencing of a Gray Wolf from Peninsular India (2022) fig. 1A.png|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 881njv1rusky5yylwmz14glxfkwdudz 110 482859 4633883 4632592 2026-05-03T13:28:31Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633883 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''aranus</div> [[File:Asian water monitor in Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary March 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 5ejct4sqbbtobqj18ltrruoaupm1kwy 110 482860 4633874 4632593 2026-05-03T13:26:54Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633874 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''M''' is for '''M'''onkey</div> [[File:Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta mulatta) female.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} fum7nfir5fiwbeywrkoc9dlbd80cg2k 110 482861 4633875 4632594 2026-05-03T13:27:03Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633875 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''N''' is for '''N'''ightingale</div> [[File:Luscinia megarhynchos - 01.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 1p4bcie0368rtzz3aluyt8ud7lr8go0 110 482862 4633876 4632595 2026-05-03T13:27:17Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633876 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''O''' is for '''O'''rangutan</div> [[File:Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) (14562544106).jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} bnbchpvyy3v78xiqezggor6zt3szxkb 110 482863 4633877 4632596 2026-05-03T13:27:27Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633877 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''P''' is for '''P'''anther</div> [[File:Jaguar.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} nkj9wucuv9ua2ugiaispn0ts468godr 110 482864 4633878 4632597 2026-05-03T13:27:36Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633878 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''uail</div> [[File:Brown Quail.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} iam5o78km1cgrtijbdpqphoj4kitj53 110 482865 4633879 4632599 2026-05-03T13:27:47Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633879 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''R''' is for '''R'''hinoceros</div> [[File:Greater one-horned rhinoceros at Chitwan.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} ddv732buysi5kxx5bdzbfhobwrsy3x9 110 482866 4633880 4632600 2026-05-03T13:28:01Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633880 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''S''' is for '''S'''pectacled Cobra</div> [[File:Indian Cobra Naja naja by Dr Raju Kasambe DSCN4991 (8).jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} qpetzw4jbx7wsy4nmeat1p1egzljhhs 110 482867 4633882 4632601 2026-05-03T13:28:20Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633882 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''U''' is for '''U'''rial</div> [[File:Ovis vignei 337428897.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 2bnn0yrdx24e2ygc8x65nxk0a2jo4um 110 482868 4633872 4632602 2026-05-03T13:26:28Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633872 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''K''' is for '''K'''ing Cobra</div> [[File:12 - The Mystical King Cobra and Coffee Forests.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} 9wlby5qjfj5v3h3sgs9rln5kkqm1sxj 110 482869 4633871 4632603 2026-05-03T13:26:18Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633871 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''J''' is for '''J'''unglefowl</div> [[File:Gallus gallus, Khao Yai Lam Ta Khong, Thailand 477443293.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} rox8qm25w2tbwz2njlfoi028svkngj4 110 482870 4633870 4632604 2026-05-03T13:26:09Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633870 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''I''' is for '''I'''guana</div> [[File:Iguana iguana, with blue and red coloration.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} brz1wdot7obwwl0xc4tnw2jc2e3gqqd 110 482871 4633869 4632605 2026-05-03T13:26:01Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633869 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''H''' is for '''H'''ornbill</div> [[File:Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis).jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} bni25uurar6lkof3cfw98och94g386a 110 482872 4633867 4632606 2026-05-03T13:25:43Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633867 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''F''' is for '''F'''rog</div> [[File:Rhacophorus kio.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} e5kx40sevh7mtvptax87zyeu16c2k21 110 482873 4633868 4632607 2026-05-03T13:25:52Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 /* */ 4633868 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''G''' is for '''G'''ibbon</div> [[File:Hylobates lar - Kaeng Krachan WB.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} dz2rlioqd1roys5pkmzon98av7l88r9 110 482874 4633865 4632608 2026-05-03T13:25:23Z ~2026-26883-74 3580910 4633865 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''D''' is for '''D'''eer</div> [[File:Cervus nippon 002.jpg|500px|center]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} t551bwd6etkh3o1kqwka3v7ntzzqmp0 0 482925 4633982 4633278 2026-05-03T21:10:02Z Lincolnmoy 3581009 /* Affected Populations */ and MSF , forgot to log in before working 4633982 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was one of the most severe public-health crises of the twenty-first century. The outbreak began in the village of Meliandou in Guinea and quickly spread to neighboring countries. Lasting from 2014-2016, the virus caused widespread devastation and death, claiming more than 11,000 lives during the outbreak. == Background == The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak was the largest epidemic of Ebola virus. Unlike previous Ebola outbreaks, which were small and geographically isolated, the 2014 outbreak spread across multiple countries in Western Africa and isolated cases were reported in countries outside of Western Africa as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Beth P. |date=2016 |title=Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm |journal=MMWR Supplements |language=en-us |volume=65 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2 |issn=2380-8950}}</ref> The 2014 outbreak began in December 2013, in Meliandou Village, Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak in West Africa, 2014 – 2016: Epidemic timeline, differential diagnoses, determining factors, and lessons for future response |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014}}</ref> The virus spread quickly reaching Liberia by March 2014, and Sierra Leone by May 2014 where major outbreaks would occur. Several factors contributed to the severity of the outbreak, including population mobility across borders, limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed international response, and cultural practices such as burial traditions that increased exposure.<ref name=":0" /> Urban transmission distinguished this outbreak from previous cases which had largely occurred in rural and remote areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the increased international aid the outbreak would continue for another two years. The outbreak was officially declared over in June 2016, after infecting more than 28,600 individuals and killing 11,325.<ref name=":1" /> === History === First identified in 1976 in the village of Yambuku, located in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ebola virus is a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus, which consists of 6 species.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ebola disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ebola is a severe often fatal illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and organ failure.<ref name=":2" /> The virus transmits through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials.<ref name=":0" /> == Response == === Affected Populations === Communities in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone encountered Ebola as both a public health crisis and a social disruption. Shortages of healthcare workers and facilities meant that many patients were cared for at home by relatives rather than in formal medical settings.<ref name=":0" /> These caregiving arrangements increased transmission risk while reflecting the structural limitations of the region's healthcare infrastructure. Public health interventions frequently came into tension with established cultural practices. Families placed strong moral and emotional weight on caring for the sick and performing funeral and burial rites for the deceased.<ref name=":3" /> These practices constituted major transmission pathways. Isolation protocols, restrictions on touching the sick, and mandatory safe burial procedures were medically necessary, yet many families experienced them as violations of their responsibilities toward the dying and the dead. The conflict between institutional directives and community expectations produced a breakdown in social trust that directly shaped how the outbreak unfolded. In many regions, patients transported to treatment centers often did not return due to death or poor communication between facilities and families. This reinforced suspicion among communities already skeptical of government institutions. As a result, the resistance to public health measures reflects a socially informed response to perceived institutional threat, rather than ignorance.<ref name=":4" />The specific ways this resistance manifested across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are examined in the local government sections. Response efforts became more effective as organizations shifted from top-down enforcement toward participatory approaches in late 2014. Initiatives such as Community-Led Ebola Action (CLEA) engaged residents in identifying local transmission risks, adapting high-risk practices, and taking active roles in contact tracing and prevention. This shift demonstrated that controlling the outbreak depended not only on medical infrastructure, but on the trust, local knowledge, and cooperation of the people most affected by it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bedson |first=Jamie |last2=Jalloh |first2=Mohamed F. |last3=Pedi |first3=Danielle |last4=Bah |first4=Saiku |last5=Owen |first5=Katharine |last6=Oniba |first6=Allan |last7=Sangarie |first7=Musa |last8=Fofanah |first8=James S. |last9=Jalloh |first9=Mohammed B. |last10=Sengeh |first10=Paul |last11=Skrip |first11=Laura |last12=Althouse |first12=Benjamin M. |last13=Hébert-Dufresne |first13=Laurent |date=2020-08 |title=Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7445350/ |journal=BMJ global health |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e002145 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002145 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=7445350 |pmid=32830128}}</ref> === Healthcare Workers === Healthcare workers were among the most vulnerable groups in the 2014 outbreak, facing exposure due to limited resources and rapidly changing conditions. Facilities across West Africa were unprepared for such an outbreak lacking adequate personal protective equipment, sanitation infrastructure, and consistent training. Healthcare workers were estimated to be 21-32 times more likely to contract Ebola than the general public, with over 800 infected and more than 500 deaths reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health worker Ebola infections in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-EVD-SDS-REPORT-2015.1 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> The Center for Disease Control (CDC) identified exposure and insufficient protection as a major driver of infection in healthcare settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Update: Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak — West Africa, October 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6343a3.htm |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Local healthcare workers often operated in under-supplied facilities with less consistent training, while international responders had better equipment, training, and evacuation options.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ebola: Pushed to the limit and beyond {{!}} MSF |url=https://www.msf.org/ebola-pushed-limit-and-beyond |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.msf.org |language=en}}</ref> Workers were crucial in implementing key containment strategies such as isolation protocols, contact tracing, and safe burial practices. Effectively executing these strategies required public trust and cooperation which became a problem during such an outbreak. In many cases mistrust and cultural tension hindered compliance, as treatment centers were feared and traditional practices conflicted with medical guidelines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abramowitz |first=Sharon |date=2017-10-23 |title=Epidemics (Especially Ebola) |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=Volume 46, 2017 |pages=421–445 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> Additionally, healthcare workers faced severe phycological strain, burnout, and social stigma due to being seen as a possible risk of infection.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shultz |first=James M. |last2=Cooper |first2=Janice L. |last3=Baingana |first3=Florence |last4=Oquendo |first4=Maria A. |last5=Espinel |first5=Zelde |last6=Althouse |first6=Benjamin M. |last7=Marcelin |first7=Louis Herns |last8=Towers |first8=Sherry |last9=Espinola |first9=Maria |last10=McCoy |first10=Clyde B. |last11=Mazurik |first11=Laurie |last12=Wainberg |first12=Milton L. |last13=Neria |first13=Yuval |last14=Rechkemmer |first14=Andreas |date=2016-11 |title=The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241909/ |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=104 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y |issn=1535-1645 |pmc=5241909 |pmid=27739026}}</ref> === World Health Organization (WHO) === === Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) === Among the international organizations that responded to the 2014 outbreak, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, played the most significant frontline role. MSF was among the first international organizations to recognize the scale of the outbreak and deployed teams to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone before most governments and agencies had mobilized. Operating multiple Ebola Treatment Centers across the three countries, MSF ultimately treated approximately one third of all confirmed cases.<ref name=":5" /> MSF's early presence also made them one of the first organizations to publicly warn that the outbreak was out of control, repeatedly calling on the international community to scale up its response months before the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in August 2014.<ref name=":1" /> This tension between MSF's frontline assessment and the pace of the formal international response highlighted a broader gap between organizations operating on the ground and those coordinating from a distance. == References == <references /> ag8rhn23fa2exsq8gvasmlsrb0bpunu 4633983 4633982 2026-05-03T21:14:33Z Lincolnmoy 3581009 /* Healthcare Workers */ spelling fix 4633983 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was one of the most severe public-health crises of the twenty-first century. The outbreak began in the village of Meliandou in Guinea and quickly spread to neighboring countries. Lasting from 2014-2016, the virus caused widespread devastation and death, claiming more than 11,000 lives during the outbreak. == Background == The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak was the largest epidemic of Ebola virus. Unlike previous Ebola outbreaks, which were small and geographically isolated, the 2014 outbreak spread across multiple countries in Western Africa and isolated cases were reported in countries outside of Western Africa as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Beth P. |date=2016 |title=Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm |journal=MMWR Supplements |language=en-us |volume=65 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2 |issn=2380-8950}}</ref> The 2014 outbreak began in December 2013, in Meliandou Village, Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak in West Africa, 2014 – 2016: Epidemic timeline, differential diagnoses, determining factors, and lessons for future response |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014}}</ref> The virus spread quickly reaching Liberia by March 2014, and Sierra Leone by May 2014 where major outbreaks would occur. Several factors contributed to the severity of the outbreak, including population mobility across borders, limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed international response, and cultural practices such as burial traditions that increased exposure.<ref name=":0" /> Urban transmission distinguished this outbreak from previous cases which had largely occurred in rural and remote areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the increased international aid the outbreak would continue for another two years. The outbreak was officially declared over in June 2016, after infecting more than 28,600 individuals and killing 11,325.<ref name=":1" /> === History === First identified in 1976 in the village of Yambuku, located in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ebola virus is a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus, which consists of 6 species.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ebola disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ebola is a severe often fatal illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and organ failure.<ref name=":2" /> The virus transmits through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials.<ref name=":0" /> == Response == === Affected Populations === Communities in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone encountered Ebola as both a public health crisis and a social disruption. Shortages of healthcare workers and facilities meant that many patients were cared for at home by relatives rather than in formal medical settings.<ref name=":0" /> These caregiving arrangements increased transmission risk while reflecting the structural limitations of the region's healthcare infrastructure. Public health interventions frequently came into tension with established cultural practices. Families placed strong moral and emotional weight on caring for the sick and performing funeral and burial rites for the deceased.<ref name=":3" /> These practices constituted major transmission pathways. Isolation protocols, restrictions on touching the sick, and mandatory safe burial procedures were medically necessary, yet many families experienced them as violations of their responsibilities toward the dying and the dead. The conflict between institutional directives and community expectations produced a breakdown in social trust that directly shaped how the outbreak unfolded. In many regions, patients transported to treatment centers often did not return due to death or poor communication between facilities and families. This reinforced suspicion among communities already skeptical of government institutions. As a result, the resistance to public health measures reflects a socially informed response to perceived institutional threat, rather than ignorance.<ref name=":4" />The specific ways this resistance manifested across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are examined in the local government sections. Response efforts became more effective as organizations shifted from top-down enforcement toward participatory approaches in late 2014. Initiatives such as Community-Led Ebola Action (CLEA) engaged residents in identifying local transmission risks, adapting high-risk practices, and taking active roles in contact tracing and prevention. This shift demonstrated that controlling the outbreak depended not only on medical infrastructure, but on the trust, local knowledge, and cooperation of the people most affected by it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bedson |first=Jamie |last2=Jalloh |first2=Mohamed F. |last3=Pedi |first3=Danielle |last4=Bah |first4=Saiku |last5=Owen |first5=Katharine |last6=Oniba |first6=Allan |last7=Sangarie |first7=Musa |last8=Fofanah |first8=James S. |last9=Jalloh |first9=Mohammed B. |last10=Sengeh |first10=Paul |last11=Skrip |first11=Laura |last12=Althouse |first12=Benjamin M. |last13=Hébert-Dufresne |first13=Laurent |date=2020-08 |title=Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7445350/ |journal=BMJ global health |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e002145 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002145 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=7445350 |pmid=32830128}}</ref> === Healthcare Workers === Healthcare workers were among the most vulnerable groups in the 2014 outbreak, facing exposure due to limited resources and rapidly changing conditions. Facilities across West Africa were unprepared for such an outbreak lacking adequate personal protective equipment, sanitation infrastructure, and consistent training. Healthcare workers were estimated to be 21-32 times more likely to contract Ebola than the general public, with over 800 infected and more than 500 deaths reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health worker Ebola infections in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-EVD-SDS-REPORT-2015.1 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> The Center for Disease Control (CDC) identified exposure and insufficient protection as a major driver of infection in healthcare settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Update: Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak — West Africa, October 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6343a3.htm |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Local healthcare workers often operated in under-supplied facilities with less consistent training, while international responders had better equipment, training, and evacuation options.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ebola: Pushed to the limit and beyond {{!}} MSF |url=https://www.msf.org/ebola-pushed-limit-and-beyond |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.msf.org |language=en}}</ref> Workers were crucial in implementing key containment strategies such as isolation protocols, contact tracing, and safe burial practices. Effectively executing these strategies required public trust and cooperation which became a problem during such an outbreak. In many cases mistrust and cultural tension hindered compliance, as treatment centers were feared and traditional practices conflicted with medical guidelines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abramowitz |first=Sharon |date=2017-10-23 |title=Epidemics (Especially Ebola) |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=Volume 46, 2017 |pages=421–445 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> Additionally, healthcare workers faced severe psychological strain, burnout, and social stigma due to being seen as a possible risk of infection.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shultz |first=James M. |last2=Cooper |first2=Janice L. |last3=Baingana |first3=Florence |last4=Oquendo |first4=Maria A. |last5=Espinel |first5=Zelde |last6=Althouse |first6=Benjamin M. |last7=Marcelin |first7=Louis Herns |last8=Towers |first8=Sherry |last9=Espinola |first9=Maria |last10=McCoy |first10=Clyde B. |last11=Mazurik |first11=Laurie |last12=Wainberg |first12=Milton L. |last13=Neria |first13=Yuval |last14=Rechkemmer |first14=Andreas |date=2016-11 |title=The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241909/ |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=104 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y |issn=1535-1645 |pmc=5241909 |pmid=27739026}}</ref> === World Health Organization (WHO) === === Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) === Among the international organizations that responded to the 2014 outbreak, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, played the most significant frontline role. MSF was among the first international organizations to recognize the scale of the outbreak and deployed teams to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone before most governments and agencies had mobilized. Operating multiple Ebola Treatment Centers across the three countries, MSF ultimately treated approximately one third of all confirmed cases.<ref name=":5" /> MSF's early presence also made them one of the first organizations to publicly warn that the outbreak was out of control, repeatedly calling on the international community to scale up its response months before the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in August 2014.<ref name=":1" /> This tension between MSF's frontline assessment and the pace of the formal international response highlighted a broader gap between organizations operating on the ground and those coordinating from a distance. == References == <references /> 08f05adq5bab2fbvg0nj87b5hexsmmg 4634041 4633983 2026-05-04T08:43:59Z ~2026-27003-66 3581115 Local governments section added 4634041 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was one of the most severe public-health crises of the twenty-first century. The outbreak began in the village of Meliandou in Guinea and quickly spread to neighboring countries. Lasting from 2014-2016, the virus caused widespread devastation and death, claiming more than 11,000 lives during the outbreak. == Background == The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak was the largest epidemic of Ebola virus. Unlike previous Ebola outbreaks, which were small and geographically isolated, the 2014 outbreak spread across multiple countries in Western Africa and isolated cases were reported in countries outside of Western Africa as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Beth P. |date=2016 |title=Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm |journal=MMWR Supplements |language=en-us |volume=65 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2 |issn=2380-8950}}</ref> The 2014 outbreak began in December 2013, in Meliandou Village, Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak in West Africa, 2014 – 2016: Epidemic timeline, differential diagnoses, determining factors, and lessons for future response |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014}}</ref> The virus spread quickly reaching Liberia by March 2014, and Sierra Leone by May 2014 where major outbreaks would occur. Several factors contributed to the severity of the outbreak, including population mobility across borders, limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed international response, and cultural practices such as burial traditions that increased exposure.<ref name=":0" /> Urban transmission distinguished this outbreak from previous cases which had largely occurred in rural and remote areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the increased international aid the outbreak would continue for another two years. The outbreak was officially declared over in June 2016, after infecting more than 28,600 individuals and killing 11,325.<ref name=":1" /> === History === First identified in 1976 in the village of Yambuku, located in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ebola virus is a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus, which consists of 6 species.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ebola disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ebola is a severe often fatal illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and organ failure.<ref name=":2" /> The virus transmits through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials.<ref name=":0" /> == Response == === Affected Populations === Communities in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone encountered Ebola as both a public health crisis and a social disruption. Shortages of healthcare workers and facilities meant that many patients were cared for at home by relatives rather than in formal medical settings.<ref name=":0" /> These caregiving arrangements increased transmission risk while reflecting the structural limitations of the region's healthcare infrastructure. Public health interventions frequently came into tension with established cultural practices. Families placed strong moral and emotional weight on caring for the sick and performing funeral and burial rites for the deceased.<ref name=":3" /> These practices constituted major transmission pathways. Isolation protocols, restrictions on touching the sick, and mandatory safe burial procedures were medically necessary, yet many families experienced them as violations of their responsibilities toward the dying and the dead. The conflict between institutional directives and community expectations produced a breakdown in social trust that directly shaped how the outbreak unfolded. In many regions, patients transported to treatment centers often did not return due to death or poor communication between facilities and families. This reinforced suspicion among communities already skeptical of government institutions. As a result, the resistance to public health measures reflects a socially informed response to perceived institutional threat, rather than ignorance.<ref name=":4" />The specific ways this resistance manifested across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are examined in the local government sections. Response efforts became more effective as organizations shifted from top-down enforcement toward participatory approaches in late 2014. Initiatives such as Community-Led Ebola Action (CLEA) engaged residents in identifying local transmission risks, adapting high-risk practices, and taking active roles in contact tracing and prevention. This shift demonstrated that controlling the outbreak depended not only on medical infrastructure, but on the trust, local knowledge, and cooperation of the people most affected by it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bedson |first=Jamie |last2=Jalloh |first2=Mohamed F. |last3=Pedi |first3=Danielle |last4=Bah |first4=Saiku |last5=Owen |first5=Katharine |last6=Oniba |first6=Allan |last7=Sangarie |first7=Musa |last8=Fofanah |first8=James S. |last9=Jalloh |first9=Mohammed B. |last10=Sengeh |first10=Paul |last11=Skrip |first11=Laura |last12=Althouse |first12=Benjamin M. |last13=Hébert-Dufresne |first13=Laurent |date=2020-08 |title=Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7445350/ |journal=BMJ global health |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e002145 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002145 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=7445350 |pmid=32830128}}</ref> === Healthcare Workers === Healthcare workers were among the most vulnerable groups in the 2014 outbreak, facing exposure due to limited resources and rapidly changing conditions. Facilities across West Africa were unprepared for such an outbreak lacking adequate personal protective equipment, sanitation infrastructure, and consistent training. Healthcare workers were estimated to be 21-32 times more likely to contract Ebola than the general public, with over 800 infected and more than 500 deaths reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health worker Ebola infections in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-EVD-SDS-REPORT-2015.1 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> The Center for Disease Control (CDC) identified exposure and insufficient protection as a major driver of infection in healthcare settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Update: Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak — West Africa, October 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6343a3.htm |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Local healthcare workers often operated in under-supplied facilities with less consistent training, while international responders had better equipment, training, and evacuation options.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ebola: Pushed to the limit and beyond {{!}} MSF |url=https://www.msf.org/ebola-pushed-limit-and-beyond |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.msf.org |language=en}}</ref> Workers were crucial in implementing key containment strategies such as isolation protocols, contact tracing, and safe burial practices. Effectively executing these strategies required public trust and cooperation which became a problem during such an outbreak. In many cases mistrust and cultural tension hindered compliance, as treatment centers were feared and traditional practices conflicted with medical guidelines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abramowitz |first=Sharon |date=2017-10-23 |title=Epidemics (Especially Ebola) |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=Volume 46, 2017 |pages=421–445 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> Additionally, healthcare workers faced severe psychological strain, burnout, and social stigma due to being seen as a possible risk of infection.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shultz |first=James M. |last2=Cooper |first2=Janice L. |last3=Baingana |first3=Florence |last4=Oquendo |first4=Maria A. |last5=Espinel |first5=Zelde |last6=Althouse |first6=Benjamin M. |last7=Marcelin |first7=Louis Herns |last8=Towers |first8=Sherry |last9=Espinola |first9=Maria |last10=McCoy |first10=Clyde B. |last11=Mazurik |first11=Laurie |last12=Wainberg |first12=Milton L. |last13=Neria |first13=Yuval |last14=Rechkemmer |first14=Andreas |date=2016-11 |title=The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241909/ |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=104 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y |issn=1535-1645 |pmc=5241909 |pmid=27739026}}</ref> === Local Governments === Guinea’s Ministry of Health declared an Ebola outbreak on March 22, 2014, after tracking 86 suspected cases and 59 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doctors Without Borders |date=2014-03-24 |title=Guinea: Priority Is to Isolate Suspected Cases in Ebola Outbreak |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/guinea-priority-isolate-suspected-cases-ebola-outbreak |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Doctors Without Borders}}</ref> Early public messaging by the government's National Coordination Cell failed to reach remote communities. Consequently, rural populations in the Forest Region feared foreign aid workers and local officials were intentionally spreading the virus to secure international funding or harvest organs.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Al Jazeera |date=2014-09-25 |title=Arrests in Guinea over Ebola-related murders |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/9/25/arrests-in-guinea-over-ebola-related-murders |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> This deep mistrust culminated on September 16, 2014, when a government sensitization team arrived in the village of Womey. Angry villagers, armed with machetes and clubs, attacked the delegation, murdering eight people, including local health administrators and three journalists.<ref name=":6" /> In direct response to the massacre, the Guinean government deployed a heavily armed military battalion to occupy the region. Soldiers arrested 27 suspects and enforced strict health mandates through prolonged military surveillance.<ref name=":6" /> In Sierra Leone, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation struggled to contain the virus. To locate hidden patients, the government enforced a strict national lockdown, the "Ose to Ose" campaign, from September 19 to 21, 2014. During this period, 30,000 volunteers searched 1.5 million homes, discovering over 200 hidden bodies and identifying roughly 100 new cases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2015-01-16 |title=Use of a Nationwide Call Center for Ebola Response and Monitoring During a 3-Day House-to-House Campaign — Sierra Leone, September 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6401a7.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}}</ref> On October 17, 2014, the government centralized operations under the military-led National Ebola Response Centre, directed by Defense Minister Major Palo Conteh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=In-Countries Responses |url=https://www.cdcmuseum.org/exhibits/show/ebola/global/incountries-response |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=EBOLA - CDC Museum Digital Exhibits}}</ref> However, heavy-handed military enforcement sparked severe backlash. On October 21, 2014, health workers in the town of Koidu attempted to take a blood sample from an elderly woman. A local youth group rioted, claiming the government was kidnapping citizens.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ruble |first=Kayla |date=2014-10-22 |title=Ebola Riots in Sierra Leone Highlight Marginalized Youth Population |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ebola-riots-in-sierra-leone-highlight-marginalized-youth-population/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Vice}}</ref> The youths burned down buildings and clashed with police. Security forces fired live ammunition into the crowd, killing two protesters, which prompted the government to impose strict district-wide curfews.<ref name=":7" /> Liberia’s Incident Management System issued strict mandates that conflicted with local cultural norms, most notably the August 3, 2014, order mandating the cremation of all dead bodies in Monrovia.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=MacDougall |first=C. |last2=Gladstone |first2=R. |date=2014-08-20 |title=Clash Erupts in Liberian Capital Over Ebola Quarantine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/21/world/africa/ebola-outbreak-liberia-quarantine.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=New York Times}}</ref> Because traditional burials involve washing and touching the deceased, families rejected the mandate and secretly hid infected bodies in their homes or abandoned them in streets to avoid government collection. Public anger erupted in the densely populated West Point slum. On August 16, 2014, an angry mob raided a local Ebola holding center, shouting that the virus was a government hoax. They looted infected materials and freed 17 patients.<ref name=":8" /> The Armed Forces of Liberia and the Liberia National Police retaliated by physically barricading the neighborhood on August 20, trapping 75,000 residents inside without adequate food, water, or sanitation. Residents protested at the barricades, leading soldiers to fire live ammunition into the crowd, killing a 15-year-old boy named Shakir Kamara and injuring others.<ref name=":8" /> Intense public and international backlash forced the government to abandon the quarantine on August 30, 2014.<ref name=":8" /> === World Health Organization (WHO) === === Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) === Among the international organizations that responded to the 2014 outbreak, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, played the most significant frontline role. MSF was among the first international organizations to recognize the scale of the outbreak and deployed teams to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone before most governments and agencies had mobilized. Operating multiple Ebola Treatment Centers across the three countries, MSF ultimately treated approximately one third of all confirmed cases.<ref name=":5" /> MSF's early presence also made them one of the first organizations to publicly warn that the outbreak was out of control, repeatedly calling on the international community to scale up its response months before the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in August 2014.<ref name=":1" /> This tension between MSF's frontline assessment and the pace of the formal international response highlighted a broader gap between organizations operating on the ground and those coordinating from a distance. == References == <references /> k4z5v5x198oagdlkirr8n0rxgmvto8r 4634042 4634041 2026-05-04T08:51:37Z Kds8ra 3581117 Tagging section with account 4634042 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was one of the most severe public-health crises of the twenty-first century. The outbreak began in the village of Meliandou in Guinea and quickly spread to neighboring countries. Lasting from 2014-2016, the virus caused widespread devastation and death, claiming more than 11,000 lives during the outbreak. == Background == The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak was the largest epidemic of Ebola virus. Unlike previous Ebola outbreaks, which were small and geographically isolated, the 2014 outbreak spread across multiple countries in Western Africa and isolated cases were reported in countries outside of Western Africa as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Beth P. |date=2016 |title=Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm |journal=MMWR Supplements |language=en-us |volume=65 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2 |issn=2380-8950}}</ref> The 2014 outbreak began in December 2013, in Meliandou Village, Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak in West Africa, 2014 – 2016: Epidemic timeline, differential diagnoses, determining factors, and lessons for future response |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014}}</ref> The virus spread quickly reaching Liberia by March 2014, and Sierra Leone by May 2014 where major outbreaks would occur. Several factors contributed to the severity of the outbreak, including population mobility across borders, limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed international response, and cultural practices such as burial traditions that increased exposure.<ref name=":0" /> Urban transmission distinguished this outbreak from previous cases which had largely occurred in rural and remote areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the increased international aid the outbreak would continue for another two years. The outbreak was officially declared over in June 2016, after infecting more than 28,600 individuals and killing 11,325.<ref name=":1" /> === History === First identified in 1976 in the village of Yambuku, located in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ebola virus is a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus, which consists of 6 species.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ebola disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ebola is a severe often fatal illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and organ failure.<ref name=":2" /> The virus transmits through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials.<ref name=":0" /> == Response == === Affected Populations === Communities in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone encountered Ebola as both a public health crisis and a social disruption. Shortages of healthcare workers and facilities meant that many patients were cared for at home by relatives rather than in formal medical settings.<ref name=":0" /> These caregiving arrangements increased transmission risk while reflecting the structural limitations of the region's healthcare infrastructure. Public health interventions frequently came into tension with established cultural practices. Families placed strong moral and emotional weight on caring for the sick and performing funeral and burial rites for the deceased.<ref name=":3" /> These practices constituted major transmission pathways. Isolation protocols, restrictions on touching the sick, and mandatory safe burial procedures were medically necessary, yet many families experienced them as violations of their responsibilities toward the dying and the dead. The conflict between institutional directives and community expectations produced a breakdown in social trust that directly shaped how the outbreak unfolded. In many regions, patients transported to treatment centers often did not return due to death or poor communication between facilities and families. This reinforced suspicion among communities already skeptical of government institutions. As a result, the resistance to public health measures reflects a socially informed response to perceived institutional threat, rather than ignorance.<ref name=":4" />The specific ways this resistance manifested across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are examined in the local government sections. Response efforts became more effective as organizations shifted from top-down enforcement toward participatory approaches in late 2014. Initiatives such as Community-Led Ebola Action (CLEA) engaged residents in identifying local transmission risks, adapting high-risk practices, and taking active roles in contact tracing and prevention. This shift demonstrated that controlling the outbreak depended not only on medical infrastructure, but on the trust, local knowledge, and cooperation of the people most affected by it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bedson |first=Jamie |last2=Jalloh |first2=Mohamed F. |last3=Pedi |first3=Danielle |last4=Bah |first4=Saiku |last5=Owen |first5=Katharine |last6=Oniba |first6=Allan |last7=Sangarie |first7=Musa |last8=Fofanah |first8=James S. |last9=Jalloh |first9=Mohammed B. |last10=Sengeh |first10=Paul |last11=Skrip |first11=Laura |last12=Althouse |first12=Benjamin M. |last13=Hébert-Dufresne |first13=Laurent |date=2020-08 |title=Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7445350/ |journal=BMJ global health |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e002145 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002145 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=7445350 |pmid=32830128}}</ref> === Healthcare Workers === Healthcare workers were among the most vulnerable groups in the 2014 outbreak, facing exposure due to limited resources and rapidly changing conditions. Facilities across West Africa were unprepared for such an outbreak lacking adequate personal protective equipment, sanitation infrastructure, and consistent training. Healthcare workers were estimated to be 21-32 times more likely to contract Ebola than the general public, with over 800 infected and more than 500 deaths reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health worker Ebola infections in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-EVD-SDS-REPORT-2015.1 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> The Center for Disease Control (CDC) identified exposure and insufficient protection as a major driver of infection in healthcare settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Update: Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak — West Africa, October 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6343a3.htm |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Local healthcare workers often operated in under-supplied facilities with less consistent training, while international responders had better equipment, training, and evacuation options.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ebola: Pushed to the limit and beyond {{!}} MSF |url=https://www.msf.org/ebola-pushed-limit-and-beyond |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.msf.org |language=en}}</ref> Workers were crucial in implementing key containment strategies such as isolation protocols, contact tracing, and safe burial practices. Effectively executing these strategies required public trust and cooperation which became a problem during such an outbreak. In many cases mistrust and cultural tension hindered compliance, as treatment centers were feared and traditional practices conflicted with medical guidelines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abramowitz |first=Sharon |date=2017-10-23 |title=Epidemics (Especially Ebola) |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=Volume 46, 2017 |pages=421–445 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> Additionally, healthcare workers faced severe psychological strain, burnout, and social stigma due to being seen as a possible risk of infection.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shultz |first=James M. |last2=Cooper |first2=Janice L. |last3=Baingana |first3=Florence |last4=Oquendo |first4=Maria A. |last5=Espinel |first5=Zelde |last6=Althouse |first6=Benjamin M. |last7=Marcelin |first7=Louis Herns |last8=Towers |first8=Sherry |last9=Espinola |first9=Maria |last10=McCoy |first10=Clyde B. |last11=Mazurik |first11=Laurie |last12=Wainberg |first12=Milton L. |last13=Neria |first13=Yuval |last14=Rechkemmer |first14=Andreas |date=2016-11 |title=The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241909/ |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=104 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y |issn=1535-1645 |pmc=5241909 |pmid=27739026}}</ref> === Local Government Response === Guinea’s Ministry of Health declared an Ebola outbreak on March 22, 2014, after tracking 86 suspected cases and 59 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doctors Without Borders |date=2014-03-24 |title=Guinea: Priority Is to Isolate Suspected Cases in Ebola Outbreak |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/guinea-priority-isolate-suspected-cases-ebola-outbreak |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Doctors Without Borders}}</ref> Early public messaging by the government's National Coordination Cell failed to reach remote communities. Consequently, rural populations in the Forest Region feared foreign aid workers and local officials were intentionally spreading the virus to secure international funding or harvest organs.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Al Jazeera |date=2014-09-25 |title=Arrests in Guinea over Ebola-related murders |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/9/25/arrests-in-guinea-over-ebola-related-murders |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> This deep mistrust culminated on September 16, 2014, when a government sensitization team arrived in the village of Womey. Angry villagers, armed with machetes and clubs, attacked the delegation, murdering eight people, including local health administrators and three journalists.<ref name=":6" /> In direct response to the massacre, the Guinean government deployed a heavily armed military battalion to occupy the region. Soldiers arrested 27 suspects and enforced strict health mandates through prolonged military surveillance.<ref name=":6" /> In Sierra Leone, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation struggled to contain the virus. To locate hidden patients, the government enforced a strict national lockdown, the "Ose to Ose" campaign, from September 19 to 21, 2014. During this period, 30,000 volunteers searched 1.5 million homes, discovering over 200 hidden bodies and identifying roughly 100 new cases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2015-01-16 |title=Use of a Nationwide Call Center for Ebola Response and Monitoring During a 3-Day House-to-House Campaign — Sierra Leone, September 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6401a7.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}}</ref> On October 17, 2014, the government centralized operations under the military-led National Ebola Response Centre, directed by Defense Minister Major Palo Conteh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=In-Countries Responses |url=https://www.cdcmuseum.org/exhibits/show/ebola/global/incountries-response |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=EBOLA - CDC Museum Digital Exhibits}}</ref> However, heavy-handed military enforcement sparked severe backlash. On October 21, 2014, health workers in the town of Koidu attempted to take a blood sample from an elderly woman. A local youth group rioted, claiming the government was kidnapping citizens.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ruble |first=Kayla |date=2014-10-22 |title=Ebola Riots in Sierra Leone Highlight Marginalized Youth Population |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ebola-riots-in-sierra-leone-highlight-marginalized-youth-population/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Vice}}</ref> The youths burned down buildings and clashed with police. Security forces fired live ammunition into the crowd, killing two protesters, which prompted the government to impose strict district-wide curfews.<ref name=":7" /> Liberia’s Incident Management System issued strict mandates that conflicted with local cultural norms, most notably the August 3, 2014, order mandating the cremation of all dead bodies in Monrovia.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=MacDougall |first=C. |last2=Gladstone |first2=R. |date=2014-08-20 |title=Clash Erupts in Liberian Capital Over Ebola Quarantine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/21/world/africa/ebola-outbreak-liberia-quarantine.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=New York Times}}</ref> Because traditional burials involve washing and touching the deceased, families rejected the mandate and secretly hid infected bodies in their homes or abandoned them in streets to avoid government collection. Public anger erupted in the densely populated West Point slum. On August 16, 2014, an angry mob raided a local Ebola holding center, shouting that the virus was a government hoax. They looted infected materials and freed 17 patients.<ref name=":8" /> The Armed Forces of Liberia and the Liberia National Police retaliated by physically barricading the neighborhood on August 20, trapping 75,000 residents inside without adequate food, water, or sanitation. Residents protested at the barricades, leading soldiers to fire live ammunition into the crowd, killing a 15-year-old boy named Shakir Kamara and injuring others.<ref name=":8" /> Intense public and international backlash forced the government to abandon the quarantine on August 30, 2014.<ref name=":8" /> === World Health Organization (WHO) === === Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) === Among the international organizations that responded to the 2014 outbreak, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, played the most significant frontline role. MSF was among the first international organizations to recognize the scale of the outbreak and deployed teams to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone before most governments and agencies had mobilized. Operating multiple Ebola Treatment Centers across the three countries, MSF ultimately treated approximately one third of all confirmed cases.<ref name=":5" /> MSF's early presence also made them one of the first organizations to publicly warn that the outbreak was out of control, repeatedly calling on the international community to scale up its response months before the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in August 2014.<ref name=":1" /> This tension between MSF's frontline assessment and the pace of the formal international response highlighted a broader gap between organizations operating on the ground and those coordinating from a distance. == References == <references /> ibdsqqx201c1bevrlxq4osmzfcxvffi 4634043 4634042 2026-05-04T08:51:58Z Kds8ra 3581117 Tagging local government section with logged-in account 4634043 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was one of the most severe public-health crises of the twenty-first century. The outbreak began in the village of Meliandou in Guinea and quickly spread to neighboring countries. Lasting from 2014-2016, the virus caused widespread devastation and death, claiming more than 11,000 lives during the outbreak. == Background == The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak was the largest epidemic of Ebola virus. Unlike previous Ebola outbreaks, which were small and geographically isolated, the 2014 outbreak spread across multiple countries in Western Africa and isolated cases were reported in countries outside of Western Africa as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Beth P. |date=2016 |title=Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm |journal=MMWR Supplements |language=en-us |volume=65 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2 |issn=2380-8950}}</ref> The 2014 outbreak began in December 2013, in Meliandou Village, Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak in West Africa, 2014 – 2016: Epidemic timeline, differential diagnoses, determining factors, and lessons for future response |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014}}</ref> The virus spread quickly reaching Liberia by March 2014, and Sierra Leone by May 2014 where major outbreaks would occur. Several factors contributed to the severity of the outbreak, including population mobility across borders, limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed international response, and cultural practices such as burial traditions that increased exposure.<ref name=":0" /> Urban transmission distinguished this outbreak from previous cases which had largely occurred in rural and remote areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the increased international aid the outbreak would continue for another two years. The outbreak was officially declared over in June 2016, after infecting more than 28,600 individuals and killing 11,325.<ref name=":1" /> === History === First identified in 1976 in the village of Yambuku, located in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ebola virus is a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus, which consists of 6 species.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ebola disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ebola is a severe often fatal illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and organ failure.<ref name=":2" /> The virus transmits through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials.<ref name=":0" /> == Response == === Affected Populations === Communities in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone encountered Ebola as both a public health crisis and a social disruption. Shortages of healthcare workers and facilities meant that many patients were cared for at home by relatives rather than in formal medical settings.<ref name=":0" /> These caregiving arrangements increased transmission risk while reflecting the structural limitations of the region's healthcare infrastructure. Public health interventions frequently came into tension with established cultural practices. Families placed strong moral and emotional weight on caring for the sick and performing funeral and burial rites for the deceased.<ref name=":3" /> These practices constituted major transmission pathways. Isolation protocols, restrictions on touching the sick, and mandatory safe burial procedures were medically necessary, yet many families experienced them as violations of their responsibilities toward the dying and the dead. The conflict between institutional directives and community expectations produced a breakdown in social trust that directly shaped how the outbreak unfolded. In many regions, patients transported to treatment centers often did not return due to death or poor communication between facilities and families. This reinforced suspicion among communities already skeptical of government institutions. As a result, the resistance to public health measures reflects a socially informed response to perceived institutional threat, rather than ignorance.<ref name=":4" />The specific ways this resistance manifested across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are examined in the local government sections. Response efforts became more effective as organizations shifted from top-down enforcement toward participatory approaches in late 2014. Initiatives such as Community-Led Ebola Action (CLEA) engaged residents in identifying local transmission risks, adapting high-risk practices, and taking active roles in contact tracing and prevention. This shift demonstrated that controlling the outbreak depended not only on medical infrastructure, but on the trust, local knowledge, and cooperation of the people most affected by it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bedson |first=Jamie |last2=Jalloh |first2=Mohamed F. |last3=Pedi |first3=Danielle |last4=Bah |first4=Saiku |last5=Owen |first5=Katharine |last6=Oniba |first6=Allan |last7=Sangarie |first7=Musa |last8=Fofanah |first8=James S. |last9=Jalloh |first9=Mohammed B. |last10=Sengeh |first10=Paul |last11=Skrip |first11=Laura |last12=Althouse |first12=Benjamin M. |last13=Hébert-Dufresne |first13=Laurent |date=2020-08 |title=Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7445350/ |journal=BMJ global health |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e002145 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002145 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=7445350 |pmid=32830128}}</ref> === Healthcare Workers === Healthcare workers were among the most vulnerable groups in the 2014 outbreak, facing exposure due to limited resources and rapidly changing conditions. Facilities across West Africa were unprepared for such an outbreak lacking adequate personal protective equipment, sanitation infrastructure, and consistent training. Healthcare workers were estimated to be 21-32 times more likely to contract Ebola than the general public, with over 800 infected and more than 500 deaths reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health worker Ebola infections in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-EVD-SDS-REPORT-2015.1 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> The Center for Disease Control (CDC) identified exposure and insufficient protection as a major driver of infection in healthcare settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Update: Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak — West Africa, October 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6343a3.htm |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Local healthcare workers often operated in under-supplied facilities with less consistent training, while international responders had better equipment, training, and evacuation options.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ebola: Pushed to the limit and beyond {{!}} MSF |url=https://www.msf.org/ebola-pushed-limit-and-beyond |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.msf.org |language=en}}</ref> Workers were crucial in implementing key containment strategies such as isolation protocols, contact tracing, and safe burial practices. Effectively executing these strategies required public trust and cooperation which became a problem during such an outbreak. In many cases mistrust and cultural tension hindered compliance, as treatment centers were feared and traditional practices conflicted with medical guidelines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abramowitz |first=Sharon |date=2017-10-23 |title=Epidemics (Especially Ebola) |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=Volume 46, 2017 |pages=421–445 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> Additionally, healthcare workers faced severe psychological strain, burnout, and social stigma due to being seen as a possible risk of infection.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shultz |first=James M. |last2=Cooper |first2=Janice L. |last3=Baingana |first3=Florence |last4=Oquendo |first4=Maria A. |last5=Espinel |first5=Zelde |last6=Althouse |first6=Benjamin M. |last7=Marcelin |first7=Louis Herns |last8=Towers |first8=Sherry |last9=Espinola |first9=Maria |last10=McCoy |first10=Clyde B. |last11=Mazurik |first11=Laurie |last12=Wainberg |first12=Milton L. |last13=Neria |first13=Yuval |last14=Rechkemmer |first14=Andreas |date=2016-11 |title=The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241909/ |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=104 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y |issn=1535-1645 |pmc=5241909 |pmid=27739026}}</ref> === Local Governments === Guinea’s Ministry of Health declared an Ebola outbreak on March 22, 2014, after tracking 86 suspected cases and 59 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doctors Without Borders |date=2014-03-24 |title=Guinea: Priority Is to Isolate Suspected Cases in Ebola Outbreak |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/guinea-priority-isolate-suspected-cases-ebola-outbreak |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Doctors Without Borders}}</ref> Early public messaging by the government's National Coordination Cell failed to reach remote communities. Consequently, rural populations in the Forest Region feared foreign aid workers and local officials were intentionally spreading the virus to secure international funding or harvest organs.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Al Jazeera |date=2014-09-25 |title=Arrests in Guinea over Ebola-related murders |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/9/25/arrests-in-guinea-over-ebola-related-murders |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> This deep mistrust culminated on September 16, 2014, when a government sensitization team arrived in the village of Womey. Angry villagers, armed with machetes and clubs, attacked the delegation, murdering eight people, including local health administrators and three journalists.<ref name=":6" /> In direct response to the massacre, the Guinean government deployed a heavily armed military battalion to occupy the region. Soldiers arrested 27 suspects and enforced strict health mandates through prolonged military surveillance.<ref name=":6" /> In Sierra Leone, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation struggled to contain the virus. To locate hidden patients, the government enforced a strict national lockdown, the "Ose to Ose" campaign, from September 19 to 21, 2014. During this period, 30,000 volunteers searched 1.5 million homes, discovering over 200 hidden bodies and identifying roughly 100 new cases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2015-01-16 |title=Use of a Nationwide Call Center for Ebola Response and Monitoring During a 3-Day House-to-House Campaign — Sierra Leone, September 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6401a7.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}}</ref> On October 17, 2014, the government centralized operations under the military-led National Ebola Response Centre, directed by Defense Minister Major Palo Conteh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=In-Countries Responses |url=https://www.cdcmuseum.org/exhibits/show/ebola/global/incountries-response |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=EBOLA - CDC Museum Digital Exhibits}}</ref> However, heavy-handed military enforcement sparked severe backlash. On October 21, 2014, health workers in the town of Koidu attempted to take a blood sample from an elderly woman. A local youth group rioted, claiming the government was kidnapping citizens.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ruble |first=Kayla |date=2014-10-22 |title=Ebola Riots in Sierra Leone Highlight Marginalized Youth Population |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ebola-riots-in-sierra-leone-highlight-marginalized-youth-population/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Vice}}</ref> The youths burned down buildings and clashed with police. Security forces fired live ammunition into the crowd, killing two protesters, which prompted the government to impose strict district-wide curfews.<ref name=":7" /> Liberia’s Incident Management System issued strict mandates that conflicted with local cultural norms, most notably the August 3, 2014, order mandating the cremation of all dead bodies in Monrovia.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=MacDougall |first=C. |last2=Gladstone |first2=R. |date=2014-08-20 |title=Clash Erupts in Liberian Capital Over Ebola Quarantine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/21/world/africa/ebola-outbreak-liberia-quarantine.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=New York Times}}</ref> Because traditional burials involve washing and touching the deceased, families rejected the mandate and secretly hid infected bodies in their homes or abandoned them in streets to avoid government collection. Public anger erupted in the densely populated West Point slum. On August 16, 2014, an angry mob raided a local Ebola holding center, shouting that the virus was a government hoax. They looted infected materials and freed 17 patients.<ref name=":8" /> The Armed Forces of Liberia and the Liberia National Police retaliated by physically barricading the neighborhood on August 20, trapping 75,000 residents inside without adequate food, water, or sanitation. Residents protested at the barricades, leading soldiers to fire live ammunition into the crowd, killing a 15-year-old boy named Shakir Kamara and injuring others.<ref name=":8" /> Intense public and international backlash forced the government to abandon the quarantine on August 30, 2014.<ref name=":8" /> === World Health Organization (WHO) === === Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) === Among the international organizations that responded to the 2014 outbreak, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, played the most significant frontline role. MSF was among the first international organizations to recognize the scale of the outbreak and deployed teams to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone before most governments and agencies had mobilized. Operating multiple Ebola Treatment Centers across the three countries, MSF ultimately treated approximately one third of all confirmed cases.<ref name=":5" /> MSF's early presence also made them one of the first organizations to publicly warn that the outbreak was out of control, repeatedly calling on the international community to scale up its response months before the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in August 2014.<ref name=":1" /> This tension between MSF's frontline assessment and the pace of the formal international response highlighted a broader gap between organizations operating on the ground and those coordinating from a distance. == References == <references /> k4z5v5x198oagdlkirr8n0rxgmvto8r 3 483050 4634007 4633509 2026-05-03T23:18:09Z Babywacko 3580642 /* Caplog */ new section 4634007 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 2 May 2026 (UTC) == Caplog == Caplog [[User:Babywacko|Babywacko]] ([[User talk:Babywacko|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko|contribs]]) 23:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) hlsv83tknyn16vhsnlv507fr13vcqnj 4634053 4634007 2026-05-04T11:41:48Z Babywacko 3580642 /* */ Is it 4634053 wikitext text/x-wiki This is == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 2 May 2026 (UTC) == Caplog == Caplog [[User:Babywacko|Babywacko]] ([[User talk:Babywacko|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko|contribs]]) 23:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 5cp8rqk42udb2gh7zguzvy0v6h6x7hd 4634054 4634053 2026-05-04T11:42:05Z Babywacko 3580642 /* Er */ new section 4634054 wikitext text/x-wiki This is == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 2 May 2026 (UTC) == Caplog == Caplog [[User:Babywacko|Babywacko]] ([[User talk:Babywacko|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko|contribs]]) 23:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Er == Ebenezer [[User:Babywacko|Babywacko]] ([[User talk:Babywacko|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko|contribs]]) 11:42, 4 May 2026 (UTC) 0moktwwkmxl4fzrz5s27qmwd278xw5d 3 483061 4633903 4633552 2026-05-03T14:32:08Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4633903 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm Kingofnuthin, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:The Blowback (American rapper born 1978)]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Encyclopedic articles belong at [[w:|Wikipedia]]</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:The Blowback (American rapper born 1978)|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:Kingofnuthin|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 20:03, 2 May 2026 (UTC) == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm Kingofnuthin, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Dr Trector (American rapper born 1966)]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Encyclopedic articles belong at [[w:|Wikipedia]]</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Dr Trector (American rapper born 1966)|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:Kingofnuthin|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 14:32, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 8nhl8iuh1xax6rmmv2ekd1p7ktnrvrp 0 483064 4633947 4633774 2026-05-03T17:30:26Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 query 4633947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Qr-scope|reason=doesn't seem to be a book on its own (we do not host simple lists, dictionaries, etc)}} '''80 - Kanji JLPT N5 List''' {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ |'''#''' |'''Kanji''' |'''Onyomi''' |'''Kunyomi''' |'''Kanji Meaning''' |- |1 !日 !nichi, jitsu ニチ, ジツ !hi, -bi, -ka ひ, -び, -か |day, sun, Japan, counter for days |- |2 !一 !ichi イチ !hito(tsu) ひと(つ) |one |- |3 !国 !koku コク !kuni くに |country |- |4 !人 !jin, nin ジン、 ニン !hito ひと |person |- |5 !年 !nen ネン !toshi とし |year, counter for years |- |6 !大 !dai, tai ダイ、 タイ !oo(kii) おお(きい) |large, big |- |7 !十 !juu ジュウ !tou, to とお、 と |ten, 10 |- |8 !二 !ni, ji ニ、 ジ !futa(tsu) ふた(つ) |two, 2 |- |9 !本 !hon ホン !moto もと |book, present, true, counter for long cylindrical things |- |10 !中 !chuu チュウ !naka, uchi, ata(ru) なか、 うち、 あた(る) |in, inside, middle, mean, center |- |11 !長 !chou チョウ !naga(i), osa なが(い)、 おさ |long, leader, superior, senior |- |12 !出 !shutsu, sui シュツ、 スイ !de(ru), da(su), i(deru) で(る)、 だ(す)、 い(でる) |exit, leave, go out |- |13 !三 !san サン !mi(tsu) み(つ) |three, 3 |- |14 !時 !ji ジ !toki, doki とき、 -どき |time, hour |- |15 !行 !kou, gyou, an コウ、 ギョウ、 アン !i(ku), yu(ku), okona(u) い(く)、 ゆ(く)、 おこな(う) |going, journey, carry out, line, row |- |16 !見 !ken ケン !mi(ru), mi(seru) み(る)、 み(せる) |see, hopes, chances, idea, opinion, look at, visible |- |17 !月 !getsu, gatsu ゲツ、 ガツ !tsuki つき |month, moon |- |18 !分 !bun, fun, bu ブン、 フン、 ブ !wa(keru) わ(ける) |part, minute of time, understand |- |19 !後 !go, kou ゴ、 コウ !nochi, ushi(ro), ato のち、 うし(ろ)、 あと |behind, back, later |- |20 !前 !zen ゼン !mae まえ |in front, before |- |21 !生 !sei, shou セイ、 ショウ !i(kiru), u(mu), o(u), ha(eru), nama い(きる)、 う(む)、 お(う)、 は(える)、 なま |life, genuine, birth |- |22 !五 !go ゴ !itsu(tsu) いつ(つ) |five, 5 |- |23 !間 !kan, ken カン、 ケン !aida, ma, ai あいだ、 ま、 あい |interval, space |- |24 !上 !jou, shou, shan ジョウ、 ショウ、 シャン !ue, uwa, kami, a(geru), nobo(ru), tatematsu(ru) うえ、 うわ-、 かみ、 あ(げる)、 のぼ(る)、 たてまつ(る) |above, up |- |25 !東 !tou トウ !higashi ひがし |east |- |26 !四 !shi シ !yo(tsu), yon よ(つ)、 よん |four, 4 |- |27 !今 !kon, kin コン、 キン !ima いま |now; the present |- |28 !金 !kin, kon, gon キン、 コン、 ゴン !kane, kana, gane かね、 かな-、 -がね |gold |- |29 !九 !kyuu, ku キュウ、 ク !kokono(tsu) ここの(つ) |nine, 9 |- |30 !入 !nyuu ニュウ !i(ru), hai(ru) い(る)、はい(る) |enter, insert |- |31 !学 !gaku ガク !mana(bu) まな(ぶ) |study, learning, science |- |32 !高 !kou コウ !taka(i) たか(い) |tall, high, expensive |- |33 !円 !en エン !maru(i) まる(い) |circle, yen, round |- |34 !子 !shi, su, tsu シ、 ス、 ツ !ko, ne こ、 ね |child |- |35 !外 !gai, ge ガイ、 ゲ !soto, hoka, hazu-, to- そと、 ほか、 はず(す)、 と- |outside |- |36 !八 !hachi ハチ !ya(tsu), you や(つ)、 よう |eight, 8 |- |37 !六 !roku ロク !mu(tsu), mui む(つ)、 むい |six, 6 |- |38 !下 !ka, ge カ、 ゲ !shita, shimo, moto, sa(geru), kuda(ru), o(rosu) した、 しも、 もと、 さ(げる)、 くだ(る)、 お(ろす) |below, down, descend, give, low, inferior |- |39 !来 !rai, tai ライ、 タイ !kuru, kitaru, ki, ko く.る、 きた.る、 き、 こ |come, due, next, cause, become |- |40 !気 !ki, ke キ、 ケ !iki いき |spirit, mind, air, atmosphere, mood |- |41 !小 !shou ショウ !chii(sai), ko-, o-, sa- ちい(さい)、 こ-、 お-、 さ- |little, small |- |42 !七 !shichi シチ !nana(tsu), nano なな(つ)、 なの |seven, 7 |- |43 !山 !san, sen サン、 セン !yama やま |mountain |- |44 !話 !wa ワ !hana(su), hanashi はな(す)、 はなし |tale, talk |- |45 !女 !jo ジョ !onnna, me おんな、 め |woman, female |- |46 !北 !hoku ホク !kita きた |north |- |47 !午 !go ゴ !uma うま |noon, sign of the horse |- |48 !百 !hyaku, byaku ヒャク、 ビャク !momo もも |hundred |- |49 !書 !sho ショ !kaku か(く) |write |- |50 !先 !sen セン !saki, ma(zu) さき、 ま(ず) |before, ahead, previous, future, precedence |- |51 !名 !mei, myou メイ、 ミョウ !na な |name, noted, distinguished, reputation |- |52 !川 !sen セン !kawa かわ |river, stream |- |53 !千 !sen セン !chi ち |thousand |- |54 !水 !sui スイ !mizu みず |water |- |55 !半 !han ハン !naka(ba) なか(ば) |half, middle, odd number, semi- |- |56 !男 !dan, nan ダン、 ナン !otoko, o おとこ、 お |male; man |- |57 !西 !sei, sai セイ、 サイ !nishi にし |west |- |58 !電 !den デン ! |electricity; electric powered |- |59 !校 !kou コウ ! |school, exam |- |60 !語 !go ゴ !kata(ru) かた(る) |word, speech, language |- |61 !土 !do, to ド、 ト !tsuchi つち |soil, earth, ground |- |62 !木 !boku, moku ボク、 モク !ki, ko き、 こ- |tree, wood |- |63 !聞 !bun, mon ブン、 モン !ki(ku) き(く) |to hear; to listen; to ask |- |64 !食 !shoku, jiki ショク、 ジキ !k(u), ta(beru), ha(mu) く(う)、 た(べる)、 は(む) |eat, food |- |65 !車 !sha シャ !kuruma くるま |car, wheel |- |66 !何 !ka カ !nani, nan なに、 なん |what |- |67 !南 !nan, na ナン、 ナ !minami みなみ |south |- |68 !万 !man, ban マン、 バン ! |ten thousand, 10,000 |- |69 !毎 !mai マイ !goto(ni) ごと(に) |every |- |70 !白 !haku, byaku ハク、 ビャク !shiro(i) しろ(い) |white |- |71 !天 !ten テン !amatsu あまつ |heavens, sky, imperial |- |72 !母 !bo ボ !haha, kaa はは、 かあ |mother |- |73 !火 !ka カ !hi, bi, ho ひ、 -び、 ほ- |fire |- |74 !右 !u, yuu ウ、 ユウ !migi みぎ |right (direction) |- |75 !読 !doku, toku, tou ドク、 トク、 トウ !yo(mu) よ(む) |to read |- |76 !友 !yuu ユウ !tomo とも |friend |- |77 !左 !sa, sha サ、 シャ !hidari ひだり |left |- |78 !休 !kyuu キュウ !yasu(mu) やす(む) |rest, day off, retire, sleep |- |79 !父 !fu フ !chichi, tou ちち、 とう |father |- |80 !雨 !u ウ !ame, ama あめ、 あま |rain |} edmdbu5fqssey7b5wrvpyunzds2hi5m 102 483067 4633946 4633783 2026-05-03T17:29:23Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Stew recipes | Difficulty = 2 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{Recipe}} '''Obe ata''' is a foundational Yoruba pepper stew made with blended peppers and palm oil. It is widely used across Yoruba households as a base for multiple dishes. ==Ingredients== *Fresh tomatoes *Fresh habanero pepper (ata rodo) *Red bell peppers (tatashe) *Onions *Palm oil *Vegetable oil *Locust beans (iru) *Salt *Stock cube *Assorted meat or fish ==Procedure== #Blend tomatoes, peppers, and onions roughly. #Heat palm oil and vegetable oil, then pour in the blended mix. #Fry for 15–20 minutes until reduced. #Add iru, seasoning, and protein. #Simmer until oil rises to the top. #Serve with rice, yam, or bread. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for stew]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] cszanmffoglr7l5hgyt901afyht9uwh 0 483069 4633969 4633790 2026-05-03T20:00:51Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 4633969 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NOT A TEXT REPOSITORY''' Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of the "Not a text repository" criteria. * There is a Wikibooks policy document which includes reference to this particular policy: [[b:Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F#Wikibooks_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_text_repository|Wikibooks is not a text repository]] * There is a Wikibooks explanatory document in respect of "Annotated texts": [[b:Wikibooks:Annotated_texts|Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] * The Wikipedia article on "fair dealing" (prescriptive exceptions to copyright) seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]] * The closely related concept of "fair use" (non-prescriptive exceptions to copyright) is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]] * There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed (but includes material of relevance): [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]] * There is a Wikipedia article (including several Wikipedia policies) which indirectly addresses the topic: [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|Non-free content]] An exemplar of such criticism is as follows: "It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered "fair dealing" in an academic context." (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney). * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes My broader response is as follows: (1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised. (2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain (not subject to copyright), both in Australia and worldwide. (3) It is intended to develop another article which specifically addresses copyright as relevant to this Wikibook. This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry: * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. "2KY - Sydney" or "Emil Robert Voigt". The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg "!Wikibooks 2KY" or "!Wikibooks Voigt". Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is "fair dealing", constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research. {{BookCat}} 4n4bfgmnj75ua5zwzv2s09h497m8hi4 4633971 4633969 2026-05-03T20:10:04Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 4633971 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NOT A TEXT REPOSITORY''' Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of the "Not a text repository" criteria. * There is a Wikibooks policy document which includes reference to this particular policy: [[b:Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F#Wikibooks_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_text_repository|Wikibooks is not a text repository]]. The policy clearly states that "Annotated texts" are an exception to the "Not a text repository" policy. * There is a Wikibooks explanatory document in respect of "Annotated texts": [[b:Wikibooks:Annotated_texts|Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] * Wikipedia provides an excellent article on the general concept of text annotations: [[w:Text_annotation|Text annotation]] * The Wikipedia article on "fair dealing" (prescriptive exceptions to copyright) seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]] * The closely related concept of "fair use" (non-prescriptive exceptions to copyright) is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]] * There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed (but includes material of relevance): [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]] * There is a Wikipedia article (including several Wikipedia policies) which indirectly addresses the topic: [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|Non-free content]] An exemplar of such criticism is as follows: "It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered "fair dealing" in an academic context." (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney). * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes My broader response is as follows: (1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised. (2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain (not subject to copyright), both in Australia and worldwide. (3) It is intended to develop another article which specifically addresses copyright as relevant to this Wikibook. This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry: * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. "2KY - Sydney" or "Emil Robert Voigt". The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg "!Wikibooks 2KY" or "!Wikibooks Voigt". Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is "fair dealing", constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research. {{BookCat}} 5ptxlo0zir0b7wncd6dpocw7ib34yds 4633972 4633971 2026-05-03T20:10:35Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 4633972 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NOT A TEXT REPOSITORY''' Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of the "Not a text repository" criteria. * There is a Wikibooks policy document which includes reference to this particular policy: [[b:Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F#Wikibooks_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_text_repository|Wikibooks is not a text repository]]. The policy clearly states that "Annotated texts" are an exception to the "Not a text repository" policy. * There is a Wikibooks explanatory document in respect of "Annotated texts": [[b:Wikibooks:Annotated_texts|Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] * Wikipedia provides an excellent article on the general concept of text annotations: [[w:Text_annotation|Text annotation]] * The Wikipedia article on "fair dealing" (prescriptive exceptions to copyright) seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]] * The closely related concept of "fair use" (non-prescriptive exceptions to copyright) is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]] * There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed (but includes material of relevance): [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]] * There is a Wikipedia article (including several Wikipedia policies) which indirectly addresses the topic: [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|Non-free content]] An exemplar of such criticism is as follows: "It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered "fair dealing" in an academic context." (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney). * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes My broader response is as follows: (1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised. (2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain (not subject to copyright), both in Australia and worldwide. (3) It is intended to develop another article which specifically addresses copyright as relevant to this Wikibook. This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry: * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. "2KY - Sydney" or "Emil Robert Voigt". The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg "!Wikibooks 2KY" or "!Wikibooks Voigt". Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is "fair dealing", constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research. {{BookCat}} ahcgj496msz9qhi1b1qbe7udh75oymf 4633973 4633972 2026-05-03T20:10:55Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 4633973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NOT A TEXT REPOSITORY''' Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of the "Not a text repository" criteria. * There is a Wikibooks policy document which includes reference to this particular policy: [[b:Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F#Wikibooks_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_text_repository|Wikibooks is not a text repository]]. The policy clearly states that "Annotated texts" are an exception to the "Not a text repository" policy. * There is a Wikibooks explanatory document in respect of "Annotated texts": [[b:Wikibooks:Annotated_texts|Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] * Wikipedia provides an excellent article on the general concept of text annotations: [[w:Text_annotation|Text annotation]] * The Wikipedia article on "fair dealing" (prescriptive exceptions to copyright) seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]] * The closely related concept of "fair use" (non-prescriptive exceptions to copyright) is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]] * There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed (but includes material of relevance): [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]] * There is a Wikipedia article (including several Wikipedia policies) which indirectly addresses the topic: [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|Non-free content]] An exemplar of such criticism is as follows: "It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered "fair dealing" in an academic context." (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney). * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes My broader response is as follows: (1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised. (2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain (not subject to copyright), both in Australia and worldwide. (3) It is intended to develop another article which specifically addresses copyright as relevant to this Wikibook. This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry: * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies * https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. "2KY - Sydney" or "Emil Robert Voigt". The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg "!Wikibooks 2KY" or "!Wikibooks Voigt". Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is "fair dealing", constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research. {{BookCat}} f2s16ceaf6gd47d5tczzpjrx5plrv8h 4633974 4633973 2026-05-03T20:11:42Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 4633974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NOT A TEXT REPOSITORY''' Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of the "Not a text repository" criteria. * There is a Wikibooks policy document which includes reference to this particular policy: [[b:Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks%3F#Wikibooks_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_text_repository|Wikibooks is not a text repository]]. The policy clearly states that "Annotated texts" are an exception to the "Not a text repository" policy. * There is a Wikibooks explanatory document in respect of "Annotated texts": [[b:Wikibooks:Annotated_texts|Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] * Wikipedia provides an excellent article on the general concept of text annotations: [[w:Text_annotation|Text annotation]] {{BookCat}} pd78p7lf47t8l6mgn6byl9av88jlzlo 102 483070 4633863 4633791 2026-05-03T13:10:21Z Royalesignature 3455025 4633863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Stew recipes | Image = [[File:Pounded yam with vegetable soup.jpg|thumb|Pounded yam with vegetable soup]] | Difficulty = 3 }} {{Recipe}} '''Efo riro''' is a rich vegetable soup popular among the Yoruba people, made with leafy greens and assorted meats. ==Ingredients== *Fresh spinach or efo shoko *Palm oil *Pepper mix (tomatoes, tatashe, ata rodo) *Onions *Locust beans (iru) *Assorted meat *Stock fish *Crayfish *Salt and seasoning ==Procedure== #Blend pepper mix and set aside. #Heat palm oil, add iru and onions. #Add blended pepper and fry well. #Add meats and stock fish. #Stir in vegetables and cook briefly. #Serve with pounded yam or eba. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for stew]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] 4swk3cn65n4l3e3j6sdu8mbety2kv7b 4633938 4633863 2026-05-03T17:21:00Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Stew recipes | Image = [[File:Pounded yam with vegetable soup.jpg|thumb|Pounded yam with vegetable soup]] | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{Recipe}} '''Efo riro''' is a rich vegetable soup popular among the Yoruba people, made with leafy greens and assorted meats. ==Ingredients== *Fresh spinach or efo shoko *Palm oil *Pepper mix (tomatoes, tatashe, ata rodo) *Onions *Locust beans (iru) *Assorted meat *Stock fish *Crayfish *Salt and seasoning ==Procedure== #Blend pepper mix and set aside. #Heat palm oil, add iru and onions. #Add blended pepper and fry well. #Add meats and stock fish. #Stir in vegetables and cook briefly. #Serve with pounded yam or eba. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for stew]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] 4sf9d9glgu2xn6pcqloz2q1p6t7mkrd 102 483071 4633945 4633792 2026-05-03T17:28:43Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Stew recipes | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, vague instructions, vague ingredients, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{Recipe}} '''Gbegiri''' is a smooth bean soup commonly served with amala. ==Ingredients== *Brown beans/White beans *Palm oil *Pepper *Onions *Salt *Stock cube ==Procedure== #Boil beans until soft. #Blend into a smooth paste. #Cook with pepper and palm oil. #Add seasoning and simmer. #Serve with amala and ewedu. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for stew]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] cax2twdj0a0gojwsr9yzbc9thj5rhsf 102 483073 4633944 4633816 2026-05-03T17:28:29Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Stew recipes | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, vague instructions, vague ingredients, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{Recipe}} '''Ikokore''' is a grated water yam dish native to Ijebu people. ==Ingredients== *Water yam *[[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] *Dried fish *Crayfish *Pepper *Onions ==Procedure== #Grate water yam into paste. #Prepare pepper sauce with palm oil. #Add fish and seasoning. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for stew]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] 76lbpx0w7m022dlvho7bp9zwwnefp04 102 483074 4633943 4633817 2026-05-03T17:27:41Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Stew recipes | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, vague instructions, vague ingredients, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{Recipe}} '''Ojojo''' is a fried yam dish common in riverine Yoruba areas. ==Ingredients== *Water yam *Pepper *Onions *Salt *Palm oil *Meat (Optional) *Fish (Optional) ==Procedure== #Grate yam and mix with pepper and onions. #Heat oil. #Scoop mixture into oil. #Fry until golden brown. #Serve hot. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for stew]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] ev0ap6bamjhmfjyrm9nswru2a0w4dgy 102 483077 4633942 4633822 2026-05-03T17:26:44Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Stew recipes | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, vague instructions, vague ingredients, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{Recipe}} '''Ebiripo''' is a cocoyam-based dish wrapped in leaves. ==Ingredients== *Cocoyam *Palm oil *Crayfish *Pepper *Salt ==Procedure== #Grate cocoyam. #Mix with oil and spices. #Wrap in leaves. #Steam until cooked. #Serve with sauce. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for stew]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] trzfak1q2zpfvmbzgm0p7c5wvy1pmqq 102 483078 4633941 4633823 2026-05-03T17:25:40Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Stew recipes | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, vague instructions, stylistic adjustments needed, what kind of pepper? what kind of fish?}} {{Recipe}} '''Obe Eja Tutu''' is a Nigerian mild Yoruba fish stew. ==Ingredients== *Fresh fish *Tomatoes *Pepper *Onions *Palm oil ==Procedure== #Prepare pepper mix. #Heat oil and cook mixture. #Add fish gently. #Simmer without breaking fish. #Serve with yam or rice. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for stew]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] 5razzfyn601k2sw3e2bzjq9dxv0210v 102 483079 4633940 4633840 2026-05-03T17:23:40Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Yoruba recipes | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, vague instructions, stylistic adjustments needed, what kind of pepper? what kind of beans?}} {{Recipe}} '''Adalu''' is a Nigerian meal that is common to Yoruba people in Nigeria is a mixture of beans and corn cooked together. ==Ingredients== *Beans *Corn *Palm oil *Pepper *Crayfish *Vegetable (Optional) ==Procedure== #Boil beans and corn together. #Add pepper mix and oil. #Season and simmer. #Serve hot. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] cr1q8pwekwfqor0s3ard4fyroo4bl5a 102 483080 4633841 2026-05-03T12:00:09Z Royalesignature 3455025 Created the recipe 4633841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Yoruba recipes | Difficulty = 3 }} {{Recipe}} '''Obe Egusi''' is a Nigerian Melon seed soup prepared in Yoruba style. ==Ingredients== *Ground egusi *Palm oil *Pepper *Vegetables (Optional) *Meat or fish ==Procedure== #Cook pepper mix in oil. #Add egusi paste. #Add protein and seasoning. #Add vegetables last. #Serve with swallow. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] lzd3dg0kvtdszb5o0ed9khpaah7k2tv 4633842 4633841 2026-05-03T12:08:35Z Royalesignature 3455025 Added image 4633842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Yoruba recipes | Image = [[File:Egusi Soup.jpg|thumb|Egusi Soup]] | Difficulty = 3 }} {{Recipe}} '''Obe Egusi''' is a Nigerian Melon seed soup prepared in Yoruba style. ==Ingredients== *Ground egusi *Palm oil *Pepper *Vegetables (Optional) *Meat or fish ==Procedure== #Cook pepper mix in oil. #Add egusi paste. #Add protein and seasoning. #Add vegetables last. #Serve with swallow. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] 5wfcpnu9q4w1x3jj2c7zh97ouxv55n8 4633843 4633842 2026-05-03T12:11:08Z Royalesignature 3455025 4633843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Yoruba recipes | Image = [[File:Egusi Soup.jpg|300px]]|Egusi Soup]] | Difficulty = 3 }} {{Recipe}} '''Obe Egusi''' is a Nigerian Melon seed soup prepared in Yoruba style. ==Ingredients== *Ground egusi *Palm oil *Pepper *Vegetables (Optional) *Meat or fish ==Procedure== #Cook pepper mix in oil. #Add egusi paste. #Add protein and seasoning. #Add vegetables last. #Serve with swallow. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] 5orxjrei22hcdfsp7gjxmo5u02urrk6 4633939 4633843 2026-05-03T17:22:08Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Yoruba recipes | Image = [[File:Egusi Soup.jpg|300px]]|Egusi Soup]] | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, stylistic adjustments needed, what kind of pepper is it?}} {{Recipe}} '''Obe Egusi''' is a Nigerian Melon seed soup prepared in Yoruba style. ==Ingredients== *Ground egusi *Palm oil *Pepper *Vegetables (Optional) *Meat or fish ==Procedure== #Cook pepper mix in oil. #Add egusi paste. #Add protein and seasoning. #Add vegetables last. #Serve with swallow. [[Category:Yoruba recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] [[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] ihdl44dfg7i8wj0dnborw84n284gybm 3 483081 4633847 2026-05-03T12:22:15Z MathXplore 3097823 delete1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4633847 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26947-55|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777810935393.4s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 3 May 2026 (UTC) d2iylytyw3jgimc5ig40szxejoeytpn 4633850 4633847 2026-05-03T12:23:05Z MathXplore 3097823 delete2 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4633850 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26947-55|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777810935393.4s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Sorry for writing in English, but please do not remove content or templates from pages on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> without giving a valid reason for the removal in the [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use the sandbox for that. Thank you. </div><!-- Glow-delete2 @ 1777810984853.9s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) gsg8jpotmiq6emwx6k27hxuscuwyh53 4633856 4633850 2026-05-03T12:31:39Z MathXplore 3097823 delete3 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4633856 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26947-55|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777810935393.4s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Sorry for writing in English, but please do not remove content or templates from pages on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> without giving a valid reason for the removal in the [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use the sandbox for that. Thank you. </div><!-- Glow-delete2 @ 1777810984853.9s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left; display: inline" lang="en">[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to remove or blank out page contents from <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span>, you may be blocked from editing. </div><!-- Glow-delete3 @ 1777811500195.2s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:31, 3 May 2026 (UTC) nvq4nw0bomypljn06bidcd3o9206gps 4633860 4633856 2026-05-03T12:36:04Z MathXplore 3097823 delete4 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4633860 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26947-55|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777810935393.4s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Sorry for writing in English, but please do not remove content or templates from pages on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> without giving a valid reason for the removal in the [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use the sandbox for that. Thank you. </div><!-- Glow-delete2 @ 1777810984853.9s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left; display: inline" lang="en">[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to remove or blank out page contents from <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span>, you may be blocked from editing. </div><!-- Glow-delete3 @ 1777811500195.2s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:31, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == 2026-05-03 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left; display: inline" lang="en">[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] You may be '''blocked from editing without further warning''' the next time you remove or blank out page contents from <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span>. </div><!-- Glow-delete4 @ 1777811766530.7s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:36, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ke0q5jv4fw6df58dhfxxn6wwi0kxngh 102 483082 4633861 2026-05-03T13:00:53Z Royalesignature 3455025 Created the recipe 4633861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Nigerian recipes | Difficulty = 3 | Image = }} {{recipe}} '''Asaro (Yam Porridge)''' is a traditional Nigerian dish enjoyed across different regions of the country, regardless of tribe or language. It is one of the most popular, easy-to-cook, and nutritious meals. It is usually prepared with palm oil, onions, and seasonings, and sometimes mashed to achieve a soft texture. Almost all types of Yam are commonly used in making Yam porridge: ==Ingredient== *1 large tuber of [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]], [[Cookbook:Chopping|chopped]] *[[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] *Maggi ([[Cookbook:Bouillon Cube|bouillon cube]]) *[[Cookbook:Ground Crayfish|Ground crayfish]] *A few pieces of fresh [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomato]] *Fresh scotch bonnet or [[Cookbook:Habanero|habanero]] [[Cookbook:Chiles|pepper]] *Smoked [[Cookbook:Panla|panla fish]] ==Procedure== # Put the yam in a clean bowl, and run under clean running water to wash them. #Peel and cut yam into chunks # [[Cookbook:Boiling|Boil]] water in a pot, and add the yam. Boil for 30 minutes. # Add the chopped onion, palm oil, and bouillon cube to a pot. Cover with water, and [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] until the yam are tender. # [[Cookbook:Puréeing|Blend]] the crayfish, tomatoes, and pepper into a smooth paste. # Heat a pan. Add the tomato paste, panla fish, and salt/bouillon to taste. [[Cookbook:Frying|Fry]] for 5–7 minutes. # When the yam are soft and the water is reduced, stir in the fried paste and panla fish. Cook for 5–6 minutes. # Serve the yam porridge with pap (ogi), plantain (dodo), and/or bread. [[Category:National Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using tubber]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using honey bean]] [[Category:Recipes using Scotch bonnet chile]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] [[Category:Recipes using ground crayfish]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] j6scsfwu31cnx1m1wacq99jq3bld49p 4633862 4633861 2026-05-03T13:02:04Z Royalesignature 3455025 4633862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Nigerian recipes | Difficulty = 3 | Image = }} {{recipe}} '''Asaro (Yam Porridge)''' is a traditional Nigerian dish enjoyed across different regions of the country, regardless of tribe or language. It is one of the most popular, easy-to-cook, and nutritious meals. It is usually prepared with palm oil, onions, and seasonings, and sometimes mashed to achieve a soft texture. Almost all types of Yam are commonly used in making Yam porridge: ==Ingredient== *1 large tuber of [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]], [[Cookbook:Chopping|chopped]] *[[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] *Maggi ([[Cookbook:Bouillon Cube|bouillon cube]]) *[[Cookbook:Ground Crayfish|Ground crayfish]] *A few pieces of fresh [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomato]] *Fresh scotch bonnet or [[Cookbook:Habanero|habanero]] [[Cookbook:Chiles|pepper]] *Smoked [[Cookbook:Panla|panla fish]] ==Procedure== # Put the yam in a clean bowl, and run under clean running water to wash them. #Peel and cut yam into chunks # [[Cookbook:Boiling|Boil]] water in a pot, and add the yam. Boil for 30 minutes. # Add the chopped onion, palm oil, and bouillon cube to a pot. Cover with water, and [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] until the yam are tender. # [[Cookbook:Puréeing|Blend]] the crayfish, tomatoes, and pepper into a smooth paste. # Heat a pan. Add the tomato paste, panla fish, and salt/bouillon to taste. [[Cookbook:Frying|Fry]] for 5–7 minutes. # When the yam are soft and the water is reduced, stir in the fried paste and panla fish. Cook for 5–6 minutes. # Serve the yam porridge with pap (ogi), plantain (dodo), and/or bread. [[Category:National Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using honey bean]] [[Category:Recipes using Scotch bonnet chile]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] [[Category:Recipes using ground crayfish]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] 7ioho86pbfxegeu4vxspfb74dj3h4wa 4633935 4633862 2026-05-03T17:18:15Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Nigerian recipes | Difficulty = 3 | Image = }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, missing quantities, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{recipe}} '''Asaro (Yam Porridge)''' is a traditional Nigerian dish enjoyed across different regions of the country, regardless of tribe or language. It is one of the most popular, easy-to-cook, and nutritious meals. It is usually prepared with palm oil, onions, and seasonings, and sometimes mashed to achieve a soft texture. Almost all types of Yam are commonly used in making Yam porridge: ==Ingredient== *1 large tuber of [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]], [[Cookbook:Chopping|chopped]] *[[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] *Maggi ([[Cookbook:Bouillon Cube|bouillon cube]]) *[[Cookbook:Ground Crayfish|Ground crayfish]] *A few pieces of fresh [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomato]] *Fresh scotch bonnet or [[Cookbook:Habanero|habanero]] [[Cookbook:Chiles|pepper]] *Smoked [[Cookbook:Panla|panla fish]] ==Procedure== # Put the yam in a clean bowl, and run under clean running water to wash them. #Peel and cut yam into chunks # [[Cookbook:Boiling|Boil]] water in a pot, and add the yam. Boil for 30 minutes. # Add the chopped onion, palm oil, and bouillon cube to a pot. Cover with water, and [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] until the yam are tender. # [[Cookbook:Puréeing|Blend]] the crayfish, tomatoes, and pepper into a smooth paste. # Heat a pan. Add the tomato paste, panla fish, and salt/bouillon to taste. [[Cookbook:Frying|Fry]] for 5–7 minutes. # When the yam are soft and the water is reduced, stir in the fried paste and panla fish. Cook for 5–6 minutes. # Serve the yam porridge with pap (ogi), plantain (dodo), and/or bread. [[Category:National Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using honey bean]] [[Category:Recipes using Scotch bonnet chile]] [[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]] [[Category:Recipes using ground crayfish]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using fish]] b2370szjip0jmrkf40x1opyfj6863ur 102 483083 4633888 2026-05-03T13:32:03Z Bamjos 3505411 Created cookbook Afrocuisine 2026 4633888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Recipes for swallows | Cuisine = Nigerian | Origin = Igbo, Yoruba | Servings = 2 | Time = 25 | Difficulty = 3 }} {{Recipe}} '''Eba with Okra soup''' is a common food in Nigeria among Igbo and some part of Yorubas. It is a type of Nigerian [[Cookbook:Swallow|Swallow]] food. == Ingredients == * Garri * [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] * [[Cookbook:Okra|Okra]] * [[Cookbook:Fish|Fish]] * [[Cookbook:Meat|Meat]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] * [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] * [[Cookbook:Maggi|Maggi]] === Optional ingredients === * Lucust beans == Procedure == === Okra === # Slice the okra and set it aside in a bowl, # Wash the fish/meat and season with a half teaspoon of salt, two seasoning cubes, a cup of water, and half a cup of sliced onions. Allow it to boil together for 10-15 minutes. Remove them while leaving the stock in the pot # Add the Fish to the boiling pot, one more cup of water, and cook for about 10 minutes till they are soft for consumption. Add two cups of water. # Add 200ml of palm oil, add the crayfish, pepper, and salt to taste. # Add the sliced okra and stir. Drop the cooked mackerel fish on top. Allow simmering for 3-4 minutes, and you are done with this delicious soup. === Eba === # Boil the water # Sprinkle the garri gradually in a circular motion to avoid clumping and star it # As you pour, stir immediately and continuously with a wooden spatula (omorogun) or a sturdy spoon to break up any potential lumps. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for swallows]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] dmhf56lfjwofh2fcjhnttnm7w1tf6i6 4633933 4633888 2026-05-03T17:16:15Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Recipes for swallows | Cuisine = Nigerian | Origin = Igbo, Yoruba | Servings = 2 | Time = 25 | Difficulty = 3 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing categories, missing quantities, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{Recipe}} '''Eba with Okra soup''' is a common food in Nigeria among Igbo and some part of Yorubas. It is a type of Nigerian [[Cookbook:Swallow|Swallow]] food. == Ingredients == * Garri * [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] * [[Cookbook:Okra|Okra]] * [[Cookbook:Fish|Fish]] * [[Cookbook:Meat|Meat]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] * [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] * [[Cookbook:Maggi|Maggi]] === Optional ingredients === * Lucust beans == Procedure == === Okra === # Slice the okra and set it aside in a bowl, # Wash the fish/meat and season with a half teaspoon of salt, two seasoning cubes, a cup of water, and half a cup of sliced onions. Allow it to boil together for 10-15 minutes. Remove them while leaving the stock in the pot # Add the Fish to the boiling pot, one more cup of water, and cook for about 10 minutes till they are soft for consumption. Add two cups of water. # Add 200ml of palm oil, add the crayfish, pepper, and salt to taste. # Add the sliced okra and stir. Drop the cooked mackerel fish on top. Allow simmering for 3-4 minutes, and you are done with this delicious soup. === Eba === # Boil the water # Sprinkle the garri gradually in a circular motion to avoid clumping and star it # As you pour, stir immediately and continuously with a wooden spatula (omorogun) or a sturdy spoon to break up any potential lumps. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for swallows]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] sfyctwkv61lxqhzg7nd51xbagm3nx88 102 483084 4633891 2026-05-03T13:51:06Z NiferO 3505520 Created article 4633891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Soup recipes|servings=6–8|time=10–15 minutes|difficulty=1}} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Soups|Soups]] '''Efo riro''' is a rich, savory vegetable soup from the Yoruba people of Southwestern Nigeria. Known for its vibrant flavor, and colorful presentation,it combines Leafly greens, pepper and assorted meats and fish in a deeply seasoned sauce. It is a staple of Yoruba cuisine and a symbol of home-style cooking across Nigeria. == Ingredients == * Sliced Spinach leaves (7-10 cups) * 7-10 pieces stock fish ear * sliced pepper * ground tatashe * assorted meat * Sliced onions * Ground Crayfish * iru (locust beans) * smoked fish * Palm oil * Seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Place the washed meat in a pot, add a little of water, season with salt, sliced onions, 2 seasoning cubes and allow to boil for 10-15 minutes, add 1-2 cups of water and cook till tender and the water is almost dried. # Add the smoked fish, stockfish, add a cup of water and cook for another 10-15 minutes depending on the hardness of your stockfish, I love them when they are very soft. The water should be almost dried, don’t allow to burn. # Remove the pot from heat, place another pot on heat and pour in some palm oil, 200ml. Allow to heat before adding the sliced onions, ground pepper/tatashe, stir and allow to fry for another ten minutes while stirring occasionally to avoid burning. # Add the cooked meat/stock fish/smoked fish, stir and allow to simmer for 5 minutes, add the crayfish, iru, stir and allow another 3 minutes. # Add a seasoning cube, salt to taste, stir and add the spinach leaves. Stir all together and allow to simmer for another 3-5 minutes and you just made a delicious pot of efo riro. [[Category:Very Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] hgk05luns4j3e6kaq27aqemv4mosu2w 4633892 4633891 2026-05-03T13:58:49Z NiferO 3505520 Added wiki Links 4633892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Soup recipes|servings=6–8|time=10–15 minutes|difficulty=1}} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Soups|Soups]] '''Efo riro''' is a rich, savory vegetable soup from the Yoruba people of Southwestern Nigeria. Known for its vibrant flavor, and colorful presentation,it combines Leafly greens, pepper and assorted meats and fish in a deeply seasoned sauce. It is a staple of Yoruba cuisine and a symbol of home-style cooking across Nigeria. == Ingredients == * Sliced Spinach leaves (7-10 cups) * 7-10 pieces stock fish ear * sliced [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] * ground tatashe * assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] * Sliced onions * Ground [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] * iru (locust beans) * smoked fish * [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] * Seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Place the washed meat in a pot, add a little of water, season with salt, sliced onions, 2 seasoning cubes and allow to boil for 10-15 minutes, add 1-2 cups of water and cook till tender and the water is almost dried. # Add the smoked fish, stockfish, add a cup of water and cook for another 10-15 minutes depending on the hardness of your stockfish, I love them when they are very soft. The water should be almost dried, don’t allow to burn. # Remove the pot from heat, place another pot on heat and pour in some palm oil, 200ml. Allow to heat before adding the sliced onions, ground pepper/tatashe, stir and allow to fry for another ten minutes while stirring occasionally to avoid burning. # Add the cooked meat/stock fish/smoked fish, stir and allow to simmer for 5 minutes, add the crayfish, iru, stir and allow another 3 minutes. # Add a seasoning cube, salt to taste, stir and add the spinach leaves. Stir all together and allow to simmer for another 3-5 minutes and you just made a delicious pot of efo riro. [[Category:Very Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] 7ijj55ltyatcrkkxu1fg96895eyn7qn 4633932 4633892 2026-05-03T17:14:51Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Soup recipes|servings=6–8|time=10–15 minutes|difficulty=1}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing categories, missing quantities, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Soups|Soups]] '''Efo riro''' is a rich, savory vegetable soup from the Yoruba people of Southwestern Nigeria. Known for its vibrant flavor, and colorful presentation,it combines Leafly greens, pepper and assorted meats and fish in a deeply seasoned sauce. It is a staple of Yoruba cuisine and a symbol of home-style cooking across Nigeria. == Ingredients == * Sliced Spinach leaves (7-10 cups) * 7-10 pieces stock fish ear * sliced [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] * ground tatashe * assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] * Sliced onions * Ground [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] * iru (locust beans) * smoked fish * [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] * Seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Place the washed meat in a pot, add a little of water, season with salt, sliced onions, 2 seasoning cubes and allow to boil for 10-15 minutes, add 1-2 cups of water and cook till tender and the water is almost dried. # Add the smoked fish, stockfish, add a cup of water and cook for another 10-15 minutes depending on the hardness of your stockfish, I love them when they are very soft. The water should be almost dried, don’t allow to burn. # Remove the pot from heat, place another pot on heat and pour in some palm oil, 200ml. Allow to heat before adding the sliced onions, ground pepper/tatashe, stir and allow to fry for another ten minutes while stirring occasionally to avoid burning. # Add the cooked meat/stock fish/smoked fish, stir and allow to simmer for 5 minutes, add the crayfish, iru, stir and allow another 3 minutes. # Add a seasoning cube, salt to taste, stir and add the spinach leaves. Stir all together and allow to simmer for another 3-5 minutes and you just made a delicious pot of efo riro. [[Category:Very Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] 8gh7jxxukecrh1wlqdojp6c81f3mkgx 4634051 4633932 2026-05-04T11:34:36Z NiferO 3505520 Completed recipe and removed incomplete template 4634051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Soup recipes|servings=6–8|time=10–15 minutes|difficulty=1}} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Soups|Soups]] '''Efo riro''' is a rich, savory vegetable soup from the Yoruba people of Southwestern Nigeria. Known for its vibrant flavor, and colorful presentation,it combines Leafly greens, pepper and assorted meats and fish in a deeply seasoned sauce. It is a staple of Yoruba cuisine and a symbol of home-style cooking across Nigeria. == Ingredients == * Sliced Spinach leaves (7-10 cups) * 7-10 pieces stock fish ear * Quarter cup of sliced [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] * 1 cup of ground tatashe * assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] (1kg) * Sliced onions * Ground [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] * 2-3 cups of iru (locust beans) * smoked fish(2-3 medium) * [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] (200ml) * 3 Seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Wash and season the meat with salt, onions, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender and set aside. # Add stockfish and smoked fish to the cooked meat and simmer for about 10–15 minutes. # In another pot, heat the palm oil. Add sliced onions and fry lightly. # Add blended or sliced pepper and fry for about 10 minutes, stirring to prevent burning. # Add the cooked meat, fish, and some stock. Stir well and allow to simmer for 5 minutes. # Add crayfish and locust beans (iru), then cook for another 3–5 minutes. # Add the vegetables (spinach or ugu) and stir thoroughly. # Taste and adjust seasoning. Simmer for 3–5 minutes, then remove from heat. === Serving === Serve hot with swallow foods like pounded yam, eba, or fufu. [[Category:Very Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] 9eqv2ygt1xtce2eug0wdb1ko3m7mwhl 3 483085 4633898 2026-05-03T14:23:39Z AJMelton1105 3576091 /* Identification */ new section 4633898 wikitext text/x-wiki == Identification == This is AJMelton1105; I forgot to log in when adding in this section [[User:AJMelton1105|AJMelton1105]] ([[User talk:AJMelton1105|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AJMelton1105|contribs]]) 14:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) cbkoiw17ip0q13a3sd8php3jfhlllnp 111 483087 4633910 2026-05-03T15:07:21Z ~2026-26699-41 3580935 /* about the disease of kidney patients */ new section 4633910 wikitext text/x-wiki == about the disease of kidney patients == if a person struggling from this disease .and any kidney damage number is 10 .and he wanna to go homeopathy .is it better for him or not? in recently he is treating by allopathy. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26699-41|&#126;2026-26699-41]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-26699-41|talk]]) 15:07, 3 May 2026 (UTC) qt7yx6e6z5gu8b611ox6kududbiwuqd 102 483088 4633912 2026-05-03T15:24:27Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 I Created Cookbook: Nigerian Egusi Soup 4633912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Egusi Soup''' Also Know as Melon soup is a rich, hearty West African soup made from ground melon seeds, slow-cooked with palm oil, leafy greens, and assorted meats. The undisputed king of Nigerian soups. == Ingredients == * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki/tripe, ponmo) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded * 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) * 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) * 2 onions * 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock * 2 seasoning cubes * 1 teaspoons salt == Procedures == # Season and cook the meats: Place 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) in a pot. Add half of 2 onions (roughly chopped), 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add just enough water to cover. Cook on medium heat until tender shaki takes longest, so add it first, then beef, then ponmo. Reserve the meat stock; do not discard it. # Prepare the pepper blend: Blend 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) and 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) together with the remaining half of one 2 onions (onion) using a blender or food processor. Do not add water, blend to a coarse, thick paste. Set aside. # Mix the egusi paste: Place 400 grams ground egusi (melon seeds) in a bowl. Add a small amount of water just enough to bind and mix into a thick, moldable paste. Alternatively, for the frying method, keep the egusi dry. The paste method gives a smoother texture; the frying method gives a more crumbly, textured result. # Fry the palm oil base: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a wide, heavy-bottomed pot over medium heat until it melts and shimmers about 4 minutes. Add the remaining diced 2 onions and fry until translucent and fragrant, about 3–4 minutes. Add 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir well into the oil. # Fry the egusi: Add the egusi paste (or dry egusi) directly into the hot palm oil. Stir to coat well. Fry on medium-low heat, stirring constantly to prevent burning. The egusi will gradually turn golden and begin to clump. Fry until it is fragrant and lightly toasted this step is crucial for depth of flavour. # Add pepper blend and stock: Pour the blended pepper mixture into the pot and stir well into the fried egusi. Add 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock (or reserved meat stock) to loosen the mixture. Stir thoroughly, cover, and allow to cook on medium heat. The egusi will absorb the liquid and expand. # Add protein: Add the cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned into the pot. Stir gently to incorporate all proteins evenly. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and the remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust salt. If the soup is too thick, add a little more stock or water. Cover and simmer on low heat. a14f5popqxz15kor5cjacdh7aladjsi 4633913 4633912 2026-05-03T15:27:51Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Added categories 4633913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Egusi Soup''' Also Know as Melon soup is a rich, hearty West African soup made from ground melon seeds, slow-cooked with palm oil, leafy greens, and assorted meats. The undisputed king of Nigerian soups. == Ingredients == * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki/tripe, ponmo) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded * 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) * 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) * 2 onions * 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock * 2 seasoning cubes * 1 teaspoons salt == Procedures == # Season and cook the meats: Place 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) in a pot. Add half of 2 onions (roughly chopped), 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add just enough water to cover. Cook on medium heat until tender shaki takes longest, so add it first, then beef, then ponmo. Reserve the meat stock; do not discard it. # Prepare the pepper blend: Blend 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) and 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) together with the remaining half of one 2 onions (onion) using a blender or food processor. Do not add water, blend to a coarse, thick paste. Set aside. # Mix the egusi paste: Place 400 grams ground egusi (melon seeds) in a bowl. Add a small amount of water just enough to bind and mix into a thick, moldable paste. Alternatively, for the frying method, keep the egusi dry. The paste method gives a smoother texture; the frying method gives a more crumbly, textured result. # Fry the palm oil base: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a wide, heavy-bottomed pot over medium heat until it melts and shimmers about 4 minutes. Add the remaining diced 2 onions and fry until translucent and fragrant, about 3–4 minutes. Add 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir well into the oil. # Fry the egusi: Add the egusi paste (or dry egusi) directly into the hot palm oil. Stir to coat well. Fry on medium-low heat, stirring constantly to prevent burning. The egusi will gradually turn golden and begin to clump. Fry until it is fragrant and lightly toasted this step is crucial for depth of flavour. # Add pepper blend and stock: Pour the blended pepper mixture into the pot and stir well into the fried egusi. Add 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock (or reserved meat stock) to loosen the mixture. Stir thoroughly, cover, and allow to cook on medium heat. The egusi will absorb the liquid and expand. # Add protein: Add the cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned into the pot. Stir gently to incorporate all proteins evenly. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and the remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust salt. If the soup is too thick, add a little more stock or water. Cover and simmer on low heat. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] p1z4hll5igo9evvdphu9dj09he2ejdt 4633930 4633913 2026-05-03T17:12:57Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate linking, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Nigerian Egusi Soup''' Also Know as Melon soup is a rich, hearty West African soup made from ground melon seeds, slow-cooked with palm oil, leafy greens, and assorted meats. The undisputed king of Nigerian soups. == Ingredients == * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki/tripe, ponmo) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded * 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) * 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) * 2 onions * 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock * 2 seasoning cubes * 1 teaspoons salt == Procedures == # Season and cook the meats: Place 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) in a pot. Add half of 2 onions (roughly chopped), 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add just enough water to cover. Cook on medium heat until tender shaki takes longest, so add it first, then beef, then ponmo. Reserve the meat stock; do not discard it. # Prepare the pepper blend: Blend 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) and 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) together with the remaining half of one 2 onions (onion) using a blender or food processor. Do not add water, blend to a coarse, thick paste. Set aside. # Mix the egusi paste: Place 400 grams ground egusi (melon seeds) in a bowl. Add a small amount of water just enough to bind and mix into a thick, moldable paste. Alternatively, for the frying method, keep the egusi dry. The paste method gives a smoother texture; the frying method gives a more crumbly, textured result. # Fry the palm oil base: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a wide, heavy-bottomed pot over medium heat until it melts and shimmers about 4 minutes. Add the remaining diced 2 onions and fry until translucent and fragrant, about 3–4 minutes. Add 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir well into the oil. # Fry the egusi: Add the egusi paste (or dry egusi) directly into the hot palm oil. Stir to coat well. Fry on medium-low heat, stirring constantly to prevent burning. The egusi will gradually turn golden and begin to clump. Fry until it is fragrant and lightly toasted this step is crucial for depth of flavour. # Add pepper blend and stock: Pour the blended pepper mixture into the pot and stir well into the fried egusi. Add 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock (or reserved meat stock) to loosen the mixture. Stir thoroughly, cover, and allow to cook on medium heat. The egusi will absorb the liquid and expand. # Add protein: Add the cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned into the pot. Stir gently to incorporate all proteins evenly. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and the remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust salt. If the soup is too thick, add a little more stock or water. Cover and simmer on low heat. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] eok0y3nm4rv8hxq64rb62nrr8b8ge7a 4633956 4633930 2026-05-03T18:05:19Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Complete Recipe 4633956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe}} '''Nigerian Egusi Soup''' Also Know as Melon soup is a rich, hearty West African soup made from ground melon seeds, slow-cooked with palm oil, leafy greens, and assorted meats. The undisputed king of Nigerian soups. == Ingredients == * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki/tripe, ponmo) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded * 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) * 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) * 2 onions * 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock * 2 seasoning cubes * 1 teaspoons salt == Procedures == # Season and cook the meats: Place 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) in a pot. Add half of 2 onions (roughly chopped), 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add just enough water to cover. Cook on medium heat until tender shaki takes longest, so add it first, then beef, then ponmo. Reserve the meat stock; do not discard it. # Prepare the pepper blend: Blend 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) and 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) together with the remaining half of one 2 onions (onion) using a blender or food processor. Do not add water, blend to a coarse, thick paste. Set aside. # Mix the egusi paste: Place 400 grams ground egusi (melon seeds) in a bowl. Add a small amount of water just enough to bind and mix into a thick, moldable paste. Alternatively, for the frying method, keep the egusi dry. The paste method gives a smoother texture; the frying method gives a more crumbly, textured result. # Fry the palm oil base: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a wide, heavy-bottomed pot over medium heat until it melts and shimmers about 4 minutes. Add the remaining diced 2 onions and fry until translucent and fragrant, about 3–4 minutes. Add 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir well into the oil. # Fry the egusi: Add the egusi paste (or dry egusi) directly into the hot palm oil. Stir to coat well. Fry on medium-low heat, stirring constantly to prevent burning. The egusi will gradually turn golden and begin to clump. Fry until it is fragrant and lightly toasted this step is crucial for depth of flavour. # Add pepper blend and stock: Pour the blended pepper mixture into the pot and stir well into the fried egusi. Add 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock (or reserved meat stock) to loosen the mixture. Stir thoroughly, cover, and allow to cook on medium heat. The egusi will absorb the liquid and expand. # Add protein: Add the cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned into the pot. Stir gently to incorporate all proteins evenly. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and the remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust salt. If the soup is too thick, add a little more stock or water. Cover and simmer on low heat. # Add the greens and finish: Add the washed and shredded 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded to the pot. Stir in gently do not over-mix or the leaves will lose their colour. Cover for just 3–5 minutes. Do not overcook the greens. Taste one final time for salt and seasoning. The soup should be thick, rich, and deeply savoury. # Rest and serve: Turn off the heat and allow the soup to rest for 5 minutes before serving. This allows the flavours to settle and the egusi to finish absorbing. Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), amala, ẹbà, or fufu. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] s58cvyd9n5d37usydfytz7xc1syly34 4634048 4633956 2026-05-04T10:39:49Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 improve articles 4634048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe}} '''Nigerian Egusi Soup''' Also Know as Melon soup is a rich, hearty West African soup made from ground melon seeds, slow-cooked with palm oil, leafy greens, and assorted meats. The undisputed king of Nigerian soups. == Ingredients == * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] (beef, shaki/tripe, ponmo) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned * 3 tablespoons ground [[Cookbook:Crawfish|crayfish]] * 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded * 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) * 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) * 2 onions * 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock * 2 seasoning cubes * 1 teaspoons [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] == Procedures == # Season and cook the meats: Place 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) in a pot. Add half of 2 onions (roughly chopped), 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add just enough water to cover. Cook on medium heat until tender shaki takes longest, so add it first, then beef, then ponmo. Reserve the meat stock; do not discard it. # Prepare the pepper blend: Blend 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) and 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) together with the remaining half of one 2 onions (onion) using a blender or food processor. Do not add water, blend to a coarse, thick paste. Set aside. # Mix the egusi paste: Place 400 grams ground egusi (melon seeds) in a bowl. Add a small amount of water just enough to bind and mix into a thick, moldable paste. Alternatively, for the frying method, keep the egusi dry. The paste method gives a smoother texture; the frying method gives a more crumbly, textured result. # Fry the palm oil base: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a wide, heavy-bottomed pot over medium heat until it melts and shimmers about 4 minutes. Add the remaining diced 2 onions and fry until translucent and fragrant, about 3–4 minutes. Add 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir well into the oil. # Fry the egusi: Add the egusi paste (or dry egusi) directly into the hot palm oil. Stir to coat well. Fry on medium-low heat, stirring constantly to prevent burning. The egusi will gradually turn golden and begin to clump. Fry until it is fragrant and lightly toasted this step is crucial for depth of flavour. # Add pepper blend and stock: Pour the blended pepper mixture into the pot and stir well into the fried egusi. Add 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock (or reserved meat stock) to loosen the mixture. Stir thoroughly, cover, and allow to cook on medium heat. The egusi will absorb the liquid and expand. # Add protein: Add the cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned into the pot. Stir gently to incorporate all proteins evenly. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and the remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust salt. If the soup is too thick, add a little more stock or water. Cover and simmer on low heat. # Add the greens and finish: Add the washed and shredded 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded to the pot. Stir in gently do not over-mix or the leaves will lose their colour. Cover for just 3–5 minutes. Do not overcook the greens. Taste one final time for salt and seasoning. The soup should be thick, rich, and deeply savoury. # Rest and serve: Turn off the heat and allow the soup to rest for 5 minutes before serving. This allows the flavours to settle and the egusi to finish absorbing. Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), amala, ẹbà, or fufu. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] 4dwmekzpb4g9a9ywvfnjqfcn57ldlqg 102 483089 4633917 2026-05-03T15:57:49Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4633917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Banga soup''' is a rich, aromatic palm fruit soup widely prepared across Southern Nigeria, particularly among the Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, and Igbo peoples. Known as Ofe Akwu in Igbo and Izuwo Banga in Urhobo, it is distinct from other Nigerian soups due to its use of fresh palm fruit extract rather than palm oil, giving it a unique flavour no other soup replicates. == Ingredients == * Assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, oxtail) * Stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * Smoked fish, deboned * Ground crayfish * Onion * Scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * Beletete (dried banga herb) * Oburunbebe stick (banga spice) * Ataiko (alligator pepper) * Iru (locust bean) * Uziza leaves * Seasoning cubes == Procedures == # Boil palm fruits until soft, pound to loosen flesh, squeeze out extract through a sieve and set aside # Season and cook assorted meat with onion and seasoning. Reserve the stock. # Pour palm fruit extract into a pot and cook on medium heat until it thickens and oil rises to the surface # Add banga spices, beletete, ataiko, and iru. Stir well. # Add cooked meats, stockfish, and smoked fish. Pour in reserved meat stock. # Add ground crayfish, blended pepper, and remaining seasoning. Simmer on low heat until thick. # Stir in shredded uziza leaves and cook for 3–5 minutes only. # Serve hot with starch, pounded yam, eba, or fufu. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] qyohwt6tii4vxng5mwzlu3na4s3vbsv 4633919 4633917 2026-05-03T16:03:38Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + recipe template. 4633919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe}} '''Banga soup''' is a rich, aromatic palm fruit soup widely prepared across Southern Nigeria, particularly among the Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, and Igbo peoples. Known as Ofe Akwu in Igbo and Izuwo Banga in Urhobo, it is distinct from other Nigerian soups due to its use of fresh palm fruit extract rather than palm oil, giving it a unique flavour no other soup replicates. == Ingredients == * Assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, oxtail) * Stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * Smoked fish, deboned * Ground crayfish * Onion * Scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * Beletete (dried banga herb) * Oburunbebe stick (banga spice) * Ataiko (alligator pepper) * Iru (locust bean) * Uziza leaves * Seasoning cubes == Procedures == # Boil palm fruits until soft, pound to loosen flesh, squeeze out extract through a sieve and set aside # Season and cook assorted meat with onion and seasoning. Reserve the stock. # Pour palm fruit extract into a pot and cook on medium heat until it thickens and oil rises to the surface # Add banga spices, beletete, ataiko, and iru. Stir well. # Add cooked meats, stockfish, and smoked fish. Pour in reserved meat stock. # Add ground crayfish, blended pepper, and remaining seasoning. Simmer on low heat until thick. # Stir in shredded uziza leaves and cook for 3–5 minutes only. # Serve hot with starch, pounded yam, eba, or fufu. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] 41kyjea9zcctt1rh5nivdj0b8ap8fln 4633929 4633919 2026-05-03T17:11:32Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate linking, missing categories, missing quantities, stylistic adjustments needed}} {{Recipe}} '''Banga soup''' is a rich, aromatic palm fruit soup widely prepared across Southern Nigeria, particularly among the Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, and Igbo peoples. Known as Ofe Akwu in Igbo and Izuwo Banga in Urhobo, it is distinct from other Nigerian soups due to its use of fresh palm fruit extract rather than palm oil, giving it a unique flavour no other soup replicates. == Ingredients == * Assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, oxtail) * Stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * Smoked fish, deboned * Ground crayfish * Onion * Scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * Beletete (dried banga herb) * Oburunbebe stick (banga spice) * Ataiko (alligator pepper) * Iru (locust bean) * Uziza leaves * Seasoning cubes == Procedures == # Boil palm fruits until soft, pound to loosen flesh, squeeze out extract through a sieve and set aside # Season and cook assorted meat with onion and seasoning. Reserve the stock. # Pour palm fruit extract into a pot and cook on medium heat until it thickens and oil rises to the surface # Add banga spices, beletete, ataiko, and iru. Stir well. # Add cooked meats, stockfish, and smoked fish. Pour in reserved meat stock. # Add ground crayfish, blended pepper, and remaining seasoning. Simmer on low heat until thick. # Stir in shredded uziza leaves and cook for 3–5 minutes only. # Serve hot with starch, pounded yam, eba, or fufu. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] estfl60d2jlmiooi0lzc33l1en1u21q 102 483090 4633920 2026-05-03T16:32:58Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4633920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ogbono soup''' is a popular Nigerian draw soup made from ground African mango seeds (Irvingia gabonensis). Known for its distinctive slippery, stretchy texture, it is widely eaten across Nigeria and is especially beloved in Igbo, Yoruba, and Edo households. == Ingredients == * 200 grams ground ogbono (African mango seeds) * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish, deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 1 onion * 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * 1 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 200 grams ugwu (fluted pumpkin leaves) or spinach, shredded * 2 seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Cook the meats: Season 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Fry the ogbono: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a pot on medium heat. Add 1 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir. Add ground 200 grams ground ogbono (African mango seeds) directly into the hot palm oil. Stir continuously and fry until the ogbono dissolves completely into the oil and becomes fragrant about 5 minutes. # Add stock and pepper: Pour reserved meat stock gradually into the pot, stirring as you pour. Add blended or crushed 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo). Stir well and cover. Allow to cook on medium heat the soup will begin to draw and thicken. # Add proteins: Add cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned into the pot. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir gently. Taste and adjust salt. Simmer on low heat. # Add vegetables and finish: Stir in shredded 200 grams ugwu (fluted pumpkin leaves) or spinach, shredded. Cook for 3–5 minutes only. The soup should be thick, dark, and stretchy when lifted with a spoon. # Serve: Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, amala, fufu, or semovita. [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] cinflbaz04cf8sasbpufi39iq2dm370 4633928 4633920 2026-05-03T17:10:28Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate linking, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Ogbono soup''' is a popular Nigerian draw soup made from ground African mango seeds (Irvingia gabonensis). Known for its distinctive slippery, stretchy texture, it is widely eaten across Nigeria and is especially beloved in Igbo, Yoruba, and Edo households. == Ingredients == * 200 grams ground ogbono (African mango seeds) * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish, deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 1 onion * 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * 1 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 200 grams ugwu (fluted pumpkin leaves) or spinach, shredded * 2 seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Cook the meats: Season 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Fry the ogbono: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a pot on medium heat. Add 1 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir. Add ground 200 grams ground ogbono (African mango seeds) directly into the hot palm oil. Stir continuously and fry until the ogbono dissolves completely into the oil and becomes fragrant about 5 minutes. # Add stock and pepper: Pour reserved meat stock gradually into the pot, stirring as you pour. Add blended or crushed 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo). Stir well and cover. Allow to cook on medium heat the soup will begin to draw and thicken. # Add proteins: Add cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned into the pot. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir gently. Taste and adjust salt. Simmer on low heat. # Add vegetables and finish: Stir in shredded 200 grams ugwu (fluted pumpkin leaves) or spinach, shredded. Cook for 3–5 minutes only. The soup should be thick, dark, and stretchy when lifted with a spoon. # Serve: Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, amala, fufu, or semovita. [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] lfypbjbelj7zodhajfi2xfbpn5yg6us 102 483091 4633922 2026-05-03T16:45:24Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4633922 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Okra soup''', known as Ila Asepo in Yoruba, is one of the oldest and most widely eaten soups in Nigeria. Made from finely cut or blended okra pods, it is a draw soup prized for its thick, viscous texture and deep savoury flavour. It is a staple in Yoruba, Igbo, Edo, and Efik households across Nigeria. == Ingredients == * 500 grams fresh okra pods, finely sliced or blended * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, cow leg) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish, deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 1 onion * 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * 1 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 2 seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Cook the meats: Season 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, cow leg) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway through cooking. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Fry the palm oil base: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a pot on medium heat. Add 1 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir well. Add blended or crushed 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo). Fry the pepper in the palm oil for 5–7 minutes until the rawness is gone. # Add stock and proteins: Pour reserved meat stock into the pot. Add cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, cow leg), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir well and simmer on medium heat for 10 minutes # Add okra and finish: Add the finely sliced or blended 500 grams fresh okra pods, finely sliced or blended into the pot. Stir gently to combine. Cook on medium heat for 5–7 minutes only do not overcook. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. The soup should be thick, green-tinged, and draw when lifted. # Serve: Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, amala, fufu, or starch. [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 4dmynlt3zx9ugc237mqclcvbemlwe9q 4633925 4633922 2026-05-03T17:08:36Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate linking, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Okra soup''', known as Ila Asepo in Yoruba, is one of the oldest and most widely eaten soups in Nigeria. Made from finely cut or blended okra pods, it is a draw soup prized for its thick, viscous texture and deep savoury flavour. It is a staple in Yoruba, Igbo, Edo, and Efik households across Nigeria. == Ingredients == * 500 grams fresh okra pods, finely sliced or blended * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, cow leg) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish, deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 1 onion * 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * 1 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 2 seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Cook the meats: Season 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, cow leg) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway through cooking. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Fry the palm oil base: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a pot on medium heat. Add 1 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir well. Add blended or crushed 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo). Fry the pepper in the palm oil for 5–7 minutes until the rawness is gone. # Add stock and proteins: Pour reserved meat stock into the pot. Add cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo, cow leg), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir well and simmer on medium heat for 10 minutes # Add okra and finish: Add the finely sliced or blended 500 grams fresh okra pods, finely sliced or blended into the pot. Stir gently to combine. Cook on medium heat for 5–7 minutes only do not overcook. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. The soup should be thick, green-tinged, and draw when lifted. # Serve: Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, amala, fufu, or starch. [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 4ofunhueal5qoj9347rzkz6cagv7xdp 102 483092 4633923 2026-05-03T16:54:30Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4633923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oha soup''', also called Ora soup, is a delicacy of the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. It is prepared with the tender leaves of the Oha tree (Pterocarpus mildbraedii), cocoyam as a thickener, and palm oil. It is one of the most culturally significant soups in Igbo cuisine, often reserved for special occasions and honoured guests. == Ingredients == * 200 grams fresh oha (ora) leaves, hand-shredded * 500 grams cocoyam (ede), peeled and boiled * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, oxtail, goat meat) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish, deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 1 onion * 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste) * 2 seasoning cubes == Procedures == # Cook the meats: Season 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, oxtail, goat meat) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway through cooking. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Prepare the cocoyam thickener: Boil peeled 500 grams cocoyam (ede), peeled and boiled until very soft. Pound in a mortar until smooth and lump-free, or blend with a little water. Set the cocoyam paste aside this is the soup thickener. # Build the soup base: Pour reserved meat stock into a pot. Add 0.3 cups palm oil and bring to a boil. Add 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste) and blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo). Stir well. # Add cocoyam thickener: Drop spoonfuls of the cocoyam paste into the boiling soup. Do not stir immediately allow it to dissolve slowly into the stock, thickening the soup naturally. Stir gently after 10 minutes # Add proteins and season: Add cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, oxtail, goat meat), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned into the pot. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. Simmer on medium-low heat for 10 minutes. # Add oha leaves and finish: Hand-shred 200 grams fresh oha (ora) leaves, hand-shredded and stir gently into the soup. Cook for 3–5 minutes only. The soup should be thick, richly coloured, and aromatic. # Serve: Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, fufu, or semovita. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] jliihy9m77dvba4ouadiz4mqfowivzn 4633927 4633923 2026-05-03T17:09:50Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate linking, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Oha soup''', also called Ora soup, is a delicacy of the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. It is prepared with the tender leaves of the Oha tree (Pterocarpus mildbraedii), cocoyam as a thickener, and palm oil. It is one of the most culturally significant soups in Igbo cuisine, often reserved for special occasions and honoured guests. == Ingredients == * 200 grams fresh oha (ora) leaves, hand-shredded * 500 grams cocoyam (ede), peeled and boiled * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, oxtail, goat meat) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish, deboned * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 1 onion * 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste) * 2 seasoning cubes == Procedures == # Cook the meats: Season 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, oxtail, goat meat) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway through cooking. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Prepare the cocoyam thickener: Boil peeled 500 grams cocoyam (ede), peeled and boiled until very soft. Pound in a mortar until smooth and lump-free, or blend with a little water. Set the cocoyam paste aside this is the soup thickener. # Build the soup base: Pour reserved meat stock into a pot. Add 0.3 cups palm oil and bring to a boil. Add 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste) and blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo). Stir well. # Add cocoyam thickener: Drop spoonfuls of the cocoyam paste into the boiling soup. Do not stir immediately allow it to dissolve slowly into the stock, thickening the soup naturally. Stir gently after 10 minutes # Add proteins and season: Add cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, oxtail, goat meat), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned into the pot. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. Simmer on medium-low heat for 10 minutes. # Add oha leaves and finish: Hand-shred 200 grams fresh oha (ora) leaves, hand-shredded and stir gently into the soup. Cook for 3–5 minutes only. The soup should be thick, richly coloured, and aromatic. # Serve: Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, fufu, or semovita. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 17fpgvkhj7of10uwjzka2rhg7s5rios 102 483093 4633924 2026-05-03T17:07:20Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4633924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miyan Gyada''' is a rich, creamy groundnut (peanut) soup originating from the Hausa people of Northern Nigeria. Made from roasted and ground peanuts, it is a cornerstone of Northern Nigerian cuisine, often served with Tuwo Shinkafa or Tuwo Masara. Variations of groundnut soup are also found among the Nupe, Gwari, and other Middle Belt ethnic groups. == Ingredients == * 400 grams roasted groundnuts (peanuts), ground into paste * 700 grams chicken, goat meat, or beef, cut into pieces * 3 tomatoes * 2 scotch bonnet pepper (tatashe or rodo) * 1 onion * 2 tablespoons tbs tomato paste * 1 teaspoons ground ginger * 1 teaspoons ground ehuru (African nutmeg) * 2 seasoning cubes * 3 tablespoons vegetable or groundnut oil * 1 teaspoons salt * 100 grams spinach or kuka (baobab leaves), optional == Procedure == # Cook the meat: Season 700 grams chicken, goat meat, or beef, cut into pieces with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, 1 teaspoons ground ginger, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Prepare the tomato base: Blend 3 tomatoes, 2 scotch bonnet pepper (tatashe or rodo), and half of 1 onion into a smooth paste. Heat 3 tablespoons vegetable or groundnut oil in a pot and fry the blended tomato mixture with 2 tablespoons tbs tomato paste until the oil floats to the top and the rawness is cooked out. # Add the groundnut paste: Dissolve ground 400 grams roasted groundnuts (peanuts), ground into paste in a cup of warm water, stirring until smooth and lump-free. Add gradually to the tomato base, stirring continuously to prevent lumping. # Simmer and build flavour: Pour in reserved meat stock. Add cooked 700 grams chicken, goat meat, or beef, cut into pieces. Add 1 teaspoons ground ehuru (African nutmeg) and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir well, cover, and cook on medium-low heat. Stir frequently to prevent the groundnut from sticking to the bottom. # Season and finish: Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. If adding 100 grams spinach or kuka (baobab leaves), optional stir in now and cook for 3–5 minutes, The soup should be thick, creamy, and a deep golden-brown colour. # Serve: Serve hot with tuwo shinkafa, tuwo masara, eba, pounded yam, or plain rice. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 715w32zs1tfldqgqcpe5rrc31vjgiqs 4633950 4633924 2026-05-03T17:34:43Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate links, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Miyan Gyada''' is a rich, creamy groundnut (peanut) soup originating from the Hausa people of Northern Nigeria. Made from roasted and ground peanuts, it is a cornerstone of Northern Nigerian cuisine, often served with Tuwo Shinkafa or Tuwo Masara. Variations of groundnut soup are also found among the Nupe, Gwari, and other Middle Belt ethnic groups. == Ingredients == * 400 grams roasted groundnuts (peanuts), ground into paste * 700 grams chicken, goat meat, or beef, cut into pieces * 3 tomatoes * 2 scotch bonnet pepper (tatashe or rodo) * 1 onion * 2 tablespoons tbs tomato paste * 1 teaspoons ground ginger * 1 teaspoons ground ehuru (African nutmeg) * 2 seasoning cubes * 3 tablespoons vegetable or groundnut oil * 1 teaspoons salt * 100 grams spinach or kuka (baobab leaves), optional == Procedure == # Cook the meat: Season 700 grams chicken, goat meat, or beef, cut into pieces with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, 1 teaspoons ground ginger, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Prepare the tomato base: Blend 3 tomatoes, 2 scotch bonnet pepper (tatashe or rodo), and half of 1 onion into a smooth paste. Heat 3 tablespoons vegetable or groundnut oil in a pot and fry the blended tomato mixture with 2 tablespoons tbs tomato paste until the oil floats to the top and the rawness is cooked out. # Add the groundnut paste: Dissolve ground 400 grams roasted groundnuts (peanuts), ground into paste in a cup of warm water, stirring until smooth and lump-free. Add gradually to the tomato base, stirring continuously to prevent lumping. # Simmer and build flavour: Pour in reserved meat stock. Add cooked 700 grams chicken, goat meat, or beef, cut into pieces. Add 1 teaspoons ground ehuru (African nutmeg) and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir well, cover, and cook on medium-low heat. Stir frequently to prevent the groundnut from sticking to the bottom. # Season and finish: Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. If adding 100 grams spinach or kuka (baobab leaves), optional stir in now and cook for 3–5 minutes, The soup should be thick, creamy, and a deep golden-brown colour. # Serve: Serve hot with tuwo shinkafa, tuwo masara, eba, pounded yam, or plain rice. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] fxsjnaa935bc75i5imtg3om1g07hd62 3 483094 4633926 2026-05-03T17:09:00Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ new section 4633926 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) nw5nxrwct11lcw13g5qi8mqrasfrtd2 4633937 4633926 2026-05-03T17:20:52Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4633937 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Alright , Thank you. [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) lrvbktklzmwtmsw2ijeu0ccbukqf379 4633948 4633937 2026-05-03T17:32:49Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4633948 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Alright , Thank you. [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:32, 3 May 2026 (UTC) lp18l9qnh513v19til413jyxm5sdcin 4633955 4633948 2026-05-03T17:57:19Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4633955 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Alright , Thank you. [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:32, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::Alright, Noted [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) e8g4qy4kj3es44rrrzc4yis82mb4oof 4633960 4633955 2026-05-03T19:20:22Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Blanking templates */ new section 4633960 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Alright , Thank you. [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:32, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::Alright, Noted [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Blanking templates == @[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] please do not blank widely-used templates without a good reason, as this is considered vandalism. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) lhx74q17lmal2b8ttcnm2qtk5yp36f5 4633964 4633960 2026-05-03T19:38:56Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 /* Blanking templates */ Reply 4633964 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Alright , Thank you. [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:32, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::Alright, Noted [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Blanking templates == @[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] please do not blank widely-used templates without a good reason, as this is considered vandalism. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Oooh, alright noted. :Thank you [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 19:38, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 6bsnnb3iy6cf4p4cln0e863o5jjra09 4634046 4633964 2026-05-04T10:01:39Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 /* Blanking templates */ Reply 4634046 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Alright , Thank you. [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:32, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::Alright, Noted [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Blanking templates == @[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] please do not blank widely-used templates without a good reason, as this is considered vandalism. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Oooh, alright noted. :Thank you [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 19:38, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :I don't understand why there is temple ( Incomplete recipe) on the recipes I created, I have completed everything [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 10:01, 4 May 2026 (UTC) iqd0xhg2re3ijcu9oacbgwkncdlrqcr 4634047 4634046 2026-05-04T10:21:41Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 /* Blanking templates */ Reply 4634047 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Alright , Thank you. [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:32, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::Alright, Noted [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 17:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Blanking templates == @[[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] please do not blank widely-used templates without a good reason, as this is considered vandalism. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:20, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :Oooh, alright noted. :Thank you [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 19:38, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :I don't understand why there is temple ( Incomplete recipe) on the recipes I created, I have completed everything [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 10:01, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Can you please show me an example of what a complete article looks like so I can do it the right way [[User:Fatimah Bello|Fatimah Bello]] ([[User talk:Fatimah Bello|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatimah Bello|contribs]]) 10:21, 4 May 2026 (UTC) 70kmrab5kqvkcjlc6sa52fdmv1lyopn 102 483095 4633934 2026-05-03T17:17:25Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4633934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofe Nsala''', commonly called White Soup, is a light, delicately spiced soup from the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria, particularly from the Anambra and Imo axis. Unlike most Nigerian soups, it contains no palm oil, giving it a pale, clear appearance. It is traditionally prepared with fresh catfish and raw yam as a thickener, making it one of the most unique and sophisticated soups in Nigerian cuisine. == Ingredients == * 1 kilograms fresh catfish (or chicken/goat meat), cleaned and cut * 200 grams raw yam, peeled and sliced (for thickening) * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * 1 onion * 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste) * 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground * 15 uziza leaves, shredded * 150 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 2 seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Prepare the protein: Wash and clean 1 kilograms fresh catfish (or chicken/goat meat), cleaned and cut thoroughly. Season lightly with diced 1 onion, a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt, and 1 of 2 seasoning cubes. Set aside. If using goat meat or chicken, cook until nearly tender and reserve the stock. # Prepare the yam thickener: Boil the sliced 200 grams raw yam, peeled and sliced (for thickening) pieces in a small pot of water until very soft. Pound or blend into a smooth, lump-free paste. This will serve as the soup thickener. # Cook the fish and build the broth: Place 1 kilograms fresh catfish (or chicken/goat meat), cleaned and cut and 150 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned in a pot. Add enough water to cover. Add 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste), 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground, blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo), and remaining 1 onion. Bring to a boil on medium heat and cook until the fish is just tender do not overcook catfish or it will fall apart. # Add yam thickener and season: Add the yam paste in small spoonfuls into the boiling soup. Stir gently and allow it to dissolve and thicken the broth. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. # Add uziza leaves and finish: Stir in shredded 15 uziza leaves, shredded and cook for 3-5 minutes only. The soup should be light, aromatic, pale in colour, and gently thickened. # Serve: Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, fufu, or semovita. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 2eabs5zh7s7u0sd74imdgeynplh3b3q 4633949 4633934 2026-05-03T17:34:31Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate links, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Ofe Nsala''', commonly called White Soup, is a light, delicately spiced soup from the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria, particularly from the Anambra and Imo axis. Unlike most Nigerian soups, it contains no palm oil, giving it a pale, clear appearance. It is traditionally prepared with fresh catfish and raw yam as a thickener, making it one of the most unique and sophisticated soups in Nigerian cuisine. == Ingredients == * 1 kilograms fresh catfish (or chicken/goat meat), cleaned and cut * 200 grams raw yam, peeled and sliced (for thickening) * 3 tablespoons ground crayfish * 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) * 1 onion * 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste) * 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground * 15 uziza leaves, shredded * 150 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 2 seasoning cubes == Procedure == # Prepare the protein: Wash and clean 1 kilograms fresh catfish (or chicken/goat meat), cleaned and cut thoroughly. Season lightly with diced 1 onion, a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt, and 1 of 2 seasoning cubes. Set aside. If using goat meat or chicken, cook until nearly tender and reserve the stock. # Prepare the yam thickener: Boil the sliced 200 grams raw yam, peeled and sliced (for thickening) pieces in a small pot of water until very soft. Pound or blend into a smooth, lump-free paste. This will serve as the soup thickener. # Cook the fish and build the broth: Place 1 kilograms fresh catfish (or chicken/goat meat), cleaned and cut and 150 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned in a pot. Add enough water to cover. Add 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste), 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground, blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo), and remaining 1 onion. Bring to a boil on medium heat and cook until the fish is just tender do not overcook catfish or it will fall apart. # Add yam thickener and season: Add the yam paste in small spoonfuls into the boiling soup. Stir gently and allow it to dissolve and thicken the broth. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. # Add uziza leaves and finish: Stir in shredded 15 uziza leaves, shredded and cook for 3-5 minutes only. The soup should be light, aromatic, pale in colour, and gently thickened. # Serve: Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, fufu, or semovita. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 31ybfwq4t6gte9g3vcj9e1b32bawnt5 3 483096 4633936 2026-05-03T17:18:40Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ new section 4633936 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) e1g0ov3iivvqr8ufuanl29b3lb62b8t 4633951 4633936 2026-05-03T17:43:15Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4633951 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Royalesignature|Royalesignature]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:43, 3 May 2026 (UTC) leo1sqxzj00ydcxrpbraisc0i7kdxvi 4633958 4633951 2026-05-03T18:08:05Z Royalesignature 3455025 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4633958 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Royalesignature|Royalesignature]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:43, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many thanks @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], please is there anything missing in my contributions so fat because I followed the template i saw on the main page please kindly point out to the missing part that needs attention [[User:Royalesignature|Royalesignature]] ([[User talk:Royalesignature|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Royalesignature|contribs]]) 18:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) 7dyk17izax1x81q1pfzsk1j8avr9skk 4633967 4633958 2026-05-03T19:52:01Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4633967 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Royalesignature|Royalesignature]] additionally, I see that you are adding many incomplete recipes in bulk—could you please refrain from adding new recipes until you complete the recipes you have already added? Thank you, and let me know if you need any help! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:43, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many thanks @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], please is there anything missing in my contributions so fat because I followed the template i saw on the main page please kindly point out to the missing part that needs attention [[User:Royalesignature|Royalesignature]] ([[User talk:Royalesignature|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Royalesignature|contribs]]) 18:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::Hi @[[User:Royalesignature|Royalesignature]]. I'm not sure what you mean about the main page, but you should be following the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]]. I listed the issues with each recipe on its own page, but they largely come down to: :::* Not linking ingredients to the corresponding ingredient page :::* Not including quantities or other sufficient ingredient guidance to make the recipe :::* Ambiguous ingredients (e.g. "pepper") :::* Vague and broad instructions that don't provide sufficient information for someone to make the recipe. :::—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:52, 3 May 2026 (UTC) hsgkan2dd2sr3sc48alyh0xy0zhp6tp 102 483097 4633952 2026-05-03T17:43:33Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4633952 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofe Akwu''' is the Igbo name for palm fruit soup, a deeply flavourful soup made from fresh palm fruit extract. While closely related to Banga soup, the Igbo version has a distinct spice profile, lighter seasoning, and is traditionally served with pounded yam. It is a staple across Igbo communities in Anambra, Imo, Enugu, Abia, and Delta states. == Ingredients == * 1 kilograms fresh palm fruits (or canned palm fruit concentrate) * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, goat meat, oxtail) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish, deboned == Procedure == # Extract the palm fruit juice: Boil 1 kilograms fresh palm fruits (or canned palm fruit concentrate) in water for 20-25 minutes until soft. Pound in a mortar to loosen flesh from the seeds. Add warm water and squeeze the extract through a sieve. Discard fibre and seeds. If using canned concentrate, dilute as directed. # Cook the meats: Season 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, goat meat, oxtail) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway through cooking. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Cook the palm extract: Pour palm fruit extract into a pot. Cook on medium heat, stirring occasionally, until it thickens and oil rises to the surface about 15–20 minutes # Add seasoning and proteins: Add 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste), 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground, and blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) into the pot. Stir well. Add cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, goat meat, oxtail), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned. Pour in reserved meat stock. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir and simmer on medium heat. # Adjust and finish: Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. The soup should be thick, rich, and deeply orange-red. If too thick, add a little warm water and stir. # Add leaves and serve: Stir in shredded 150 grams uziza leaves or bitter leaf, shredded. Cook for 3–5 minutes only. Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, or fufu. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] stum6gedtv2551slvjndf9zxm2ofatz 4633953 4633952 2026-05-03T17:44:44Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate links, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Ofe Akwu''' is the Igbo name for palm fruit soup, a deeply flavourful soup made from fresh palm fruit extract. While closely related to Banga soup, the Igbo version has a distinct spice profile, lighter seasoning, and is traditionally served with pounded yam. It is a staple across Igbo communities in Anambra, Imo, Enugu, Abia, and Delta states. == Ingredients == * 1 kilograms fresh palm fruits (or canned palm fruit concentrate) * 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, goat meat, oxtail) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish, deboned == Procedure == # Extract the palm fruit juice: Boil 1 kilograms fresh palm fruits (or canned palm fruit concentrate) in water for 20-25 minutes until soft. Pound in a mortar to loosen flesh from the seeds. Add warm water and squeeze the extract through a sieve. Discard fibre and seeds. If using canned concentrate, dilute as directed. # Cook the meats: Season 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, goat meat, oxtail) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway through cooking. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Cook the palm extract: Pour palm fruit extract into a pot. Cook on medium heat, stirring occasionally, until it thickens and oil rises to the surface about 15–20 minutes # Add seasoning and proteins: Add 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste), 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground, and blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) into the pot. Stir well. Add cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, goat meat, oxtail), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned. Pour in reserved meat stock. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir and simmer on medium heat. # Adjust and finish: Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. The soup should be thick, rich, and deeply orange-red. If too thick, add a little warm water and stir. # Add leaves and serve: Stir in shredded 150 grams uziza leaves or bitter leaf, shredded. Cook for 3–5 minutes only. Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), eba, or fufu. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] gwnrrabamzv0y6129rrhge31zy3w6hx 102 483098 4633954 2026-05-03T17:55:17Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4633954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Efere Ikon''' is the traditional pepper soup of the Efik and Ibibio people of Cross River and Akwa Ibom states in southeastern Nigeria. Known for its complex, deeply aromatic spice blend and rich broth, it is one of the most sophisticated pepper soups in Nigerian cuisine. It is served at ceremonies, celebrations, and as a medicinal restorative after illness or childbirth. == Ingredients == ** 1 kilograms assorted meat or fresh catfish (or both), cleaned and cut ** 2 tablespoons efik pepper soup spice mix (ikon ewon) ** 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground ** 1 teaspoons ataiko (alligator pepper), ground ** 1 tablespoons utazi leaves, shredded ** 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) ** 1 onion ** 3 tablespoons ground crayfish ** 150 grams periwinkles, washed (optional) ** 1 tablespoons nchanwu (scent leaf / basil), shredded ** 2 seasoning cubes ** 1 teaspoons salt == Procedure == # Start the protein: Wash and clean 1 kilograms assorted meat or fresh catfish (or both), cleaned and cut thoroughly. Place in a pot with diced 1 onion and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add just enough water to cover. Begin cooking on medium heat. # Add the spice blend: Add 2 tablespoons efik pepper soup spice mix (ikon ewon), 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground, and 1 teaspoons ataiko (alligator pepper), ground into the pot. Stir well to distribute the spices evenly through the broth. Do not cover the pot. # Add pepper, crayfish and periwinkles: Add blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) and 3 tablespoons ground crayfish into the broth. If using 150 grams periwinkles, washed (optional), add them now. Stir gently. Continue cooking on medium heat, uncovered, until the meat or fish is fully cooked and the broth is deeply aromatic. # Season and adjust: Add remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. The broth should be bold, peppery, and intensely spiced. Add a little hot water if the broth has reduced too much. # Add leaves and serve: Stir in shredded 1 tablespoons utazi leaves, shredded and 1 tablespoons nchanwu (scent leaf / basil), shredded just before serving. Cook for 2 minutes only. Serve hot in deep bowls, on its own or with boiled yam, white rice, or plantain. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] dhe3r6oeqyow42fmibgsk0teg1dnz4e 4633961 4633954 2026-05-03T19:21:53Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4633961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate links, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Efere Ikon''' is the traditional pepper soup of the Efik and Ibibio people of Cross River and Akwa Ibom states in southeastern Nigeria. Known for its complex, deeply aromatic spice blend and rich broth, it is one of the most sophisticated pepper soups in Nigerian cuisine. It is served at ceremonies, celebrations, and as a medicinal restorative after illness or childbirth. == Ingredients == ** 1 kilograms assorted meat or fresh catfish (or both), cleaned and cut ** 2 tablespoons efik pepper soup spice mix (ikon ewon) ** 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground ** 1 teaspoons ataiko (alligator pepper), ground ** 1 tablespoons utazi leaves, shredded ** 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) ** 1 onion ** 3 tablespoons ground crayfish ** 150 grams periwinkles, washed (optional) ** 1 tablespoons nchanwu (scent leaf / basil), shredded ** 2 seasoning cubes ** 1 teaspoons salt == Procedure == # Start the protein: Wash and clean 1 kilograms assorted meat or fresh catfish (or both), cleaned and cut thoroughly. Place in a pot with diced 1 onion and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add just enough water to cover. Begin cooking on medium heat. # Add the spice blend: Add 2 tablespoons efik pepper soup spice mix (ikon ewon), 1 teaspoons ehuru (African nutmeg), ground, and 1 teaspoons ataiko (alligator pepper), ground into the pot. Stir well to distribute the spices evenly through the broth. Do not cover the pot. # Add pepper, crayfish and periwinkles: Add blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo) and 3 tablespoons ground crayfish into the broth. If using 150 grams periwinkles, washed (optional), add them now. Stir gently. Continue cooking on medium heat, uncovered, until the meat or fish is fully cooked and the broth is deeply aromatic. # Season and adjust: Add remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. The broth should be bold, peppery, and intensely spiced. Add a little hot water if the broth has reduced too much. # Add leaves and serve: Stir in shredded 1 tablespoons utazi leaves, shredded and 1 tablespoons nchanwu (scent leaf / basil), shredded just before serving. Cook for 2 minutes only. Serve hot in deep bowls, on its own or with boiled yam, white rice, or plantain. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 50577iqbflz3pa122n2mmckkwkjnibq 0 483099 4633968 2026-05-03T19:55:09Z Reillylb93 3572239 New section 4633968 wikitext text/x-wiki Nursing Homes are able to keep track of when their survey "might" take place. Typically, annual surveys take place very 9-15 months, with an average of every 12 months. Complaint investigations can also be triggered when formal complaints are made by residents, families, or staff about quality of care or abuse. When a survey occurs depends on the local Department of Public Health and what State the Nursing Home operates in. Being able to know when a Nursing Home is due for a survey allows Social Services and other departments to prepare. Social Services typically oversee the complaint forms or concern forms that residents are able to use in order to get their issues resolved. It is also a way for the Nursing Home to keep track of the report and to ensure appropriate follow-up. These concern forms are typically kept in file folders or digitally. Prior to a survey, Social Services should ensure these forms are organized and completed to the fullest extent. Surveyors often request these complaint forms when responding to resident concerns they hear about while on the floor. Concern forms allow the Nursing Home to say, here, we have been made aware of all these concerns, and this is what we have done over a period of time. Notes from Resident Council and other meetings can also be referred to. The Social Services Director also should be completing weekly audits ensuring assessments like PHQ9's are completed and not outstanding, clients' preferences are added to their chart, and it is person centered, that updated documents like releases of information are signed and uploaded, among other related tasks. For example, every resident living in a Nursing Home in Colorado requires a PASRR, pre-admission screening and resident review program, prior to being admitted to a NH including updated when certain criteria are met. Ensuring every resident has a PASRR and that they are uploaded to their chart is an on-going task that will prepare the department for a survey. In preparation for surveys, Social Services departments can also make a list of their high level, mental health residents and ensure ongoing mental health supports are in place. This includes weekly or monthly check-ins with their mental health providers and offering additional supports where appropriate. Social Services departments should ensure weekly audits and compliance to ensure that upon survey day, they are ready. Surveys can happen at any moment, so it's best to be prepared. More in depth audits and compliance assurance can be completed when annual surveys are anticipated. pahy1o73rzurakikgnfe75itwjfl76y 4634003 4633968 2026-05-03T22:34:21Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4634003 wikitext text/x-wiki Nursing Homes are able to keep track of when their survey "might" take place. Typically, annual surveys take place very 9-15 months, with an average of every 12 months. Complaint investigations can also be triggered when formal complaints are made by residents, families, or staff about quality of care or abuse. When a survey occurs depends on the local Department of Public Health and what State the Nursing Home operates in. Being able to know when a Nursing Home is due for a survey allows Social Services and other departments to prepare. Social Services typically oversee the complaint forms or concern forms that residents are able to use in order to get their issues resolved. It is also a way for the Nursing Home to keep track of the report and to ensure appropriate follow-up. These concern forms are typically kept in file folders or digitally. Prior to a survey, Social Services should ensure these forms are organized and completed to the fullest extent. Surveyors often request these complaint forms when responding to resident concerns they hear about while on the floor. Concern forms allow the Nursing Home to say, here, we have been made aware of all these concerns, and this is what we have done over a period of time. Notes from Resident Council and other meetings can also be referred to. The Social Services Director also should be completing weekly audits ensuring assessments like PHQ9's are completed and not outstanding, clients' preferences are added to their chart, and it is person centered, that updated documents like releases of information are signed and uploaded, among other related tasks. For example, every resident living in a Nursing Home in Colorado requires a PASRR, pre-admission screening and resident review program, prior to being admitted to a NH including updated when certain criteria are met. Ensuring every resident has a PASRR and that they are uploaded to their chart is an on-going task that will prepare the department for a survey. In preparation for surveys, Social Services departments can also make a list of their high level, mental health residents and ensure ongoing mental health supports are in place. This includes weekly or monthly check-ins with their mental health providers and offering additional supports where appropriate. Social Services departments should ensure weekly audits and compliance to ensure that upon survey day, they are ready. Surveys can happen at any moment, so it's best to be prepared. More in depth audits and compliance assurance can be completed when annual surveys are anticipated. {{BookCat}} a1ylunl7i0d2lh3fhi7wrxqg0jwosan 2 483100 4633970 2026-05-03T20:09:29Z RTNRanntan 3580993 /* */ CC By-SA 4.0 GFDL 4633970 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 483101 4633976 2026-05-03T20:23:20Z ~2026-24486-96 3578216 Created page with "'''Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)''' is a '''programming paradigm''' where a system is modeled as a set of '''objects that interact with each other'''. An '''object''' is an entity that has: * '''State''' → stored data (e.g., <code>data</code>, <code>top</code>) * '''Behavior''' → operations it can perform (methods) ==== OO Language vs OO Programming ==== ===== Object-Oriented Language ===== A language that '''provides features''' to support OOP. * Examples:..." 4633976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)''' is a '''programming paradigm''' where a system is modeled as a set of '''objects that interact with each other'''. An '''object''' is an entity that has: * '''State''' → stored data (e.g., <code>data</code>, <code>top</code>) * '''Behavior''' → operations it can perform (methods) ==== OO Language vs OO Programming ==== ===== Object-Oriented Language ===== A language that '''provides features''' to support OOP. * Examples: Java, Python ===== Object-Oriented Programming ===== A '''style of programming''' that uses: * Objects * Encapsulation * Inheritance * Polymorphism ===== Exam trap: ===== ''Using an OO language does NOT guarantee OO programming'' ''And OO programming can be simulated in non-OO languages (like SML)'' ecq5wtw6maxw1tx9s3c5r0a72oj6ftm 4633977 4633976 2026-05-03T20:24:46Z ~2026-24486-96 3578216 4633977 wikitext text/x-wiki Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm where a system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. An object is an entity that has: * '''State''' → stored data (e.g., <code>data</code>, <code>top</code>) * '''Behavior''' → operations it can perform (methods) === OO Language vs OO Programming === ==== Object-Oriented Language ==== A language that provides features to support OOP. * Examples: Java, Python ==== Object-Oriented Programming ==== A style of programming that uses: * Objects * Encapsulation * Inheritance * Polymorphism ==== Exam trap: ==== ''Using an OO language does NOT guarantee OO programming'' ''And OO programming can be simulated in non-OO languages (like SML)'' ni5592fwbni78804mtke9bfjs2pzhsc 4634002 4633977 2026-05-03T22:34:18Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4634002 wikitext text/x-wiki Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm where a system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. An object is an entity that has: * '''State''' → stored data (e.g., <code>data</code>, <code>top</code>) * '''Behavior''' → operations it can perform (methods) === OO Language vs OO Programming === ==== Object-Oriented Language ==== A language that provides features to support OOP. * Examples: Java, Python ==== Object-Oriented Programming ==== A style of programming that uses: * Objects * Encapsulation * Inheritance * Polymorphism ==== Exam trap: ==== ''Using an OO language does NOT guarantee OO programming'' ''And OO programming can be simulated in non-OO languages (like SML)'' {{BookCat}} rrdfa40vwkkj1svgbivpcfggtm1bljs 0 483102 4633979 2026-05-03T20:47:08Z ~2026-24486-96 3578216 Created page with "=== Objects as Functions (Conceptual Model) === A useful abstraction:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> message → response </syntaxhighlight> Meaning: * You send a message (<code>getData</code>) * The object returns a response (<code>"Hello"</code>) ==== Example — Java ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Node { private String data; private Node link; public Node(String data, Node link) { this.data = data; this.link = link; } pu..." 4633979 wikitext text/x-wiki === Objects as Functions (Conceptual Model) === A useful abstraction:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> message → response </syntaxhighlight> Meaning: * You send a message (<code>getData</code>) * The object returns a response (<code>"Hello"</code>) ==== Example — Java ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Node { private String data; private Node link; public Node(String data, Node link) { this.data = data; this.link = link; } public String getData() { return data; } } </syntaxhighlight>Here: * Message → <code>getData()</code> * Response → <code>String</code> ==== Same idea in SML (OO simulation) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> datatype message = GetData | GetLink; datatype response = Data of string | Object of message -> response; fun node data link GetData = Data data | node data link GetLink = Object link; </syntaxhighlight>The “object” is literally a function:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> message -> response </syntaxhighlight>Limitation: * No strong compile-time checking for valid messages === OO in ML vs Java === {| class="wikitable" !ML !JAVA |- | * Functional language * OO is not native * Can simulate OO | * Built-in OO support * But does NOT enforce OO style |} === Non-OO Programming in Java === ==== Classes used as data structures ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Node { public String data; public Node link; } </syntaxhighlight> Problems: * No encapsulation * Data is exposed ==== Behavior outside objects ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> static void add(Stack s, String data) { Node n = new Node(); n.data = data; n.link = s.top; s.top = n; } </syntaxhighlight>Problem: * Data and behavior are separated * Not truly OO ioqbzh567i033pee72vptb4e31d08k2 4634001 4633979 2026-05-03T22:34:15Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4634001 wikitext text/x-wiki === Objects as Functions (Conceptual Model) === A useful abstraction:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> message → response </syntaxhighlight> Meaning: * You send a message (<code>getData</code>) * The object returns a response (<code>"Hello"</code>) ==== Example — Java ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Node { private String data; private Node link; public Node(String data, Node link) { this.data = data; this.link = link; } public String getData() { return data; } } </syntaxhighlight>Here: * Message → <code>getData()</code> * Response → <code>String</code> ==== Same idea in SML (OO simulation) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> datatype message = GetData | GetLink; datatype response = Data of string | Object of message -> response; fun node data link GetData = Data data | node data link GetLink = Object link; </syntaxhighlight>The “object” is literally a function:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> message -> response </syntaxhighlight>Limitation: * No strong compile-time checking for valid messages === OO in ML vs Java === {| class="wikitable" !ML !JAVA |- | * Functional language * OO is not native * Can simulate OO | * Built-in OO support * But does NOT enforce OO style |} === Non-OO Programming in Java === ==== Classes used as data structures ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Node { public String data; public Node link; } </syntaxhighlight> Problems: * No encapsulation * Data is exposed ==== Behavior outside objects ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> static void add(Stack s, String data) { Node n = new Node(); n.data = data; n.link = s.top; s.top = n; } </syntaxhighlight>Problem: * Data and behavior are separated * Not truly OO {{BookCat}} gxxx9gguk8prvebnorfnhfc22v464hm 0 483103 4633984 2026-05-03T21:28:28Z ~2026-24486-96 3578216 Created page with "=== Classes === A class is a blueprint used to create objects. It defines: * fields (state) * methods (behavior) ==== Key roles of classes: ==== * Group data + behavior * Allow object creation (instantiation) * Act as a type * Serve as a unit for inheritance * Provide a namespace (organizing code) ==== Example - Java ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Stack { private Node top; public boolean hasMore() { return top != null; } public vo..." 4633984 wikitext text/x-wiki === Classes === A class is a blueprint used to create objects. It defines: * fields (state) * methods (behavior) ==== Key roles of classes: ==== * Group data + behavior * Allow object creation (instantiation) * Act as a type * Serve as a unit for inheritance * Provide a namespace (organizing code) ==== Example - Java ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Stack { private Node top; public boolean hasMore() { return top != null; } public void add(String data) { top = new Node(data, top); } } </syntaxhighlight>Here: * <code>top</code> = state * <code>add</code>, <code>hasMore</code> = behavior ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python">class Stack: def __init__(self): self.top = None def has_more(self): return self.top is not None def add(self, data): self.top = (data, self.top)</syntaxhighlight> ==== SML (no native classes, but similar idea) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> fun stack top HasMore = case top of null => false | _ => true </syntaxhighlight>Behavior is defined via functions instead of classes. ==== Prolog (data + rules) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> has_more(stack([_|_])). add(stack(L), X, stack([X|L])). </syntaxhighlight>Objects are represented as structures. === Prototypes === A prototype is an object used as a template to create new objects by copying it. ==== Key idea: ==== ''Clone → modify → use'' ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import copy stack1 = {"top": None} stack2 = copy.copy(stack1) stack2["top"] = "new value" </syntaxhighlight> ==== JavaScript Style (conceptual) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> let stack1 = { top: null }; let stack2 = Object.create(stack1); stack2.top = "value"; </syntaxhighlight> ==== SML (conceptual cloning) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> val stack1 = [1,2,3] val stack2 = 0 :: stack1 </syntaxhighlight>Not true prototypes, but shows reuse via copying. ==== Prolog ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> clone(stack(L), stack(L)). </syntaxhighlight> === Inheritance === Inheritance allows a child class to reuse and extend a parent class. ==== What is inherited? ==== * Methods * Fields * Behavior ==== Java Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Stack { String top() { return "top"; } } class PeekableStack extends Stack { String peek() { return top(); } } </syntaxhighlight> ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> class Stack: def top(self): return "top" class PeekableStack(Stack): def peek(self): return self.top() </syntaxhighlight> ==== SML (message forwarding) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> fun peekableStack top Peek = top GetData | peekableStack top msg = stack top msg; </syntaxhighlight>Unknown messages are forwarded (like inheritance) ==== Prolog ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> top(stack([H|_]), H). peek(S, X) :- top(S, X). </syntaxhighlight>Reuse via rules === Encapsulation === Encapsulation is the practice of hiding internal details and exposing only a controlled interface. ==== Why it matters: ==== * Prevents misuse * Protects invariants * Improves modularity ==== Java (strong encapsulation) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Node { private String data; public String getData() { return data; } } </syntaxhighlight> ==== Python (convention-based) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> class Node: def __init__(self): self._data = "secret" </syntaxhighlight> ==== SML (lexical scoping) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> fun makeNode data = let val hidden = data in fn () => hidden end </syntaxhighlight><code>hidden</code> is inaccessible outside ==== Prolog ==== Encapsulation via module boundaries (if supported) === Polymorphism === Polymorphism allows different objects to respond to the same method name. ==== Types (simplified): ==== * Same interface * Different implementations ==== Java Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> interface Shape { void draw(); } class Circle implements Shape { public void draw() { System.out.println("Circle"); } } class Square implements Shape { public void draw() { System.out.println("Square"); } } </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="java"> void render(Shape s) { s.draw(); } </syntaxhighlight> ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> class Circle: def draw(self): print("Circle") class Square: def draw(self): print("Square") def render(shape): shape.draw() </syntaxhighlight> ==== SML ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> fun draw shape = case shape of "circle" => "Circle" | "square" => "Square" </syntaxhighlight> ==== Prolog ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> draw(circle). draw(square). </syntaxhighlight> === Dynamic Dispatch === Dynamic dispatch is the process where the system determines '''at runtime''' which method to execute. ==== Key Idea: ==== You don’t manually check types — the system does it ==== Java Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> Shape s = new Circle(); s.draw(); // calls Circle's version </syntaxhighlight> ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> shape = Circle() shape.draw() </syntaxhighlight> === Exam Insights (Important) === * Classes = structure + behavior * Prototypes = cloning instead of classes * Inheritance = reuse + extension * Encapsulation = information hiding * Polymorphism = same interface, different behavior * Dynamic dispatch = runtime method selection 8w5h20rl3f6ofapfpxr1u90ta1de9mc 4634000 4633984 2026-05-03T22:34:12Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4634000 wikitext text/x-wiki === Classes === A class is a blueprint used to create objects. It defines: * fields (state) * methods (behavior) ==== Key roles of classes: ==== * Group data + behavior * Allow object creation (instantiation) * Act as a type * Serve as a unit for inheritance * Provide a namespace (organizing code) ==== Example - Java ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Stack { private Node top; public boolean hasMore() { return top != null; } public void add(String data) { top = new Node(data, top); } } </syntaxhighlight>Here: * <code>top</code> = state * <code>add</code>, <code>hasMore</code> = behavior ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python">class Stack: def __init__(self): self.top = None def has_more(self): return self.top is not None def add(self, data): self.top = (data, self.top)</syntaxhighlight> ==== SML (no native classes, but similar idea) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> fun stack top HasMore = case top of null => false | _ => true </syntaxhighlight>Behavior is defined via functions instead of classes. ==== Prolog (data + rules) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> has_more(stack([_|_])). add(stack(L), X, stack([X|L])). </syntaxhighlight>Objects are represented as structures. === Prototypes === A prototype is an object used as a template to create new objects by copying it. ==== Key idea: ==== ''Clone → modify → use'' ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import copy stack1 = {"top": None} stack2 = copy.copy(stack1) stack2["top"] = "new value" </syntaxhighlight> ==== JavaScript Style (conceptual) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> let stack1 = { top: null }; let stack2 = Object.create(stack1); stack2.top = "value"; </syntaxhighlight> ==== SML (conceptual cloning) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> val stack1 = [1,2,3] val stack2 = 0 :: stack1 </syntaxhighlight>Not true prototypes, but shows reuse via copying. ==== Prolog ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> clone(stack(L), stack(L)). </syntaxhighlight> === Inheritance === Inheritance allows a child class to reuse and extend a parent class. ==== What is inherited? ==== * Methods * Fields * Behavior ==== Java Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Stack { String top() { return "top"; } } class PeekableStack extends Stack { String peek() { return top(); } } </syntaxhighlight> ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> class Stack: def top(self): return "top" class PeekableStack(Stack): def peek(self): return self.top() </syntaxhighlight> ==== SML (message forwarding) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> fun peekableStack top Peek = top GetData | peekableStack top msg = stack top msg; </syntaxhighlight>Unknown messages are forwarded (like inheritance) ==== Prolog ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> top(stack([H|_]), H). peek(S, X) :- top(S, X). </syntaxhighlight>Reuse via rules === Encapsulation === Encapsulation is the practice of hiding internal details and exposing only a controlled interface. ==== Why it matters: ==== * Prevents misuse * Protects invariants * Improves modularity ==== Java (strong encapsulation) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> class Node { private String data; public String getData() { return data; } } </syntaxhighlight> ==== Python (convention-based) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> class Node: def __init__(self): self._data = "secret" </syntaxhighlight> ==== SML (lexical scoping) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> fun makeNode data = let val hidden = data in fn () => hidden end </syntaxhighlight><code>hidden</code> is inaccessible outside ==== Prolog ==== Encapsulation via module boundaries (if supported) === Polymorphism === Polymorphism allows different objects to respond to the same method name. ==== Types (simplified): ==== * Same interface * Different implementations ==== Java Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> interface Shape { void draw(); } class Circle implements Shape { public void draw() { System.out.println("Circle"); } } class Square implements Shape { public void draw() { System.out.println("Square"); } } </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="java"> void render(Shape s) { s.draw(); } </syntaxhighlight> ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> class Circle: def draw(self): print("Circle") class Square: def draw(self): print("Square") def render(shape): shape.draw() </syntaxhighlight> ==== SML ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="sml"> fun draw shape = case shape of "circle" => "Circle" | "square" => "Square" </syntaxhighlight> ==== Prolog ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="prolog"> draw(circle). draw(square). </syntaxhighlight> === Dynamic Dispatch === Dynamic dispatch is the process where the system determines '''at runtime''' which method to execute. ==== Key Idea: ==== You don’t manually check types — the system does it ==== Java Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> Shape s = new Circle(); s.draw(); // calls Circle's version </syntaxhighlight> ==== Python Example ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> shape = Circle() shape.draw() </syntaxhighlight> === Exam Insights (Important) === * Classes = structure + behavior * Prototypes = cloning instead of classes * Inheritance = reuse + extension * Encapsulation = information hiding * Polymorphism = same interface, different behavior * Dynamic dispatch = runtime method selection {{BookCat}} 5lq56z73d3ztmytb8sg2ooiazztrh25 0 483104 4633988 2026-05-03T22:08:47Z ~2026-26862-94 3581007 Slangs and emojis - megan c 4633988 wikitext text/x-wiki == The norms of texting in Japan == ==== American vs. Japanese Social Norms ​ ==== ==== Japan Perspective on Texting ​ ==== ==== Texting Etiquette​ ==== ==== Slang and Emoji Usage ==== Text-based communication in Japan relies heavily on nuanced slang and a highly developed system of visual expression. Similarly to American culture Japanese netizens use "slang", informal and trendy language, to communicate amongst friends and peers especially for the younger generations. In western contexts emojis are often used for emphasis or tone, Japanese messaging culture integrates them as essential components of meaning. This practice can be traced back to the early development of emoji (or kaomoji) in Japan, particularly through mobile platforms like LINE, where visual symbols became standardized forms of emotional expression. Japanese slang in texting tends to be context-dependent and often reflects pop culture. Due to worldwide impact of roman letters even in Japanese mobile keyboards, slang terms utilize and even combined Japanese language (kanji, katakana, hiragana) with roman letters. For example, a popular slang is "w", frequently used to indicate laughter, derived from the word “笑い” (warai) meaning to laugh. In context people use this on its own or at the end of phrases, it can also be denoted as "www"~ to imply more laughter. Slang is ever evolving and derived from common phrases and even existing slang. Such as "草" (kusa) with literal meaning "grass" however the prevenance of using multiple w's (wwwwww) looks like grass growing on the screen. There are many more slangs coming from onomatopoeia, media references, and shortening formal phrases. Here are some popular examples below in table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+ !Slang !Word !Translation !Context |- |Jk |女子高生 (Joshikōsei) |high school girl |sexual expression referring to younger girl |- |888 |パチ (pachi) |Onomatopoeia for clapping |to denote clapping or more 8's for more clapping |- |DKQ |ドキュン (Donkyun) |idiot who acts without any thinking |came from a variety show called ''Mugumi! Dokyun'', which gave life advice to struggling couples |- |乙 (''otsu'') |お疲れ様です (''otsukare sama desu'') |Thank you for your hard work. |Thanking or greeting like “Hi” or "Bye" |} Emojis (emoji/kaomoji) help convey feelings, reducing misunderstanding in digital communication. These are used to feel less direct or harsh, aligning with Japanese norms, signally friendliness and/or attentiveness. Unlike western emojis, the emojis are often much more detailed and expressive which more accurately portray tone. Japanese mobile keyboard has its set of its own ''kaomoji'' ''or'' emoticons created using keyboard characters in addition to standard emojis. Table 2 show common types of kaomojis. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Postive !Sad !Angry !Greetings !Actions |- |(* ^ ω ^) |(╥﹏╥) |(＃Д´) |＼(⌒▽⌒) |ε=ε=ε=ε=┌(;￣▽￣)┘ |- |＼(￣▽￣)／ |(╯︵╰,) |┌∩┐(◣_◢)┌∩┐ |(＠´ー)ﾉﾞ |(＿ ＿*) Z z z |- |(/▽＼)｡o○♡ |(ﾉД) |(╬益´) |＼(^o^)／ |ヾ(´〇`)ﾉ♪♪♪ |} ==== LINE app ==== hf9w48hiajnx9kgj4ashimq6611khkq 0 483105 4633992 2026-05-03T22:16:44Z ~2026-26862-94 3581007 Lentis- slang and emoji -megan c 4633992 wikitext text/x-wiki == The norms of texting in Japan == ==== American vs. Japanese Social Norms ==== ==== Japan Perspective on Texting ==== ==== Texting Etiquette ==== ==== Slang and Emoji Usage ==== Text-based communication in Japan relies heavily on nuanced slang and a highly developed system of visual expression. Similarly to American culture Japanese netizens use "slang", informal and trendy language, to communicate amongst friends and peers especially for the younger generations. In western contexts emojis are often used for emphasis or tone, Japanese messaging culture integrates them as essential components of meaning. This practice can be traced back to the early development of emoji (or kaomoji) in Japan, particularly through mobile platforms like LINE, where visual symbols became standardized forms of emotional expression. Japanese slang in texting tends to be context-dependent and often reflects pop culture. Due to worldwide impact of roman letters even in Japanese mobile keyboards, slang terms utilize and even combined Japanese language (kanji, katakana, hiragana) with roman letters. For example, a popular slang is "w", frequently used to indicate laughter, derived from the word “笑い” (warai) meaning to laugh. In context people use this on its own or at the end of phrases, it can also be denoted as "www"~ to imply more laughter. Slang is ever evolving and derived from common phrases and even existing slang. Such as "草" (kusa) with literal meaning "grass" however the prevenance of using multiple w's (wwwwww) looks like grass growing on the screen. There are many more slangs coming from onomatopoeia, media references, and shortening formal phrases. Here are some popular examples below in table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+ !Slang !Word !Translation !Context |- |Jk |女子高生 (Joshikōsei) |high school girl |sexual expression referring to younger girl |- |888 |パチ (pachi) |Onomatopoeia for clapping |to denote clapping or more 8's for more clapping |- |DKQ |ドキュン (Donkyun) |idiot who acts without any thinking |came from a variety show called ''Mugumi! Dokyun'', which gave life advice to struggling couples |- |乙 (''otsu'') |お疲れ様です (''otsukare sama desu'') |Thank you for your hard work. |Thanking or greeting like “Hi” or "Bye" |} Emojis (emoji/kaomoji) help convey feelings, reducing misunderstanding in digital communication. These are used to feel less direct or harsh, aligning with Japanese norms, signally friendliness and/or attentiveness. Unlike western emojis, the emojis are often much more detailed and expressive which more accurately portray tone. Japanese mobile keyboard has its set of its own ''kaomoji'' ''or'' emoticons created using keyboard characters in addition to standard emojis. Table 2 show common types of kaomojis. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Postive !Sad !Angry !Greetings !Actions |- |(* ^ ω ^) |(╥﹏╥) |(＃Д´) |＼(⌒▽⌒) |ε=ε=ε=ε=┌(;￣▽￣)┘ |- |＼(￣▽￣)／ |(╯︵╰,) |┌∩┐(◣_◢)┌∩┐ |(＠´ー)ﾉﾞ |(＿ ＿*) Z z z |- |(/▽＼)｡o○♡ |(ﾉД) |(╬益´) |＼(^o^)／ |ヾ(´〇`)ﾉ♪♪♪ |} ==== LINE app ==== l9c4go6nkc0izxoenra5iumj22igqqc 4633997 4633992 2026-05-03T22:28:38Z ~2026-26862-94 3581007 cite slang/emoji 4633997 wikitext text/x-wiki == The norms of texting in Japan == ==== American vs. Japanese Social Norms ==== ==== Japan Perspective on Texting ==== ==== Texting Etiquette ==== ==== Slang and Emoji Usage ==== Text-based communication in Japan relies heavily on nuanced slang and a highly developed system of visual expression. Similarly to American culture Japanese netizens use "slang", informal and trendy language, to communicate amongst friends and peers especially for the younger generations<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=Learn Japanese Slang With These 50 Examples |url=https://preply.com/en/blog/japanese-slang/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |language=en}}</ref>. In western contexts emojis are often used for emphasis or tone, Japanese messaging culture integrates them as essential components of meaning. This practice can be traced back to the early development of emoji (or kaomoji) in Japan, particularly through mobile platforms like LINE, where visual symbols became standardized forms of emotional expression. Japanese slang in texting tends to be context-dependent and often reflects pop culture. Due to worldwide impact of roman letters even in Japanese mobile keyboards, slang terms utilize and even combined Japanese language (kanji, katakana, hiragana) with roman letters. For example, a popular slang is "w", frequently used to indicate laughter, derived from the word “笑い” (warai) meaning to laugh<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Deutsch |first=Anna |date=2025-12-04 |title=21 Japanese Internet Slang & Texting Terms |url=https://cotoacademy.com/japanese-internet-slang-and-texting-terms-kaomoji/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Coto Japanese Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>. In context people use this on its own or at the end of phrases, it can also be denoted as "www"~ to imply more laughter. Slang is ever evolving and derived from common phrases and even existing slang. Such as "草" (kusa) with literal meaning "grass" however the prevenance of using multiple w's (wwwwww) looks like grass growing on the screen<ref name=":0" />. There are many more slangs coming from onomatopoeia, media references, and shortening formal phrases. Here are some popular examples below in table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+ !Slang !Word !Translation !Context |- |Jk<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=JapanesePod101.com |date=2019-07-23 |title=Our Guide to Japanese Internet & Text Slang |url=https://www.japanesepod101.com/blog/2019/07/23/japanese-text-slang/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=JapanesePod101.com Blog |language=en}}</ref> |女子高生 (Joshikōsei) |high school girl |sexual expression referring to younger girl |- |888<ref name=":0" /> |パチ (pachi) |Onomatopoeia for clapping |to denote clapping or more 8's for more clapping |- |DKQ<ref name=":1" /> |ドキュン (Donkyun) |idiot who acts without any thinking |came from a variety show called ''Mugumi! Dokyun'', which gave life advice to struggling couples |- |乙 (''otsu'')<ref name=":0" /> |お疲れ様です (''otsukare sama desu'') |Thank you for your hard work. |Thanking or greeting like “Hi” or "Bye" |} Emojis (emoji/kaomoji) help convey feelings, reducing misunderstanding in digital communication. These are used to feel less direct or harsh, aligning with Japanese norms, signally friendliness and/or attentiveness. Unlike western emojis, the emojis are often much more detailed and expressive which more accurately portray tone. Japanese mobile keyboard has its set of its own ''kaomoji'' ''or'' emoticons created using keyboard characters in addition to standard emojis. Table 2 show common types of kaomojis<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaomoji (顔文字): Japanese Emoticons |url=https://www.kaomoji.co/pages/emoji |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Kaomoji ® Official |language=en}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Postive !Sad !Angry !Greetings !Actions |- |(* ^ ω ^) |(╥﹏╥) |(＃Д´) |＼(⌒▽⌒) |ε=ε=ε=ε=┌(;￣▽￣)┘ |- |＼(￣▽￣)／ |(╯︵╰,) |┌∩┐(◣_◢)┌∩┐ |(＠´ー)ﾉﾞ |(＿ ＿*) Z z z |- |(/▽＼)｡o○♡ |(ﾉД) |(╬益´) |＼(^o^)／ |ヾ(´〇`)ﾉ♪♪♪ |} ==== LINE app ==== == References == 5m2wacds613s3j3p7oln0f7cr313a2l 4633999 4633997 2026-05-03T22:33:14Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4633999 wikitext text/x-wiki == The norms of texting in Japan == ==== American vs. Japanese Social Norms ==== ==== Japan Perspective on Texting ==== ==== Texting Etiquette ==== ==== Slang and Emoji Usage ==== Text-based communication in Japan relies heavily on nuanced slang and a highly developed system of visual expression. Similarly to American culture Japanese netizens use "slang", informal and trendy language, to communicate amongst friends and peers especially for the younger generations<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=Learn Japanese Slang With These 50 Examples |url=https://preply.com/en/blog/japanese-slang/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |language=en}}</ref>. In western contexts emojis are often used for emphasis or tone, Japanese messaging culture integrates them as essential components of meaning. This practice can be traced back to the early development of emoji (or kaomoji) in Japan, particularly through mobile platforms like LINE, where visual symbols became standardized forms of emotional expression. Japanese slang in texting tends to be context-dependent and often reflects pop culture. Due to worldwide impact of roman letters even in Japanese mobile keyboards, slang terms utilize and even combined Japanese language (kanji, katakana, hiragana) with roman letters. For example, a popular slang is "w", frequently used to indicate laughter, derived from the word “笑い” (warai) meaning to laugh<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Deutsch |first=Anna |date=2025-12-04 |title=21 Japanese Internet Slang & Texting Terms |url=https://cotoacademy.com/japanese-internet-slang-and-texting-terms-kaomoji/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Coto Japanese Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>. In context people use this on its own or at the end of phrases, it can also be denoted as "www"~ to imply more laughter. Slang is ever evolving and derived from common phrases and even existing slang. Such as "草" (kusa) with literal meaning "grass" however the prevenance of using multiple w's (wwwwww) looks like grass growing on the screen<ref name=":0" />. There are many more slangs coming from onomatopoeia, media references, and shortening formal phrases. Here are some popular examples below in table 1 {| class="wikitable" |+ !Slang !Word !Translation !Context |- |Jk<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=JapanesePod101.com |date=2019-07-23 |title=Our Guide to Japanese Internet & Text Slang |url=https://www.japanesepod101.com/blog/2019/07/23/japanese-text-slang/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=JapanesePod101.com Blog |language=en}}</ref> |女子高生 (Joshikōsei) |high school girl |sexual expression referring to younger girl |- |888<ref name=":0" /> |パチ (pachi) |Onomatopoeia for clapping |to denote clapping or more 8's for more clapping |- |DKQ<ref name=":1" /> |ドキュン (Donkyun) |idiot who acts without any thinking |came from a variety show called ''Mugumi! Dokyun'', which gave life advice to struggling couples |- |乙 (''otsu'')<ref name=":0" /> |お疲れ様です (''otsukare sama desu'') |Thank you for your hard work. |Thanking or greeting like “Hi” or "Bye" |} Emojis (emoji/kaomoji) help convey feelings, reducing misunderstanding in digital communication. These are used to feel less direct or harsh, aligning with Japanese norms, signally friendliness and/or attentiveness. Unlike western emojis, the emojis are often much more detailed and expressive which more accurately portray tone. Japanese mobile keyboard has its set of its own ''kaomoji'' ''or'' emoticons created using keyboard characters in addition to standard emojis. Table 2 show common types of kaomojis<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaomoji (顔文字): Japanese Emoticons |url=https://www.kaomoji.co/pages/emoji |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Kaomoji ® Official |language=en}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Postive !Sad !Angry !Greetings !Actions |- |(* ^ ω ^) |(╥﹏╥) |(＃Д´) |＼(⌒▽⌒) |ε=ε=ε=ε=┌(;￣▽￣)┘ |- |＼(￣▽￣)／ |(╯︵╰,) |┌∩┐(◣_◢)┌∩┐ |(＠´ー)ﾉﾞ |(＿ ＿*) Z z z |- |(/▽＼)｡o○♡ |(ﾉД) |(╬益´) |＼(^o^)／ |ヾ(´〇`)ﾉ♪♪♪ |} ==== LINE app ==== == References == {{BookCat}} ipnrb8aj6r5gcbi3krqtvg9njtex83l 0 483106 4634010 2026-05-04T00:13:45Z Reillylb93 3572239 Added section 4634010 wikitext text/x-wiki Professional boundaries can be difficult to pin down, especially when you're new to Social Services. They are essential to maintain your practice and prevent burn out. Social services works closely with residents and their friends, families in emotionally taxing and high environments and situations. Without clear and enforced boundaries, Social Services workers risk emotionally burnout and role confusion. This section outlines the types of boundaries relevant to nursing home practice, along with strategies for creating and maintaining them. '''Types of Boundaries with Examples''' '''Professional''' Working in a Nursing Home serves as staffs place of work, but for residents, this is their home. It can be confusing for residents when they are in need of assistance that staff are driven by professional obligation, not solely choice. Residents and staff are friendly, but not friends. And residents may come to staff as though they are one. It is important to ensure in these moments firm boundaries are in place so to not blur the line between professional and unethical friendship. It is important to be available to residents throughout the day, but not all day. Office hours, signup sheets, signs on door, all help with juggling a Social Services job with daily resident support. Once a staff member is off the clock, that is where the job ends for the day. No communication outside of the Nursing Home with residents is appropriate. This includes sharing personal phone numbers or following on social media. Nursing Homes have policies in place for a reason. Many of them to protect staff from crossing boundaries or vice versa, residents trying to cross boundaries with staff. '''Emotional''' Working in a Nursing Home is a vulnerable and highly emotional environment. Residents experience traumas like devastating medical diagnosis, family or friend conflict, loss of loved ones, ect. In these moments Social Services are responsible for providing emotional support, but this does not require them to take on resident emotions. Understanding that it is normal and appropriate for residents to experience these emotions while also providing them the support they need to process them on their own. d2zu021bn57cf31kt51y5wd0ysd72vs 103 483107 4634016 2026-05-04T04:13:40Z ~2026-26969-53 3581064 /* Inaccurate unit conversions */ new section 4634016 wikitext text/x-wiki == Inaccurate unit conversions == Unfortunately, the 1952 US edition of the book that was used as the source here has attempted to convert the quantities to American units, and when I compare the conversion back to metric units here with the original 1950 Austrian edition of the book (''Wiener Küche, O. & A. Hess, 29th edition [Franz Deuticke: Vienna, Austria] 1950 (p. 430)''), I can say that the conversions in the 1952 US edition are not particularly accurate. The original quantities are, for the cake: * butter '''140g''' (not 170g) * sugar '''160g''' * chocolate '''180g''' (not 170g) * egg yolks '''8''' * egg whites, stiffly whipped '''10''' * flour '''120g''' * apricot jam '''50g''' (no idea whether that roughly corresponds to 2 tbsp or not) and for the icing: * sugar '''200g''' (not 225g) * water '''20cl''' (='''200ml'''='''0.2l''') (not 80ml, which is not even half!) * chocolate '''200g''' (I trivially converted the Austrian decagrams dkg in the book to more international grams g, 1 dkg = 10g.) [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26969-53|&#126;2026-26969-53]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-26969-53|talk]]) 04:13, 4 May 2026 (UTC) 5sxu5q6s6r70ncn8a4q3kkr2ccc8l3r 0 483108 4634026 2026-05-04T07:07:39Z Mrpearsonw 3581081 Created page with "= A history of free market busses in Africa =" 4634026 wikitext text/x-wiki = A history of free market busses in Africa = bpixz54mc1ef14j65onptx2yhhdyccq 4634028 4634026 2026-05-04T07:23:26Z Mrpearsonw 3581081 4634028 wikitext text/x-wiki = A history of free market busses in Africa = {{#display_map: Berlin~The city Berlin~Berlin is a really nice city and there is plenty of Club Mate~Red-marker.png; Amsterdam~The city Amsterdam~Amsterdam is the capital of The Netherlands~Green-marker.png }} 2n5enr71euklgefd9qb1jb8z47to11w 4634030 4634028 2026-05-04T07:26:31Z Mrpearsonw 3581081 /* A history of free market busses in Africa */ 4634030 wikitext text/x-wiki = A history of free market busses in Africa = {{slippymap|lat=51.47800|lon=-0.00149|width=250|height=150|zoom=16}} gi2jsftu6yjw3nb81k5zc6hak4zhdl0 4634032 4634030 2026-05-04T07:28:17Z Mrpearsonw 3581081 4634032 wikitext text/x-wiki = A history of free market busses in Africa = <nowiki><mapframe latitude="48.85" longitude="2.35" zoom="12" width="400" height="300"> { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [2.35, 48.85] } } </mapframe></nowiki> 3guryj4zt6xmfuqsv2bqdvlxrxmvnlc 0 483109 4634027 2026-05-04T07:08:24Z Masrur Alam Khan 3581087 Created page with "== Summary == == Annotated list of factors == == Timeline of events == == Maps of locations == == Identification of policy issues == == Narrative of the case == == References ==" 4634027 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == == Annotated list of factors == == Timeline of events == == Maps of locations == == Identification of policy issues == == Narrative of the case == == References == s8dofsa6jth2hg8vdkehobbxei79jw9 4634033 4634027 2026-05-04T07:37:16Z Masrur Alam Khan 3581087 /* Narrative of the case */ 4634033 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == == Annotated list of factors == == Timeline of events == == Maps of locations == == Identification of policy issues == == Narrative of the case == MK Strøget is a 1.1 kilometre pedestrian‑only street network in central Copenhagen, Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Street Design Guide |url=https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-guide/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Global Designing Cities Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> It is widely regarded as one of the world’s earliest and most influential pedestrianisation projects, serving as a landmark example of large‑scale, people‑first urban design. Located in the historic city centre, Strøget forms a continuous, car‑free corridor running from City Hall Square (Rådhuspladsen) to Kongens Nytorv. Rather than a single street, it comprises a linked sequence of streets and public squares that together function as a coherent and highly legible pedestrian network. Since its pedestrianisation in the early 1960s, Strøget has prioritised walking, social activity and public life over vehicle movement. Wide, level paving and active retail and café frontages support high pedestrian volumes and encourage people to linger, gather, and interact. The street accommodates everyday movement as well as street performance, events, and outdoor dining, reinforcing its role as both a transport corridor and a civic space. Internationally, Strøget is significant for demonstrating that removing cars from city centres can enhance economic activity, urban vitality, and quality of life. Its success has influenced pedestrian‑first streets and city‑centre revitalisation projects around the world and remains a benchmark for strong pedestrian network design. RL == References == fx6lmaqnw83m0e3u15cd0yszxvwdp4e 4634034 4634033 2026-05-04T07:51:22Z Masrur Alam Khan 3581087 /* Narrative of the case */ 4634034 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == == Annotated list of factors == == Timeline of events == == Maps of locations == == Identification of policy issues == == Narrative of the case == MK Strøget is a 1.1 kilometre pedestrian‑only street network in central Copenhagen (Denmark), which was fully pedestrianised in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Street Design Guide |url=https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-guide/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Global Designing Cities Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> It is widely regarded as one of the world’s earliest and most influential pedestrianisation projects, serving as a landmark example of large‑scale, people‑first urban design.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gehl |first=J |title=Cities for people |publisher=Island Press |year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strøget District {{!}} |url=https://www.pps.org/places/strooget-district |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=www.pps.org}}</ref> Located in the historic city centre, Strøget forms a continuous, car‑free corridor running from City Hall Square (Rådhuspladsen) to Kongens Nytorv.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Street Design Guide |url=https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-guide/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Global Designing Cities Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> Rather than a single street, it comprises a linked sequence of streets and public squares that together function as a coherent and highly legible pedestrian network. Since its pedestrianisation in the early 1960s, Strøget has prioritised walking, social activity and public life over vehicle movement. Wide, level paving and active retail and café frontages support high pedestrian volumes and encourage people to linger, gather, and interact. The street accommodates everyday movement as well as street performance, events, and outdoor dining, reinforcing its role as both a transport corridor and a civic space.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gehl |first=J |title=Cities for people |publisher=Island Press |year=2010}}</ref> Internationally, Strøget is significant for demonstrating that removing cars from city centres can enhance economic activity, urban vitality, and quality of life. Its success has influenced pedestrian‑first streets and city‑centre revitalisation projects around the world and remains a benchmark for strong pedestrian network design. RL == References == sp3gabkuipdxk576urjluqtgzxbomce 0 483110 4634029 2026-05-04T07:25:12Z Arafat652 3581095 Created page with "Summary" 4634029 wikitext text/x-wiki Summary 26p95b46tqi2swic8u1etbclxsyxq5k 4634031 4634029 2026-05-04T07:26:46Z Arafat652 3581095 4634031 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == == Annotated list of factors == == Timeline of events == == Maps of locations == == Identification of policy issues == == Narrative of the case == == References == pdg491nhc1628ekjc6i3d1dm4rwucaz 0 483111 4634035 2026-05-04T07:58:06Z ~2026-27036-93 3581027 ishan's sections 4634035 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== Public health communication has historically relied on institutional authority like government agencies, medical professionals, hospitals, and traditional news organizations. These sources usually present information through expert statements, evidence-based recommendations, public service announcements, and formal media coverage. In this model, credibility is tied to professional expertise, scientific evidence, and institutional reputation. In recent years, social media has changed how many people encounter and evaluate public information, including health information. This shift is visible in broader news habits: Pew Research Center reported that about one-in-five U.S. adults regularly get news from news influencers on social media, and the rate is higher among young adults ages 18 to 29 {{ref|pew1}}. Pew Research Center also found that Facebook and YouTube remain major places where U.S. adults regularly get news, with many also using Instagram, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter) for news {{ref|pew2}}. These patterns matter because public health messages now compete in the same attention economy as influencer content, personal stories, and algorithmically recommended posts. ==Why Do People Trust Influencers?== Influencers can become powerful sources of health information because of the “expertise paradox {{ref|expertise2.5}}.” In theory, people should be most likely to trust health advice from individuals and institutions with verified medical or scientific expertise. In practice, however, social media users often assign credibility based on appearance, confidence, lifestyle, relatability, and perceived authenticity. A wellness creator, fitness influencer, or lifestyle vlogger may appear knowledgeable because they look healthy, speak with certainty, and present their advice through personal experience. Their authority is therefore not based primarily on professional credentials, but on the performance of expertise in a digital environment. This form of trust is strengthened by parasocial relationships. Horton and Wohl (2016) introduced the concept of parasocial interaction to describe the feeling of intimacy audiences can develop with media figures despite the relationship being one-sided {{ref|parasocial3}}. Social media intensifies this dynamic because viewers can encounter the same influencer repeatedly through videos, stories, livestreams, comments, and personal updates. Over time, the influencer can begin to feel familiar, almost like a trusted peer. This one-sided relationship can make audiences more receptive to advice because the creator appears approachable and emotionally available. Social media platforms also reinforce influencer credibility through visible engagement metrics. Likes, shares, comments, follower counts, and algorithmic promotion can make a creator’s advice appear socially validated. A health claim that receives thousands of likes may seem credible because many other users appear to approve of it. Short-form video formats can further strengthen this effect by rewarding confidence, simplicity, and emotional appeal, while discouraging the nuance and uncertainty that often accompany responsible medical communication. Research on social media influencers and health outcomes supports this concern: Powell and Pring (2024) found that influencers can affect health behavior in both positive and negative ways, which shows why influencer health communication should be treated as a serious public health issue rather than a minor online trend {{ref|influencers4}}. {{BookCat}} cq1ra8vaao6cduov1gl14kzcfzgfjx9 4634036 4634035 2026-05-04T07:58:52Z ~2026-27036-93 3581027 michelle's sections 4634036 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== Public health communication has historically relied on institutional authority like government agencies, medical professionals, hospitals, and traditional news organizations. These sources usually present information through expert statements, evidence-based recommendations, public service announcements, and formal media coverage. In this model, credibility is tied to professional expertise, scientific evidence, and institutional reputation. In recent years, social media has changed how many people encounter and evaluate public information, including health information. This shift is visible in broader news habits: Pew Research Center reported that about one-in-five U.S. adults regularly get news from news influencers on social media, and the rate is higher among young adults ages 18 to 29 {{ref|pew1}}. Pew Research Center also found that Facebook and YouTube remain major places where U.S. adults regularly get news, with many also using Instagram, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter) for news {{ref|pew2}}. These patterns matter because public health messages now compete in the same attention economy as influencer content, personal stories, and algorithmically recommended posts. ==Why Do People Trust Influencers?== Influencers can become powerful sources of health information because of the “expertise paradox {{ref|expertise2.5}}.” In theory, people should be most likely to trust health advice from individuals and institutions with verified medical or scientific expertise. In practice, however, social media users often assign credibility based on appearance, confidence, lifestyle, relatability, and perceived authenticity. A wellness creator, fitness influencer, or lifestyle vlogger may appear knowledgeable because they look healthy, speak with certainty, and present their advice through personal experience. Their authority is therefore not based primarily on professional credentials, but on the performance of expertise in a digital environment. This form of trust is strengthened by parasocial relationships. Horton and Wohl (2016) introduced the concept of parasocial interaction to describe the feeling of intimacy audiences can develop with media figures despite the relationship being one-sided {{ref|parasocial3}}. Social media intensifies this dynamic because viewers can encounter the same influencer repeatedly through videos, stories, livestreams, comments, and personal updates. Over time, the influencer can begin to feel familiar, almost like a trusted peer. This one-sided relationship can make audiences more receptive to advice because the creator appears approachable and emotionally available. Social media platforms also reinforce influencer credibility through visible engagement metrics. Likes, shares, comments, follower counts, and algorithmic promotion can make a creator’s advice appear socially validated. A health claim that receives thousands of likes may seem credible because many other users appear to approve of it. Short-form video formats can further strengthen this effect by rewarding confidence, simplicity, and emotional appeal, while discouraging the nuance and uncertainty that often accompany responsible medical communication. Research on social media influencers and health outcomes supports this concern: Powell and Pring (2024) found that influencers can affect health behavior in both positive and negative ways, which shows why influencer health communication should be treated as a serious public health issue rather than a minor online trend {{ref|influencers4}}. ==Influencers and Brand Sponsorships== Health brands impact social media users by sponsoring influencers. Sponsorships are when influencers are paid to advertise the brand’s product or service, and they allow health brands to connect to influencers' viewers in a way that is perceived as more “authentic” than traditional company advertisements {{ref|sponsors5}}. An example of a health brand sponsorship is the online therapy platform BetterHelp that has sponsored popular influencers with millions of viewers including Ariana Grande {{ref|ariana6}} and YouTubers The Try Guys {{ref|tryguys7}} and Boogie2988 {{ref|polygon8}}. While the goal of sponsorships is to be beneficial to both parties, influencers may not agree with strict guidelines for sponsored content by brands {{ref|sponsors5}} and sponsorships may bring negative publicity to the company. In the case of BetterHelp, increased publicity from sponsoring YouTube creators led to scrutiny of their dishonest practices and terms of service by creators and viewers {{ref|polygon8}}. ==Social Media and Health Misinformation== Social media algorithms show users content based on interaction on similar posts or shared interests between other followed users or friends {{ref|healthalgos9}}. These algorithms enable confirmation bias, the tendency for people to seek and process information that conforms to their existing beliefs {{ref|confirmationbias10}}, by continuously showing users similar content. As users with similar beliefs see similar content, this enables echo chambers, which are the dynamic where people only interact with and hear from people of similar beliefs {{ref|echochambers11}}. Through confirmation bias and echo chambers, social media algorithms can lead to misinformation spreading and factual sources not reaching misinformed users. Information, and misinformation, can be spread by anyone on social media. By nature of the platforms, anyone can post content on anything, and this content has the potential to be seen by any user. Some social media platforms have taken steps to combat misinformation; for example, X has the Community Notes feature that allows users to collaboratively correct misinformation or provide context for other users’ posts {{ref|xnotes12}}. X Community Notes were found to provide credible information countering health misinformation about COVID-19 {{ref|xnotescovid13}}. As of May 2026, Meta platforms (Instagram, Facebook, and Threads) are beta testing Community Notes {{ref|ignotes14}}. YouTube provides Information Cues below videos on controversial topics such as COVID-19 or the Apollo 11 Mission that link to external sources like Wikipedia {{ref|ytinfocues15}}. Social media platforms are not unbiased on what content they show to users. A 2021 study found that X amplifies right-wing content and sources at least as much and usually more than left-wing content in most countries {{ref|twitteramplify16}}. While amplifying right-wing content does not necessarily mean more health misinformation will be spread, X has been historically used by influencers like President Trump to spread COVID-19 misinformation {{ref|twittertrump17}}. {{BookCat}} eo9u0e1objzkai17x5a8opziv010v47 4634037 4634036 2026-05-04T07:59:41Z ~2026-27036-93 3581027 nishitha's section 4634037 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== Public health communication has historically relied on institutional authority like government agencies, medical professionals, hospitals, and traditional news organizations. These sources usually present information through expert statements, evidence-based recommendations, public service announcements, and formal media coverage. In this model, credibility is tied to professional expertise, scientific evidence, and institutional reputation. In recent years, social media has changed how many people encounter and evaluate public information, including health information. This shift is visible in broader news habits: Pew Research Center reported that about one-in-five U.S. adults regularly get news from news influencers on social media, and the rate is higher among young adults ages 18 to 29 {{ref|pew1}}. Pew Research Center also found that Facebook and YouTube remain major places where U.S. adults regularly get news, with many also using Instagram, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter) for news {{ref|pew2}}. These patterns matter because public health messages now compete in the same attention economy as influencer content, personal stories, and algorithmically recommended posts. ==Why Do People Trust Influencers?== Influencers can become powerful sources of health information because of the “expertise paradox {{ref|expertise2.5}}.” In theory, people should be most likely to trust health advice from individuals and institutions with verified medical or scientific expertise. In practice, however, social media users often assign credibility based on appearance, confidence, lifestyle, relatability, and perceived authenticity. A wellness creator, fitness influencer, or lifestyle vlogger may appear knowledgeable because they look healthy, speak with certainty, and present their advice through personal experience. Their authority is therefore not based primarily on professional credentials, but on the performance of expertise in a digital environment. This form of trust is strengthened by parasocial relationships. Horton and Wohl (2016) introduced the concept of parasocial interaction to describe the feeling of intimacy audiences can develop with media figures despite the relationship being one-sided {{ref|parasocial3}}. Social media intensifies this dynamic because viewers can encounter the same influencer repeatedly through videos, stories, livestreams, comments, and personal updates. Over time, the influencer can begin to feel familiar, almost like a trusted peer. This one-sided relationship can make audiences more receptive to advice because the creator appears approachable and emotionally available. Social media platforms also reinforce influencer credibility through visible engagement metrics. Likes, shares, comments, follower counts, and algorithmic promotion can make a creator’s advice appear socially validated. A health claim that receives thousands of likes may seem credible because many other users appear to approve of it. Short-form video formats can further strengthen this effect by rewarding confidence, simplicity, and emotional appeal, while discouraging the nuance and uncertainty that often accompany responsible medical communication. Research on social media influencers and health outcomes supports this concern: Powell and Pring (2024) found that influencers can affect health behavior in both positive and negative ways, which shows why influencer health communication should be treated as a serious public health issue rather than a minor online trend {{ref|influencers4}}. ==Influencers and Brand Sponsorships== Health brands impact social media users by sponsoring influencers. Sponsorships are when influencers are paid to advertise the brand’s product or service, and they allow health brands to connect to influencers' viewers in a way that is perceived as more “authentic” than traditional company advertisements {{ref|sponsors5}}. An example of a health brand sponsorship is the online therapy platform BetterHelp that has sponsored popular influencers with millions of viewers including Ariana Grande {{ref|ariana6}} and YouTubers The Try Guys {{ref|tryguys7}} and Boogie2988 {{ref|polygon8}}. While the goal of sponsorships is to be beneficial to both parties, influencers may not agree with strict guidelines for sponsored content by brands {{ref|sponsors5}} and sponsorships may bring negative publicity to the company. In the case of BetterHelp, increased publicity from sponsoring YouTube creators led to scrutiny of their dishonest practices and terms of service by creators and viewers {{ref|polygon8}}. ==Social Media and Health Misinformation== Social media algorithms show users content based on interaction on similar posts or shared interests between other followed users or friends {{ref|healthalgos9}}. These algorithms enable confirmation bias, the tendency for people to seek and process information that conforms to their existing beliefs {{ref|confirmationbias10}}, by continuously showing users similar content. As users with similar beliefs see similar content, this enables echo chambers, which are the dynamic where people only interact with and hear from people of similar beliefs {{ref|echochambers11}}. Through confirmation bias and echo chambers, social media algorithms can lead to misinformation spreading and factual sources not reaching misinformed users. Information, and misinformation, can be spread by anyone on social media. By nature of the platforms, anyone can post content on anything, and this content has the potential to be seen by any user. Some social media platforms have taken steps to combat misinformation; for example, X has the Community Notes feature that allows users to collaboratively correct misinformation or provide context for other users’ posts {{ref|xnotes12}}. X Community Notes were found to provide credible information countering health misinformation about COVID-19 {{ref|xnotescovid13}}. As of May 2026, Meta platforms (Instagram, Facebook, and Threads) are beta testing Community Notes {{ref|ignotes14}}. YouTube provides Information Cues below videos on controversial topics such as COVID-19 or the Apollo 11 Mission that link to external sources like Wikipedia {{ref|ytinfocues15}}. Social media platforms are not unbiased on what content they show to users. A 2021 study found that X amplifies right-wing content and sources at least as much and usually more than left-wing content in most countries {{ref|twitteramplify16}}. While amplifying right-wing content does not necessarily mean more health misinformation will be spread, X has been historically used by influencers like President Trump to spread COVID-19 misinformation {{ref|twittertrump17}}. ==Impact of Health Information On Social Media== Social media has become an important source of health information, not just a place where people casually see health content. Pew Research Center found that 36% of U.S. adults get health information from social media at least sometimes, and that number rises to 52% among adults under 30 {{ref|pew18}}. This matters because public health advice is no longer shaped only by doctors, government agencies, or medical institutions. It is also shaped by influencers, algorithms, comments, and viral posts. When the same health claim appears repeatedly in someone’s feed, it can start to feel familiar and trustworthy, even if it is incomplete or not supported by medical evidence. One major concern is that social media can spread health misinformation quickly, especially during moments of uncertainty. The COVID-19 pandemic showed how easily false claims about vaccines, treatments, masks, and public health rules could circulate online. The World Health Organization describes this problem as an “infodemic,” where too much information, including false or misleading information, makes it harder for people to find reliable guidance {{ref|who19}}. This can create confusion, encourage risky choices, and weaken trust in health authorities. Misinformation does not have to convince everyone to cause harm; it only has to create enough doubt to make people hesitate or ignore reliable advice. Social media can also make unsafe health products look legitimate. Reuters reported that more than 250 websites selling fake versions of popular weight-loss and diabetes drugs were taken down, along with 3,968 social media listings for fake drugs {{ref|reuters20}}. This shows that online health misinformation is not limited to bad advice. It can also connect people to products that may be unsafe or fraudulent. Posts about health products often rely on personal stories, before-and-after images, and influencer endorsements, which can make a product seem convincing before users ever see scientific evidence or warnings. At the same time, social media can have positive effects when credible people use it well. Medical professionals and health educators can use short videos and posts to explain important issues in a way that is easier for the public to understand. For example, the Association of American Medical Colleges described how medical student Joel Bervell used social media to explain that pulse oximeters may be less accurate on darker skin tones. One viewer later remembered this information during a COVID-19 emergency and used it to advocate for proper care {{ref|tiktokmyth21}}. This example shows that social media can make health communication faster, more personal, and more accessible. Overall, social media has changed public health communication by changing how people decide what to trust. It can help useful health information reach large audiences, but it can also reward content that is emotional, simple, or highly visible rather than accurate. The lesson from this case is that public health institutions cannot rely on expertise alone. They also need to understand how people build trust online and how platform design affects what information people see. {{BookCat}} simml1sv9svcgyan3th0l8ig8dke4qk 4634038 4634037 2026-05-04T08:00:10Z ~2026-27036-93 3581027 pranav's sections 4634038 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== Public health communication has historically relied on institutional authority like government agencies, medical professionals, hospitals, and traditional news organizations. These sources usually present information through expert statements, evidence-based recommendations, public service announcements, and formal media coverage. In this model, credibility is tied to professional expertise, scientific evidence, and institutional reputation. In recent years, social media has changed how many people encounter and evaluate public information, including health information. This shift is visible in broader news habits: Pew Research Center reported that about one-in-five U.S. adults regularly get news from news influencers on social media, and the rate is higher among young adults ages 18 to 29 {{ref|pew1}}. Pew Research Center also found that Facebook and YouTube remain major places where U.S. adults regularly get news, with many also using Instagram, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter) for news {{ref|pew2}}. These patterns matter because public health messages now compete in the same attention economy as influencer content, personal stories, and algorithmically recommended posts. ==Why Do People Trust Influencers?== Influencers can become powerful sources of health information because of the “expertise paradox {{ref|expertise2.5}}.” In theory, people should be most likely to trust health advice from individuals and institutions with verified medical or scientific expertise. In practice, however, social media users often assign credibility based on appearance, confidence, lifestyle, relatability, and perceived authenticity. A wellness creator, fitness influencer, or lifestyle vlogger may appear knowledgeable because they look healthy, speak with certainty, and present their advice through personal experience. Their authority is therefore not based primarily on professional credentials, but on the performance of expertise in a digital environment. This form of trust is strengthened by parasocial relationships. Horton and Wohl (2016) introduced the concept of parasocial interaction to describe the feeling of intimacy audiences can develop with media figures despite the relationship being one-sided {{ref|parasocial3}}. Social media intensifies this dynamic because viewers can encounter the same influencer repeatedly through videos, stories, livestreams, comments, and personal updates. Over time, the influencer can begin to feel familiar, almost like a trusted peer. This one-sided relationship can make audiences more receptive to advice because the creator appears approachable and emotionally available. Social media platforms also reinforce influencer credibility through visible engagement metrics. Likes, shares, comments, follower counts, and algorithmic promotion can make a creator’s advice appear socially validated. A health claim that receives thousands of likes may seem credible because many other users appear to approve of it. Short-form video formats can further strengthen this effect by rewarding confidence, simplicity, and emotional appeal, while discouraging the nuance and uncertainty that often accompany responsible medical communication. Research on social media influencers and health outcomes supports this concern: Powell and Pring (2024) found that influencers can affect health behavior in both positive and negative ways, which shows why influencer health communication should be treated as a serious public health issue rather than a minor online trend {{ref|influencers4}}. ==Influencers and Brand Sponsorships== Health brands impact social media users by sponsoring influencers. Sponsorships are when influencers are paid to advertise the brand’s product or service, and they allow health brands to connect to influencers' viewers in a way that is perceived as more “authentic” than traditional company advertisements {{ref|sponsors5}}. An example of a health brand sponsorship is the online therapy platform BetterHelp that has sponsored popular influencers with millions of viewers including Ariana Grande {{ref|ariana6}} and YouTubers The Try Guys {{ref|tryguys7}} and Boogie2988 {{ref|polygon8}}. While the goal of sponsorships is to be beneficial to both parties, influencers may not agree with strict guidelines for sponsored content by brands {{ref|sponsors5}} and sponsorships may bring negative publicity to the company. In the case of BetterHelp, increased publicity from sponsoring YouTube creators led to scrutiny of their dishonest practices and terms of service by creators and viewers {{ref|polygon8}}. ==Social Media and Health Misinformation== Social media algorithms show users content based on interaction on similar posts or shared interests between other followed users or friends {{ref|healthalgos9}}. These algorithms enable confirmation bias, the tendency for people to seek and process information that conforms to their existing beliefs {{ref|confirmationbias10}}, by continuously showing users similar content. As users with similar beliefs see similar content, this enables echo chambers, which are the dynamic where people only interact with and hear from people of similar beliefs {{ref|echochambers11}}. Through confirmation bias and echo chambers, social media algorithms can lead to misinformation spreading and factual sources not reaching misinformed users. Information, and misinformation, can be spread by anyone on social media. By nature of the platforms, anyone can post content on anything, and this content has the potential to be seen by any user. Some social media platforms have taken steps to combat misinformation; for example, X has the Community Notes feature that allows users to collaboratively correct misinformation or provide context for other users’ posts {{ref|xnotes12}}. X Community Notes were found to provide credible information countering health misinformation about COVID-19 {{ref|xnotescovid13}}. As of May 2026, Meta platforms (Instagram, Facebook, and Threads) are beta testing Community Notes {{ref|ignotes14}}. YouTube provides Information Cues below videos on controversial topics such as COVID-19 or the Apollo 11 Mission that link to external sources like Wikipedia {{ref|ytinfocues15}}. Social media platforms are not unbiased on what content they show to users. A 2021 study found that X amplifies right-wing content and sources at least as much and usually more than left-wing content in most countries {{ref|twitteramplify16}}. While amplifying right-wing content does not necessarily mean more health misinformation will be spread, X has been historically used by influencers like President Trump to spread COVID-19 misinformation {{ref|twittertrump17}}. ==Impact of Health Information On Social Media== Social media has become an important source of health information, not just a place where people casually see health content. Pew Research Center found that 36% of U.S. adults get health information from social media at least sometimes, and that number rises to 52% among adults under 30 {{ref|pew18}}. This matters because public health advice is no longer shaped only by doctors, government agencies, or medical institutions. It is also shaped by influencers, algorithms, comments, and viral posts. When the same health claim appears repeatedly in someone’s feed, it can start to feel familiar and trustworthy, even if it is incomplete or not supported by medical evidence. One major concern is that social media can spread health misinformation quickly, especially during moments of uncertainty. The COVID-19 pandemic showed how easily false claims about vaccines, treatments, masks, and public health rules could circulate online. The World Health Organization describes this problem as an “infodemic,” where too much information, including false or misleading information, makes it harder for people to find reliable guidance {{ref|who19}}. This can create confusion, encourage risky choices, and weaken trust in health authorities. Misinformation does not have to convince everyone to cause harm; it only has to create enough doubt to make people hesitate or ignore reliable advice. Social media can also make unsafe health products look legitimate. Reuters reported that more than 250 websites selling fake versions of popular weight-loss and diabetes drugs were taken down, along with 3,968 social media listings for fake drugs {{ref|reuters20}}. This shows that online health misinformation is not limited to bad advice. It can also connect people to products that may be unsafe or fraudulent. Posts about health products often rely on personal stories, before-and-after images, and influencer endorsements, which can make a product seem convincing before users ever see scientific evidence or warnings. At the same time, social media can have positive effects when credible people use it well. Medical professionals and health educators can use short videos and posts to explain important issues in a way that is easier for the public to understand. For example, the Association of American Medical Colleges described how medical student Joel Bervell used social media to explain that pulse oximeters may be less accurate on darker skin tones. One viewer later remembered this information during a COVID-19 emergency and used it to advocate for proper care {{ref|tiktokmyth21}}. This example shows that social media can make health communication faster, more personal, and more accessible. Overall, social media has changed public health communication by changing how people decide what to trust. It can help useful health information reach large audiences, but it can also reward content that is emotional, simple, or highly visible rather than accurate. The lesson from this case is that public health institutions cannot rely on expertise alone. They also need to understand how people build trust online and how platform design affects what information people see. ==Health Information Regulations== In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is the primary agency responsible for regulating health-related advertising. In 2022, the FTC released its Health Products Compliance Guidance, which clarifies how existing law applies to modern advertising environments, including social media {{ref|ftcnewguidance22}}. The guidance emphasizes that all health-related advertising must be truthful, not misleading, and supported by adequate substantiation before dissemination. For stronger health claims, this requires “competent and reliable scientific evidence,” which may include human clinical studies {{ref|ftcnewguidance23}}. The FTC also regulates influencer marketing by requiring that any “material connection” between an influencer and a company, such as payment, free products, or affiliate links, must be clearly disclosed {{ref|ftcdisclosures24}}. In this case, influencer posts are subject to the same standards of truthfulness and substantiation as other commercial advertisements. However, these regulations fundamentally rely on the ability to classify content as advertising and to identify commercial relationships. In practice, influencer content often blurs the line between personal expression and promotion. The vast scale of creators on social media producing hard-to-classify content on social media also makes consistent enforcement difficult. As a result, much health-related content may fall outside effective regulatory oversight. ==Future Considerations== The persistence of the infodemic highlights that addressing influencer-driven health communication requires more than correcting individual instances of misinformation. The World Health Organization states that “multisectoral actions to counteract infodemics and health misinformation are needed” {{ref|whoreview25}}. Because the spread of health content is shaped by platform design, creator behavior, and audience interpretation, effective responses must target each of these components. At the policy and platform level, algorithmic recommendation systems play a central role in amplifying certain types of content, often reinforcing confirmation bias and privileging engagement over accuracy. Potential interventions include improved, or automated detection and labeling of misinformation and sponsored content. This would make distinctions between advertising and personal expression more transparent and enable more effective enforcement by the FTC. Some jurists support this, arguing that sharing health misinformation is a violation of others’ right to life and liberty and should be criminalized {{ref|whoreview25}}, though such monitoring could also raise concerns about being excessive. At the level of content creators, the expertise paradox discussed earlier suggests a need for stronger quality standards and clearer signals of credibility. Empirical evidence supports this concern: nearly 60% of health-related videos produced by nonmedical influencers contain non-factual or misleading information, compared to approximately 15% from medical professionals {{ref|tiktokreview26}}. Finally, consumer interpretation remains a critical factor. Studies indicate that 58% of young adults regret health-related decisions influenced by misinformation from non-expert influencers {{ref|misinformation27}}, reinforcing the need for improved health and media literacy. Together, these considerations suggest that mitigating the public health impact of influencer content requires coordinated changes across platforms, creators, and audiences. {{BookCat}} 6d2pnlhwolviaqpgpbl32cd90i89dtl 4634040 4634038 2026-05-04T08:18:31Z ~2026-27036-93 3581027 references 4634040 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== Public health communication has historically relied on institutional authority like government agencies, medical professionals, hospitals, and traditional news organizations. These sources usually present information through expert statements, evidence-based recommendations, public service announcements, and formal media coverage. In this model, credibility is tied to professional expertise, scientific evidence, and institutional reputation. In recent years, social media has changed how many people encounter and evaluate public information, including health information. This shift is visible in broader news habits: Pew Research Center reported that about one-in-five U.S. adults regularly get news from news influencers on social media, and the rate is higher among young adults ages 18 to 29 <ref>Stocking, Wang, Lipka, Matsa, Widjaya, Tomasik, and Liedke. (2024, Nov. 18). America’s News Influencers. ''Pew Research Center.'' https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2024/11/18/americas-news-influencers/.</ref>. Pew Research Center also found that Facebook and YouTube remain major places where U.S. adults regularly get news, with many also using Instagram, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter) for news <ref>Social Media and News Fact Sheet. (2025, Sep. 25). ''Pew Research Center.'' https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/social-media-and-news-fact-sheet/.</ref>. These patterns matter because public health messages now compete in the same attention economy as influencer content, personal stories, and algorithmically recommended posts. ==Why Do People Trust Influencers?== Influencers can become powerful sources of health information because of the “expertise paradox <ref>Harbath, K. (2025, June 4). The Expertise Paradox. ''Anchor Change''. https://anchorchange.substack.com/p/the-expertise-paradox.</ref>.” In theory, people should be most likely to trust health advice from individuals and institutions with verified medical or scientific expertise. In practice, however, social media users often assign credibility based on appearance, confidence, lifestyle, relatability, and perceived authenticity. A wellness creator, fitness influencer, or lifestyle vlogger may appear knowledgeable because they look healthy, speak with certainty, and present their advice through personal experience. Their authority is therefore not based primarily on professional credentials, but on the performance of expertise in a digital environment. This form of trust is strengthened by parasocial relationships. Horton and Wohl (2016) introduced the concept of parasocial interaction to describe the feeling of intimacy audiences can develop with media figures despite the relationship being one-sided <ref>Horton, D. and Wohl, R. (2016, Nov. 8). Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction. ''Psychiatry, 19(3), 215-229.'' https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049/.</ref>. Social media intensifies this dynamic because viewers can encounter the same influencer repeatedly through videos, stories, livestreams, comments, and personal updates. Over time, the influencer can begin to feel familiar, almost like a trusted peer. This one-sided relationship can make audiences more receptive to advice because the creator appears approachable and emotionally available. Social media platforms also reinforce influencer credibility through visible engagement metrics. Likes, shares, comments, follower counts, and algorithmic promotion can make a creator’s advice appear socially validated. A health claim that receives thousands of likes may seem credible because many other users appear to approve of it. Short-form video formats can further strengthen this effect by rewarding confidence, simplicity, and emotional appeal, while discouraging the nuance and uncertainty that often accompany responsible medical communication. Research on social media influencers and health outcomes supports this concern: Powell and Pring (2024) found that influencers can affect health behavior in both positive and negative ways, which shows why influencer health communication should be treated as a serious public health issue rather than a minor online trend <ref>Powell, J. and Pring, T. (2024, Jan.). The impact of social media influencers on health outcomes: Systematic review. ''Social Science and Medicine, 340.'' https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953623008298/.</ref>. ==Influencers and Brand Sponsorships== Health brands impact social media users by sponsoring influencers. Sponsorships are when influencers are paid to advertise the brand’s product or service, and they allow health brands to connect to influencers' viewers in a way that is perceived as more “authentic” than traditional company advertisements <ref name=":0">Levitt, A. (2024, June 21). Influencers Want Brands’ Sponsorship, But Not Their Rules. ''Stanford Graduate School of Business.'' http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/influencers-want-brands-sponsorship-not-their-rules/.</ref>. An example of a health brand sponsorship is the online therapy platform BetterHelp that has sponsored popular influencers with millions of viewers including Ariana Grande <ref>Grande, A. (2021, Oct. 10). [World Mental Health Day BetterHelp Partnership] (social media post). ''Facebook.'' http://www.facebook.com/arianagrande/posts/its-world-mental-health-day-and-im-beyond-thrilled-to-team-up-with-betterhelp-ag/416705039808708.</ref> and YouTubers The Try Guys <ref>The Trypod. (2022, Oct. 6). ok, let's talk about it. - The TryPod Ep. 181 (podcast episode). ''YouTube.'' http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ut68FBnWbAI.</ref> and Boogie2988 <ref name=":1"> Alexander, J. (2018, Oct. 4). YouTube’s BetterHelp mental health controversy, explained. ''Polygon.'' http://www.polygon.com/2018/10/4/17932862/betterhelp-app-youtube-sponsorship-controversy-explained.</ref>. While the goal of sponsorships is to be beneficial to both parties, influencers may not agree with strict guidelines for sponsored content by brands <ref name=":0" /> and sponsorships may bring negative publicity to the company. In the case of BetterHelp, increased publicity from sponsoring YouTube creators led to scrutiny of their dishonest practices and terms of service by creators and viewers <ref name=":1" />. ==Social Media and Health Misinformation== Social media algorithms show users content based on interaction on similar posts or shared interests between other followed users or friends <ref>Rodrigues, Newell, Babu, Chatterjee, Sandhu, and Gupta. (2024, June). The social media Infodemic of health-related misinformation and technical solutions. ''Health Policy and Technology, 13(2).'' https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883724000091.</ref>. These algorithms enable confirmation bias, the tendency for people to seek and process information that conforms to their existing beliefs <ref>Casad, B. (2026, Mar. 30). confirmation bias. ''Britannica.'' http://www.britannica.com/science/confirmation-bias.</ref>, by continuously showing users similar content. As users with similar beliefs see similar content, this enables echo chambers, which are the dynamic where people only interact with and hear from people of similar beliefs <ref>Kielty, C.,Gampa, A., and Nosek B. (n.d.). Echo Chambers, Audience and Community. ''University of Virginia School of Data Science.'' http://datascience.virginia.edu/projects/echo-chambers-audience-and-community.</ref>. Through confirmation bias and echo chambers, social media algorithms can lead to misinformation spreading and factual sources not reaching misinformed users. Information, and misinformation, can be spread by anyone on social media. By nature of the platforms, anyone can post content on anything, and this content has the potential to be seen by any user. Some social media platforms have taken steps to combat misinformation; for example, X has the Community Notes feature that allows users to collaboratively correct misinformation or provide context for other users’ posts <ref>About Community Notes on X. (n.d.). ''X Help Center.'' http://help.x.com/en/using-x/community-notes.</ref>. X Community Notes were found to provide credible information countering health misinformation about COVID-19 <ref>QI Communications Team. (2024, Apr. 24). Study Finds X’s (Formerly Twitter’s) Community Notes Provide Accurate, Credible Answers to Vaccine Misinformation. ''Qualcomm Institute.'' http://qi.ucsd.edu/study-finds-xs-formerly-twitters-community-notes-provide-accurate-credible-answers-to-vaccine-misinformation.</ref>. As of May 2026, Meta platforms (Instagram, Facebook, and Threads) are beta testing Community Notes <ref>How community notes work on Instagram and Threads. (n.d.). ''Instagram Help Center.'' http://help.instagram.com/1324409242092689.</ref>. YouTube provides Information Cues below videos on controversial topics such as COVID-19 or the Apollo 11 Mission that link to external sources like Wikipedia <ref>Mindshare FAST. (2018, Mar. 16). YouTube launches Information Cues. ''Mindshare in the Loop.'' http://www.mindshareintheloop.com/youtube-launches-information-cues.</ref>. Social media platforms are not unbiased on what content they show to users. A 2021 study found that X amplifies right-wing content and sources at least as much and usually more than left-wing content in most countries <ref>Huszár, Ktena, O’Brien, Belli, Schlaikjer, and Hardt. (2021, Dec. 21). Algorithmic amplification of politics on Twitter. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(1).'' https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2025334119.</ref>. While amplifying right-wing content does not necessarily mean more health misinformation will be spread, X has been historically used by influencers like President Trump to spread COVID-19 misinformation <ref>Ugarte, Cumberland, Flores, and Young. (2021, Feb. 1). Public Attitudes About COVID-19 in Response to President Trump's Social Media Posts. ''JAMA Network Open, 4(2).'' https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2775658.</ref>. ==Impact of Health Information On Social Media== Social media has become an important source of health information, not just a place where people casually see health content. Pew Research Center found that 36% of U.S. adults get health information from social media at least sometimes, and that number rises to 52% among adults under 30 <ref>Pasquini, Stocking, Kikuchi, Pula, and Yam. (2026, Apr. 7). Users of social media and AI chatbots for health information are more likely to say they are convenient than accurate. ''Pew Research Center.'' http://www.pewresearch.org/science/2026/04/07/users-of-social-media-and-ai-chatbots-for-health-information-are-more-likely-to-say-they-are-convenient-than-accurate.</ref>. This matters because public health advice is no longer shaped only by doctors, government agencies, or medical institutions. It is also shaped by influencers, algorithms, comments, and viral posts. When the same health claim appears repeatedly in someone’s feed, it can start to feel familiar and trustworthy, even if it is incomplete or not supported by medical evidence. One major concern is that social media can spread health misinformation quickly, especially during moments of uncertainty. The COVID-19 pandemic showed how easily false claims about vaccines, treatments, masks, and public health rules could circulate online. The World Health Organization describes this problem as an “infodemic,” where too much information, including false or misleading information, makes it harder for people to find reliable guidance <ref>Immunizing the public against misinformation. (2020, Aug. 25). ''World Health Organization.'' http://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/immunizing-the-public-against-misinformation.</ref>. This can create confusion, encourage risky choices, and weaken trust in health authorities. Misinformation does not have to convince everyone to cause harm; it only has to create enough doubt to make people hesitate or ignore reliable advice. Social media can also make unsafe health products look legitimate. Reuters reported that more than 250 websites selling fake versions of popular weight-loss and diabetes drugs were taken down, along with 3,968 social media listings for fake drugs <ref>Wingrove, P. (2024, Apr. 15). More than 250 websites selling fake weight-loss drugs reported by anti-counterfeit firm. ''Reuters.'' http://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/more-than-250-websites-selling-fake-weight-loss-drugs-reported-by-anti-2024-04-15.</ref>. This shows that online health misinformation is not limited to bad advice. It can also connect people to products that may be unsafe or fraudulent. Posts about health products often rely on personal stories, before-and-after images, and influencer endorsements, which can make a product seem convincing before users ever see scientific evidence or warnings. At the same time, social media can have positive effects when credible people use it well. Medical professionals and health educators can use short videos and posts to explain important issues in a way that is easier for the public to understand. For example, the Association of American Medical Colleges described how medical student Joel Bervell used social media to explain that pulse oximeters may be less accurate on darker skin tones. One viewer later remembered this information during a COVID-19 emergency and used it to advocate for proper care <ref>Bervell, J. (2023, May 11). TikTok’s Medical Mythbuster on using social media to fight health inequities. ''Association of American Medical Colleges.'' http://www.aamc.org/news/tiktok-s-medical-mythbuster-using-social-media-fight-health-inequities.</ref>. This example shows that social media can make health communication faster, more personal, and more accessible. Overall, social media has changed public health communication by changing how people decide what to trust. It can help useful health information reach large audiences, but it can also reward content that is emotional, simple, or highly visible rather than accurate. The lesson from this case is that public health institutions cannot rely on expertise alone. They also need to understand how people build trust online and how platform design affects what information people see. ==Health Information Regulations== In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is the primary agency responsible for regulating health-related advertising. In 2022, the FTC released its Health Products Compliance Guidance, which clarifies how existing law applies to modern advertising environments, including social media <ref>FTC Announces New Business Guidance for Marketers and Sellers of Health Products. (2022, Dec. 20). ''Federal Trade Commission.'' http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2022/12/ftc-announces-new-business-guidance-marketers-sellers-health-products.</ref>. The guidance emphasizes that all health-related advertising must be truthful, not misleading, and supported by adequate substantiation before dissemination. For stronger health claims, this requires “competent and reliable scientific evidence,” which may include human clinical studies <ref>Health Products Compliance Guidance. (2022, Dec.) Federal Trade Commission. http://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/health-products-compliance-guidance.</ref>. The FTC also regulates influencer marketing by requiring that any “material connection” between an influencer and a company, such as payment, free products, or affiliate links, must be clearly disclosed <ref>Disclosures 101 for Social Media Influencers. (2019, Nov.). ''Federal Trade Commission.'' http://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/disclosures-101-social-media-influencers.</ref>. In this case, influencer posts are subject to the same standards of truthfulness and substantiation as other commercial advertisements. However, these regulations fundamentally rely on the ability to classify content as advertising and to identify commercial relationships. In practice, influencer content often blurs the line between personal expression and promotion. The vast scale of creators on social media producing hard-to-classify content on social media also makes consistent enforcement difficult. As a result, much health-related content may fall outside effective regulatory oversight. ==Future Considerations== The persistence of the infodemic highlights that addressing influencer-driven health communication requires more than correcting individual instances of misinformation. The World Health Organization states that “multisectoral actions to counteract infodemics and health misinformation are needed” <ref name=":2">Borges do Nascimento, Pizarro, Almeida, Azzopardi-Muscat, Gonçalves, Björklund, and Novillo-Ortiz. (2022, June 30). Infodemics and health misinformation: a systematic review of reviews. ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 100(9), 544-561.'' https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9421549/pdf/BLT.21.287654.pdf.</ref>. Because the spread of health content is shaped by platform design, creator behavior, and audience interpretation, effective responses must target each of these components. At the policy and platform level, algorithmic recommendation systems play a central role in amplifying certain types of content, often reinforcing confirmation bias and privileging engagement over accuracy. Potential interventions include improved, or automated detection and labeling of misinformation and sponsored content. This would make distinctions between advertising and personal expression more transparent and enable more effective enforcement by the FTC. Some jurists support this, arguing that sharing health misinformation is a violation of others’ right to life and liberty and should be criminalized <ref name=":2" />, though such monitoring could also raise concerns about being excessive. At the level of content creators, the expertise paradox discussed earlier suggests a need for stronger quality standards and clearer signals of credibility. Empirical evidence supports this concern: nearly 60% of health-related videos produced by nonmedical influencers contain non-factual or misleading information, compared to approximately 15% from medical professionals <ref>Dimitroyannis, Fenton, Cho, Nordgren, Pinto, and Roxbury. (2024, May). A Social Media Quality Review of Popular Sinusitis Videos on TikTok. ''Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery, 170(5), 1456-1466.'' https://aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/.</ref>. Finally, consumer interpretation remains a critical factor. Studies indicate that 58% of young adults regret health-related decisions influenced by misinformation from non-expert influencers <ref>Palmer, A., and Gorman, S. (2025, Sep.). Misinformation, trust, and health: The case for information environment as a major independent social determinant of health. ''Social Science and Medicine, 381.'' https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953625006033.</ref>, reinforcing the need for improved health and media literacy. Together, these considerations suggest that mitigating the public health impact of influencer content requires coordinated changes across platforms, creators, and audiences. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} dbtqi9ha5bazzj6u1v5173ejlpvns1u 1 483112 4634044 2026-05-04T08:53:57Z Kds8ra 3581117 /* Local Governments responses section contributor note */ new section 4634044 wikitext text/x-wiki == Local Governments responses section contributor note == I am the contributor for the local governments section attributed to a temporary account (was not logged in when publishing). [[User:Kds8ra|Kds8ra]] ([[User talk:Kds8ra|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kds8ra|contribs]]) 08:53, 4 May 2026 (UTC) 9x6v818ze7fhikipp3dnoxeu046z60e 102 483113 4634045 2026-05-04T09:58:17Z Fatimah Bello 3580726 Created a Cookbook 4634045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofe Ede''' is a traditional Igbo soup in which cocoyam (taro) serves as both the primary ingredient and the thickening agent. Unlike most Nigerian soups where cocoyam is a background thickener, in Ofe Ede the cocoyam takes centre stage. Rich, creamy, and deeply satisfying, it is a beloved comfort food across Anambra, Enugu, Imo, and Abia states. == Ingredients == * == Procedure == # Cook the meats: Season 600 grams assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki) with diced 1 onion, 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned midway. Cook on medium heat until tender. Reserve the meat stock. # Boil and pound the cocoyam: Boil peeled 800 grams cocoyam (ede), peeled and washed in a separate pot until very soft. Pound in a mortar until completely smooth and lump-free. Set aside. # Build the soup base: Pour reserved meat stock into a pot. Add 0.3 cups palm oil and bring to a gentle boil. Add 1 tablespoons ogiri okpei (fermented locust bean paste) and blended 3 scotch bonnet pepper (rodo). Stir well. # Add cocoyam and thicken: Drop spoonfuls of the pounded 800 grams cocoyam (ede), peeled and washed into the boiling soup gradually. Stir between each addition. Allow the cocoyam to dissolve fully into the broth, thickening the soup to a creamy consistency. # Add proteins and season: Add cooked 600 grams assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish, deboned into the soup. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Stir well. Taste and adjust 1 teaspoons salt. Simmer on low heat for 10 minutes # Add leaves and serve: Stir in shredded 150 grams uziza leaves or oha leaves, shredded. Cook for 3-5 minutes only. The soup should be thick, creamy, and deeply flavoured. Serve hot with pounded yam, eba, or fufu. [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 0gf538wzywcaaheaknfplbdwuuou3cv