Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space.  —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. &quot;For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period&quot; - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. 
:::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex.
:::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g.
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes
:::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] ==

As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. 
::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value.
::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Various Transwiki Namespace Pages ==

*[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]]
*[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]]
*[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]]
*[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]]
*&lt;s&gt;[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]&lt;/s&gt;
*[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]]
*[[Transwiki:Front door method]]
*[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]]
*[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]]
*[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]]
*[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]]
*[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]]
*[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]]
*[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]]
*[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]]
*[[Transwiki:Barter]]
*[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]]
*[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]]
*[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]]
*[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]]
*[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]]
*[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]]
*&lt;s&gt;[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]&lt;/s&gt;
*[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]]
*&lt;s&gt;[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]&lt;/s&gt;
*[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]]
*[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]]
*[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]]
*[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]]
*[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]]
*[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]]
*[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]]
*&lt;s&gt;[[Transwiki:Maude system]]&lt;/s&gt;
*[[Transwiki:Model rocket]]
*[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]]
*&lt;s&gt;[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]&lt;/s&gt;
*[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]]
*[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]]
This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
== [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] ==
Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
== [[Bengali–Assamese script]] ==
Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]] and [[User:Lesleysiri/sandbox]] ==

Both pages were created by [[Special:Contributions/Lesleysiri|Lesleysiri]], who has not been active since creating them. It is also obvious from the writing style that they are AI-generated; in the sandbox, there are two images generated from DALL-E. I disclose that I came from Commons; see [[c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Lesleysiri]]. [[User:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|Whyiseverythingalreadyused]] ([[User talk:Whyiseverythingalreadyused|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whyiseverythingalreadyused|contribs]]) 03:12, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Keep''' [[Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Kindred1]], at least for now. While this page was created by [[User:Lesleysiri]], it has been extensively modified by [[User:Doctorxgc]], who wrote most of the content in the book. While the images (which have been removed) were clearly AI-generated, I don't think that the text was; the page was created in late 2022 and its text does not seem characteristic of ChatGPT output from that era. I'm not certain that the content of this book as a whole is appropriate for Wikibooks - the contents are largely a collection of personal essays reflecting on readings, not instructional matter - but that should be addressed separately.
:'''Delete''' the sandbox. The content was copied into mainspace in 2022; it's clearly outlived its purpose. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:34, 13 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>MediaWiki:Recentchangestext</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:10:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SHB2000</username>
        <id>3332924</id>
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      <comment>-Wikinews (8 Nov 2004–4 May 2026; rip)</comment>
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! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | [[WB:CCO|Browse]]:
| [[WB:SUBJECT|Subjects]] - [[:Category:Subject:Books by subject|Categories]] - [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines|Policies]] - [[WB:RFD|Deletion Requests]] - [[WB:WM|Tasks]] - [[Special:Log|Logs]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | [[Wikibooks:Community Portal|Community]]:
| [[Using Wikibooks]] - [[Help:Contents|Help]]/[[Help:FAQ|FAQ]] - [[WB:BB|Bulletin Board]] - [[Wikibooks:Reading room|Reading Room]] - [[Wikibooks:Contact us|Discussion Methods]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Candidates for speedy deletion}}&gt;0|&amp;nbsp;- '''[[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Candidates for speedy deletion}} page(s) to delete]]'''}}&lt;!--
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|-
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | [[Special:SiteMatrix|Projects]]:
| [[w:Special:RecentChanges|Wikipedia]] - [[v:Special:RecentChanges|Wikiversity]] - [[wikt:Special:RecentChanges|Wiktionary]] -  [[q:Special:RecentChanges|Wikiquote]] - [[s:Special:RecentChanges|Wikisource]] - [[wikispecies:Special:RecentChanges|Wikispecies]] - [[voy:Special:RecentChanges|Wikivoyage]] - [[d:Special:RecentChanges|Wikidata]] - [[Commons:Special:RecentChanges|Commons]] - [[m:Special:RecentChanges|Meta]] - [[mediawikiwiki:Special:RecentChanges|MediaWiki]]
|}
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Baking</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>5507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635478</id>
      <parentid>4415992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T21:49:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-28764-67</username>
        <id>3585471</id>
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      <comment>fixed spelling of interdependently (before it was interde- pendently)</comment>
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      <text bytes="4042" sha1="m2hrq8vn94o6pxm8h9h0w7u7sjrko11" xml:space="preserve">{{technique}}
[[File:Oven Temperatures Guide.png|thumb|right|450px|Common Oven Temperatures. Note that the use of a fan-assisted oven requires a setting that is twenty Celsius degrees lower than that of a normal electric oven, for the same cooking task.]]     
'''Baking''' is cooking food in an [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] with dry heat applied evenly throughout the oven and is synonymous with [[Cookbook:Roasting|roasting]]. Although it is common in some cultures to use the term baking for the so-called baked-goods, such as [[Cookbook:Bread|bread]]s, [[Cookbook:Cake|cake]]s and [[Cookbook:Pastry|pastries]], and 'roasting' for other foods, such as meats and vegetables, the terms can also be used interchangeably.

The dry heat of baking causes the outside of the food to brown or char, giving it an attractive appearance and pleasing taste. The browning is caused by caramelization of sugars and is the result of the Maillard reaction. Despite common misconceptions about the browning process, moisture is never entirely sealed into the food. Over time an item being baked will continue to lose moisture. This can be an advantage, especially in situations where drying is the desired outcome, for example in drying [[Cookbook:Spices and herbs|herbs]] or in roasting certain types of [[Cookbook:Vegetable|vegetable]]s. Where drying is not desired, a protective layer of [[Cookbook:Butter|butter]], [[Cookbook:Oil|oil]], or, in the case of breads and pastries, [[Cookbook:Egg Wash|egg wash]], can slow the loss of moisture as well as providing flavor and additional browning. Alternatively, some foods are replenished with moisture during baking by placing a small amount of liquid (such as water or [[Cookbook:Broth|broth]]) in the bottom of the pan and letting it steam up into or around the food.

== Specific techniques ==

* [[Cookbook:Blind-baking|Blind baking]]
* [[Cookbook:Shirring|Shirring]]
* [[Cookbook:Clay Pot Cooking|Clay Pot Cooking]]


&quot;Starch gelatinization in bread doughs and cakes forms an important part of the supporting structure of baked goods&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Amendola |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQcxoepvxOwC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=Understanding Baking: The Art and Science of Baking |last2=Rees |first2=Nicole |date=2003-01-03 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-44418-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;During baking, heat and mass transfer takes place in the dough simultaneously and interdependently, and involves four major changes:

1. Gases are vaporized as the temperature increases: the gas cell increases in volume provided that the cell wall retains gases and is deformable.

2. Starch gelatinizes as temperature increases to an extent depending on the local availability of water; proteins coagulate. These changes limit the dough extensibility.

3. The initial structure with closed gas cells separated by dough walls is transformed into a porous structure with interconnected pores, known as the dough–crumb transition.

4. Under the action of high temperatures at the boundaries, water vaporizes in the oven atmosphere. Depending on the product thickness, but also on baking conditions, this supports the formation of a dry, hard crust in the case of dessert or bread dough, and may also lead to complete drying in the case of biscuits and cookies.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zhou |first=Weibiao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaimAwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=Bakery Products Science and Technology |last2=Hui |first2=Y. H. |date=2014-08-11 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-1-119-96715-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;While it bakes, the temperature of the water increases, and the granules inflate and form starch that gradually binds together as the water evaporates. A single mass of hard dough is formed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=This |first=Hervé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpFAAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=Kitchen Mysteries: Revealing the Science of Cooking |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51203-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2202" sha1="215zk2pleuy5amx9kzwa2b0wp3tnr0b" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Elephant gambit
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C40]]
|parent=[[../|Open Game]]
|aka=&lt;br&gt;
* Turkish gambit&lt;br&gt;
* Englund counterattack&lt;br&gt;
* Queen's pawn countergambit
}}
== 2...d5?! · Elephant gambit ==
Black ignores the attack on their e-pawn and tries to gain time and space. Black wants to open the centre and attack, however the gambit is unsound. Black will be on the back foot in an open position because they are a tempo behind White. If White plays accurately, Black does not get sufficient compensation for the sacrificed pawn, but the resulting positions can be sharp and it is sometimes used as a surprise opening for Black. 

Capturing either pawn, [[/3. Nxe5|'''3. Nxe5''']] or [[/3. exd5|'''3. exd5''']], is winning for White, but the main move is 3. exd5. 

After [[/3. exd5|'''3. exd5''']], rather than recapturing the pawn immediately and allowing White to develop with tempo (3...Qxd5?! 4. Nc3), Black's plan is 3...e4. 4. Qe2, called the Paulsen countergambit, defends the knight by pinning the pawn. Then the usual refutation is 4...Nf6 5. d3! Qxd5 6. Nbd2 Nc6 7. dxe4{{chess/not|++}}. (6. Nbd2 avoids complications following 6. Nc3 Bb4, where 7. Bd2? is a common mistake.)

[[/3. Nxe5|'''3. Nxe5''']], capturing the e-pawn, is also winning. If 3...dxe4 4. Bc4 and White has overwhelming pressure on the f7 pawn. If 3...Bd6 4. d4 dxe4 5. Bc4 Bxe5, White has the critical move 6. Qh5!, threatening Qxf7# and Qxe5. Black has to trade queens and White goes into an endgame with the bishop pair. 6...Qe7 7. Qxe5 Qxe5 8. dxe5{{chess/not|+}}.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

{{Chess/theory table
|name1=Elephant gambit
|line1=3. exd5 e4 4. Qe2 Nf6 5. d3 Qxd5 6. Nbd2 Nc6 7. dxe4
|eval1={{Chess/not|++}}

|line2=3. ... ... 4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. Nc3 Bb4 7. Bd2? Bxc3 8. Bxc3 O-O 9. dxe4 Nxe4 
|eval2={{Chess/not}}

|line3=3. Nxe5 Bd6 4. d4 dxe4 5. Bc4 Bxe5 6. Qh5 Qe7 7. Qxe5 Qxe5 8. dxe5 
|eval3={{Chess/not|+}}
}}

{{ChessMid}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Wikipedia|Elephant Gambit}}
* [http://www.thechessdrum.net/palview3/short-corbin.htm Analysis of Short v Corbin, 2006], thechessdrum.net. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>3434282</id>
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      <comment>/* Position 11, Production Plant: */</comment>
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      <text bytes="68120" sha1="kaf67f60a26m87r5smm0emk91cdf3j3" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}
Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats:

(Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. 
European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers.

==1960-1980==
Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.)

Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.)

Position 7  -  1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1

Position 8  -  0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen)

Position 9-14  - Construction serial number    10704312006193

==Passenger Vehicles 1981-==
===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* W1K  Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* W1N  Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* WDB  Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car)
* WDC  DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* WDD  DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* WMX  Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America)
* 4JG  Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* 55S  Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* 9BM  Mercedes-Benz Brazil car &amp; SUV

===Position 4, Model or Series:===
* A    W123 300-Class
* B    R107 SL-Class
* B    C107 SLC-Class
* C    W126/C126 S-Class
* D    W201 190-Class                 
* E    W124 300-Class/E-Class
* F    R129 SL-Class
* G    W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class
* H    W202 C-Class
* J    W210 E-Class
* K    R170 SLK-Class
* L    C208/A208 CLK-Class
* N    W220 S-Class
* P    C215 CL-Class
* R    W203 C-Class
* S    R230 SL-Class
* T    C209/A209 CLK-Class
* U    W211 E-Class
* W    R171 SLK-Class
*----------------------------------
* A    C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren
* D    C219 CLS-Class
* E    C216 CL-Class
* F    W245 B-Class (Canada only)
* G    W204 C-Class
* H    W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon
* J    R231 SL-Class
* K    C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible
* L    C218 CLS-Class
* M    W246 B-Class (Canada only)
* N    W221 S-Class
* P    R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class
* R    C197/R197 SLS AMG
* S    C117 CLA-Class
* U    W222 S-Class sedan
* V    W240 Maybach 57/62
* V    N242 B-Class Electric
* W    W205 C-Class
* X    C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible
* Y    C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster
* Z    W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon
* 1    C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible
* 2    C257 CLS-Class
* 3    V177 A-Class sedan
* 3    W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only)
* 5    C118 CLA-Class
* 6    W223 S-Class sedan
* 7    X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe
*----------------------------------
* A    W206 C-Class
* C    V297 EQS-Class sedan
* E    V295 EQE-Class sedan
* F    C174 CLA-Class sedan EV
* L    W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon
* M    C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible
* R    C192 AMG GT coupe
* V    R232 SL-Class
*----------------------------------
* A    W163 M-Class
* B    W164 M-Class
* B    X164 GL-Class
* C    W251 R-Class
* D    W166 M-Class/GLE-Class
* D    X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class
* D    X296 EQS-Class SUV
* E    C292 GLE-Class Coupe
* F    W167/C167 GLE-Class
* F    X167 GLS-Class
* G    X204 GLK-Class
* 0    X253/C253 GLC-Class
* G    X294 EQE-Class SUV
* K    X254/C254 GLC-Class
* T    X156 GLA-Class
* Y    W463 G-Class
* W    W465 G-Class
* 4    H247 GLA-Class
* 4    X247 GLB-Class
* 9    X243 EQB-Class

===Position 5, Body Style:===
Passenger Cars:
* B = Long Body
* F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57)
* F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class)
* G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62)
* G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan)
* G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan)
* G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan)
* H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon)
* H = &quot;Sedan&quot; [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only)
* J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe)
* J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class)
* K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster)
* N = &quot;Coupe&quot; [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe)
* P = &quot;Sedan&quot; [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric)
* X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class)
* X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe)
* X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680)

SUVs: 
* A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon)
* B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class)
* B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon)
* B = 4-door MPV ('06-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class)
* C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class)
* D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe)
* F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class)
* G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon)
* G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class)
* H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG)
* J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe)
* M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV)
* M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV])
* N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class)
* R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class)
* X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV)

On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models:
* A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81)
* B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95)
* D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic)
* M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only)

===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:===

'''V177:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 3G in pos. 4-5:
*4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 &amp; in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)

'''W177:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 3F in pos. 4-5:
*4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)

'''W245:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FH in pos. 4-5:
*33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4
*3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4
*34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4
*3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4
*8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell)

'''W246:'''&lt;br&gt;
following MH in pos. 4-5:
*4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4
*4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4

'''N242:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VP in pos. 4-5:
*9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp)

'''C117:'''&lt;br&gt;
following SJ in pos. 4-5:
*4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4)

'''C118:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 5J in pos. 4-5:
*4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)
*5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)

'''C174:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FJ in pos. 4-5:
*1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp)
*4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp)

'''W201:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DA in pos. 4-5:
*24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4)
*28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4)
*29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6)
*34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4)

following DB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4)
*26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5)
*28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5)

'''W202:'''&lt;br&gt;
following HA in pos. 4-5:
*22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4)
*23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4)
*24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4)
*28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6)
*29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8)

following HM in pos. 4-5:
*36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6)

'''W203/S203/CL203:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RF in pos. 4-5:
*40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4)
*52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6)
*76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)

following RH in pos. 4-5:
*61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

following RN in pos. 4-5:
*47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4)
*40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4)
*64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''W204/C204:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GF in pos. 4-5:
*4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version)

following GJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

'''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WF in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following WH in pos. 4-5:
*4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)

following WJ in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following WK in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W206:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AF in pos. 4-5:
*4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''W123/S123/C123:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AA in pos. 4-5:
*33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6)
*53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6)

following AB in pos. 4-5:
*23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4)
*30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5)
*33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5)
*53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)

'''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EA in pos. 4-5:
*26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6)
*28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6)
*30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6)
*51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)

following EB in pos. 4-5:
*28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5)
*31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6)
*33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

following ED in pos. 4-5:
*30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6)

'''W210/S210:'''&lt;br&gt;
following JF in pos. 4-5:
*20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6)
*25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6)
*55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

following JH in pos. 4-5:
*65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''W211/S211:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UF in pos. 4-5:
*26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6)
*22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)

following UH in pos. 4-5:
*65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)

'''W212/S212:'''&lt;br&gt;
following HF in pos. 4-5:
*2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version)
*8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4)

following HH in pos. 4-5:
*8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''W213/S213:'''&lt;br&gt;
following ZF in pos. 4-5:
*4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following ZH in pos. 4-5:
*6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W214/S214:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LF in pos. 4-5:
*4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following LH in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C219:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DJ in pos. 4-5:
*75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''C218:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LJ in pos. 4-5:
*6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''C257:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 2J in pos. 4-5:
*5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X290:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 7X in pos. 4-5:
*5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''V295:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EG in pos. 4-5:
*2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp)
*2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp)
*1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)
*1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp)
*2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp)
*5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp)

'''W126/V126//C126:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CA in pos. 4-5:
*24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8)
*37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8)
*39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8)
*43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8)
*45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8)

following CB in pos. 4-5:
*20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

'''W140/V140/C140:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GA in pos. 4-5:
*32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)
*70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)

following GB in pos. 4-5:
*34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

'''V220:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NG in pos. 4-5:
*70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12)
*76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''W220:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NF in pos. 4-5:
*67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''C215:'''&lt;br&gt;
following PJ in pos. 4-5:
*73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12)
*76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)

'''V221:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NG in pos. 4-5:
*71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C216:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EJ in pos. 4-5:
*71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)

'''V222:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UG in pos. 4-5:
*6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12)
*7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''X222:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UX in pos. 4-5:
*8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12)
*8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''C217:'''&lt;br&gt;
following XJ in pos. 4-5:
*8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''A217:'''&lt;br&gt;
following XK in pos. 4-5:
*8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)
*7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''V223:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 6G in pos. 4-5:
*6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''Z223:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 6X in pos. 4-5:
*7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''V297:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CG in pos. 4-5:
*2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp)
*2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)
*5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp)

'''W240:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VF in pos. 4-5:
*78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)

'''V240:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VG in pos. 4-5:
*78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)

'''C208/A208:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LJ in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

following LK in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''C209/A209:'''&lt;br&gt;
following TJ in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

following TK in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''C207/A207:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KJ in pos. 4-5:
*5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

following KK in pos. 4-5:
*5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)

'''C238/A238:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 1J in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following 1K in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C236/A236:'''&lt;br&gt;
following MJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following MK in pos. 4-5:
*4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''R170:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KK in pos. 4-5:
*47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4)
*49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4)
*65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6)

'''R171:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WK in pos. 4-5:
*54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''R172:'''&lt;br&gt;
following PK in pos. 4-5:
*4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6)
*7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8)

'''R107:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BA in pos. 4-5:
*45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8)

'''C107:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BA in pos. 4-5:
*25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8)

'''R129:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FA in pos. 4-5:
*61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8)
*67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8)
*68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)

'''R230:'''&lt;br&gt;
following SK in pos. 4-5:
*75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)

'''R231:'''&lt;br&gt;
following JK in pos. 4-5:
*6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''R232:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VK in pos. 4-5:
*5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following VX in pos. 4-5:
*8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''C199/R199:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AJ in pos. 4-5:
*76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8)

following AK in pos. 4-5:
*76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8)

'''C197/R197:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RJ in pos. 4-5:
*7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8)

following RK in pos. 4-5:
*7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8)

'''C190:'''&lt;br&gt;
following YJ in pos. 4-5:
*7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8)

'''R190:'''&lt;br&gt;
following YK in pos. 4-5:
*7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)

'''C192:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RJ in pos. 4-5:
*4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''X156:'''&lt;br&gt;
following TG in pos. 4-5:
*4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4)

'''H247:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 4N in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)

'''X247:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 4M in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X243:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 9M in pos. 4-5:
*0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp)
*0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp)
*1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)

'''X204:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GG in pos. 4-5:
*0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

'''X253:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 0G in pos. 4-5:
*4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery)
*5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery)
*6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''C253:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 0J in pos. 4-5:
*4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''X254:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KM in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''C254:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''W163:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AB in pos. 4-5:
*54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''W164:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery)

'''W166:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DA in pos. 4-5:
*2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 &amp; '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 &amp; '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = ML550 ['12-'14 &amp; '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''C292:'''&lt;br&gt;
following ED in pos. 4-5:
*2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''W167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FB in pos. 4-5:
*4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FD in pos. 4-5:
*5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US &amp; Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X294:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GM in pos. 4-5:
*2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp)
*2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp)
*1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)
*1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp)
*2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp)
*5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp)

'''V251:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = R350 4Matic ['12 &amp; '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''X164:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BF in pos. 4-5:
*22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8)
*7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8)
*86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8)

'''X166:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DF in pos. 4-5:
*2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version)
*6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''X167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FF in pos. 4-5:
*5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X296:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DM in pos. 4-5:
*2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)
*4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)

'''Z296:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DX in pos. 4-5:
*5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp)

'''W463 (1st gen.):'''&lt;br&gt;
following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18):
*49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

*7E = Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet ['17-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) [Middle East market, Not sold in US/Canada]

'''W463 (2nd gen.):'''&lt;br&gt;
following YC in pos. 4-5:
*6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W465:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WH in pos. 4-5:
*1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''N465:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WM in pos. 4-5:
*0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp)

===Position 8=== 
Passenger cars - Restraint system:
* A    3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt
* B    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat &amp; driver-side front airbag
* C    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats
* D    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster
* E    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats)
* F    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class &amp; SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class]
* G    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class &amp; CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible]
* H    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan]
* J    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe]

* A    seat belts + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row &lt;br&gt; ('10-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '10-'20 SL-Class, '11-'15 SLS AMG, '16-'21 AMG GT 2-d)
* B    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('19-'22 A-Class sedan, '14-'22 CLA-Class, '14-'17 B-Class Electric, '15-'19 GLA45 AMG, '10-'22 C-Class, '10-'22 E-Class sedan, '11-'22 E-Class wagon,&lt;br&gt; '10-'22 E-Class coupe, '18-'22 E-Class cabriolet, '10-'22 CLS-Class, '19-'22 AMG GT 4-d coupe, '10-'22 S-Class, '10-'14 CL-Class, '22- EQS sedan, '22- SL-Class, '10-'12 Maybach 57/62)
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row ('11-'17 E-Class cabriolet)

SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09):
* E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class)

SUVs ('10-)
 
Restraint system:
* B    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'22 GLA-Class, '20-'22 GLB-Class, '22- EQB, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'22 GLE-Class w/2 rows, '10-'12 R-Class w/2 rows, '10-'15 GL-Class w/2 rows, '21-'22 Mercedes-Maybach GLS600)
* E    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, &amp; 3rd rows ('20-'22 GLE-Class w/3 rows, '10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class w/3 rows, '10-'16 GL-Class w/3 rows, '17-'22 GLS-Class [excluding Maybach GLS600])
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front to rear side curtain airbags only) ('10-'11 G-Class)
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('12-'17 G-Class)
* H    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('18 G-Class)
* J    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('19-'22 G-Class)

GVWR:
* Class C: 4001-5000 lbs. ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'22 GLA-Class [excluding '22- AMG GLA45], '20-'22 GLB250)
* Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('22- AMG GLA45, '21-'22 AMG GLB35, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class)
* Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('22- EQB, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'22 GLE-Class, '10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class, '10-'12 GL-Class, '10-'12 G-Class, '19-'22 G550)
* Class F: 7001-8000 lbs. ('13-'16 GL-Class, '17-'22 GLS-Class, '13-'18 G-Class, '19-'22 AMG G63, '22- AMG G63 4x4²)
* Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10-'16 G-Class w/optional armoring)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A-D:    Sindelfingen, Germany
* E:      Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000)
* E:      Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001-2011)
* E:      Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China)
* F-H:    Bremen, Germany
* J, K:   Rastatt, Germany
* L:      Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant)
* M:      Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant)
* N, P:   Kecskemet, Hungary
* R, S:   East London, South Africa
* T:      Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant)
* U:      Sindelfingen, Germany
* V:      Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant)
* W:      Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant)
* X:      Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant)
* 1:      Pune, Maharashtra, India

For 4JG and 55S:
* A, B, U:   Vance, Alabama, US

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===

==Commercial Vehicles==
Position 1-3
* VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638)
* WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG
* WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class &amp; X-Class)
* W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic)
* W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck)
* W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van)
* W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter)
* WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter)
* WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3) 
* WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N)
* WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N)
* WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N)
* WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck
* WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle
* WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3)
* WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3)
* WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3)
* WDR - Freightliner MPV
* WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle
* WDY - Freightliner Truck
* WCD - Freightliner Bus
* W2W - Freightliner MPV
* W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle
* W2Y - Freightliner Truck
* W2Z - Freightliner Bus
* 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990)
* 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck &amp; Bus (for South America)
* 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America)
* 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck &amp; Bus (for South America)

Position 4–6, Model
*414 - Vaneo
*415 - Mark 1 Citan
*420 - Mark 2 Citan
*447 - Mark 3 Vito
*470 - X-Class
*638 - Mark 1 Vito
*639 - Mark 2 Vito
*670 - Vario
*901 - Sprinter T1N
*902 - Sprinter T1N
*903 - Sprinter T1N
*904 - Sprinter T1N
*905 - Sprinter T1N
*906 - Sprinter NCV3
*907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD)
*910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD)
*930 - Actros Rigids
*933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer
*934 - Actros MP2 tractor
*944 - Axor Tractor
*950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids
*952 - Axor 
*954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor
*956 - Econic
*963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos
*964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs
*967 - Atego
*970 - Atego
*972 - Atego
*976 - Atego Fire

Position 7–9, Weight and Length code

Position 10, Drive indicator
*1 Left hand drive
*2 Right hand drive

Position 11, Plant code
* A:      Buenos Aires, Argentina
* E:      Buenos Aires, Argentina
* G:      Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup)
* N:      Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB)
* N:      Ludwigsfelde, Germany
* P, R, S:   Düsseldorf, Germany
* T:      Ladson, South Carolina, US 
* U:      Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT)
* V:      Wörth, Germany
* 3:      Vitoria, Spain
* 4:      Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V)
* 4:      Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog)
* 5:      Düsseldorf, Germany
* 9:      Ludwigsfelde, Germany

Position 12–17, Serial Number

Position 18, Check Digit

==External links==

Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981

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      <text bytes="68386" sha1="1xrdftj42wu24qeu1lv2qzx5fo0i4h2" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}
Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats:

(Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. 
European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers.

==1960-1980==
Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.)

Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.)

Position 7  -  1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1

Position 8  -  0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen)

Position 9-14  - Construction serial number    10704312006193

==Passenger Vehicles 1981-==
===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* W1K  Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* W1N  Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* WDB  Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car)
* WDC  DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* WDD  DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* WMX  Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America)
* 4JG  Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* 55S  Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* 9BM  Mercedes-Benz Brazil car &amp; SUV

===Position 4, Model or Series:===
* A    W123 300-Class
* B    R107 SL-Class
* B    C107 SLC-Class
* C    W126/C126 S-Class
* D    W201 190-Class                 
* E    W124 300-Class/E-Class
* F    R129 SL-Class
* G    W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class
* H    W202 C-Class
* J    W210 E-Class
* K    R170 SLK-Class
* L    C208/A208 CLK-Class
* N    W220 S-Class
* P    C215 CL-Class
* R    W203 C-Class
* S    R230 SL-Class
* T    C209/A209 CLK-Class
* U    W211 E-Class
* W    R171 SLK-Class
*----------------------------------
* A    C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren
* D    C219 CLS-Class
* E    C216 CL-Class
* F    W245 B-Class (Canada only)
* G    W204 C-Class
* H    W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon
* J    R231 SL-Class
* K    C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible
* L    C218 CLS-Class
* M    W246 B-Class (Canada only)
* N    W221 S-Class
* P    R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class
* R    C197/R197 SLS AMG
* S    C117 CLA-Class
* U    W222 S-Class sedan
* V    W240 Maybach 57/62
* V    N242 B-Class Electric
* W    W205 C-Class
* X    C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible
* Y    C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster
* Z    W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon
* 1    C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible
* 2    C257 CLS-Class
* 3    V177 A-Class sedan
* 3    W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only)
* 5    C118 CLA-Class
* 6    W223 S-Class sedan
* 7    X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe
*----------------------------------
* A    W206 C-Class
* C    V297 EQS-Class sedan
* E    V295 EQE-Class sedan
* F    C174 CLA-Class sedan EV
* L    W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon
* M    C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible
* R    C192 AMG GT coupe
* V    R232 SL-Class
*----------------------------------
* A    W163 M-Class
* B    W164 M-Class
* B    X164 GL-Class
* C    W251 R-Class
* D    W166 M-Class/GLE-Class
* D    X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class
* D    X296 EQS-Class SUV
* E    C292 GLE-Class Coupe
* F    W167/C167 GLE-Class
* F    X167 GLS-Class
* G    X204 GLK-Class
* 0    X253/C253 GLC-Class
* G    X294 EQE-Class SUV
* K    X254/C254 GLC-Class
* T    X156 GLA-Class
* Y    W463 G-Class
* W    W465 G-Class
* 4    H247 GLA-Class
* 4    X247 GLB-Class
* 9    X243 EQB-Class

===Position 5, Body Style:===
Passenger Cars:
* B = Long Body
* F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57)
* F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class)
* G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62)
* G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan)
* G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan)
* G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan)
* H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon)
* H = &quot;Sedan&quot; [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only)
* J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe)
* J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class)
* K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster)
* N = &quot;Coupe&quot; [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe)
* P = &quot;Sedan&quot; [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric)
* X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class)
* X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe)
* X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680)

SUVs: 
* A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon)
* B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class)
* B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon)
* B = 4-door MPV ('06-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class)
* C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class)
* D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe)
* F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class)
* G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon)
* G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class)
* H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG)
* J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe)
* M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV)
* M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV])
* N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class)
* R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class)
* X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV)

On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models:
* A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81)
* B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95)
* D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic)
* M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only)

===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:===

'''V177:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 3G in pos. 4-5:
*4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 &amp; in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)

'''W177:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 3F in pos. 4-5:
*4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)

'''W245:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FH in pos. 4-5:
*33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4
*3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4
*34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4
*3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4
*8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell)

'''W246:'''&lt;br&gt;
following MH in pos. 4-5:
*4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4
*4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4

'''N242:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VP in pos. 4-5:
*9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp)

'''C117:'''&lt;br&gt;
following SJ in pos. 4-5:
*4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4)

'''C118:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 5J in pos. 4-5:
*4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)
*5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)

'''C174:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FJ in pos. 4-5:
*1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp)
*4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp)

'''W201:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DA in pos. 4-5:
*24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4)
*28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4)
*29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6)
*34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4)

following DB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4)
*26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5)
*28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5)

'''W202:'''&lt;br&gt;
following HA in pos. 4-5:
*22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4)
*23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4)
*24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4)
*28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6)
*29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8)

following HM in pos. 4-5:
*36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6)

'''W203/S203/CL203:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RF in pos. 4-5:
*40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4)
*52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6)
*76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)

following RH in pos. 4-5:
*61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

following RN in pos. 4-5:
*47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4)
*40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4)
*64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''W204/C204:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GF in pos. 4-5:
*4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version)

following GJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

'''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WF in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following WH in pos. 4-5:
*4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)

following WJ in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following WK in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W206:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AF in pos. 4-5:
*4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''W123/S123/C123:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AA in pos. 4-5:
*33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6)
*53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6)

following AB in pos. 4-5:
*23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4)
*30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5)
*33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5)
*53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)

'''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EA in pos. 4-5:
*26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6)
*28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6)
*30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6)
*51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)

following EB in pos. 4-5:
*28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5)
*31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6)
*33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

following ED in pos. 4-5:
*30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6)

'''W210/S210:'''&lt;br&gt;
following JF in pos. 4-5:
*20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6)
*25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6)
*55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

following JH in pos. 4-5:
*65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''W211/S211:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UF in pos. 4-5:
*26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6)
*22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)

following UH in pos. 4-5:
*65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)

'''W212/S212:'''&lt;br&gt;
following HF in pos. 4-5:
*2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version)
*8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4)

following HH in pos. 4-5:
*8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''W213/S213:'''&lt;br&gt;
following ZF in pos. 4-5:
*4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following ZH in pos. 4-5:
*6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W214/S214:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LF in pos. 4-5:
*4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following LH in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C219:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DJ in pos. 4-5:
*75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''C218:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LJ in pos. 4-5:
*6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''C257:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 2J in pos. 4-5:
*5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X290:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 7X in pos. 4-5:
*5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''V295:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EG in pos. 4-5:
*2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp)
*2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp)
*1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)
*1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp)
*2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp)
*5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp)

'''W126/V126//C126:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CA in pos. 4-5:
*24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8)
*37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8)
*39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8)
*43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8)
*45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8)

following CB in pos. 4-5:
*20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

'''W140/V140/C140:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GA in pos. 4-5:
*32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)
*70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)

following GB in pos. 4-5:
*34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

'''V220:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NG in pos. 4-5:
*70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12)
*76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''W220:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NF in pos. 4-5:
*67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''C215:'''&lt;br&gt;
following PJ in pos. 4-5:
*73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12)
*76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)

'''V221:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NG in pos. 4-5:
*71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C216:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EJ in pos. 4-5:
*71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)

'''V222:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UG in pos. 4-5:
*6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12)
*7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''X222:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UX in pos. 4-5:
*8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12)
*8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''C217:'''&lt;br&gt;
following XJ in pos. 4-5:
*8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''A217:'''&lt;br&gt;
following XK in pos. 4-5:
*8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)
*7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''V223:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 6G in pos. 4-5:
*6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''Z223:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 6X in pos. 4-5:
*7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''V297:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CG in pos. 4-5:
*2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp)
*2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)
*5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp)

'''W240:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VF in pos. 4-5:
*78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)

'''V240:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VG in pos. 4-5:
*78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)

'''C208/A208:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LJ in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

following LK in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''C209/A209:'''&lt;br&gt;
following TJ in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

following TK in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''C207/A207:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KJ in pos. 4-5:
*5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

following KK in pos. 4-5:
*5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)

'''C238/A238:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 1J in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following 1K in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C236/A236:'''&lt;br&gt;
following MJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following MK in pos. 4-5:
*4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''R170:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KK in pos. 4-5:
*47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4)
*49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4)
*65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6)

'''R171:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WK in pos. 4-5:
*54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''R172:'''&lt;br&gt;
following PK in pos. 4-5:
*4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6)
*7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8)

'''R107:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BA in pos. 4-5:
*45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8)

'''C107:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BA in pos. 4-5:
*25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8)

'''R129:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FA in pos. 4-5:
*61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8)
*67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8)
*68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)

'''R230:'''&lt;br&gt;
following SK in pos. 4-5:
*75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)

'''R231:'''&lt;br&gt;
following JK in pos. 4-5:
*6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''R232:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VK in pos. 4-5:
*5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following VX in pos. 4-5:
*8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''C199/R199:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AJ in pos. 4-5:
*76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8)

following AK in pos. 4-5:
*76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8)

'''C197/R197:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RJ in pos. 4-5:
*7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8)

following RK in pos. 4-5:
*7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8)

'''C190:'''&lt;br&gt;
following YJ in pos. 4-5:
*7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8)

'''R190:'''&lt;br&gt;
following YK in pos. 4-5:
*7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)

'''C192:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RJ in pos. 4-5:
*4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''X156:'''&lt;br&gt;
following TG in pos. 4-5:
*4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4)

'''H247:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 4N in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)

'''X247:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 4M in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X243:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 9M in pos. 4-5:
*0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp)
*0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp)
*1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)

'''X204:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GG in pos. 4-5:
*0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

'''X253:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 0G in pos. 4-5:
*4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery)
*5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery)
*6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''C253:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 0J in pos. 4-5:
*4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''X254:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KM in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''C254:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''W163:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AB in pos. 4-5:
*54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''W164:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery)

'''W166:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DA in pos. 4-5:
*2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 &amp; '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 &amp; '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = ML550 ['12-'14 &amp; '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''C292:'''&lt;br&gt;
following ED in pos. 4-5:
*2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''W167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FB in pos. 4-5:
*4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FD in pos. 4-5:
*5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US &amp; Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X294:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GM in pos. 4-5:
*2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp)
*2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp)
*1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)
*1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp)
*2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp)
*5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp)

'''V251:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = R350 4Matic ['12 &amp; '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''X164:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BF in pos. 4-5:
*22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8)
*7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8)
*86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8)

'''X166:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DF in pos. 4-5:
*2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version)
*6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''X167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FF in pos. 4-5:
*5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X296:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DM in pos. 4-5:
*2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)
*4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)

'''Z296:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DX in pos. 4-5:
*5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp)

'''W463 (1st gen.):'''&lt;br&gt;
following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18):
*49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

*7E = Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet ['17-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) [Middle East market, Not sold in US/Canada]

'''W463 (2nd gen.):'''&lt;br&gt;
following YC in pos. 4-5:
*6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W465:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WH in pos. 4-5:
*1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''N465:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WM in pos. 4-5:
*0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp)

===Position 8=== 
Passenger cars - Restraint system:
* A    3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt
* B    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat &amp; driver-side front airbag
* C    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats
* D    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster
* E    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats)
* F    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class &amp; SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class]
* G    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class &amp; CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible]
* H    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan]
* J    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe]

* A    seat belts + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row &lt;br&gt; ('10-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '10-'20 SL-Class, '11-'15 SLS AMG, '16-'21 AMG GT 2-d)
* B    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('19-'22 A-Class sedan, '14-'24 CLA-Class, '14-'17 B-Class Electric, '15-'19 GLA45 AMG, '10-'24 C-Class, '10-'24 E-Class sedan, '11-'24 E-Class wagon,&lt;br&gt; '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '18-'23 E-Class cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class, '10-'23 CLS-Class, '19-'24 AMG GT 4-d coupe, '23-'24 EQE sedan, '10-'24 S-Class, '10-'14 CL-Class, '22-'24 EQS sedan, '22-'24 SL-Class, '24- AMG GT 2-d, '10-'12 Maybach 57/62)
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row ('11-'17 E-Class cabriolet)

SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09):
* E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class)

SUVs ('10-)
 
Restraint system:
* B    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'24 GLA-Class, '20-'24 GLB-Class, '22-'24 EQB, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'24 GLE-Class w/2 rows, '23-'24 EQE SUV, '10-'12 R-Class w/2 rows, '10-'15 GL-Class w/2 rows, '21-'24 Mercedes-Maybach GLS600, '23-'24 EQS SUV)
* E    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, &amp; 3rd rows ('20-'24 GLE-Class w/3 rows, '10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class w/3 rows, '10-'16 GL-Class w/3 rows, '17-'24 GLS-Class [excluding Maybach GLS600])
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front to rear side curtain airbags only) ('10-'11 G-Class)
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('12-'17 G-Class)
* H    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('18 G-Class)
* J    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('19-'24 G-Class)

GVWR:
* Class C: 4001-5000 lbs. ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'24 GLA-Class [excluding '22-'23 AMG GLA45], '20-'22 GLB250)
* Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('22-'23 AMG GLA45, '23-'24 GLB250, '21-'24 AMG GLB35, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class)
* Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('22-'24 EQB, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'23 GLE-Class, '24- GLE350/450/AMG 53/AMG 63S, '23-'24 EQE SUV [excluding AMG], '10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class, '10-'12 GL-Class, '10-'12 G-Class, '19-'22, '24- G550)
* Class F: 7001-8000 lbs. ('24- GLE450e, '24- GLE580, '24- AMG EQE SUV, '13-'16 GL-Class, '17-'24 GLS-Class, '23-'24 EQS SUV, '13-'18 G-Class, '23 G550, '19-'24 AMG G63, '22-'24 AMG G63 4x4²)
* Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10-'16 G-Class w/optional armoring)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A-D:    Sindelfingen, Germany
* E:      Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000)
* E:      Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001-2011)
* E:      Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China)
* F-H:    Bremen, Germany
* J, K:   Rastatt, Germany
* L:      Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant)
* M:      Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant)
* N, P:   Kecskemet, Hungary
* R, S:   East London, South Africa
* T:      Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant)
* U:      Sindelfingen, Germany
* V:      Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant)
* W:      Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant)
* X:      Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant)
* 1:      Pune, Maharashtra, India

For 4JG and 55S:
* A, B, U:   Vance, Alabama, US

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===

==Commercial Vehicles==
Position 1-3
* VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638)
* WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG
* WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class &amp; X-Class)
* W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic)
* W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck)
* W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van)
* W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter)
* WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter)
* WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3) 
* WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N)
* WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N)
* WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N)
* WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck
* WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle
* WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3)
* WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3)
* WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3)
* WDR - Freightliner MPV
* WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle
* WDY - Freightliner Truck
* WCD - Freightliner Bus
* W2W - Freightliner MPV
* W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle
* W2Y - Freightliner Truck
* W2Z - Freightliner Bus
* 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990)
* 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck &amp; Bus (for South America)
* 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America)
* 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck &amp; Bus (for South America)

Position 4–6, Model
*414 - Vaneo
*415 - Mark 1 Citan
*420 - Mark 2 Citan
*447 - Mark 3 Vito
*470 - X-Class
*638 - Mark 1 Vito
*639 - Mark 2 Vito
*670 - Vario
*901 - Sprinter T1N
*902 - Sprinter T1N
*903 - Sprinter T1N
*904 - Sprinter T1N
*905 - Sprinter T1N
*906 - Sprinter NCV3
*907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD)
*910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD)
*930 - Actros Rigids
*933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer
*934 - Actros MP2 tractor
*944 - Axor Tractor
*950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids
*952 - Axor 
*954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor
*956 - Econic
*963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos
*964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs
*967 - Atego
*970 - Atego
*972 - Atego
*976 - Atego Fire

Position 7–9, Weight and Length code

Position 10, Drive indicator
*1 Left hand drive
*2 Right hand drive

Position 11, Plant code
* A:      Buenos Aires, Argentina
* E:      Buenos Aires, Argentina
* G:      Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup)
* N:      Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB)
* N:      Ludwigsfelde, Germany
* P, R, S:   Düsseldorf, Germany
* T:      Ladson, South Carolina, US 
* U:      Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT)
* V:      Wörth, Germany
* 3:      Vitoria, Spain
* 4:      Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V)
* 4:      Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog)
* 5:      Düsseldorf, Germany
* 9:      Ludwigsfelde, Germany

Position 12–17, Serial Number

Position 18, Check Digit

==External links==

Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981

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      <text bytes="68390" sha1="3v79f8np68s9hfdn48dqu7wftq93yxi" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}
Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats:

(Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. 
European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers.

==1960-1980==
Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.)

Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.)

Position 7  -  1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1

Position 8  -  0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen)

Position 9-14  - Construction serial number    10704312006193

==Passenger Vehicles 1981-==
===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* W1K  Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* W1N  Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* WDB  Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car)
* WDC  DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* WDD  DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* WMX  Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America)
* 4JG  Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* 55S  Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* 9BM  Mercedes-Benz Brazil car &amp; SUV

===Position 4, Model or Series:===
* A    W123 300-Class
* B    R107 SL-Class
* B    C107 SLC-Class
* C    W126/C126 S-Class
* D    W201 190-Class                 
* E    W124 300-Class/E-Class
* F    R129 SL-Class
* G    W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class
* H    W202 C-Class
* J    W210 E-Class
* K    R170 SLK-Class
* L    C208/A208 CLK-Class
* N    W220 S-Class
* P    C215 CL-Class
* R    W203 C-Class
* S    R230 SL-Class
* T    C209/A209 CLK-Class
* U    W211 E-Class
* W    R171 SLK-Class
*----------------------------------
* A    C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren
* D    C219 CLS-Class
* E    C216 CL-Class
* F    W245 B-Class (Canada only)
* G    W204 C-Class
* H    W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon
* J    R231 SL-Class
* K    C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible
* L    C218 CLS-Class
* M    W246 B-Class (Canada only)
* N    W221 S-Class
* P    R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class
* R    C197/R197 SLS AMG
* S    C117 CLA-Class
* U    W222 S-Class sedan
* V    W240 Maybach 57/62
* V    N242 B-Class Electric
* W    W205 C-Class
* X    C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible
* Y    C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster
* Z    W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon
* 1    C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible
* 2    C257 CLS-Class
* 3    V177 A-Class sedan
* 3    W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only)
* 5    C118 CLA-Class
* 6    W223 S-Class sedan
* 7    X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe
*----------------------------------
* A    W206 C-Class
* C    V297 EQS-Class sedan
* E    V295 EQE-Class sedan
* F    C174 CLA-Class sedan EV
* L    W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon
* M    C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible
* R    C192 AMG GT coupe
* V    R232 SL-Class
*----------------------------------
* A    W163 M-Class
* B    W164 M-Class
* B    X164 GL-Class
* C    W251 R-Class
* D    W166 M-Class/GLE-Class
* D    X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class
* D    X296 EQS-Class SUV
* E    C292 GLE-Class Coupe
* F    W167/C167 GLE-Class
* F    X167 GLS-Class
* G    X204 GLK-Class
* 0    X253/C253 GLC-Class
* G    X294 EQE-Class SUV
* K    X254/C254 GLC-Class
* T    X156 GLA-Class
* Y    W463 G-Class
* W    W465 G-Class
* 4    H247 GLA-Class
* 4    X247 GLB-Class
* 9    X243 EQB-Class

===Position 5, Body Style:===
Passenger Cars:
* B = Long Body
* F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57)
* F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class)
* G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62)
* G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan)
* G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan)
* G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan)
* H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon)
* H = &quot;Sedan&quot; [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only)
* J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe)
* J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class)
* K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster)
* N = &quot;Coupe&quot; [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe)
* P = &quot;Sedan&quot; [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric)
* X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class)
* X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe)
* X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680)

SUVs: 
* A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon)
* B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class)
* B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon)
* B = 4-door MPV ('06-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class)
* C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class)
* D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe)
* F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class)
* G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon)
* G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class)
* H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG)
* J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe)
* M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV)
* M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV])
* N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class)
* R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class)
* X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV)

On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models:
* A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81)
* B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95)
* D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic)
* M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only)

===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:===

'''V177:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 3G in pos. 4-5:
*4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 &amp; in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)

'''W177:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 3F in pos. 4-5:
*4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)

'''W245:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FH in pos. 4-5:
*33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4
*3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4
*34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4
*3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4
*8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell)

'''W246:'''&lt;br&gt;
following MH in pos. 4-5:
*4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4
*4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4

'''N242:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VP in pos. 4-5:
*9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp)

'''C117:'''&lt;br&gt;
following SJ in pos. 4-5:
*4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4)

'''C118:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 5J in pos. 4-5:
*4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)
*5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)

'''C174:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FJ in pos. 4-5:
*1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp)
*4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp)

'''W201:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DA in pos. 4-5:
*24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4)
*28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4)
*29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6)
*34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4)

following DB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4)
*26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5)
*28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5)

'''W202:'''&lt;br&gt;
following HA in pos. 4-5:
*22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4)
*23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4)
*24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4)
*28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6)
*29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8)

following HM in pos. 4-5:
*36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6)

'''W203/S203/CL203:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RF in pos. 4-5:
*40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4)
*52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6)
*76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)

following RH in pos. 4-5:
*61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

following RN in pos. 4-5:
*47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4)
*40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4)
*64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''W204/C204:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GF in pos. 4-5:
*4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version)

following GJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

'''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WF in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following WH in pos. 4-5:
*4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)

following WJ in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following WK in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W206:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AF in pos. 4-5:
*4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''W123/S123/C123:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AA in pos. 4-5:
*33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6)
*53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6)

following AB in pos. 4-5:
*23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4)
*30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5)
*33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5)
*53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)

'''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EA in pos. 4-5:
*26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6)
*28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6)
*30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6)
*51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)

following EB in pos. 4-5:
*28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5)
*31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6)
*33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

following ED in pos. 4-5:
*30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6)

'''W210/S210:'''&lt;br&gt;
following JF in pos. 4-5:
*20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6)
*25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6)
*55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

following JH in pos. 4-5:
*65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''W211/S211:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UF in pos. 4-5:
*26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6)
*22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)

following UH in pos. 4-5:
*65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)

'''W212/S212:'''&lt;br&gt;
following HF in pos. 4-5:
*2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version)
*8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4)

following HH in pos. 4-5:
*8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''W213/S213:'''&lt;br&gt;
following ZF in pos. 4-5:
*4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following ZH in pos. 4-5:
*6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W214/S214:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LF in pos. 4-5:
*4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following LH in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C219:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DJ in pos. 4-5:
*75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''C218:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LJ in pos. 4-5:
*6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''C257:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 2J in pos. 4-5:
*5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X290:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 7X in pos. 4-5:
*5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''V295:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EG in pos. 4-5:
*2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp)
*2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp)
*1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)
*1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp)
*2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp)
*5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp)

'''W126/V126//C126:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CA in pos. 4-5:
*24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8)
*37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8)
*39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8)
*43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8)
*45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8)

following CB in pos. 4-5:
*20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

'''W140/V140/C140:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GA in pos. 4-5:
*32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)
*70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)

following GB in pos. 4-5:
*34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

'''V220:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NG in pos. 4-5:
*70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12)
*76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''W220:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NF in pos. 4-5:
*67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''C215:'''&lt;br&gt;
following PJ in pos. 4-5:
*73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12)
*76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)

'''V221:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NG in pos. 4-5:
*71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C216:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EJ in pos. 4-5:
*71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)

'''V222:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UG in pos. 4-5:
*6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12)
*7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''X222:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UX in pos. 4-5:
*8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12)
*8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''C217:'''&lt;br&gt;
following XJ in pos. 4-5:
*8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''A217:'''&lt;br&gt;
following XK in pos. 4-5:
*8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)
*7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''V223:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 6G in pos. 4-5:
*6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''Z223:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 6X in pos. 4-5:
*7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''V297:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CG in pos. 4-5:
*2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp)
*2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)
*5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp)

'''W240:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VF in pos. 4-5:
*78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)

'''V240:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VG in pos. 4-5:
*78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)

'''C208/A208:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LJ in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

following LK in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''C209/A209:'''&lt;br&gt;
following TJ in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

following TK in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''C207/A207:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KJ in pos. 4-5:
*5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

following KK in pos. 4-5:
*5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)

'''C238/A238:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 1J in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following 1K in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C236/A236:'''&lt;br&gt;
following MJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following MK in pos. 4-5:
*4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''R170:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KK in pos. 4-5:
*47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4)
*49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4)
*65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6)

'''R171:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WK in pos. 4-5:
*54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''R172:'''&lt;br&gt;
following PK in pos. 4-5:
*4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6)
*7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8)

'''R107:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BA in pos. 4-5:
*45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8)

'''C107:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BA in pos. 4-5:
*25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8)

'''R129:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FA in pos. 4-5:
*61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8)
*67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8)
*68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)

'''R230:'''&lt;br&gt;
following SK in pos. 4-5:
*75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)

'''R231:'''&lt;br&gt;
following JK in pos. 4-5:
*6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''R232:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VK in pos. 4-5:
*5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following VX in pos. 4-5:
*8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''C199/R199:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AJ in pos. 4-5:
*76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8)

following AK in pos. 4-5:
*76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8)

'''C197/R197:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RJ in pos. 4-5:
*7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8)

following RK in pos. 4-5:
*7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8)

'''C190:'''&lt;br&gt;
following YJ in pos. 4-5:
*7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8)

'''R190:'''&lt;br&gt;
following YK in pos. 4-5:
*7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)

'''C192:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RJ in pos. 4-5:
*4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''X156:'''&lt;br&gt;
following TG in pos. 4-5:
*4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4)

'''H247:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 4N in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)

'''X247:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 4M in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X243:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 9M in pos. 4-5:
*0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp)
*0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp)
*1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)

'''X204:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GG in pos. 4-5:
*0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

'''X253:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 0G in pos. 4-5:
*4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery)
*5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery)
*6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''C253:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 0J in pos. 4-5:
*4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''X254:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KM in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''C254:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''W163:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AB in pos. 4-5:
*54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''W164:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery)

'''W166:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DA in pos. 4-5:
*2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 &amp; '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 &amp; '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = ML550 ['12-'14 &amp; '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''C292:'''&lt;br&gt;
following ED in pos. 4-5:
*2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''W167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FB in pos. 4-5:
*4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FD in pos. 4-5:
*5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US &amp; Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X294:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GM in pos. 4-5:
*2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp)
*2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp)
*1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)
*1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp)
*2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp)
*5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp)

'''V251:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = R350 4Matic ['12 &amp; '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''X164:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BF in pos. 4-5:
*22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8)
*7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8)
*86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8)

'''X166:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DF in pos. 4-5:
*2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version)
*6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''X167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FF in pos. 4-5:
*5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X296:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DM in pos. 4-5:
*2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)
*4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)

'''Z296:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DX in pos. 4-5:
*5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp)

'''W463 (1st gen.):'''&lt;br&gt;
following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18):
*49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

*7E = Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet ['17-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) [Middle East market, Not sold in US/Canada]

'''W463 (2nd gen.):'''&lt;br&gt;
following YC in pos. 4-5:
*6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W465:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WH in pos. 4-5:
*1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''N465:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WM in pos. 4-5:
*0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp)

===Position 8=== 
Passenger cars - Restraint system:
* A    3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt
* B    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat &amp; driver-side front airbag
* C    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats
* D    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster
* E    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats)
* F    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class &amp; SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class]
* G    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class &amp; CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible]
* H    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan]
* J    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe]

* A    seat belts + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row &lt;br&gt; ('10-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '10-'20 SL-Class, '11-'15 SLS AMG, '16-'21 AMG GT 2-d)
* B    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('19-'22 A-Class sedan, '14-'24 CLA-Class, '14-'17 B-Class Electric, '15-'19 GLA45 AMG, '10-'24 C-Class, '10-'24 E-Class sedan, '11-'24 E-Class wagon,&lt;br&gt; '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '18-'23 E-Class cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class, '10-'23 CLS-Class, '19-'24 AMG GT 4-d coupe, '23-'24 EQE sedan, '10-'24 S-Class,&lt;br&gt; '10-'14 CL-Class, '22-'24 EQS sedan, '22-'24 SL-Class, '24- AMG GT 2-d, '10-'12 Maybach 57/62)
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row ('11-'17 E-Class cabriolet)

SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09):
* E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class)

SUVs ('10-)
 
Restraint system:
* B    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'24 GLA-Class, '20-'24 GLB-Class, '22-'24 EQB, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'24 GLE-Class w/2 rows, '23-'24 EQE SUV, '10-'12 R-Class w/2 rows, '10-'15 GL-Class w/2 rows, '21-'24 Mercedes-Maybach GLS600, '23-'24 EQS SUV)
* E    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, &amp; 3rd rows ('20-'24 GLE-Class w/3 rows, '10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class w/3 rows, '10-'16 GL-Class w/3 rows, '17-'24 GLS-Class [excluding Maybach GLS600])
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front to rear side curtain airbags only) ('10-'11 G-Class)
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('12-'17 G-Class)
* H    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('18 G-Class)
* J    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('19-'24 G-Class)

GVWR:
* Class C: 4001-5000 lbs. ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'24 GLA-Class [excluding '22-'23 AMG GLA45], '20-'22 GLB250)
* Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('22-'23 AMG GLA45, '23-'24 GLB250, '21-'24 AMG GLB35, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class)
* Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('22-'24 EQB, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'23 GLE-Class, '24- GLE350/450/AMG 53/AMG 63S, '23-'24 EQE SUV [excluding AMG], '10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class, '10-'12 GL-Class, '10-'12 G-Class, '19-'22, '24- G550)
* Class F: 7001-8000 lbs. ('24- GLE450e, '24- GLE580, '24- AMG EQE SUV, '13-'16 GL-Class, '17-'24 GLS-Class, '23-'24 EQS SUV, '13-'18 G-Class, '23 G550, '19-'24 AMG G63, '22-'24 AMG G63 4x4²)
* Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10-'16 G-Class w/optional armoring)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A-D:    Sindelfingen, Germany
* E:      Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000)
* E:      Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001-2011)
* E:      Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China)
* F-H:    Bremen, Germany
* J, K:   Rastatt, Germany
* L:      Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant)
* M:      Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant)
* N, P:   Kecskemet, Hungary
* R, S:   East London, South Africa
* T:      Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant)
* U:      Sindelfingen, Germany
* V:      Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant)
* W:      Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant)
* X:      Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant)
* 1:      Pune, Maharashtra, India

For 4JG and 55S:
* A, B, U:   Vance, Alabama, US

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===

==Commercial Vehicles==
Position 1-3
* VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638)
* WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG
* WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class &amp; X-Class)
* W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic)
* W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck)
* W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van)
* W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter)
* WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter)
* WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3) 
* WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N)
* WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N)
* WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N)
* WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck
* WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle
* WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3)
* WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3)
* WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3)
* WDR - Freightliner MPV
* WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle
* WDY - Freightliner Truck
* WCD - Freightliner Bus
* W2W - Freightliner MPV
* W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle
* W2Y - Freightliner Truck
* W2Z - Freightliner Bus
* 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990)
* 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck &amp; Bus (for South America)
* 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America)
* 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck &amp; Bus (for South America)

Position 4–6, Model
*414 - Vaneo
*415 - Mark 1 Citan
*420 - Mark 2 Citan
*447 - Mark 3 Vito
*470 - X-Class
*638 - Mark 1 Vito
*639 - Mark 2 Vito
*670 - Vario
*901 - Sprinter T1N
*902 - Sprinter T1N
*903 - Sprinter T1N
*904 - Sprinter T1N
*905 - Sprinter T1N
*906 - Sprinter NCV3
*907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD)
*910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD)
*930 - Actros Rigids
*933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer
*934 - Actros MP2 tractor
*944 - Axor Tractor
*950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids
*952 - Axor 
*954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor
*956 - Econic
*963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos
*964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs
*967 - Atego
*970 - Atego
*972 - Atego
*976 - Atego Fire

Position 7–9, Weight and Length code

Position 10, Drive indicator
*1 Left hand drive
*2 Right hand drive

Position 11, Plant code
* A:      Buenos Aires, Argentina
* E:      Buenos Aires, Argentina
* G:      Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup)
* N:      Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB)
* N:      Ludwigsfelde, Germany
* P, R, S:   Düsseldorf, Germany
* T:      Ladson, South Carolina, US 
* U:      Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT)
* V:      Wörth, Germany
* 3:      Vitoria, Spain
* 4:      Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V)
* 4:      Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog)
* 5:      Düsseldorf, Germany
* 9:      Ludwigsfelde, Germany

Position 12–17, Serial Number

Position 18, Check Digit

==External links==

Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T23:14:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="68396" sha1="k3ukietqxbszmdi9n21e8khvspe3kaw" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}
Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats:

(Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. 
European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers.

==1960-1980==
Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.)

Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.)

Position 7  -  1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1

Position 8  -  0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen)

Position 9-14  - Construction serial number    10704312006193

==Passenger Vehicles 1981-==
===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* W1K  Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* W1N  Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* WDB  Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car)
* WDC  DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* WDD  DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* WMX  Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America)
* 4JG  Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV)
* 55S  Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car)
* 9BM  Mercedes-Benz Brazil car &amp; SUV

===Position 4, Model or Series:===
* A    W123 300-Class
* B    R107 SL-Class
* B    C107 SLC-Class
* C    W126/C126 S-Class
* D    W201 190-Class                 
* E    W124 300-Class/E-Class
* F    R129 SL-Class
* G    W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class
* H    W202 C-Class
* J    W210 E-Class
* K    R170 SLK-Class
* L    C208/A208 CLK-Class
* N    W220 S-Class
* P    C215 CL-Class
* R    W203 C-Class
* S    R230 SL-Class
* T    C209/A209 CLK-Class
* U    W211 E-Class
* W    R171 SLK-Class
*----------------------------------
* A    C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren
* D    C219 CLS-Class
* E    C216 CL-Class
* F    W245 B-Class (Canada only)
* G    W204 C-Class
* H    W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon
* J    R231 SL-Class
* K    C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible
* L    C218 CLS-Class
* M    W246 B-Class (Canada only)
* N    W221 S-Class
* P    R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class
* R    C197/R197 SLS AMG
* S    C117 CLA-Class
* U    W222 S-Class sedan
* V    W240 Maybach 57/62
* V    N242 B-Class Electric
* W    W205 C-Class
* X    C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible
* Y    C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster
* Z    W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon
* 1    C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible
* 2    C257 CLS-Class
* 3    V177 A-Class sedan
* 3    W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only)
* 5    C118 CLA-Class
* 6    W223 S-Class sedan
* 7    X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe
*----------------------------------
* A    W206 C-Class
* C    V297 EQS-Class sedan
* E    V295 EQE-Class sedan
* F    C174 CLA-Class sedan EV
* L    W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon
* M    C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible
* R    C192 AMG GT coupe
* V    R232 SL-Class
*----------------------------------
* A    W163 M-Class
* B    W164 M-Class
* B    X164 GL-Class
* C    W251 R-Class
* D    W166 M-Class/GLE-Class
* D    X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class
* D    X296 EQS-Class SUV
* E    C292 GLE-Class Coupe
* F    W167/C167 GLE-Class
* F    X167 GLS-Class
* G    X204 GLK-Class
* 0    X253/C253 GLC-Class
* G    X294 EQE-Class SUV
* K    X254/C254 GLC-Class
* T    X156 GLA-Class
* Y    W463 G-Class
* W    W465 G-Class
* 4    H247 GLA-Class
* 4    X247 GLB-Class
* 9    X243 EQB-Class

===Position 5, Body Style:===
Passenger Cars:
* B = Long Body
* F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57)
* F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class)
* G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62)
* G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan)
* G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan)
* G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan)
* H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon)
* H = &quot;Sedan&quot; [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only)
* J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe)
* J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class)
* K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster)
* N = &quot;Coupe&quot; [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe)
* P = &quot;Sedan&quot; [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric)
* X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class)
* X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe)
* X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680)

SUVs: 
* A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon)
* B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class)
* B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon)
* B = 4-door MPV ('06-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class)
* C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class)
* D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe)
* F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class)
* G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon)
* G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class)
* H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG)
* J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe)
* M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV)
* M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV)
* M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV])
* N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class)
* R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class)
* X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV)

On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models:
* A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81)
* B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95)
* D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic)
* M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only)

===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:===

'''V177:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 3G in pos. 4-5:
*4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 &amp; in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)

'''W177:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 3F in pos. 4-5:
*4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)

'''W245:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FH in pos. 4-5:
*33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4
*3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4
*34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4
*3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4
*8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell)

'''W246:'''&lt;br&gt;
following MH in pos. 4-5:
*4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4
*4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4

'''N242:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VP in pos. 4-5:
*9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp)

'''C117:'''&lt;br&gt;
following SJ in pos. 4-5:
*4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4)

'''C118:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 5J in pos. 4-5:
*4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)
*5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)

'''C174:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FJ in pos. 4-5:
*1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp)
*4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp)

'''W201:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DA in pos. 4-5:
*24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4)
*28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4)
*29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6)
*34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4)

following DB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4)
*26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5)
*28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5)

'''W202:'''&lt;br&gt;
following HA in pos. 4-5:
*22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4)
*23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4)
*24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4)
*28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6)
*29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8)

following HM in pos. 4-5:
*36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6)

'''W203/S203/CL203:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RF in pos. 4-5:
*40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4)
*52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6)
*76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)

following RH in pos. 4-5:
*61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

following RN in pos. 4-5:
*47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4)
*40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4)
*64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''W204/C204:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GF in pos. 4-5:
*4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version)

following GJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

'''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WF in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following WH in pos. 4-5:
*4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)

following WJ in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following WK in pos. 4-5:
*4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W206:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AF in pos. 4-5:
*4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''W123/S123/C123:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AA in pos. 4-5:
*33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6)
*53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6)

following AB in pos. 4-5:
*23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4)
*30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5)
*33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5)
*53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)

'''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EA in pos. 4-5:
*26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6)
*28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6)
*30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6)
*51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6)

following EB in pos. 4-5:
*28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5)
*31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6)
*33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

following ED in pos. 4-5:
*30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6)

'''W210/S210:'''&lt;br&gt;
following JF in pos. 4-5:
*20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6)
*25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6)
*55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

following JH in pos. 4-5:
*65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''W211/S211:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UF in pos. 4-5:
*26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6)
*22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)

following UH in pos. 4-5:
*65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)

'''W212/S212:'''&lt;br&gt;
following HF in pos. 4-5:
*2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version)
*8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4)

following HH in pos. 4-5:
*8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''W213/S213:'''&lt;br&gt;
following ZF in pos. 4-5:
*4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

following ZH in pos. 4-5:
*6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W214/S214:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LF in pos. 4-5:
*4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following LH in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C219:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DJ in pos. 4-5:
*75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''C218:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LJ in pos. 4-5:
*6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''C257:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 2J in pos. 4-5:
*5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X290:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 7X in pos. 4-5:
*5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''V295:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EG in pos. 4-5:
*2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp)
*2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp)
*1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)
*1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp)
*2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp)
*5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp)

'''W126/V126//C126:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CA in pos. 4-5:
*24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6)
*32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8)
*37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8)
*39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8)
*43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8)
*45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8)

following CB in pos. 4-5:
*20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5)
*25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)
*35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

'''W140/V140/C140:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GA in pos. 4-5:
*32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6)
*42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8)
*51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)
*70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8)
*76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)

following GB in pos. 4-5:
*34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6)

'''V220:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NG in pos. 4-5:
*70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12)
*76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''W220:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NF in pos. 4-5:
*67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)

'''C215:'''&lt;br&gt;
following PJ in pos. 4-5:
*73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12)
*76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)

'''V221:'''&lt;br&gt;
following NG in pos. 4-5:
*71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C216:'''&lt;br&gt;
following EJ in pos. 4-5:
*71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)

'''V222:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UG in pos. 4-5:
*6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12)
*7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''X222:'''&lt;br&gt;
following UX in pos. 4-5:
*8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12)
*8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''C217:'''&lt;br&gt;
following XJ in pos. 4-5:
*8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''A217:'''&lt;br&gt;
following XK in pos. 4-5:
*8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)
*7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12)

'''V223:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 6G in pos. 4-5:
*6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''Z223:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 6X in pos. 4-5:
*7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''V297:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CG in pos. 4-5:
*2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp)
*2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)
*5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp)

'''W240:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VF in pos. 4-5:
*78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)

'''V240:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VG in pos. 4-5:
*78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12)
*79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)
*7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12)

'''C208/A208:'''&lt;br&gt;
following LJ in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

following LK in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''C209/A209:'''&lt;br&gt;
following TJ in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

following TK in pos. 4-5:
*65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''C207/A207:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KJ in pos. 4-5:
*5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

following KK in pos. 4-5:
*5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)

'''C238/A238:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 1J in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following 1K in pos. 4-5:
*6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C236/A236:'''&lt;br&gt;
following MJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following MK in pos. 4-5:
*4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''R170:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KK in pos. 4-5:
*47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4)
*49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4)
*65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6)

'''R171:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WK in pos. 4-5:
*54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6)
*56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''R172:'''&lt;br&gt;
following PK in pos. 4-5:
*4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4)
*3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6)
*7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8)

'''R107:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BA in pos. 4-5:
*45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8)
*48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8)

'''C107:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BA in pos. 4-5:
*25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8)

'''R129:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FA in pos. 4-5:
*61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6)
*66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8)
*67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8)
*68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12)

'''R230:'''&lt;br&gt;
following SK in pos. 4-5:
*75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8)
*74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8)
*76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12)
*79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)
*7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12)

'''R231:'''&lt;br&gt;
following JK in pos. 4-5:
*6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

'''R232:'''&lt;br&gt;
following VK in pos. 4-5:
*5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

following VX in pos. 4-5:
*8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''C199/R199:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AJ in pos. 4-5:
*76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8)

following AK in pos. 4-5:
*76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8)

'''C197/R197:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RJ in pos. 4-5:
*7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8)

following RK in pos. 4-5:
*7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8)
*7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8)

'''C190:'''&lt;br&gt;
following YJ in pos. 4-5:
*7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8)

'''R190:'''&lt;br&gt;
following YK in pos. 4-5:
*7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)
*7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8)

'''C192:'''&lt;br&gt;
following RJ in pos. 4-5:
*4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''X156:'''&lt;br&gt;
following TG in pos. 4-5:
*4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4)
*5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4)

'''H247:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 4N in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4)

'''X247:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 4M in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4)
*5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X243:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 9M in pos. 4-5:
*0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp)
*0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp)
*1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)

'''X204:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GG in pos. 4-5:
*0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)

'''X253:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 0G in pos. 4-5:
*4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery)
*5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery)
*6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''C253:'''&lt;br&gt;
following 0J in pos. 4-5:
*4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4)
*8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''X254:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KM in pos. 4-5:
*4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''C254:'''&lt;br&gt;
following KJ in pos. 4-5:
*4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery)

'''W163:'''&lt;br&gt;
following AB in pos. 4-5:
*54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6)
*72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)

'''W164:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8)
*9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery)

'''W166:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DA in pos. 4-5:
*2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 &amp; '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4)
*5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 &amp; '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = ML550 ['12-'14 &amp; '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''C292:'''&lt;br&gt;
following ED in pos. 4-5:
*2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''W167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FB in pos. 4-5:
*4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4)
*4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''C167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FD in pos. 4-5:
*5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US &amp; Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X294:'''&lt;br&gt;
following GM in pos. 4-5:
*2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp)
*2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp)
*1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp)
*1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp)
*2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp)
*5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp)

'''V251:'''&lt;br&gt;
following CB in pos. 4-5:
*22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6)
*5H = R350 4Matic ['12 &amp; '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6)
*75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8)

'''X164:'''&lt;br&gt;
following BF in pos. 4-5:
*22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8)
*7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8)
*86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8)

'''X166:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DF in pos. 4-5:
*2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6)
*7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version)
*6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6)
*7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8)
*7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)

'''X167:'''&lt;br&gt;
following FF in pos. 4-5:
*5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''X296:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DM in pos. 4-5:
*2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp)
*4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)
*4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp)

'''Z296:'''&lt;br&gt;
following DX in pos. 4-5:
*5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp)

'''W463 (1st gen.):'''&lt;br&gt;
following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18):
*49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8)
*3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8)
*71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8)
*7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8)
*7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12)

*7E = Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet ['17-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) [Middle East market, Not sold in US/Canada]

'''W463 (2nd gen.):'''&lt;br&gt;
following YC in pos. 4-5:
*6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8)
*7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)
*8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8)

'''W465:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WH in pos. 4-5:
*1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)
*5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery)

'''N465:'''&lt;br&gt;
following WM in pos. 4-5:
*0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp)

===Position 8=== 
Passenger cars - Restraint system:
* A    3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt
* B    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat &amp; driver-side front airbag
* C    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats
* D    seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster
* E    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats)
* F    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class &amp; SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class]
* G    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class &amp; CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible]
* H    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan]
* J    seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe]

* A    seat belts + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row &lt;br&gt; ('10-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '10-'20 SL-Class, '11-'15 SLS AMG, '16-'21 AMG GT 2-d)
* B    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('19-'22 A-Class sedan, '14-'25 CLA-Class, '14-'17 B-Class Electric, '15-'19 GLA45 AMG, '10-'25 C-Class, '10-'25 E-Class sedan, '11-'25 E-Class wagon,&lt;br&gt; '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '18-'23 E-Class cabriolet, '24-'25 CLE-Class, '10-'23 CLS-Class, '19-'25 AMG GT 4-d coupe, '23-'25 EQE sedan, '10-'25 S-Class,&lt;br&gt; '10-'14 CL-Class, '22-'25 EQS sedan, '22-'25 SL-Class, '24-'25 AMG GT 2-d, '10-'12 Maybach 57/62)
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row ('11-'17 E-Class cabriolet)

SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09):
* E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class)

SUVs ('10-)
 
Restraint system:
* B    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'24 GLA-Class, '20-'24 GLB-Class, '22-'24 EQB, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'24 GLE-Class w/2 rows, '23-'24 EQE SUV, '10-'12 R-Class w/2 rows, '10-'15 GL-Class w/2 rows, '21-'24 Mercedes-Maybach GLS600, '23-'24 EQS SUV)
* E    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, &amp; 3rd rows ('20-'24 GLE-Class w/3 rows, '10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class w/3 rows, '10-'16 GL-Class w/3 rows, '17-'24 GLS-Class [excluding Maybach GLS600])
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front to rear side curtain airbags only) ('10-'11 G-Class)
* F    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('12-'17 G-Class)
* H    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows (front side airbags and front to rear side curtain airbags) ('18 G-Class)
* J    seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st &amp; 2nd rows ('19-'24 G-Class)

GVWR:
* Class C: 4001-5000 lbs. ('15-'20 GLA250, '21-'24 GLA-Class [excluding '22-'23 AMG GLA45], '20-'22 GLB250)
* Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('22-'23 AMG GLA45, '23-'24 GLB250, '21-'24 AMG GLB35, '10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'24 GLC-Class)
* Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('22-'24 EQB, '10-'15 M-Class, '16-'23 GLE-Class, '24- GLE350/450/AMG 53/AMG 63S, '23-'24 EQE SUV [excluding AMG], '10-'12 &amp; '13 in Canada R-Class, '10-'12 GL-Class, '10-'12 G-Class, '19-'22, '24- G550)
* Class F: 7001-8000 lbs. ('24- GLE450e, '24- GLE580, '24- AMG EQE SUV, '13-'16 GL-Class, '17-'24 GLS-Class, '23-'24 EQS SUV, '13-'18 G-Class, '23 G550, '19-'24 AMG G63, '22-'24 AMG G63 4x4²)
* Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10-'16 G-Class w/optional armoring)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A-D:    Sindelfingen, Germany
* E:      Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000)
* E:      Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001-2011)
* E:      Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China)
* F-H:    Bremen, Germany
* J, K:   Rastatt, Germany
* L:      Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant)
* M:      Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant)
* N, P:   Kecskemet, Hungary
* R, S:   East London, South Africa
* T:      Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant)
* U:      Sindelfingen, Germany
* V:      Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant)
* W:      Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant)
* X:      Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant)
* 1:      Pune, Maharashtra, India

For 4JG and 55S:
* A, B, U:   Vance, Alabama, US

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===

==Commercial Vehicles==
Position 1-3
* VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638)
* WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG
* WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class &amp; X-Class)
* W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic)
* W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck)
* W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van)
* W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter)
* WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris)
* WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter)
* WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3) 
* WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N)
* WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N)
* WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N)
* WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck
* WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle
* WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3)
* WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3)
* WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N &amp; NCV3)
* WDR - Freightliner MPV
* WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle
* WDY - Freightliner Truck
* WCD - Freightliner Bus
* W2W - Freightliner MPV
* W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle
* W2Y - Freightliner Truck
* W2Z - Freightliner Bus
* 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990)
* 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck &amp; Bus (for South America)
* 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America)
* 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America)
* 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck &amp; Bus (for South America)

Position 4–6, Model
*414 - Vaneo
*415 - Mark 1 Citan
*420 - Mark 2 Citan
*447 - Mark 3 Vito
*470 - X-Class
*638 - Mark 1 Vito
*639 - Mark 2 Vito
*670 - Vario
*901 - Sprinter T1N
*902 - Sprinter T1N
*903 - Sprinter T1N
*904 - Sprinter T1N
*905 - Sprinter T1N
*906 - Sprinter NCV3
*907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD)
*910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD)
*930 - Actros Rigids
*933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer
*934 - Actros MP2 tractor
*944 - Axor Tractor
*950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids
*952 - Axor 
*954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor
*956 - Econic
*963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos
*964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs
*967 - Atego
*970 - Atego
*972 - Atego
*976 - Atego Fire

Position 7–9, Weight and Length code

Position 10, Drive indicator
*1 Left hand drive
*2 Right hand drive

Position 11, Plant code
* A:      Buenos Aires, Argentina
* E:      Buenos Aires, Argentina
* G:      Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup)
* N:      Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB)
* N:      Ludwigsfelde, Germany
* P, R, S:   Düsseldorf, Germany
* T:      Ladson, South Carolina, US 
* U:      Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT)
* V:      Wörth, Germany
* 3:      Vitoria, Spain
* 4:      Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V)
* 4:      Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog)
* 5:      Düsseldorf, Germany
* 9:      Ludwigsfelde, Germany

Position 12–17, Serial Number

Position 18, Check Digit

==External links==

Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. c3/3...dxc3</title>
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      <text bytes="1771" sha1="szxdgu2qj4ar7eevdgmkyhsa8aay59e" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Smith-Morra gambit accepted
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B21]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Sicilian defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. c3|Smith-Morra gambit]]
}}
== 3...dxc4 · Smith-Morra gambit accepted ==

Black accepts the gambit by taking another pawn. 

[[/4. Nxc3|'''4. Nxc3''']] retakes the pawn while developing a piece. White's advantage is that they have managed to move both their e- and d-pawns, meaning they are ready to develop both their bishops without making any more pawn moves, without Black having had time to develop anything. All they had to give up was their central d-pawn: Black's advantage is that they are a pawn up and have both d- and e-pawns on the board.

Offering up another pawn, e.g. '''4. Bc4?''' cxb2 5. Bxb2 à la the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4/3. c3/3...dxc3/4. Bc4/4...cxb2/5. Bxb2|Danish gambit]] is considered to give up too much material for the compensation on offer, but it is aggressive and may still be played especially at shorter time controls. 

[[/4. bxc3|'''4. bxc3??''']] is inferior: preventing the development of the knight to c3, and leaving White with a isolated a- and c-pawns, gives them no compensation for the sacrifice. 

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

:'''1. e4 c5 2. d4 cxd4 3. c3 dxc3'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;

		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Smith-Morra Gambit Accepted&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Nxc3|Nxc3]]&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia|Smith-Morra Gambit}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5/3...cxd5/4. Bd3/4...Nc6</title>
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        <username>~2026-28797-09</username>
        <id>3585795</id>
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      <comment>Add a few explanations</comment>
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      <text bytes="1230" sha1="6tj2befc0al5ppnkel2ddbxr923c4e8" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Caro-Kann Exchange Variation|
   |rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |bl|  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl||nl|rl|=
|parent=[[Chess/Caro-Kann Defence|Caro-Kann]]
}}
= Caro-Kann Exchange Variation =
c3 is probably the only sound response. Nf3 has a terrible record, while Ne2, or tying up the dark bishop with Be3, both seem unsound.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;
|-
!
! align=&quot;left&quot; | 5
|-
| [[/5. c3|c3]]
|
|-
| [[/5. Nf3|Nf3]] ||
|-
| [[/5. Ne2|Ne2]] || =
|-
| [[/5. Be3|Be3]] ||
|}
In almost every line, white will play c3 now or later.

Ne2 is better than Nf3 in order to avoid ...Bg4.

After Nf3 or Be3, black is fine.{{ChessMid}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}
* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. {{ISBN|1-8574-4221-0}}.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. {{ISBN|0-8129-3084-3}}.
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>6tj2befc0al5ppnkel2ddbxr923c4e8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635505</id>
      <parentid>4635504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T06:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-28797-09</username>
        <id>3585795</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4635505</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1095" sha1="ikl50wu24xu3hy1anovhy3d8hip02dy" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Caro-Kann Exchange Variation|
   |rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |bl|  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl||nl|rl|=
|parent=[[Chess/Caro-Kann Defence|Caro-Kann]]
}}
= Caro-Kann Exchange Variation =

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;
|-
!
! align=&quot;left&quot; | 5
|-
| [[/5. c3|c3]]
|
|-
| [[/5. Nf3|Nf3]] ||
|-
| [[/5. Ne2|Ne2]] || =
|-
| [[/5. Be3|Be3]] ||
|}
In almost every line, white will play c3 now or later.

Ne2 is better than Nf3 in order to avoid ...Bg4.

After Nf3 or Be3, black is fine.{{ChessMid}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}
* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. {{ISBN|1-8574-4221-0}}.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. {{ISBN|0-8129-3084-3}}.
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635537</id>
      <parentid>4635505</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T11:30:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4635537</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="818" sha1="4jtalsvf2be3pavoxe3isct7p2v9m1m" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Exchange variation
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6|Caro-Kann]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5|Exchange variation]] → [[../|4. Bd3]]
}}
== 4. Nc6 ==

Black attacks the d-pawn. '''5. c3''' is probably the most sound response. 

Black is fine after '''5. Nf3''' or '''5. Be3'''. 5. Nf3 has a terrible record and allows 5...Bg4 and White has to play 6. c3 anyway. '''5. Ne2''' at least prevents it. 

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;
|-
!
! align=&quot;left&quot; | 5
|-
| [[/5. c3|c3]]
|
|-
| [[/5. Nf3|Nf3]] ||
|-
| [[/5. Ne2|Ne2]] || =
|-
| [[/5. Be3|Be3]] ||
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>4jtalsvf2be3pavoxe3isct7p2v9m1m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/User/Applications</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>237399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635443</id>
      <parentid>4635383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:22:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4635443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="228568" sha1="pqpz4elq8n936h2vd24vlr5n652ccgg" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==


[[#Graphical Image Editing Art]]
[[#Office Application]]
[[#Audio]]

[[#Misc Application]]
[[#Games &amp; Emulation]]

[[#Application Guides]]

[[#top|...to the top]]


[[#top|...to the top]]

Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well 

If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here]

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Internet Applications 
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Web Online Browser [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&amp;highlight=odyssey&amp;rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&amp;topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Netsurf], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;YouTube Viewing and downloading videos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Odyssey 2.0 can show Youtube webpage, [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], 
|[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], 
|[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], 
|[ Wayfarer], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SimpleMail, YAM, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt; SimpleMail, YAM
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IRC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Wookiechat, AmIRC 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Wookiechat 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Torrents 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/p2p ArTorr], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CTorrent, Transmission 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;FTP 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;WYSIWYG Web Site Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Mplayer (Icecast Client only), 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiPhone with Speak Freely, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Weather Forecast 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench AWeather], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc ntpsync],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ntpsync 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Newsgroups
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Blogging like Lemmy or kbin
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR face recognition for Vtubers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting Live 2D models with Cubism type editor 
&lt;pre&gt;
Model data (cmo3)
Basic motions (can3)
Background image (png)
Set of files for embedding (runtime folder)
• Model data (moc3)
• Motion data (motion3.json)
• Model settings file (model3.json)
• Physics settings file (physics3.json)
• Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json)
&lt;/pre&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Graphical Image Editing Art==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Image Editing
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Image viewing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum,
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm)  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit Photocrop]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Thumbnail Generator [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Icon Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Pixel Art Animation 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lunapaint
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D SVG based MovieSetter type 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MovieSetter*, Fantavision*
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Morphing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ GLMorph]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Cad (qcad-&gt;LibreCAD, etc.) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Xcad, MaxonCAD
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, Cycas, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;POV-Ray
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Format Converter [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen grabbing display 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record screen recorder], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Office Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Office
!width:10%;|AROS (x86)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Word-processing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&amp;forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Spreadsheets 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/spreadsheet], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Presentations
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS4--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Databases 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/database BeeBase], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;BeeBase, SQLite, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;APDF 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AmiPDF 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;APDF, vPDF, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Printing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;(some native drivers), 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;early TurboPrint included, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes, xournalpp, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AOrganiser, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Accounting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Project Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SuperGantt, SuperPlan, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ],  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], 
|Kuma K-Roget*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DTP Desktop Publishing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Scanning 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SCANdal], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FxScan*, ScanQuix* 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SCANdal (Sane)
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SCANdal
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OCR
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert gOCR] 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text Editing
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Drawing Vector
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit amifig], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;video conferencing (jitsi) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;source code hosting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Gitlab, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (server)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] 
|MorphVNC, vncserver
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (client)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc rdesktop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;notifications 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Ranchero 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Ringhio 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MagicBeacon 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Audio==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Audio
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib], [], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [RNOTunes ], [ mp3Player], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer
|AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Audio 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Audio Evolution 4] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Samplitude Opus Key], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] 
|[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Tracker Music
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already],  [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker
|MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and notes manuscript 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes for AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David &quot;Talin&quot; Joiner &amp; Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction 2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Bars'n'Pipes, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sound Sampling 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude-MS Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD burn
|[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FryingPan, AmiDVD, 
|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD audio rip
|Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;cfid=0&amp;did=167 Quick CDrip],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Lame,  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Lame, 
|Lame,  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit mp3info], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Convert
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc Sox], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DJ mixing jamming 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled 
*2005 ZP100 with ZP80 
*2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp)  ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, 
*2009 ZonePlayer S5, 
*2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support),   
*2011 Play:3
*2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1,  
*2016 Arc,   Play:1,   
*Beam (Gen 2),   Playbar,  Ray,   Era 100,   Era 300,   Roam,   Move 2,   
*Sub (Gen 3),   Sub Mini,  Five,  Amp  S2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;SonosController 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SonosController
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Smart Speakers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Video Creativity and Production==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Video
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing Video 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DvPlayer, MPlayer 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Mplayer, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing DVD 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AMP2, Frogger 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2,  
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Recording
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Screenrecorder, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Create and Edit Individual Video NLE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FFMpeg/GUI 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Subtitle editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]


==Misc Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;DOpus2, DOpus 4, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan DOpus5], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DOpus4, DOpus5, Filer, AmiDisk 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;DOpus4, DOpus5 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Verification / Repair 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2),  [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Par2, 
|-
|App Installer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [ InstallerNG], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;InstallerNG, Grunch, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Jack
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Jack 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ IDE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], Annotate, Murks, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Gui Creators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder],  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Catalog .cd .ct Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;FlexCat
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat
|[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Binary Hexadecimal Editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Zaphod], [],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Repository
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Git]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Git
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Backup
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Repair
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;ArSFSDoctor, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Multiple File renaming
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus 4 or 5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Anti Virus
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;VChecker, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Digital Signage
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Hollywood, Hollywood Designer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc AFortune], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Languages 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Fun School, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/scientific mathX] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Yacas 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Yacas 
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Misc Application 2==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BASIC
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;sdlBasic
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OSK On Screen Keyboard
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Reader 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Converter 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc flite], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.text2speech.com translator], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple FLite]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fractals
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ZoneXplorer, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Landscape Rendering 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astronomy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PCB design
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Display Blanker screensaver 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MultiCX, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;ModernArt Blanker, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Maths Graph Function Plotting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot],
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Classroom Aids 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Assessments 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Reference 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Training 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Courseware 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Skills Builder 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Games &amp; Emulation==

Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and 
[http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1]

Rom patching  https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php 

Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list.

[https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search]


{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Emulation]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Amstrad CPC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL &amp; pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Arcade
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Mame, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 7800
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Atari800], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Lynx
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Jaguar
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C64
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frodo, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Vice, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore Amiga
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer UAE], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo NES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem amines]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo SNES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo N64 
*HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], 
*LLE [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Wii U]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation NEC PC Engine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], 
|[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Saturn 
*HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast 
*HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast  flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum 
|[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair QL
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sony PlayStation
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS2]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS3]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Oricutron]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Action like [https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action BOH], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/adventure], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Cards like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/card ], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ gzdoom skulltag], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Doom, Quake, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games MMORG like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Platform like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], 
[http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [.html Aquaria]*(openGL), 
[http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform Cave Story], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&amp;lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 3rd third person action CRPG  [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], 
||&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D],  [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library GLFW], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library Raylib 5], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}


==Application Guides==

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Web Browser===

OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0.

This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. 

This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). 

Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. 

Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. 

There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc 

Please make sure you have [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock.
and possibly [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs]

OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: 

So add this :
&lt;pre&gt;
copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL:
copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;
Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated 

Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …)
If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it.


Error messages 

SSL error &quot;cant verify with ca-certificates&quot;, check bios clock time date is correct 

Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros 


[https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&amp;udm=14 Google search without AI overview] 


===E-mail===

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections


====SimpleMail====

SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes.

Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list]


 GMail

Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first.

pop3: 
pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

smtp:
smtp.gmail.com (with authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 465 or 587


 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange

Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013.

If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way:

1. Email/Password
2. Manual
3. IMAP
4.

* Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked
* Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked
* POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL

 Yahoo  Mail

On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts.

Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well.


Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server

* Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 993
* Requires SSL - Yes

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server

* Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 465 or 587
* Requires SSL - Yes
* Requires authentication - Yes

Your login info

* Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com)
* Password - Your account's password
* Requires authentication - Yes


Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3

* Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
* “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
* “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
* “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

* Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.


====YAM Yet Another Mailer====

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections

This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists]

One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server.

Possible issues

Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue.


getting a &quot;Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error

Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library

 GMail 
Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL)
Port: 465 or 587

Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com')
Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com)
Password: your Gmail password

Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead.


 Outlook.com access

&lt;pre &gt;
Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com
Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias)
Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password
Outlook.com SMTP port: 587
Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes 
&lt;/pre &gt;


 Yahoo  Mail

&lt;pre &gt;
“POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
“SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.
“Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
“Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
“Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.
&lt;/pre &gt;

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3


 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 

1. Get the files to your PC.
By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received.

2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM.

3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too.

4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments.

5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format.


===FTP===

Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a &quot;thing of the past&quot;, its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort.

First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure &quot;FTP file transfer&quot; is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command:

ifconfig -a

Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan:

Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on &quot;New&quot;. 
You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine:

1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before.

2) click on Custom Options:


1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu;

2) Ensure &quot;Passive Transfers&quot; is NOT selected;

3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source:


1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and

2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's &quot;MyWorkspace&quot; contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes.

Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well.


===IRC Internet Relay Chat===

Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. 

Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying.

Other things to type in - replace &lt;message&gt; with a line of text and &lt;nick&gt; with a person's name

&lt;pre&gt;
/help

/list

/who
/whois &lt;nick&gt;

/msg &lt;nick&gt; &lt;message&gt;

/query &lt;nick&gt; 
&lt;message&gt;s
/query

/away &lt;message&gt;
/away

/quit &lt;going away message&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


[http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript].


Issue the command /me &lt;text&gt; where &lt;text&gt; is the text that should follow your nickname.
Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout

/nick &lt;newNick&gt;

/nickserv register &lt;password&gt; &lt;email address&gt;

/ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv

/nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;

Alternatives:
/ns identify &lt;password&gt;
/msg nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;


==== IRC WookieChat ====

WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities.


add smilies drawer/directory

 run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000

select a server / server window

* nickname 
* user name 
* real name - optional

Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in.


servers

* New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box 
* New Group
* Delete Entry
* Connect to server
* connect in new tab
* perform on connect

Change details

* Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: 
* Port number - no need to change
* Server password
* Channel - add #channel from below 
* auto join - can click this 
* nick registration password,

Click Connect to server button above


&lt;pre&gt;
Server: irc.freenode.net
Channel: #aros
&lt;/pre&gt;

irc://irc.freenode.net/aros

&lt;pre&gt;
Server: chat.amigaworld.net 
Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC)
Server:irc.superhosts.net
Channel #team*amiga  
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks
Server: im.bitlbee.org 
Port 6667 
Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers],

&lt;pre&gt;
#Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) 
twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net 
liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL)
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Multiple server support
&quot;Perform on connect&quot; scripts and channel auto-joins
Automatic Nickserv login
Tabs for channels and private conversations
CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND
Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers
Colours for different events
Logging and automatic reloading of logs
mIRC colour code filters
Configurable timestamps
GUI for changing channel modes easily
Configurable highlight keywords
URL Grabber window
Optional outgoing swear word filter
Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages
DCC CHAT support
Doubleclickable URL's
Support for multiple languages using LOCALE
Clone detection
Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection
Command aliases
Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style
Counter for Unread messages
Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IRC Aircos ====

Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. 


====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky====
 Servers are setup and close down at random 
You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. 

The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky
&lt;pre &gt;
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; XMPP -&gt; open and ad-free 
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; Transports (Gateways) -&gt; Proprietary closed systems 
&lt;/pre &gt;

The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead.

The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc.


You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list],

Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other.

Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password.

Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users.

Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's &quot;Windows&quot; menu and select the &quot;Agents&quot; option. The &quot;Agents List&quot; window will open.

Roster (contacts list)

[http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available

File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL.

Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN.

There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options.


 Facebook

If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway.

&lt;pre &gt;
1. launch jabberwocky
2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu
3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID
4. your password is your normal facebook password
5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field

6. click the 'add' button
7. click the 'close' button
8. click the 'connect' button
&lt;/pre &gt;

you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky.

[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&amp;forum=32 Read more here]

for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password


 Twitter

For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net],  and .

An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to]

:Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more]

 Instagram 

no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client

 ICQ

The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check.

Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/
Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window-&gt;Agents-&gt;&quot;Register&quot;. Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account.

 Yahoo Messenger

although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies

 MSN

early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time....

Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in.  You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again.  It may also take multiple tries to sign in.  (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.)

You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting.

msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window.

From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which  helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure.

1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address.

2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following:

* Select the &quot;Windows/Agents&quot; menu option in Jabberwocky.
* Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server.
* Click the Register button to open a new window asking for:
**Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address.
**Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list.
**Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address.
* Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window.

3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN.

4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works.

If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz..
then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz

or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com  You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com 
And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time...

 Google Talk

any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users.

implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format


===Video Player MPlayer===

Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using

4:3
 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi

16:9
 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi

if you want gui use;
 mplayer -gui 1 &lt;other params&gt; file.avi

&lt;pre &gt;
stack 1000000

; using AspireOS 1.xx 
; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 1.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 2.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

cd RAM:MPlayer
run MPlayer -gui &gt; Nil:
;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls &gt; Nil: 
&lt;/pre &gt;

$ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4


MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though.

AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP.

If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP

-rtsp-stream-over-tcp

If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol  server needs authentification:

-user -passwd


MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache

MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface


Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music 
 
http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls 

http://scenesat.com/

http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga

http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm

http://www.kohina.com/

http://www.remix64.com/

http://retrogamer.net/forum/

http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml

http://retrogamesquad.com/

http://www.retronauts.com/

http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/

http://www.retrogamingradio.com/

http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp


[[#top|...to the top]]

====ZunePaint==== 

simplified typical workflow

* importing and organizing and photo management
* making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time 
* exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata


Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes.


For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction.

For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common.  Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject.

Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking.

For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term.


* White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under &quot;Misc color effects&quot; tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green 
* Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery
* Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software
* Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations
* Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement
* Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) 
* Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) 
* Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - 
* Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) 
* Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size


White Balance - F12 and K

scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above.


Exposure correction

F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up

Workflows in practice

* Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z 
* Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R

First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. 
* Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. 
* Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. 
* After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK.


And save your picture


Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use

basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, 
* negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc.

adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, 
* reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon,  etc. 
* red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate,

effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) 
* blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc.

borders such as 
* dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc.

brushes e.g.
* frost, smoke, etc.

and manual control of

fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration -  lens and body profiles

perspective correction

levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows

curves -  Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast

color balance

one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc.

Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors

decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image

any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha 
If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later.

File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc.  contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr

Image Picture Formats
* low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace -  TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary.
* linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) 
An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert dcraw]

There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible.

A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values.

The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a &quot;downsampling&quot; - should prevent as much loss as possible.

Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured.

Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help 

File
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New	Ctrl+n	New
Open	Ctrl+o	Open
Close	Ctrl+w	Close
Save	Ctrl+s	Save
Save as	Shift+Ctrl+s	Save as
Revert	F12	Revert
Print	Ctrl+p	Print
Exit	Ctrl+q	Quit
 
Edit
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Undo/Redo (1 level)	Ctrl+z	Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z)
Cut	Ctrl+x	Cut
Copy	Ctrl+c	Copy
Paste	Ctrl+v	Paste
Paste Into	Shift+Ctrl+v	Paste Into
Fill with FG color	Alt+Backspace	Fill with FG color
Fill with BG color	Control+Backspace	Fill with BG color
 
Image/Colors
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Levels	Ctrl+l	Levels
Auto Contrast	Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l	Stretch Contrast (same?)
Curves	Ctrl+m	Curves
Color Balance	Ctrl+b	Color Balance
Hue/Saturation	Ctrl+u	Hue-Saturation
Desaturate	Shift+Ctrl+u	Desaturate
Invert	Ctrl+i	Invert
Default Colors	d	Default Colors
Switch Colors	x	Switch Colors
 
Layer
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New Layer	Shift+Ctrl+n	New Layer
Layer via Copy	Ctrl+j	Duplicate Layer
Bring (layer) to Front	Shift+Ctrl+]	Layer to Top
Send (layer) to Back	Shift+Ctrl+[	Layer to Bottom
Bring (layer) Forward	Ctrl+]	Raise Layer
Send (layer) Backward	Ctrl+[	Lower Layer
Select Top Layer	Shift+Alt+]	Select Top Layer
Select Bottom Layer	Shift+Alt+[	Select Bottom Layer
Select One Layer Forward	Alt+]	Select Previous Layer
Select One Layer Backward	Alt+[	Select Next Layer
Merge Down	Ctrl+e	Merge Down
Merge Visible	Shift+Ctrl+e	Merge Visible
Preserve Transparency	/	Keep Transparency
Cycle Modes Forwards	Shift+=	Next Layer Mode
Cycle Modes Backwards	Shift+-	Previous Layer Mode
 
Select
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Select All	Ctrl+a	Select All
Deselect	Ctrl+d	Select None
Inverse	Shift+Ctrl+i	Invert
Feather	Ctrl+Alt+d	Feather
 
View
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Zoom In	Ctrl+=	Zoom In
Zoom Out	Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
Fit on Screen	Ctrl+0	Zoom to Fit Window
Actual Pixels	Ctrl+Alt+0	Zoom 1:1
Show/Hide Extras	Ctrl+h	Toggle Show Selection (close enough?)
Show/Hide Guides	Ctrl+'	Toggle Show Guides
Show/Hide Grid	Ctrl+Alt+'	Toggle Show Grid
Show/Hide Rulers	Ctrl+r	Toggle Show Rulers
Snap	Ctrl+;	Snap to Guides
Scroll View Up	Page Up	Scroll Page Up
Scroll View Down	Page Down	Scroll Page Down
Scroll View Left	Ctrl+Page Up	Scroll Page Left
Scroll View Right	Ctrl+Page Down	Scroll Page Right
 
Window/Dialogs
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
?	F5	Tools Dialog
Color Tab	F6	Colors Dialog
Layers Tab	F7	Layers Dialog
Info Tab	F8	Image Information
 
Tools
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Rectangular Marquee Tool	m	Rect Select Tool
Elliptical Marquee Tool	Shift+m	Ellipse Select Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop	 
Move Tool	v	Move Tool
Lasso Tool	l	Free Select Tool
Magic Wand Tool	w	Fuzzy Select Tool
Crop Tool	c	Crop &amp; Resize Tool
Airbrush Tool	j	Airbrush Tool
Paintbrush Tool	b	Paintbrush Tool
Clone Stamp Tool	s	Clone Stamp Tool
Eraser Tool	e	Eraser Tool
Gradient Tool	g	Blend Tool
Paint Bucket Tool	Shift+g	Bucket Fill Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop	 
Blur Tool	r	Convolve Tool
Dodge Tool	o	DodgeBurn Tool
Type Tool	t	Text Tool
Pen Tool	p	Bezier Select Tool
Eye Dropper Tool	i	Color Picker Tool
Zoom Tool	z	Magnify Tool
Previous Brush	,	Previous Brush
Next Brush	.	Next Brush
First Brush	Shift+&lt;	First Brush
Last Brush	Shift+&gt;	Last Brush
Decrease Brush Size	[	Decrease Brush Size
Increase Brush Size	]	Increase Brush Size
Decrease Brush Hardness	{	Decrease Brush Hardness
Increase Brush Hardness	}	Increase Brush Hardness
 
Help
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Help	F1	Help
Context Help	Shift+F1	Context Help
 
Misc.
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Last Filter	Ctrl+f	Repeat Last Filter
?	Shift+Ctrl+f	Reshow Last Filter
Preferences	Ctrl+k	Preferences
Liquify	Shift+Ctrl+x	IWarp (close enough?)
Toggle Quick Mask	q	Toggle Quick Mask


Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape

Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. 
* Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by   and brushes for other areas. 
* Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. 
Remove fringe/halo

saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact.


Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. 
* RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) 
* YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video]


Histograms

White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. 
If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right.

RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter.  Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30%

RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) .  The alpha channel is used for &quot;alpha compositing&quot;, which can mostly be associated as &quot;opacity&quot;.  AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel.

The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph.  The highlights are represented by the right third.  And the midtones are, of course, in the middle.  The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). 
By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. 
By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .


RGB Curves

* Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens 
* Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens

Color Curves

* Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but 
* Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow.
&lt;pre&gt;
 Red &lt;-&gt; Cyan
 Green &lt;-&gt;Magenta
 Blue &lt;-&gt;Yellow 
&lt;/pre&gt;

YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e.  separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white.  A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram.   A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited.  By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .

The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much
Can be used to create a negative image but also 
With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow.
With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan.
e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green.

YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other.  
using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments

sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping.


Free royalty pictures, [www.freeimages.com ], [http://imageshack.us/ ], [http://photobucket.com/ ], [http://rawpixels.net/], [], [], [], 


====Lunapaint====

Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function

 Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail 

&lt;pre&gt;
b BRUSH
e ERASER

alt eyedropper 
v layer tool 

z ZOOM / MAGNIFY &lt; &gt; n 
spc panning 
m  marque 
q lasso 
w same color selection / region 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
, LM RM
v 
V
f  filter 
F 
.  size 

p 
,  pick color 
[] last / next color 
&lt;/pre&gt;


There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc.

Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software.

 author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added.

* add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del]
* whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble
* pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes.
* Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint.
* to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64.
* implement graphic tablet features support


**GENERAL DRAWING**

Miss it very much:
UNDO
ERASER
COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked.
BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from &quot;New project screen&quot;

Miss it somewhat:
ICON for UNDO
ICON for ERASER
ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often )
BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush

**ANIMATING**

Miss it very much:
NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project
ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush

Miss it somewhat:
ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame

In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day.


LAYERS
-Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames
-Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?).

EXPORTING IMAGES
-Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --&gt; My robot was blue now it's &quot;gold&quot; ) I think this only happens if you have layers.
-Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them)
-Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10

LOAD/SAVE (Preferences)
-Make a setting for the default &quot;Work&quot; folder.

* Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers 
* mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying)

&lt;pre&gt;
Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts 
    NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key

    [Technique]

    F1  - Paint
    F2  - Single Colour
    F3  - Replace
    F4  - Smear
    F5  - Shade
    F6  - Cycle
    F7  - Smooth
     M  - Colour Cycle

    [Brush]

     B  - Restore
     O  - Outline
     h  - Halve brush size
     H  - Double brush size
     x  - Flip brush on X axis
     X  - Double brush size on X axis only
     y  - Flip on Y 
     Y  - Double on Y
     z  - Rotate brush 90 degrees
     Z  - Stretch

    [Stencil]

     `  - Stencil On

    [Miscellaneous]

    F9  - Info Bar
    F10 - Selection Bar
    @o  - Co-Ordinates
    @a  - Anti-alias
    @r  - Colourise
    @t  - Translucent
    TAB - Colour Cycle

    [Picture]

     L  - Load
     S  - Save
     j  - Page to Spare(Flip)
     J  - Page to Spare(Copy)
     V  - View Page
     Q  - Quit

    [General Keys]

     m  - Magnify
     &lt;  - Zoom In
     &gt;  - Zoom Out
     [  - Palette Colour Up
     ]  - Palette Colour Down
     (  - Palette Colour Left
     )  - Palette Colour Right
     ,  - Eye Dropper
     .  - Pixel / Brush Toggle
     /  - Symmetry
     |  - Co-Ordinates
    INS - Perspective Control
    +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control)
     w  - Unfilled Polygon
     W  - Filled Polygon
     e  - Unfilled Ellipse
     E  - Filled Ellipse
     r  - Unfilled Rectangle
     R  - Filled Rectangle
     t  - Type/text tool
     a  - Select Font
    u/U - Undo
     d  - Brush
     D  - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon
    f/F - Fill Options
    g/G - Grid
    h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control)
     K  - Clear
     c  - Unfilled Circle
     C  - Filled Circle
     v  - Line
     b  - Scissor Select and Toggle
     B  - Brush
    {,} - Toggle between two background colours
&lt;/pre&gt;

====Lodepaint====

Pixel based painting artwork app

====Grafx2====

Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], 


====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG====

Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps


*Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping 
*Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide 
*Colour - fill stroke 
*Stroke - size 
*Brushes - 
*Layers - 
*Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows 
*Text    - 
*Transform - 


 AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) 

[[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]]

for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent

;Menu options
* Load - fig format but import(s) SVG
* Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png
* PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys 
* Deselect all points

There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted.

;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings

;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) 
* Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes,  polygon 
* Lines - polylines
* Text &quot;T&quot; button 
* Photos - bitmaps
* Compound - Glue, Break, Scale 
* POINTs - Move, Add, Remove 
* Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste 
use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s)
* Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square

;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives 
* Color
* Line Width
* Line Style
* arrowheads

;Modes 
Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc.

;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored 
* compound tools to add .fig(s) together

;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 
&lt;pre&gt;
Landscape
Center
Inches
Letter 
100.00
Single
-2
1200 2
4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01
&lt;/pre&gt;

# change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). 
# The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13.
# The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default).
# The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20.
# The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees).
# twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch.
# thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before.

* The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox.
* The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence.

; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation


[[#top|...to the top]]

===Audio===


# AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem.

# When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always).

# For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording.


====Music Mods====

Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI.

Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds.

Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock.

In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr])

If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon

*Sample
*Note - Effect 
*Track (column) - Pattern - Order

It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) 
The Note can be changed with an Effect.  A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song.

Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above).  Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head.

*Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. 
*Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of &quot;swing&quot; feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. 
*Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds.
*Moody - minor key

First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too.

This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song.

The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats.

Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section.

The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords.

Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave.

To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them.

For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth.


The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern &quot;00&quot;, then pattern &quot;02&quot;, then &quot;03&quot;, then &quot;01&quot;, etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song.

The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song.

The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D.

Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot; are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 &quot;Kick&quot;.

The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6.

The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the &quot;F&quot; effect, which is a tempo command. The &quot;04&quot; means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster).

Base pattern

When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In &quot;Wild Bunnies&quot; the base pattern is pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot;.

In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow.


Drums

Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The &quot;F&quot; command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of &quot;swing&quot; feel.

In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation.

In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The &quot;8&quot; command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix.


Bass line

There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more &quot;live&quot;.

The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key.


Chords

The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm.


Lead

Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention.

A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The &quot;461&quot; effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes.

Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 &quot;Square&quot;), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form.

Song structure

Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations.

A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus.

Other single sectional song structures are

&lt;pre&gt;
Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody 
AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s 
AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s 
Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form
ABAB Song Form
ABAC Song Form
ABCD Song Form
AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 
8-Bar Song Form
16-Bar Song Form
Hybrid / Compound Song Forms
&lt;/pre&gt;

The most common building blocks are:

#INTRODUCTION(INTRO)
#VERSE
#REFRAIN
#PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB
#CHORUS
#BRIDGE
#MIDDLE EIGHT
#SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK
#COLLISION
#CODA / OUTRO
#AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO)

The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember.

The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus.


 Playing

RCTRL:                           Play song from row 0.

LSHIFT + RCTRL:                  Play song from current row.

RALT:                            Play pattern from row 0.

LSHIFT + RALT:                   Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on '&gt;':               Play song from row 0.

Right mouse on '&gt;':              Play song from current row.

Left mouse on '|&gt;':              Play pattern from row 0.

Right mouse on '|&gt;':             Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on 'Edit/Record':     Edit mode on/off.

Right mouse on 'Edit/Record':    Record mode on/off.


 Editing 


LSHIFT + ESCAPE:                 Switch large patterns view on/off

TAB:                    Go to next track

LSHIFT + TAB:                    Go to prev. track

LCTRL + TAB:                    Go to next note in track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB:           Go to prev. note in track

SPACE:                           Toggle Edit mode On &amp; Off

(Also stop if the song is being played)

SHIFT SPACE:                     Toggle Record mode On &amp; Off

(Wait for a key note to be pressed

or a midi in message to be received)

DOWN ARROW:                      1 Line down

UP ARROW:                        1 Line up

LEFT ARROW:                      1 Row left

RIGHT ARROW:                     1 Row right

PREV. PAGE:                      16 Arrows Up

NEXT PAGE:                       16 Arrows Down

HOME / END:                      Top left / Bottom right of pattern

LCTRL + HOME / END:              First / last track

F5, F6, F7, F8, F9:              Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns

+ - (Numeric keypad):           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:    Next / Previous position

LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous instrument

LSHIFT + M:                      Toggle mute state of the current channel

LCTRL + LSHIFT + M:             Solo the current track / Unmute all

LSHIFT + F1 to F11:              Select a tab/panel

LCTRL + 1 to 4:                 Select a copy buffer


 Tracking 

1st and 2nd keys rows:           Upper octave row

3rd and 4th keys rows:           Lower octave row

RSHIFT:                          Insert a note off

/ and * (Numeric keypad)

or F1 F2:                        -1 or +1 octave

INSERT / BACKSPACE:              Insert or Delete a line in current track

or current selected block.

LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE:     Insert or Delete a line in current pattern

DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE):          Empty a column or a selected block.


 Blocks

(Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel).


LCTRL + A:          Select entire current track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern

LALT + A:          Select entire column note in a track

LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track

LCTRL + X:          Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer

LCTRL + C:          Copy the selected block into the block-buffer

LCTRL + V:          Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern

LCTRL + I:          Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection

LSHIFT + ARROWS

PREV. PAGE

NEXT PAGE: Select a block

LCTRL + R:          Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them)

LCTRL + U:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher

LCTRL + D:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower  (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + H:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher

LCTRL + L:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + W:          Save the current selection into a file


 Misc 


LALT + ENTER:     Switch between full screen / windowed mode

LALT + F4:        Exit program (Windows only)

LCTRL + S:         Save current module

LSHIFT + S:         Switch top right panel to synths list

LSHIFT + I:         Switch top right panel to instruments list


&lt;pre&gt;
C-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Volume 
B-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Jump to 
A#x  xh xx xx hhhh hhhh   Slide 
F-x    xh xx xx hhhh            Tempo 
D-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Pattern Break 
G#x  xh xx xx hhhh
&lt;/pre&gt;

h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13

d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume.

The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex.

Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly.
This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it...

The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary.

Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from.

Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. 
&lt;pre&gt;
   C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing
   ---      000
   C-3    330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30.
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
&lt;/pre&gt;
Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note.

This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up.
There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them.

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  02

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  05

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  08

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0A

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0D

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10

(You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..)  Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns.


The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa.

Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest.
Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use.

Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format.   vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) 

&lt;pre&gt;
 C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 &lt;-  Turn Arpeggio effect on
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B38 &lt;- Change datas
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B00 &lt;- Turn it off
&lt;/pre&gt;

Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21.

Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from.

Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order.
Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off.

Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well.

Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31.

Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart.

Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16.

Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop.

Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato.

Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged.

Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex).

Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work.

Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played!

Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for.

Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop &quot;movement&quot; is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000).

effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units

There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine.

It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel).

so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings.

for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top.

In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself.

For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud.

The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation.


&lt;pre&gt;
Support for the following modules formats:
669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), 
AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), 
AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), 
APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), 
FAR (Farandole Composer), 
GDM (General DigiMusic), 
IT (Impulse Tracker), 
IMF (Imago Orpheus), 
MOD (15 and 31 instruments), 
MED (OctaMED), 
MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), 
OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), 
S3M (Scream Tracker 3), 
STM (Scream Tracker), 
STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), 
ULT (UltraTracker), 
UNI (MikMod), 
XM (FastTracker 2),
Mid (midi format via timidity)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2],


====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface====

A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it).

'''Timidity'''

Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ 
 assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity
added to SYSːs/User-Startup

'''WildMidi playback'''


'''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)'''


*Sync Menu    - CAMD Receive, Send checked 
*Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup 


MCB Master Control Bus 
*Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&amp;P). 
*B&amp;P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&amp;Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes 
*CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE 


*MIDI Machine Control
*Midi Bar Display 
*Select CAMD MIDI in / out
*Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely 
 Channel   - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, 
 Subgroup  - Volume, Mute, Solo 
 Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward 
 Misc      - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up 


&lt;pre&gt;
q        - quit 

First 3 already opened when AE started 
F1       - timeline window
F2       - mixer 
F3       - control 
F4       - subgroups 
F5       - aux returns 
F6       - sample list 

i        - Load sample to use 

space    - start/stop play 
b        - reset time 0:00


s        - split mode 
r        - open recording window 
a        - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume 


[ / ]    - zoom in / out 
:        - previous track
*        - next track 

x c v f  - cut copy paste cross-fade 
g        - snap grid 


&lt;/pre&gt;


 '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]'''

 BarsnPipes debug ... in shell 

Menu (right mouse)  
*Song        - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 
*Track       - 
*Edit        -
*Tool        - 
*Timing      - SMTPE Synchronizing 
*Windows     - 
*Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option 

Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) 
*Workflow -&gt; Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, 
*Control  -&gt; Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, 

Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -&gt; Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them 

If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time 

Right mouse menu -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Environment... -&gt; ScreenMode  - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC 


'''Tracks'''

#Double-click on B&amp;P's icon. B&amp;P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&amp;P.
#Choose a track. The B&amp;P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup.
#Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record.
#Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration.
#Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel.
#Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features.


Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&amp;t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg  PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], 

Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help 


'''Tracks window'''

* blue &quot;1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group&quot; and transport tape deck VCR-type controls
* Flags 
* [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] 

Each Track has a 

*Left LHS  - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline 
*Middle    - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap 
*Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT 

Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times 


'''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)'''

After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc
 right mouse -&gt; Toolbox menu option -&gt; Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool 

Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms
[https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars &amp; Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group 


'''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' 

Accessories -&gt; Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support 


'''Song Construction'''
&lt;pre&gt;
F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Duplicator 
F5  Eraser 
F6  Toolpad 
F7  Bounding box 
F8  Lock to A-B-A 

A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, 

&lt;/pre&gt;


Bars&amp;Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations 

'''Tempo Map'''

F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Eraser 
F5  Curve 
F6  Toolpad 


Compositions

Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature 

'''Master Parameters'''

Key, Scale/Mode

'''Track Parameters'''

Dynamics 


'''Time-line Scoring'''


'''Media Madness'''


'''Mix Maestro'''


*ACCESSORIES         Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules 
*CLIPBOARD           Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks.
*INFORMATION         A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine.
*MASTER PARAMETERS   Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes.
*MEDIA MADNESS       A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc 
*METRONOME           Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required.
*MIX MAESTRO         Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software 
*RECORD ACTIVATION   Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc
*SET FLAGS           Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time 
*SONG CONSTRUCTION   Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections
*TEMPO MAP           Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves 
*TEMPO PALETTE       Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings.
*TIMELINE SCORING    Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance.
*TOOLBOX             Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available 
*TRACKS              Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools.
*TRANSPORT           Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes.


Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed.
Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory.

In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID &quot;NAME&quot; (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as &quot;NAME&quot;. On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as &quot;EMAN&quot;.  The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA).

If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard 

http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml


MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically &quot;note on&quot;, &quot;note off&quot;, &quot;program change&quot;, &quot;controller change&quot;, or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music.

* Channel     - 1 to 16 -
* Messages    - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs,  etc 
* Sequencing  - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, 
* Recording   - 
* GUI         - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes 

MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off 

MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc 

MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE 

Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. 

Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. 

Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations.

Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -&gt; PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors)

Preferences -&gt; Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF 

Prefs -&gt; Environment -&gt; screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) 

Customization -&gt; pics in gui drawer (folder) - 


Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi 

SMF is a “Standard Midi File”  ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], 

* SMF0        All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel.
* SMF1        The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels.
* SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels.


Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers?
On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality

BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. 

&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI can control 16 channels 
There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments 
handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present 
It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&amp;P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and 
MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system 
Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format 
Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Composers
&lt;pre&gt;
[https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] 

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc
1992 Bars&amp;Pipes Pro published 
November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&amp;Pipes Pro 2.5c beta
end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state 
end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 
2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Protrekkr

How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ?

First of all, midi in &amp; out capabilities of this program are rather limited.

# Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time).
# Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected).
# Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk.
# Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported.

Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row:

&lt;pre&gt;
    C-3 02 .. .. 0000....


    --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... &lt;&lt; This will set the value 
    --- .. .. .. 0000....    of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex)
    --- .. .. .. 0000....
&lt;/pre&gt;

So &quot;--- .. .. 90 2040....&quot; will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64).

You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages.

 N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal!

Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard.

Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible.

Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels.

Further devices can respond to, and transmit, &quot;breath controller&quot; data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it.

A controller keyboard may be capable of sending &quot;expression pedal&quot; data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message.

Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The &quot;voice&quot; or &quot;instrument&quot; is selected using a &quot;Program Change&quot; message on its own.

Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in &quot;banks&quot;, and the choice of instrument is made by responding to &quot;Bank Select MSB&quot; (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use &quot;Bank Select LSB&quot; (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List.


 MIDI Implementation Chart

But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart.

If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are &quot;compatible&quot;. In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart.

The chart is divided into four columns headed &quot;Function&quot;, &quot;Transmitted&quot; (or &quot;Tx&quot;), &quot;Received&quot; (or &quot;Rx&quot;), or more correctly &quot;Recognised&quot;, and finally, &quot;Remarks&quot;.

&lt;pre&gt;
The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described.
The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device.
The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to.
The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns.
&lt;/pre&gt;

There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra &quot;Notes&quot;. Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI &quot;modes&quot; and what the &quot;X&quot; and the &quot;O&quot; mean.
&lt;pre&gt;
Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; 
Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; 
Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; 
Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono.
&lt;/pre&gt;
O means &quot;yes&quot; (implemented), X means &quot;no&quot; (not implemented).

Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks &quot;**************&quot;, these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise).

Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail.

Basic Channel
But the very first set of boxes will tell us the &quot;Basic Channel(s)&quot; that the device sends or receives on. 
&quot;Default&quot; is what happens when the device is first turned on, &quot;changed&quot; is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. 
For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels.

On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be &quot;split&quot; with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel.
So we might see the default as &quot;1&quot; but the changed as &quot;1-16&quot;.

Modes.
We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes.

But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device.

If we send an &quot;Omni On&quot; message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, &quot;Omni Off&quot;.

So &quot;Omni Off&quot; (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel.

&quot;Poly&quot; (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords.

&quot;Mono&quot; (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a &quot;smoother&quot; transition.

So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4).

We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. 
Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono).

This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none.

Finally, in the &quot;Altered&quot; field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode.

Note Number
&lt;pre&gt;
The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127.
The second line, &quot;True Voice&quot; has the following in the MIDI specification: 
&quot;Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument.&quot;
My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Velocity
This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually &quot;O&quot; plus a range or &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.

After touch
This may have one or two lines two it.
If a one liner the either &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot;, yes or no.
If a two liner then it may include &quot;Keys&quot; or &quot;Poly&quot; and &quot;Channel&quot;.
This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither.

Pitch Bend
Again &quot;O&quot; for implemented, &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.
(Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.)
It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel.

Control Change
This is likely to be the largest section of the chart.
It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; respectively.
You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation.

Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers]

Program Change
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available.
True # (number): &quot;The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected.&quot;

System Exclusive
Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation.

System Common - These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation).
Song Position Pointer
Song Select
Tune Request
&lt;/pre&gt;
The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages.

System Real Time
These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
Timing Clock - often just written as &quot;Clock&quot;
Start
Stop
Continue
&lt;/pre&gt;
These three are usually just referred to as &quot;Commands&quot; and listed.
Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to.
&lt;pre&gt;
Aux. Messages
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; for implemented or not.
Aux. = Auxiliary.
Active Sense = Active Sensing.
&lt;/pre&gt;
Often with an explanation of the action of the device.

Notes
The &quot;Notes&quot; section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation.

Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification.
And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA.


 OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS

SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES
Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages

The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from &quot;MIDI by the Numbers&quot; by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete.

WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information.

MIDI 1.0 Specification

Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1000nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note Off event. 
This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1001nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note On event. 
This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1010nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). 
This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Control Change. 
This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as &quot;Channel Mode Messages&quot; (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1100nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ppppppp || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1101nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1110nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits.
|}

Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Mode Messages. 
This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are:
*All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off
*Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice.
*Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. 
c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off
c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On
* All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. 
c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.)
c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off 
c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On 
c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) 
c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off)
|}

System Common Messages

System Messages (0xF0)

The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category.

The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories.

System Common

If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes.

System Common Messages
Type Status Byte   Number of Data Bytes      Usage 
&lt;pre&gt;
Time Code Quarter Frame	0xF1	1	Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*.
Song Position	0xF2	2	Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song.
Song Select	0xF3	1	Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song.
Undefined	0xF4	0	
Undefined	0xF5	0	
Tune Request	0xF6	0	Requests that the receiver retunes itself**.
&lt;/pre&gt;
*MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification
**While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command.


System Exclusive

If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates.

System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format:

0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7
The message is bookended with distinct bytes.

It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0.
The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier.
Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning.
If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value.
&lt;pre&gt;
ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities.
ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message.
ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message.
&lt;/pre&gt;
After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes.
The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7.
The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios.

An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer.
System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer.
Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages.
 Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii]  0ddddddd  --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || &lt;!--Description--&gt;System Exclusive. 
This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0nnndddd || &lt;!--Description--&gt;MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame.
nnn = Message Type
dddd = Values
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Position Pointer. 
This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0sssssss || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Select. 
The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. 
|}


System Real-Time Messages

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Stop. Stop the current sequence.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. 
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up.
|}


Advanced Messages

Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0)

Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages.

Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages.

The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp
n is the status (0xA)
c is the channel nybble
kk is the key number (0 to 127)
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all.

Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xD)
c is the channel number
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Pitch Bend (0xE0)

Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends.

Pitch Bend Wheel

The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM
n is the status (0xE)
c is the channel number
LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value
MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value
&lt;/pre&gt;
You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000).

Control Change (0xB0)

In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below.


Continuous Controllers

These controls send the following message format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv
n is the status (0xB)
c is the MIDI channel
cc is the controller number (0-127)
vv is the controller value (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments.

The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers.

On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard.


Program Change (0xC0)

Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xc)
c is the channel
pp is the patch number (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change.

Audio &amp; Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ?
Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me:

 Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key)
 and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value
 that will make sound sync both audio/midi.

The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ?
You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the &quot;wav&quot; option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals.


Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment


====DAW Audio Evolution 4====

Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ.

Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware.

Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions

The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88.

sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only)


Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. 
* Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom)


stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right

hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option


Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format 

 sox recital.wav recital.aiff

 sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm
 sox input.wav        output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k

performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16.

 rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00

records half an hour of stereo audio 

 play existing-file.wav


24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work 

*No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI.
*No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps.
*Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output.
*No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables.
*No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. 


select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.)
The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo.

Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz.


Channels

Monitor

Gain

Inout

Output

Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port


* Options -&gt; Soundcard In/Out
* Options -&gt; SampleRate
* Options -&gt; Preferences

F6 for Sample File List

Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track &quot;not in time&quot; ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway).

If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it).

AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording.


These are the usual features found in DAWs...

* Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer 
* virtual VST instruments and plug-ins 
* automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor


* different track views 
* mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) 
* traditional two windows (track and mixer)


Mixing - mixdown

Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect.

Take look at page17 of the manual.

When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu.

Menus-&gt;Windows-&gt; Aux Returns Window

or press F5

You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are &quot;prefade&quot; so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them.


Tracking


Effects - fade in

To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out.

To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal.

There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal,

You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so

Sample -&gt; Amplify -&gt; Delay

Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard.

Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out.

Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage.

Signal Processing -


Overdub

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Office===

====Spreadsheet Leu====

Support for some xlsx, and ods functions 


====Spreadsheet Ignition====

; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done

File formats supported 
* ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). 
* igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas.

There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment.

* Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells.
* copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -&gt; Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. 
* Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c)  to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively 
* Edit -&gt; Insert -&gt; Row  seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be...

Change Sheet name by  Object -&gt; Sheet -&gt; Properties

Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells.

Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. 
Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. 
View -&gt; Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet).

Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered.

* #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used.

;Graphs

use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents

* value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ...


;Dates 
* Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)'''
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put date in days


;Time 
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put time in seconds taken


;Database (to be done by someone else)

type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), 
* select a bunch of cells and Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) 
* Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?)
* Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ?

Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition().

Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax().

Table sorting -


;Scripts (Arexx)

;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions 
*SUM(), 
*AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(),
*IF(), AND, OR, NOT 
*LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), 
*LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(),
* DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), 
*TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), 
*EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), 
*NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(),
*DBSUM() becomes DSUM(),


;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files 
There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel)

*HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), 
*TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &amp;, PROPER(), REPT(), 
*[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), 
*PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, 
*MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), 
*DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(),


;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] 
&lt;pre&gt;
Ctrl Z - Undo

Ctrl D - Fill Down
Ctrl R - Fill right

Ctrl F - Find
Ctrl H - Replace

Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells
CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number 
Ctrl ; - Todays Date 

F2 - Edit cell
F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references

&lt;/pre&gt;


====Document Scanning - Scandal====

Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead.

Check in Trident Prefs -&gt; Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None)
If not found then reboot the computer and recheck.

Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device).

The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only
 or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx

* gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx.
* epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used

'''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes)

Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections.

Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected.

Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not.

In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. 
Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet.

In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage.


The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select &quot;NONE&quot; to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now.

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Emulators===

==== Amiberry ====


==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ====

With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app 

There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included 

Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script:
&lt;pre&gt;
cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator
changetaskpri -1
run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config &gt;nil:
cd sys:prefs
endcli
&lt;/pre&gt;
This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time.


===Miscellaneous===

====Screensaver Blanker====

Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker.

Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or  run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange &gt;NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h).

Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options 
&lt;pre&gt;
seconds=number 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup

e.g. for 5 minutes

 run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;NIL:


*[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor.


*[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver.

Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker.

&lt;pre&gt;
cx_priority=
cx_popkey=    ie CX_POPKEY=&quot;Shift F1&quot; 
cx_popup=Yes or No

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
 Qualifier String    Input Event Class
   ----------------    -----------------
    &quot;lshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT
    &quot;rshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT
    &quot;capslock&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK
    &quot;control&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL
    &quot;lalt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_LALT
    &quot;ralt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_RALT
    &quot;lcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND
    &quot;rcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND
    &quot;numericpad&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD
    &quot;repeat&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT
    &quot;midbutton&quot;        IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON
    &quot;rbutton&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON
    &quot;leftbutton&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON
    &quot;relativemouse&quot;    IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
    Synonym     Synonym
    String     Identifier
    -------    ----------
    &quot;shift&quot;    IXSYM_SHIFT    /* look for either shift key */
    &quot;caps&quot;     IXSYM_CAPS     /* look for either shift key or capslock */
    &quot;alt&quot;      IXSYM_ALT      /* look for either alt key */

Highmap is one of the following strings:
    &quot;space&quot;, &quot;backspace&quot;, &quot;tab&quot;, &quot;enter&quot;, &quot;return&quot;, &quot;esc&quot;, &quot;del&quot;,
    &quot;up&quot;, &quot;down&quot;, &quot;right&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;f1&quot;, &quot;f2&quot;, &quot;f3&quot;, &quot;f4&quot;, &quot;f5&quot;,
    &quot;f6&quot;, &quot;f7&quot;, &quot;f8&quot;, &quot;f9&quot;, &quot;f10&quot;, &quot;help&quot;.


&lt;/pre&gt;


[[#top|...to the top]]

==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ====

WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. 

Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris &quot;Xenon&quot; Hanson&quot; from Questar 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign &quot;WCSProjects:&quot; &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects&quot; 
Assign &quot;WCSFrames:&quot;   &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -&gt; Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj
OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening 
Render by pull down menu Modules -&gt; Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], 

Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj
Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par
Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. 
Then drop-down menu and select Save As (&quot;NewName&quot;.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name)


After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. 
It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu 

*Database   - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), 
*Data Ops   - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats  
*Map View   - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor 
*Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc 
*Render     - rendering terrain 

These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock 
*Motion Editor
*Color Editor
*Ecosys Editor 


Simple minimal workflow 
*Load database (1st icon - 1st)
*Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon)
*Render scene (5th icon) 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], 

&lt;pre&gt;
.proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files 

.binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff  conversion 
.Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats 
USGS 7.5MinDEM, 

.par 


&lt;/pre&gt;


Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the &quot;Mapview&quot; (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities:

* Loading of a demonstration project.
* The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the &quot;Database-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Color-Editor&quot;.
* The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing.


The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the &quot;Mapview&quot; window is active.

The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that &quot;Color-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; (creation of roads, railways, etc.) 


The Map View (MapView) window

*Database - Objects and Topos
*View     - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move 
*Draw     - Maps and distance 
*Object   - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate 
*Motion   - Camera, Focus, path, elevation 
*Windows  - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, 


You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height.
Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above
 

ZOOM button

Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map.
Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view.

PAN button

Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything.
There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details.

Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further...


Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS
If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape.
With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value.


Ecosys Ecosystem Editor

Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated).
Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters.
&lt;pre&gt;
Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5
Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000
Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water .
Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water.
Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor.
Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All'

EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model 


Color Editor

Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first.
Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations!
So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50
&lt;pre&gt;
'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30
'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60
'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80
' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30
&lt;pre&gt;
Now we can work on pre-existing colors
&lt;pre&gt;
'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130
'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170
'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190
'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200
'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170
&lt;/pre&gt;

Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0

So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep.
Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously.


Motion Editor

Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics:
&lt;pre&gt;
-Camera Altitude: 7.0
-Camera Latitude: 36.075
-Camera Longitude: 112.133
-Focus Attitude: -2.0
-Focus Latitude: 36.275
-Focus Longitude: 112.386
-Camera : 512 → rendering window
-Camera Y: 384 → rendering window
-View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees
-Sun Longitude: 172
-Sun Latitude: -0.9
-Haze Start: 3.8
-Haze Range: 78, 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear.
Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude...
Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one.


From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain.
While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision.
Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel.


The sun

Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box.

Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again.


Animation

The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions (&quot;slide&quot;, &quot;drag&quot;...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. 


A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...).

At the bottom of the &quot;Motion-Editor&quot;, a &quot;cam-view&quot; function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images (&quot;path&quot;), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer (&quot;zbuffer&quot;), the blur, the background image, etc.


Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the &quot;Render&quot; button.

For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program.


Strengths:

* Multi-window.
* Quality of rendering.
* Accuracy.
* Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen.
* Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats 
* The &quot;zbuffer&quot; function.

Weaknesses:

* No OpenGL management 
* Calculation time.
* No network computing tool.


====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan====

Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs

If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero)

Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file

If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. (&quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; is on the right).

You should use the &quot;Data/Audio tracks&quot; page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd.

Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button

Examples

Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page &quot;ISO Builder&quot; and &quot;ADD&quot; everything you need to burn.

On the &quot;Write&quot; page i have &quot;Masterize Disc (DAO)&quot;, &quot;Close Disc&quot; and &quot;Eject after Write&quot; set.

One must not &quot;Blank disc before write&quot; if one uses a CDR


AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks

Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page and &quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; and add the .iso


====odf====

Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document.

* content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content.
* styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves.
* meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action.
* settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information.


To read document follow these steps:

* Extracting .ods file.
* Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data).
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file).
* With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables.
* Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data.
* At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface.


To write document follow these steps:

* Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template).
* Getting content.xml file.
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file.
* Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements.
* Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file.
* Zipping that file as new .ods file.

XLS file format

The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records.

These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. 
All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records.

* Workbook stream 
**Globals substream
***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) 
**Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format)
***Blank cell record
***RK cell record 32-bit number. 
***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code)
***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number)
***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST)
***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself)
***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on)
***MulRK record 
***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook.

ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), 
COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), 
CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), 
DB(), DDB(), DISC(), 
DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), 
DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), 
INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), 
ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), 
PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), 
RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), 
VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(),


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>pqpz4elq8n936h2vd24vlr5n652ccgg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635444</id>
      <parentid>4635443</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:24:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4635444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="228579" sha1="h12xbhva9lq2wq1pxj1geinrm8o3bzt" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==


[[#Graphical Image Editing Art]]
[[#Office Application]]
[[#Audio]]

[[#Misc Application]]
[[#Games &amp; Emulation]]

[[#Application Guides]]

[[#top|...to the top]]


[[#top|...to the top]]

Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well 

If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here]

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Internet Applications 
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Web Online Browser [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&amp;highlight=odyssey&amp;rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&amp;topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Netsurf], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;YouTube Viewing and downloading videos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Odyssey 2.0 can show Youtube webpage, [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], 
|[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], 
|[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], 
|[ Wayfarer], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SimpleMail, YAM, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt; SimpleMail, YAM
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IRC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Wookiechat, AmIRC 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Wookiechat 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Torrents 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/p2p ArTorr], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CTorrent, Transmission 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;FTP 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;WYSIWYG Web Site Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Mplayer (Icecast Client only), 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiPhone with Speak Freely, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Weather Forecast 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench AWeather], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc ntpsync],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ntpsync 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Newsgroups
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Blogging like Lemmy or kbin
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR face recognition for Vtubers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting Live 2D models with Cubism type editor 
&lt;pre&gt;
Model data (cmo3)
Basic motions (can3)
Background image (png)
Set of files for embedding (runtime folder)
• Model data (moc3)
• Motion data (motion3.json)
• Model settings file (model3.json)
• Physics settings file (physics3.json)
• Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json)
&lt;/pre&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Graphical Image Editing Art==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Image Editing
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Image viewing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum,
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm)  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit Photocrop]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Thumbnail Generator [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Icon Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Pixel Art Animation 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lunapaint
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D SVG based MovieSetter type 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MovieSetter*, Fantavision*
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Morphing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ GLMorph]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Cad (qcad-&gt;LibreCAD, etc.) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Xcad, MaxonCAD
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, Cycas, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;POV-Ray
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Format Converter [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen grabbing display 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record screen recorder], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Office Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Office
!width:10%;|AROS (x86)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Word-processing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&amp;forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Spreadsheets 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/spreadsheet], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Presentations
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS4--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Databases 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/database BeeBase], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;BeeBase, SQLite, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;APDF 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AmiPDF 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;APDF, vPDF, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Printing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;(some native drivers), 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;early TurboPrint included, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes, xournalpp, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AOrganiser, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Accounting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Project Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SuperGantt, SuperPlan, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ],  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], 
|Kuma K-Roget*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DTP Desktop Publishing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Scanning 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SCANdal], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FxScan*, ScanQuix* 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SCANdal (Sane)
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SCANdal
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OCR
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert gOCR] 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text Editing
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Drawing Vector
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit amifig], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;video conferencing (jitsi) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;source code hosting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Gitlab, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (server)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] 
|MorphVNC, vncserver
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (client)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc rdesktop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;notifications 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Ranchero 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Ringhio 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MagicBeacon 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Audio==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Audio
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib], [], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [RNOTunes ], [ mp3Player], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer
|AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Audio 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Audio Evolution 4] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Samplitude Opus Key], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] 
|[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Tracker Music
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already],  [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker
|MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and notes manuscript 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes for AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David &quot;Talin&quot; Joiner &amp; Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction 2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Bars'n'Pipes, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sound Sampling 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude-MS Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD burn
|[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FryingPan, AmiDVD, 
|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD audio rip
|Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;cfid=0&amp;did=167 Quick CDrip],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Lame,  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Lame, 
|Lame,  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit mp3info], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Convert
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc Sox], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DJ mixing jamming 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled 
*2005 ZP100 with ZP80 
*2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp)  ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, 
*2009 ZonePlayer S5, 
*2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support),   
*2011 Play:3
*2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1,  
*2016 Arc,   Play:1,   
*Beam (Gen 2),   Playbar,  Ray,   Era 100,   Era 300,   Roam,   Move 2,   
*Sub (Gen 3),   Sub Mini,  Five,  Amp  S2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;SonosController 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SonosController
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Smart Speakers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Video Creativity and Production==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Video
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing Video 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DvPlayer, MPlayer 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Mplayer, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing DVD 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AMP2, Frogger 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2,  
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Recording
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Screenrecorder, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Create and Edit Individual Video NLE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FFMpeg/GUI 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Subtitle editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]


==Misc Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;DOpus2, DOpus 4, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan DOpus5], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DOpus4, DOpus5, Filer, AmiDisk 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;DOpus4, DOpus5 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Verification / Repair 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2),  [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Par2, 
|-
|App Installer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [ InstallerNG], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;InstallerNG, Grunch, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Jack
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Jack 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ IDE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], Annotate, Murks, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Gui Creators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder],  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Catalog .cd .ct Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;FlexCat
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat
|[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Binary Hexadecimal Editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Zaphod], [],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Repository
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Git]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Git
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Backup
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Repair
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;ArSFSDoctor, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Multiple File renaming
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus 4 or 5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Anti Virus
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;VChecker, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Digital Signage
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Hollywood, Hollywood Designer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc AFortune], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Languages 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Fun School, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/scientific mathX] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Yacas 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Yacas 
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Misc Application 2==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BASIC
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;sdlBasic
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OSK On Screen Keyboard
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Reader 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Converter 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc flite], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.text2speech.com translator], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple FLite]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fractals
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ZoneXplorer, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Landscape Rendering 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astronomy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PCB design
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Display Blanker screensaver 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MultiCX, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;ModernArt Blanker, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Maths Graph Function Plotting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot],
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Classroom Aids 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Assessments 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Reference 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Training 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Courseware 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Skills Builder 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Games &amp; Emulation==

Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and 
[http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1]

Rom patching  https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php 

Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list.

[https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search]


{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Emulation]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Amstrad CPC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL &amp; pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Arcade
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Mame, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 7800
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Atari800], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Lynx
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Jaguar
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C64
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frodo, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Vice, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore Amiga
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer UAE], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo NES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem amines]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo SNES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo N64 
*HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], 
*LLE [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Wii U]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation NEC PC Engine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], 
|[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Saturn 
*HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast 
*HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast  flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum 
|[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair QL
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sony PlayStation
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS2]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS3]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Oricutron]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Action like [https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action BOH], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/adventure], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Cards like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/card ], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ gzdoom skulltag], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Doom, Quake, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games MMORG like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Platform like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], 
[http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [.html Aquaria]*(openGL), 
[http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform Cave Story], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&amp;lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 3rd third person action CRPG  [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], 
||&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D],  [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library GLFW], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library Raylib 5], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}


==Application Guides==

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Web Browser===

OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0.

This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. 

This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). 

Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. 

Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. 

There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc 

Please make sure you have [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock.
and possibly [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs]

OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: 

So add this :
&lt;pre&gt;
copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL:
copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;
Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated 

Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …)
If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it.


Error messages 

SSL error &quot;cant verify with ca-certificates&quot;, check bios clock time date is correct 

Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros 


[https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&amp;udm=14 Google search without AI overview] 


===E-mail===

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections


====SimpleMail====

SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes.

Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list]


 GMail

Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first.

pop3: 
pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

smtp:
smtp.gmail.com (with authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 465 or 587


 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange

Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013.

If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way:

1. Email/Password
2. Manual
3. IMAP
4.

* Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked
* Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked
* POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL

 Yahoo  Mail

On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts.

Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well.


Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server

* Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 993
* Requires SSL - Yes

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server

* Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 465 or 587
* Requires SSL - Yes
* Requires authentication - Yes

Your login info

* Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com)
* Password - Your account's password
* Requires authentication - Yes


Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3

* Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
* “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
* “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
* “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

* Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.


====YAM Yet Another Mailer====

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections

This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists]

One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server.

Possible issues

Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue.


getting a &quot;Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error

Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library

 GMail 
Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL)
Port: 465 or 587

Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com')
Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com)
Password: your Gmail password

Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead.


 Outlook.com access

&lt;pre &gt;
Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com
Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias)
Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password
Outlook.com SMTP port: 587
Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes 
&lt;/pre &gt;


 Yahoo  Mail

&lt;pre &gt;
“POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
“SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.
“Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
“Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
“Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.
&lt;/pre &gt;

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3


 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 

1. Get the files to your PC.
By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received.

2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM.

3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too.

4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments.

5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format.


===FTP===

Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a &quot;thing of the past&quot;, its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort.

First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure &quot;FTP file transfer&quot; is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command:

ifconfig -a

Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan:

Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on &quot;New&quot;. 
You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine:

1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before.

2) click on Custom Options:


1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu;

2) Ensure &quot;Passive Transfers&quot; is NOT selected;

3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source:


1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and

2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's &quot;MyWorkspace&quot; contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes.

Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well.


===IRC Internet Relay Chat===

Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. 

Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying.

Other things to type in - replace &lt;message&gt; with a line of text and &lt;nick&gt; with a person's name

&lt;pre&gt;
/help

/list

/who
/whois &lt;nick&gt;

/msg &lt;nick&gt; &lt;message&gt;

/query &lt;nick&gt; 
&lt;message&gt;s
/query

/away &lt;message&gt;
/away

/quit &lt;going away message&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


[http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript].


Issue the command /me &lt;text&gt; where &lt;text&gt; is the text that should follow your nickname.
Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout

/nick &lt;newNick&gt;

/nickserv register &lt;password&gt; &lt;email address&gt;

/ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv

/nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;

Alternatives:
/ns identify &lt;password&gt;
/msg nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;


==== IRC WookieChat ====

WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities.


add smilies drawer/directory

 run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000

select a server / server window

* nickname 
* user name 
* real name - optional

Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in.


servers

* New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box 
* New Group
* Delete Entry
* Connect to server
* connect in new tab
* perform on connect

Change details

* Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: 
* Port number - no need to change
* Server password
* Channel - add #channel from below 
* auto join - can click this 
* nick registration password,

Click Connect to server button above


&lt;pre&gt;
Server: irc.freenode.net
Channel: #aros
&lt;/pre&gt;

irc://irc.freenode.net/aros

&lt;pre&gt;
Server: chat.amigaworld.net 
Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC)
Server:irc.superhosts.net
Channel #team*amiga  
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks
Server: im.bitlbee.org 
Port 6667 
Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers],

&lt;pre&gt;
#Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) 
twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net 
liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL)
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Multiple server support
&quot;Perform on connect&quot; scripts and channel auto-joins
Automatic Nickserv login
Tabs for channels and private conversations
CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND
Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers
Colours for different events
Logging and automatic reloading of logs
mIRC colour code filters
Configurable timestamps
GUI for changing channel modes easily
Configurable highlight keywords
URL Grabber window
Optional outgoing swear word filter
Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages
DCC CHAT support
Doubleclickable URL's
Support for multiple languages using LOCALE
Clone detection
Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection
Command aliases
Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style
Counter for Unread messages
Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IRC Aircos ====

Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. 


====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky====
 Servers are setup and close down at random 
You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. 

The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky
&lt;pre &gt;
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; XMPP -&gt; open and ad-free 
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; Transports (Gateways) -&gt; Proprietary closed systems 
&lt;/pre &gt;

The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead.

The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc.


You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list],

Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other.

Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password.

Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users.

Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's &quot;Windows&quot; menu and select the &quot;Agents&quot; option. The &quot;Agents List&quot; window will open.

Roster (contacts list)

[http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available

File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL.

Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN.

There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options.


 Facebook

If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway.

&lt;pre &gt;
1. launch jabberwocky
2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu
3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID
4. your password is your normal facebook password
5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field

6. click the 'add' button
7. click the 'close' button
8. click the 'connect' button
&lt;/pre &gt;

you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky.

[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&amp;forum=32 Read more here]

for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password


 Twitter

For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net],  and .

An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to]

:Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more]

 Instagram 

no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client

 ICQ

The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check.

Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/
Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window-&gt;Agents-&gt;&quot;Register&quot;. Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account.

 Yahoo Messenger

although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies

 MSN

early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time....

Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in.  You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again.  It may also take multiple tries to sign in.  (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.)

You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting.

msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window.

From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which  helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure.

1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address.

2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following:

* Select the &quot;Windows/Agents&quot; menu option in Jabberwocky.
* Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server.
* Click the Register button to open a new window asking for:
**Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address.
**Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list.
**Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address.
* Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window.

3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN.

4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works.

If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz..
then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz

or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com  You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com 
And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time...

 Google Talk

any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users.

implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format


===Video Player MPlayer===

Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using

4:3
 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi

16:9
 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi

if you want gui use;
 mplayer -gui 1 &lt;other params&gt; file.avi

&lt;pre &gt;
stack 1000000

; using AspireOS 1.xx 
; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 1.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 2.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

cd RAM:MPlayer
run MPlayer -gui &gt; Nil:
;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls &gt; Nil: 
&lt;/pre &gt;

$ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4


MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though.

AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP.

If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP

-rtsp-stream-over-tcp

If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol  server needs authentification:

-user -passwd


MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache

MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface


Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music 
 
http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls 

http://scenesat.com/

http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga

http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm

http://www.kohina.com/

http://www.remix64.com/

http://retrogamer.net/forum/

http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml

http://retrogamesquad.com/

http://www.retronauts.com/

http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/

http://www.retrogamingradio.com/

http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp


[[#top|...to the top]]

====ZunePaint==== 

simplified typical workflow

* importing and organizing and photo management
* making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time 
* exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata


Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes.


For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction.

For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common.  Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject.

Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking.

For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term.


* White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under &quot;Misc color effects&quot; tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green 
* Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery
* Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software
* Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations
* Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement
* Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) 
* Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) 
* Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - 
* Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) 
* Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size


White Balance - F12 and K

scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above.


Exposure correction

F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up

Workflows in practice

* Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z 
* Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R

First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. 
* Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. 
* Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. 
* After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK.


And save your picture


Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use

basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, 
* negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc.

adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, 
* reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon,  etc. 
* red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate,

effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) 
* blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc.

borders such as 
* dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc.

brushes e.g.
* frost, smoke, etc.

and manual control of

fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration -  lens and body profiles

perspective correction

levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows

curves -  Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast

color balance

one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc.

Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors

decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image

any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha 
If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later.

File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc.  contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr

Image Picture Formats
* low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace -  TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary.
* linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) 
An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert dcraw]

There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible.

A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values.

The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a &quot;downsampling&quot; - should prevent as much loss as possible.

Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured.

Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help 

File
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New	Ctrl+n	New
Open	Ctrl+o	Open
Close	Ctrl+w	Close
Save	Ctrl+s	Save
Save as	Shift+Ctrl+s	Save as
Revert	F12	Revert
Print	Ctrl+p	Print
Exit	Ctrl+q	Quit
 
Edit
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Undo/Redo (1 level)	Ctrl+z	Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z)
Cut	Ctrl+x	Cut
Copy	Ctrl+c	Copy
Paste	Ctrl+v	Paste
Paste Into	Shift+Ctrl+v	Paste Into
Fill with FG color	Alt+Backspace	Fill with FG color
Fill with BG color	Control+Backspace	Fill with BG color
 
Image/Colors
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Levels	Ctrl+l	Levels
Auto Contrast	Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l	Stretch Contrast (same?)
Curves	Ctrl+m	Curves
Color Balance	Ctrl+b	Color Balance
Hue/Saturation	Ctrl+u	Hue-Saturation
Desaturate	Shift+Ctrl+u	Desaturate
Invert	Ctrl+i	Invert
Default Colors	d	Default Colors
Switch Colors	x	Switch Colors
 
Layer
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New Layer	Shift+Ctrl+n	New Layer
Layer via Copy	Ctrl+j	Duplicate Layer
Bring (layer) to Front	Shift+Ctrl+]	Layer to Top
Send (layer) to Back	Shift+Ctrl+[	Layer to Bottom
Bring (layer) Forward	Ctrl+]	Raise Layer
Send (layer) Backward	Ctrl+[	Lower Layer
Select Top Layer	Shift+Alt+]	Select Top Layer
Select Bottom Layer	Shift+Alt+[	Select Bottom Layer
Select One Layer Forward	Alt+]	Select Previous Layer
Select One Layer Backward	Alt+[	Select Next Layer
Merge Down	Ctrl+e	Merge Down
Merge Visible	Shift+Ctrl+e	Merge Visible
Preserve Transparency	/	Keep Transparency
Cycle Modes Forwards	Shift+=	Next Layer Mode
Cycle Modes Backwards	Shift+-	Previous Layer Mode
 
Select
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Select All	Ctrl+a	Select All
Deselect	Ctrl+d	Select None
Inverse	Shift+Ctrl+i	Invert
Feather	Ctrl+Alt+d	Feather
 
View
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Zoom In	Ctrl+=	Zoom In
Zoom Out	Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
Fit on Screen	Ctrl+0	Zoom to Fit Window
Actual Pixels	Ctrl+Alt+0	Zoom 1:1
Show/Hide Extras	Ctrl+h	Toggle Show Selection (close enough?)
Show/Hide Guides	Ctrl+'	Toggle Show Guides
Show/Hide Grid	Ctrl+Alt+'	Toggle Show Grid
Show/Hide Rulers	Ctrl+r	Toggle Show Rulers
Snap	Ctrl+;	Snap to Guides
Scroll View Up	Page Up	Scroll Page Up
Scroll View Down	Page Down	Scroll Page Down
Scroll View Left	Ctrl+Page Up	Scroll Page Left
Scroll View Right	Ctrl+Page Down	Scroll Page Right
 
Window/Dialogs
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
?	F5	Tools Dialog
Color Tab	F6	Colors Dialog
Layers Tab	F7	Layers Dialog
Info Tab	F8	Image Information
 
Tools
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Rectangular Marquee Tool	m	Rect Select Tool
Elliptical Marquee Tool	Shift+m	Ellipse Select Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop	 
Move Tool	v	Move Tool
Lasso Tool	l	Free Select Tool
Magic Wand Tool	w	Fuzzy Select Tool
Crop Tool	c	Crop &amp; Resize Tool
Airbrush Tool	j	Airbrush Tool
Paintbrush Tool	b	Paintbrush Tool
Clone Stamp Tool	s	Clone Stamp Tool
Eraser Tool	e	Eraser Tool
Gradient Tool	g	Blend Tool
Paint Bucket Tool	Shift+g	Bucket Fill Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop	 
Blur Tool	r	Convolve Tool
Dodge Tool	o	DodgeBurn Tool
Type Tool	t	Text Tool
Pen Tool	p	Bezier Select Tool
Eye Dropper Tool	i	Color Picker Tool
Zoom Tool	z	Magnify Tool
Previous Brush	,	Previous Brush
Next Brush	.	Next Brush
First Brush	Shift+&lt;	First Brush
Last Brush	Shift+&gt;	Last Brush
Decrease Brush Size	[	Decrease Brush Size
Increase Brush Size	]	Increase Brush Size
Decrease Brush Hardness	{	Decrease Brush Hardness
Increase Brush Hardness	}	Increase Brush Hardness
 
Help
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Help	F1	Help
Context Help	Shift+F1	Context Help
 
Misc.
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Last Filter	Ctrl+f	Repeat Last Filter
?	Shift+Ctrl+f	Reshow Last Filter
Preferences	Ctrl+k	Preferences
Liquify	Shift+Ctrl+x	IWarp (close enough?)
Toggle Quick Mask	q	Toggle Quick Mask


Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape

Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. 
* Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by   and brushes for other areas. 
* Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. 
Remove fringe/halo

saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact.


Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. 
* RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) 
* YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video]


Histograms

White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. 
If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right.

RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter.  Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30%

RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) .  The alpha channel is used for &quot;alpha compositing&quot;, which can mostly be associated as &quot;opacity&quot;.  AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel.

The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph.  The highlights are represented by the right third.  And the midtones are, of course, in the middle.  The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). 
By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. 
By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .


RGB Curves

* Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens 
* Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens

Color Curves

* Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but 
* Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow.
&lt;pre&gt;
 Red &lt;-&gt; Cyan
 Green &lt;-&gt;Magenta
 Blue &lt;-&gt;Yellow 
&lt;/pre&gt;

YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e.  separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white.  A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram.   A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited.  By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .

The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much
Can be used to create a negative image but also 
With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow.
With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan.
e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green.

YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other.  
using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments

sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping.


Free royalty pictures, [www.freeimages.com ], [http://imageshack.us/ ], [http://photobucket.com/ ], [http://rawpixels.net/], [], [], [], 


====Lunapaint====

Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function

 Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail 

&lt;pre&gt;
b BRUSH
e ERASER

alt eyedropper 
v layer tool 

z ZOOM / MAGNIFY &lt; &gt; n 
spc panning 
m  marque 
q lasso 
w same color selection / region 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
, LM RM
v 
V
f  filter 
F 
.  size 

p 
,  pick color 
[] last / next color 
&lt;/pre&gt;


There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc.

Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software.

 author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added.

* add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del]
* whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble
* pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes.
* Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint.
* to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64.
* implement graphic tablet features support


**GENERAL DRAWING**

Miss it very much:
UNDO
ERASER
COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked.
BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from &quot;New project screen&quot;

Miss it somewhat:
ICON for UNDO
ICON for ERASER
ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often )
BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush

**ANIMATING**

Miss it very much:
NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project
ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush

Miss it somewhat:
ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame

In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day.


LAYERS
-Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames
-Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?).

EXPORTING IMAGES
-Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --&gt; My robot was blue now it's &quot;gold&quot; ) I think this only happens if you have layers.
-Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them)
-Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10

LOAD/SAVE (Preferences)
-Make a setting for the default &quot;Work&quot; folder.

* Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers 
* mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying)

&lt;pre&gt;
Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts 
    NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key

    [Technique]

    F1  - Paint
    F2  - Single Colour
    F3  - Replace
    F4  - Smear
    F5  - Shade
    F6  - Cycle
    F7  - Smooth
     M  - Colour Cycle

    [Brush]

     B  - Restore
     O  - Outline
     h  - Halve brush size
     H  - Double brush size
     x  - Flip brush on X axis
     X  - Double brush size on X axis only
     y  - Flip on Y 
     Y  - Double on Y
     z  - Rotate brush 90 degrees
     Z  - Stretch

    [Stencil]

     `  - Stencil On

    [Miscellaneous]

    F9  - Info Bar
    F10 - Selection Bar
    @o  - Co-Ordinates
    @a  - Anti-alias
    @r  - Colourise
    @t  - Translucent
    TAB - Colour Cycle

    [Picture]

     L  - Load
     S  - Save
     j  - Page to Spare(Flip)
     J  - Page to Spare(Copy)
     V  - View Page
     Q  - Quit

    [General Keys]

     m  - Magnify
     &lt;  - Zoom In
     &gt;  - Zoom Out
     [  - Palette Colour Up
     ]  - Palette Colour Down
     (  - Palette Colour Left
     )  - Palette Colour Right
     ,  - Eye Dropper
     .  - Pixel / Brush Toggle
     /  - Symmetry
     |  - Co-Ordinates
    INS - Perspective Control
    +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control)
     w  - Unfilled Polygon
     W  - Filled Polygon
     e  - Unfilled Ellipse
     E  - Filled Ellipse
     r  - Unfilled Rectangle
     R  - Filled Rectangle
     t  - Type/text tool
     a  - Select Font
    u/U - Undo
     d  - Brush
     D  - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon
    f/F - Fill Options
    g/G - Grid
    h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control)
     K  - Clear
     c  - Unfilled Circle
     C  - Filled Circle
     v  - Line
     b  - Scissor Select and Toggle
     B  - Brush
    {,} - Toggle between two background colours
&lt;/pre&gt;

====Lodepaint====

Pixel based painting artwork app

====Grafx2====

Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], 


====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG====

Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps


*Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping 
*Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide 
*Colour - fill stroke 
*Stroke - size 
*Brushes - 
*Layers - 
*Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows 
*Text    - 
*Transform - 


 AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) 

[[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]]

for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent

;Menu options
* Load - fig format but import(s) SVG
* Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png
* PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys 
* Deselect all points

There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted.

;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings

;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) 
* Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes,  polygon 
* Lines - polylines
* Text &quot;T&quot; button 
* Photos - bitmaps
* Compound - Glue, Break, Scale 
* POINTs - Move, Add, Remove 
* Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste 
use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s)
* Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square

;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives 
* Color
* Line Width
* Line Style
* arrowheads

;Modes 
Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc.

;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored 
* compound tools to add .fig(s) together

;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 
&lt;pre&gt;
Landscape
Center
Inches
Letter 
100.00
Single
-2
1200 2
4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01
&lt;/pre&gt;

# change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). 
# The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13.
# The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default).
# The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20.
# The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees).
# twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch.
# thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before.

* The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox.
* The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence.

; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation


[[#top|...to the top]]

===Audio===


# AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem.

# When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always).

# For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording.


====Music Mods====

Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI.

Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds.

Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock.

In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr])

If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon

*Sample
*Note - Effect 
*Track (column) - Pattern - Order

It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) 
The Note can be changed with an Effect.  A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song.

Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above).  Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head.

*Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. 
*Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of &quot;swing&quot; feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. 
*Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds.
*Moody - minor key

First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too.

This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song.

The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats.

Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section.

The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords.

Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave.

To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them.

For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth.


The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern &quot;00&quot;, then pattern &quot;02&quot;, then &quot;03&quot;, then &quot;01&quot;, etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song.

The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song.

The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D.

Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot; are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 &quot;Kick&quot;.

The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6.

The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the &quot;F&quot; effect, which is a tempo command. The &quot;04&quot; means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster).

Base pattern

When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In &quot;Wild Bunnies&quot; the base pattern is pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot;.

In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow.


Drums

Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The &quot;F&quot; command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of &quot;swing&quot; feel.

In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation.

In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The &quot;8&quot; command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix.


Bass line

There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more &quot;live&quot;.

The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key.


Chords

The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm.


Lead

Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention.

A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The &quot;461&quot; effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes.

Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 &quot;Square&quot;), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form.

Song structure

Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations.

A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus.

Other single sectional song structures are

&lt;pre&gt;
Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody 
AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s 
AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s 
Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form
ABAB Song Form
ABAC Song Form
ABCD Song Form
AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 
8-Bar Song Form
16-Bar Song Form
Hybrid / Compound Song Forms
&lt;/pre&gt;

The most common building blocks are:

#INTRODUCTION(INTRO)
#VERSE
#REFRAIN
#PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB
#CHORUS
#BRIDGE
#MIDDLE EIGHT
#SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK
#COLLISION
#CODA / OUTRO
#AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO)

The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember.

The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus.


 Playing

RCTRL:                           Play song from row 0.

LSHIFT + RCTRL:                  Play song from current row.

RALT:                            Play pattern from row 0.

LSHIFT + RALT:                   Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on '&gt;':               Play song from row 0.

Right mouse on '&gt;':              Play song from current row.

Left mouse on '|&gt;':              Play pattern from row 0.

Right mouse on '|&gt;':             Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on 'Edit/Record':     Edit mode on/off.

Right mouse on 'Edit/Record':    Record mode on/off.


 Editing 


LSHIFT + ESCAPE:                 Switch large patterns view on/off

TAB:                    Go to next track

LSHIFT + TAB:                    Go to prev. track

LCTRL + TAB:                    Go to next note in track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB:           Go to prev. note in track

SPACE:                           Toggle Edit mode On &amp; Off

(Also stop if the song is being played)

SHIFT SPACE:                     Toggle Record mode On &amp; Off

(Wait for a key note to be pressed

or a midi in message to be received)

DOWN ARROW:                      1 Line down

UP ARROW:                        1 Line up

LEFT ARROW:                      1 Row left

RIGHT ARROW:                     1 Row right

PREV. PAGE:                      16 Arrows Up

NEXT PAGE:                       16 Arrows Down

HOME / END:                      Top left / Bottom right of pattern

LCTRL + HOME / END:              First / last track

F5, F6, F7, F8, F9:              Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns

+ - (Numeric keypad):           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:    Next / Previous position

LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous instrument

LSHIFT + M:                      Toggle mute state of the current channel

LCTRL + LSHIFT + M:             Solo the current track / Unmute all

LSHIFT + F1 to F11:              Select a tab/panel

LCTRL + 1 to 4:                 Select a copy buffer


 Tracking 

1st and 2nd keys rows:           Upper octave row

3rd and 4th keys rows:           Lower octave row

RSHIFT:                          Insert a note off

/ and * (Numeric keypad)

or F1 F2:                        -1 or +1 octave

INSERT / BACKSPACE:              Insert or Delete a line in current track

or current selected block.

LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE:     Insert or Delete a line in current pattern

DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE):          Empty a column or a selected block.


 Blocks

(Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel).


LCTRL + A:          Select entire current track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern

LALT + A:          Select entire column note in a track

LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track

LCTRL + X:          Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer

LCTRL + C:          Copy the selected block into the block-buffer

LCTRL + V:          Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern

LCTRL + I:          Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection

LSHIFT + ARROWS

PREV. PAGE

NEXT PAGE: Select a block

LCTRL + R:          Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them)

LCTRL + U:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher

LCTRL + D:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower  (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + H:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher

LCTRL + L:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + W:          Save the current selection into a file


 Misc 


LALT + ENTER:     Switch between full screen / windowed mode

LALT + F4:        Exit program (Windows only)

LCTRL + S:         Save current module

LSHIFT + S:         Switch top right panel to synths list

LSHIFT + I:         Switch top right panel to instruments list


&lt;pre&gt;
C-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Volume 
B-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Jump to 
A#x  xh xx xx hhhh hhhh   Slide 
F-x    xh xx xx hhhh            Tempo 
D-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Pattern Break 
G#x  xh xx xx hhhh
&lt;/pre&gt;

h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13

d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume.

The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex.

Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly.
This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it...

The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary.

Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from.

Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. 
&lt;pre&gt;
   C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing
   ---      000
   C-3    330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30.
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
&lt;/pre&gt;
Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note.

This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up.
There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them.

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  02

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  05

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  08

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0A

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0D

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10

(You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..)  Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns.


The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa.

Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest.
Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use.

Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format.   vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) 

&lt;pre&gt;
 C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 &lt;-  Turn Arpeggio effect on
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B38 &lt;- Change datas
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B00 &lt;- Turn it off
&lt;/pre&gt;

Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21.

Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from.

Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order.
Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off.

Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well.

Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31.

Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart.

Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16.

Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop.

Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato.

Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged.

Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex).

Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work.

Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played!

Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for.

Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop &quot;movement&quot; is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000).

effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units

There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine.

It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel).

so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings.

for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top.

In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself.

For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud.

The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation.


&lt;pre&gt;
Support for the following modules formats:
669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), 
AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), 
AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), 
APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), 
FAR (Farandole Composer), 
GDM (General DigiMusic), 
IT (Impulse Tracker), 
IMF (Imago Orpheus), 
MOD (15 and 31 instruments), 
MED (OctaMED), 
MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), 
OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), 
S3M (Scream Tracker 3), 
STM (Scream Tracker), 
STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), 
ULT (UltraTracker), 
UNI (MikMod), 
XM (FastTracker 2),
Mid (midi format via timidity)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2],


====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface====

A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it).

'''Timidity'''

Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ 
 assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity
added to SYSːs/User-Startup

'''WildMidi playback'''


'''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)'''


*Sync Menu    - CAMD Receive, Send checked 
*Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup 


MCB Master Control Bus 
*Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&amp;P). 
*B&amp;P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&amp;Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes 
*CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE 


*MIDI Machine Control
*Midi Bar Display 
*Select CAMD MIDI in / out
*Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely 
 Channel   - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, 
 Subgroup  - Volume, Mute, Solo 
 Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward 
 Misc      - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up 


&lt;pre&gt;
q        - quit 

First 3 already opened when AE started 
F1       - timeline window
F2       - mixer 
F3       - control 
F4       - subgroups 
F5       - aux returns 
F6       - sample list 

i        - Load sample to use 

space    - start/stop play 
b        - reset time 0:00


s        - split mode 
r        - open recording window 
a        - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume 


[ / ]    - zoom in / out 
:        - previous track
*        - next track 

x c v f  - cut copy paste cross-fade 
g        - snap grid 


&lt;/pre&gt;


 '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]'''

 BarsnPipes debug ... in shell 

Menu (right mouse)  
*Song        - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 
*Track       - 
*Edit        -
*Tool        - 
*Timing      - SMTPE Synchronizing 
*Windows     - 
*Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option 

Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) 
*Workflow -&gt; Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, 
*Control  -&gt; Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, 

Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -&gt; Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them 

If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time 

Right mouse menu -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Environment... -&gt; ScreenMode  - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC 


'''Tracks'''

#Double-click on B&amp;P's icon. B&amp;P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&amp;P.
#Choose a track. The B&amp;P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup.
#Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record.
#Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration.
#Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel.
#Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features.


Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&amp;t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg  PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], 

Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help 


'''Tracks window'''

* blue &quot;1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group&quot; and transport tape deck VCR-type controls
* Flags 
* [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] 

Each Track has a 

*Left LHS  - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline 
*Middle    - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap 
*Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT 

Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times 


'''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)'''

After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc
 right mouse -&gt; Toolbox menu option -&gt; Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool 

Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms
[https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars &amp; Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group 


'''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' 

Accessories -&gt; Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support 


'''Song Construction'''
&lt;pre&gt;
F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Duplicator 
F5  Eraser 
F6  Toolpad 
F7  Bounding box 
F8  Lock to A-B-A 

A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, 

&lt;/pre&gt;


Bars&amp;Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations 

'''Tempo Map'''

F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Eraser 
F5  Curve 
F6  Toolpad 


Compositions

Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature 

'''Master Parameters'''

Key, Scale/Mode

'''Track Parameters'''

Dynamics 


'''Time-line Scoring'''


'''Media Madness'''


'''Mix Maestro'''


*ACCESSORIES         Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules 
*CLIPBOARD           Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks.
*INFORMATION         A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine.
*MASTER PARAMETERS   Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes.
*MEDIA MADNESS       A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc 
*METRONOME           Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required.
*MIX MAESTRO         Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software 
*RECORD ACTIVATION   Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc
*SET FLAGS           Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time 
*SONG CONSTRUCTION   Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections
*TEMPO MAP           Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves 
*TEMPO PALETTE       Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings.
*TIMELINE SCORING    Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance.
*TOOLBOX             Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available 
*TRACKS              Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools.
*TRANSPORT           Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes.


Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed.
Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory.

In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID &quot;NAME&quot; (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as &quot;NAME&quot;. On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as &quot;EMAN&quot;.  The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA).

If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard 

http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml


MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically &quot;note on&quot;, &quot;note off&quot;, &quot;program change&quot;, &quot;controller change&quot;, or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music.

* Channel     - 1 to 16 -
* Messages    - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs,  etc 
* Sequencing  - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, 
* Recording   - 
* GUI         - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes 

MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off 

MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc 

MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE 

Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. 

Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. 

Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations.

Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -&gt; PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors)

Preferences -&gt; Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF 

Prefs -&gt; Environment -&gt; screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) 

Customization -&gt; pics in gui drawer (folder) - 


Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi 

SMF is a “Standard Midi File”  ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], 

* SMF0        All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel.
* SMF1        The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels.
* SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels.


Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers?
On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality

BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. 

&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI can control 16 channels 
There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments 
handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present 
It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&amp;P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and 
MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system 
Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format 
Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Composers
&lt;pre&gt;
[https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] 

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc
1992 Bars&amp;Pipes Pro published 
November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&amp;Pipes Pro 2.5c beta
end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state 
end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 
2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Protrekkr

How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ?

First of all, midi in &amp; out capabilities of this program are rather limited.

# Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time).
# Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected).
# Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk.
# Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported.

Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row:

&lt;pre&gt;
    C-3 02 .. .. 0000....


    --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... &lt;&lt; This will set the value 
    --- .. .. .. 0000....    of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex)
    --- .. .. .. 0000....
&lt;/pre&gt;

So &quot;--- .. .. 90 2040....&quot; will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64).

You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages.

 N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal!

Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard.

Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible.

Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels.

Further devices can respond to, and transmit, &quot;breath controller&quot; data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it.

A controller keyboard may be capable of sending &quot;expression pedal&quot; data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message.

Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The &quot;voice&quot; or &quot;instrument&quot; is selected using a &quot;Program Change&quot; message on its own.

Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in &quot;banks&quot;, and the choice of instrument is made by responding to &quot;Bank Select MSB&quot; (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use &quot;Bank Select LSB&quot; (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List.


 MIDI Implementation Chart

But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart.

If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are &quot;compatible&quot;. In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart.

The chart is divided into four columns headed &quot;Function&quot;, &quot;Transmitted&quot; (or &quot;Tx&quot;), &quot;Received&quot; (or &quot;Rx&quot;), or more correctly &quot;Recognised&quot;, and finally, &quot;Remarks&quot;.

&lt;pre&gt;
The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described.
The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device.
The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to.
The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns.
&lt;/pre&gt;

There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra &quot;Notes&quot;. Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI &quot;modes&quot; and what the &quot;X&quot; and the &quot;O&quot; mean.
&lt;pre&gt;
Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; 
Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; 
Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; 
Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono.
&lt;/pre&gt;
O means &quot;yes&quot; (implemented), X means &quot;no&quot; (not implemented).

Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks &quot;**************&quot;, these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise).

Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail.

Basic Channel
But the very first set of boxes will tell us the &quot;Basic Channel(s)&quot; that the device sends or receives on. 
&quot;Default&quot; is what happens when the device is first turned on, &quot;changed&quot; is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. 
For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels.

On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be &quot;split&quot; with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel.
So we might see the default as &quot;1&quot; but the changed as &quot;1-16&quot;.

Modes.
We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes.

But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device.

If we send an &quot;Omni On&quot; message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, &quot;Omni Off&quot;.

So &quot;Omni Off&quot; (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel.

&quot;Poly&quot; (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords.

&quot;Mono&quot; (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a &quot;smoother&quot; transition.

So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4).

We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. 
Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono).

This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none.

Finally, in the &quot;Altered&quot; field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode.

Note Number
&lt;pre&gt;
The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127.
The second line, &quot;True Voice&quot; has the following in the MIDI specification: 
&quot;Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument.&quot;
My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Velocity
This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually &quot;O&quot; plus a range or &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.

After touch
This may have one or two lines two it.
If a one liner the either &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot;, yes or no.
If a two liner then it may include &quot;Keys&quot; or &quot;Poly&quot; and &quot;Channel&quot;.
This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither.

Pitch Bend
Again &quot;O&quot; for implemented, &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.
(Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.)
It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel.

Control Change
This is likely to be the largest section of the chart.
It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; respectively.
You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation.

Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers]

Program Change
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available.
True # (number): &quot;The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected.&quot;

System Exclusive
Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation.

System Common - These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation).
Song Position Pointer
Song Select
Tune Request
&lt;/pre&gt;
The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages.

System Real Time
These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
Timing Clock - often just written as &quot;Clock&quot;
Start
Stop
Continue
&lt;/pre&gt;
These three are usually just referred to as &quot;Commands&quot; and listed.
Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to.
&lt;pre&gt;
Aux. Messages
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; for implemented or not.
Aux. = Auxiliary.
Active Sense = Active Sensing.
&lt;/pre&gt;
Often with an explanation of the action of the device.

Notes
The &quot;Notes&quot; section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation.

Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification.
And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA.


 OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS

SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES
Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages

The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from &quot;MIDI by the Numbers&quot; by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete.

WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information.

MIDI 1.0 Specification

Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1000nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note Off event. 
This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1001nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note On event. 
This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1010nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). 
This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Control Change. 
This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as &quot;Channel Mode Messages&quot; (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1100nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ppppppp || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1101nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1110nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits.
|}

Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Mode Messages. 
This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are:
*All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off
*Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice.
*Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. 
c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off
c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On
* All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. 
c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.)
c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off 
c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On 
c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) 
c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off)
|}

System Common Messages

System Messages (0xF0)

The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category.

The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories.

System Common

If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes.

System Common Messages
Type Status Byte   Number of Data Bytes      Usage 
&lt;pre&gt;
Time Code Quarter Frame	0xF1	1	Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*.
Song Position	0xF2	2	Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song.
Song Select	0xF3	1	Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song.
Undefined	0xF4	0	
Undefined	0xF5	0	
Tune Request	0xF6	0	Requests that the receiver retunes itself**.
&lt;/pre&gt;
*MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification
**While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command.


System Exclusive

If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates.

System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format:

0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7
The message is bookended with distinct bytes.

It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0.
The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier.
Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning.
If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value.
&lt;pre&gt;
ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities.
ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message.
ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message.
&lt;/pre&gt;
After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes.
The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7.
The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios.

An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer.
System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer.
Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages.
 Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii]  0ddddddd  --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || &lt;!--Description--&gt;System Exclusive. 
This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0nnndddd || &lt;!--Description--&gt;MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame.
nnn = Message Type
dddd = Values
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Position Pointer. 
This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0sssssss || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Select. 
The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. 
|}


System Real-Time Messages

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Stop. Stop the current sequence.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. 
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up.
|}


Advanced Messages

Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0)

Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages.

Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages.

The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp
n is the status (0xA)
c is the channel nybble
kk is the key number (0 to 127)
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all.

Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xD)
c is the channel number
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Pitch Bend (0xE0)

Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends.

Pitch Bend Wheel

The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM
n is the status (0xE)
c is the channel number
LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value
MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value
&lt;/pre&gt;
You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000).

Control Change (0xB0)

In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below.


Continuous Controllers

These controls send the following message format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv
n is the status (0xB)
c is the MIDI channel
cc is the controller number (0-127)
vv is the controller value (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments.

The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers.

On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard.


Program Change (0xC0)

Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xc)
c is the channel
pp is the patch number (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change.

Audio &amp; Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ?
Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me:

 Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key)
 and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value
 that will make sound sync both audio/midi.

The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ?
You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the &quot;wav&quot; option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals.


Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment


====DAW Audio Evolution 4====

Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ.

Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware.

Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions

The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88.

sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only)


Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. 
* Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom)


stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right

hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option


Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format 

 sox recital.wav recital.aiff

 sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm
 sox input.wav        output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k

performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16.

 rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00

records half an hour of stereo audio 

 play existing-file.wav


24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work 

*No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI.
*No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps.
*Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output.
*No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables.
*No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. 


select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.)
The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo.

Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz.


Channels

Monitor

Gain

Inout

Output

Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port


* Options -&gt; Soundcard In/Out
* Options -&gt; SampleRate
* Options -&gt; Preferences

F6 for Sample File List

Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track &quot;not in time&quot; ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway).

If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it).

AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording.


These are the usual features found in DAWs...

* Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer 
* virtual VST instruments and plug-ins 
* automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor


* different track views 
* mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) 
* traditional two windows (track and mixer)


Mixing - mixdown

Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect.

Take look at page17 of the manual.

When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu.

Menus-&gt;Windows-&gt; Aux Returns Window

or press F5

You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are &quot;prefade&quot; so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them.


Tracking


Effects - fade in

To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out.

To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal.

There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal,

You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so

Sample -&gt; Amplify -&gt; Delay

Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard.

Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out.

Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage.

Signal Processing -


Overdub

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===Office===

====Spreadsheet Leu====

Support for some xlsx, and ods functions 


====Spreadsheet Ignition====

; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done

File formats supported 
* ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). 
* igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas.

There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment.

* Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells.
* copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -&gt; Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. 
* Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c)  to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively 
* Edit -&gt; Insert -&gt; Row  seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be...

Change Sheet name by  Object -&gt; Sheet -&gt; Properties

Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells.

Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. 
Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. 
View -&gt; Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet).

Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered.

* #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used.

;Graphs

use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents

* value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ...


;Dates 
* Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)'''
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put date in days


;Time 
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put time in seconds taken


;Database (to be done by someone else)

type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), 
* select a bunch of cells and Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) 
* Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?)
* Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ?

Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition().

Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax().

Table sorting -


;Scripts (Arexx)

;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions 
*SUM(), 
*AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(),
*IF(), AND, OR, NOT 
*LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), 
*LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(),
* DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), 
*TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), 
*EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), 
*NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(),
*DBSUM() becomes DSUM(),


;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files 
There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel)

*HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), 
*TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &amp;, PROPER(), REPT(), 
*[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), 
*PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, 
*MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), 
*DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(),


;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] 
&lt;pre&gt;
Ctrl Z - Undo

Ctrl D - Fill Down
Ctrl R - Fill right

Ctrl F - Find
Ctrl H - Replace

Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells
CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number 
Ctrl ; - Todays Date 

F2 - Edit cell
F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references

&lt;/pre&gt;


====Document Scanning - Scandal====

Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead.

Check in Trident Prefs -&gt; Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None)
If not found then reboot the computer and recheck.

Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device).

The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only
 or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx

* gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx.
* epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used

'''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes)

Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections.

Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected.

Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not.

In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. 
Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet.

In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage.


The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select &quot;NONE&quot; to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now.

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===Emulators===

==== Amiberry ====


==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ====

With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app 

There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included 

Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script:
&lt;pre&gt;
cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator
changetaskpri -1
run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config &gt;nil:
cd sys:prefs
endcli
&lt;/pre&gt;
This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time.


===Miscellaneous===

====Screensaver Blanker====

Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker.

Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or  run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange &gt;NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h).

Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options 
&lt;pre&gt;
seconds=number 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup

e.g. for 5 minutes

 run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;NIL:


*[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor.


*[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver.

Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker.

&lt;pre&gt;
cx_priority=
cx_popkey=    ie CX_POPKEY=&quot;Shift F1&quot; 
cx_popup=Yes or No

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
 Qualifier String    Input Event Class
   ----------------    -----------------
    &quot;lshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT
    &quot;rshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT
    &quot;capslock&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK
    &quot;control&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL
    &quot;lalt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_LALT
    &quot;ralt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_RALT
    &quot;lcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND
    &quot;rcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND
    &quot;numericpad&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD
    &quot;repeat&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT
    &quot;midbutton&quot;        IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON
    &quot;rbutton&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON
    &quot;leftbutton&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON
    &quot;relativemouse&quot;    IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
    Synonym     Synonym
    String     Identifier
    -------    ----------
    &quot;shift&quot;    IXSYM_SHIFT    /* look for either shift key */
    &quot;caps&quot;     IXSYM_CAPS     /* look for either shift key or capslock */
    &quot;alt&quot;      IXSYM_ALT      /* look for either alt key */

Highmap is one of the following strings:
    &quot;space&quot;, &quot;backspace&quot;, &quot;tab&quot;, &quot;enter&quot;, &quot;return&quot;, &quot;esc&quot;, &quot;del&quot;,
    &quot;up&quot;, &quot;down&quot;, &quot;right&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;f1&quot;, &quot;f2&quot;, &quot;f3&quot;, &quot;f4&quot;, &quot;f5&quot;,
    &quot;f6&quot;, &quot;f7&quot;, &quot;f8&quot;, &quot;f9&quot;, &quot;f10&quot;, &quot;help&quot;.


&lt;/pre&gt;


[[#top|...to the top]]

==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ====

WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. 

Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris &quot;Xenon&quot; Hanson&quot; from Questar 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign &quot;WCSProjects:&quot; &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects&quot; 
Assign &quot;WCSFrames:&quot;   &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -&gt; Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj
OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening 
Render by pull down menu Modules -&gt; Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], 

Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj
Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par
Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. 
Then drop-down menu and select Save As (&quot;NewName&quot;.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name)


After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. 
It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu 

*Database   - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), 
*Data Ops   - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats  
*Map View   - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor 
*Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc 
*Render     - rendering terrain 

These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock 
*Motion Editor
*Color Editor
*Ecosys Editor 


Simple minimal workflow 
*Load database (1st icon - 1st)
*Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon)
*Render scene (5th icon) 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], 

&lt;pre&gt;
.proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files 

.binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff  conversion 
.Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats 
USGS 7.5MinDEM, 

.par 


&lt;/pre&gt;


Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the &quot;Mapview&quot; (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities:

* Loading of a demonstration project.
* The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the &quot;Database-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Color-Editor&quot;.
* The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing.


The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the &quot;Mapview&quot; window is active.

The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that &quot;Color-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; (creation of roads, railways, etc.) 


The Map View (MapView) window

*Database - Objects and Topos
*View     - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move 
*Draw     - Maps and distance 
*Object   - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate 
*Motion   - Camera, Focus, path, elevation 
*Windows  - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, 


You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height.
Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above
 

ZOOM button

Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map.
Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view.

PAN button

Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything.
There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details.

Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further...


Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS
If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape.
With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value.


Ecosys Ecosystem Editor

Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated).
Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters.
&lt;pre&gt;
Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5
Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000
Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water .
Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water.
Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor.
Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All'

EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model 


Color Editor

Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first.
Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations!
So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50
&lt;pre&gt;
'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30
'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60
'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80
' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30
&lt;pre&gt;
Now we can work on pre-existing colors
&lt;pre&gt;
'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130
'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170
'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190
'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200
'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170
&lt;/pre&gt;

Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0

So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep.
Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously.


Motion Editor

Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics:
&lt;pre&gt;
-Camera Altitude: 7.0
-Camera Latitude: 36.075
-Camera Longitude: 112.133
-Focus Attitude: -2.0
-Focus Latitude: 36.275
-Focus Longitude: 112.386
-Camera : 512 → rendering window
-Camera Y: 384 → rendering window
-View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees
-Sun Longitude: 172
-Sun Latitude: -0.9
-Haze Start: 3.8
-Haze Range: 78, 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear.
Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude...
Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one.


From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain.
While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision.
Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel.


The sun

Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box.

Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again.


Animation

The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions (&quot;slide&quot;, &quot;drag&quot;...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. 


A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...).

At the bottom of the &quot;Motion-Editor&quot;, a &quot;cam-view&quot; function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images (&quot;path&quot;), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer (&quot;zbuffer&quot;), the blur, the background image, etc.


Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the &quot;Render&quot; button.

For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program.


Strengths:

* Multi-window.
* Quality of rendering.
* Accuracy.
* Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen.
* Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats 
* The &quot;zbuffer&quot; function.

Weaknesses:

* No OpenGL management 
* Calculation time.
* No network computing tool.


====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan====

Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs

If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero)

Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file

If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. (&quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; is on the right).

You should use the &quot;Data/Audio tracks&quot; page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd.

Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button

Examples

Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page &quot;ISO Builder&quot; and &quot;ADD&quot; everything you need to burn.

On the &quot;Write&quot; page i have &quot;Masterize Disc (DAO)&quot;, &quot;Close Disc&quot; and &quot;Eject after Write&quot; set.

One must not &quot;Blank disc before write&quot; if one uses a CDR


AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks

Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page and &quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; and add the .iso


====odf====

Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document.

* content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content.
* styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves.
* meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action.
* settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information.


To read document follow these steps:

* Extracting .ods file.
* Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data).
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file).
* With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables.
* Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data.
* At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface.


To write document follow these steps:

* Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template).
* Getting content.xml file.
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file.
* Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements.
* Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file.
* Zipping that file as new .ods file.

XLS file format

The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records.

These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. 
All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records.

* Workbook stream 
**Globals substream
***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) 
**Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format)
***Blank cell record
***RK cell record 32-bit number. 
***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code)
***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number)
***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST)
***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself)
***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on)
***MulRK record 
***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook.

ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), 
COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), 
CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), 
DB(), DDB(), DISC(), 
DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), 
DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), 
INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), 
ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), 
PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), 
RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), 
VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(),


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>h12xbhva9lq2wq1pxj1geinrm8o3bzt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>High School Earth Science/Earth's Moon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635501</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:27:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>GN22</username>
        <id>3500696</id>
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      <text bytes="10310" sha1="jgavg8thio8dyrpsprwpq7wzhprm1ro" xml:space="preserve">{{TOC right}}

On July 20, 1969, hundreds of millions of people all over the world excitedly sat in front of their televisions and witnessed something that had never happened before in the history of the world. On that day, two American astronauts named Neil Armstrong and Edwin &quot;Buzz&quot; Aldrin landed the ''Eagle'' on the surface of the Moon (Figure 24.12). Neil Armstrong was the commander of the mission, Apollo 11, and he was the first human to ever step foot on the Moon. Even today, the Moon remains the only body in space other than Earth that humans have visited.

[[File:Aldrin near Module leg.jpg|400px|center|thumb|'''Figure 24.12''': Astronaut Buzz Aldrin walks on the Moon on July 20, 1969.]]

Between 1968 and 1972, six piloted spaceships—Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17—landed on the Moon, with Apollo 8 and 10 orbiting it and Apollo 13 making a flyby without orbiting. These missions are often referred to as '''lunar''' expeditions, the word lunar meaning &quot;related to the Moon&quot;. On some missions, the astronauts brought back soil and rock samples from the Moon. Once back at Earth, the samples were studied to help scientists learn about the surface features of the Moon. No astronauts have visited the Moon since Apollo 17 in 1972, but in 2026, Artemis II carried four astronauts around the Moon without orbiting it. Artemis IV plans to land the next humans on the Moon no earlier than 2028.

This lesson focuses on how the Moon was formed and gives a description of the features and characteristics of the Moon—many of which were investigated and discovered during the major years of lunar exploration in the 1960s and 1970s.

==How the Moon Formed==
Astronomers have carried out computer simulations showing that the collision of a Mars-sized object with the Earth could have resulted in the formation of the Moon. Additional data shows that the surface of the Moon dates to about 4.5 billion years ago, suggesting that the collision occurred during the heavy bombardment period, about 70 million years after the Earth formed. The Moon also has a relatively small core and appears to be largely comprised of the same basalt material found in the Earth mantle. Such a collision would have been incredibly powerful, producing oceans of liquid magma over much of the surface of the Earth.

The explosive impact that likely led to the formation of the Moon would have produced a huge amount of energy, leaving the surface of the Moon in an initially '''molten''' state. This means that its surface would have been hot and fluid, like magma inside the Earth today. The magma eventually cooled and hardened so that the Moon now has a solid surface.

==Lunar Characteristics==
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. A '''satellite''' is a body that moves around a larger body in space. The Moon orbits Earth in the same way that the Earth orbits the Sun, and the Moon remains close to Earth because of the strength of Earth's gravity. The Moon is 3,476 kilometers in diameter, about one-fourth the size of Earth. Because the Moon is not as dense as the Earth, gravity on the Moon is only one-sixth as strong as it is on Earth. You could jump six times as high on the Moon as you can on Earth.

If you watch the Earth and the Moon from space, the Moon makes one complete orbit around the Earth every 27.3 days. The Moon also rotates on its axis once every 27.3 days. Thus, the same side of the Moon always faces Earth. This means from Earth we always see the same side of the Moon. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the near side (Figure 24.13). The side of the Moon that faces away from Earth is called the far side (Figure 24.14). The Moon makes no light of its own, but instead only reflects light from the Sun.

{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:600px; margin:0px auto;&quot;
|[[File:Phase-180.jpg|300px|none|thumb|'''Figure 24.13''': The near side of the Moon, the one that we see, has a thinner crust with many more maria.]]
|[[File:Far-Side-Phase-180.jpg|300px|none|thumb|'''Figure 24.14''': The far side of the Moon has a thicker crust and far fewer maria.]]
|}

==The Lunar Surface==
The Moon has no atmosphere. The average surface temperature during the day is approximately 225°F and can reach temperatures as high as 253°F. At night the average temperature drops to -243°F and has been measured as low as -397°F. These extremely cold temperatures occur in craters in the permanently shaded south polar basin and are amongst the coldest temperatures recorded in our entire solar system.

There are no lakes, rivers, or even small puddles anywhere to be found on the Moon's surface. (However, it should be noted that in 2009, NASA scientists believe they discovered that in the top few millimeters of the Moon's surface, there is a large number of water molecules mixed in with dirt and rocks — you can stay up-to-date with their latest findings at http://www.nasa.gov). Yet, despite the possible presence of water, with a lack of atmosphere and extreme temperatures, it comes as no surprise to scientists that there has been zero evidence of life naturally occurring on the Moon.

Although there are no &quot;naturally occurring&quot; signs of life on the Moon, there are signs that life has encountered the Moon — that is, there are footprints of astronauts on the Moon's surface. It's likely that these footprints will remain unchanged for thousands of years, because there is no wind, rain, or living thing to disturb them. Only a falling '''meteorite''' or other matter from space could destroy them. A meteorite is a piece of rock that reaches the Moon from space. Meteorites also hit the Earth sometimes.

[[File:Tycho crater on the Moon.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure 24.15''': A crater on the surface of the Moon.]]

Earth has mountains, valleys, plains, and hills. This combination of all of the surface features of an area of land is called a '''landscape'''. The landscape of the Moon is very different from that of Earth. The lunar landscape is covered by '''craters''' caused by the impacts of asteroids and meteorites that crashed into the Moon from space (Figure 24.15). The craters are bowl-shaped basins on the Moon's surface. Because the Moon has no water, wind, or weather the craters remain unchanged. If Earth did not have plate tectonics, which continually alters the planet's surface, or an atmosphere, which makes erosion possible, our planet's surface would be at least as covered with meteorite craters as the Moon's. The surfaces of many other moons orbiting other planets have been shaped by asteroid impacts.

When you look at the Moon from Earth you notice dark areas and light areas. The dark areas are called '''maria'''. They are solid, flat areas of basaltic lava. From about 3.0 to 3.5 billion years ago the Moon was continually bombarded by meteorites. Some of these meteorites were so large that they broke through the Moon's newly formed surface, then magma flowed out and filling the craters. Scientists estimate volcanic activity on the Moon ceased about 1.2 billion years ago.

The lighter parts are the Moon is called '''terrae''' or highlands (Figure 24.16). They are higher than the maria and include several high mountain ranges. They are believed to be the rims of ancient impact craters.

[[File:Clementine albedo simp750.jpg|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 24.16''': A close-up of the Moon, showing maria (the dark areas) and terrae (the light areas); maria covers around 16% of the Moon’s surface, mostly on the side of the Moon we see.]]

==Interior of the Moon==
Like the Earth, the Moon has a distinct crust, mantle, and core. The crust is composed of igneous rock rich in the elements oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and aluminum. The Moon's crust is about 60 kilometers thick on the near side of the Moon and about 100 kilometers thick on the far side. The mantle is composed of the minerals olivine and orthopyroxene. Analysis of Moon rocks indicates that there may also be high levels of iron and titanium in the lunar mantle. The Moon has a small core, perhaps 600 to 800 kilometers in diameter. The composition of the Moon's core is not known, but it is probably made mostly of iron with some sulfur and nickel. This information is gathered both from rock samples gathered by astronauts and from unpiloted spacecraft sent to the Moon.

==Lesson Summary==
* Many scientists believe the Moon formed when a Mars sized planet collided with Earth.
* The Moon makes one rotation on its axis in the same number of days it takes for it to orbit the Earth.
* The Moon has dark areas, called maria surrounded by lighter colored highland areas, called terrae.
* Because the Moon is geologically inactive and doesn’t have an atmosphere, it has many thousands of craters on its surface.
* The Moon is made of many materials similar to Earth and has a crust, mantle, and core, just like the Earth.

==Review Questions==
# What is one piece of evidence that supports the idea that the Moon was formed by materials that were once part of the Earth?
# Why is there no weather on the Moon?
# Rusting is a process that happens when oxygen reacts chemically with iron, in the presence of water. Can rusting occur on the Moon? Explain your answer.
# What is the difference between maria and terrea?
# How much do landscape features on the Moon change over time compared to landscape features on Earth? Explain your answer.
# Why is the force of gravity on your body weaker on the Moon than on the Earth?

==Vocabulary==
; craters
: Bowl-shaped depressions on the surface of the Moon caused by impact from meteorites.
; landscape
: The surface features of an area.
; lunar
: Related to the Moon.
; maria
: The dark parts of the Moon’s surface, made up of ancient basaltic eruptions.
; meteorite
: Piece of rock that hit the Moon, Earth, or another planet from space.
; satellite
: A body that orbits a larger body in space.
; terrae
: The light parts of the Moon's surface, composed of high crater rims.

==Points to Consider==
* What things would be different on Earth if Earth did not have a moon?
* If the Moon rotated on its axis once every 14 days, would we see anything different than we do now?
* How do we know that the Moon has been geologically inactive for billions of years?


{{chapnav|Earth's Motions|The Sun}}</text>
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&lt;br&gt;
==Annotations==
'''''limbo patrum'''''{{spaces|5}}In Catholic theology, [[w:Limbo|Limbo]] is the name for a place or state occupied by the souls of those who have not been admitted to Heaven but who have not merited the eternal damnation of Hell. The name comes from the Latin expression ''in limbo'', meaning ''on the border'', as Limbo was imagined to form the borderland of Hell.

In theological usage the name is applied to (a) the temporary place or state of the souls of the just who, although purified from sin, were excluded from the beatific vision until Christ's triumphant ascension into Heaven (the ''limbus patrum'' or ''border of the fathers'') or (b) to the permanent place or state of those unbaptized children and others who, dying without grievous personal sin, are excluded from the beatific vision on account of original sin alone (the ''limbus infantium'' or ''limbus puerorum'', ''border of infants'' or ''border of children'').&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29/Limbo ''Catholic Encyclopedia.'']&lt;/ref&gt;

The Fathers, ''Patres'', are specifically the [[w:Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs of the Old Testament]], the righteous men and women who were not admitted to Heaven until Christ's [[w:Harrowing of Hell|Harrowing of Hell]]. Stephen's use of the term, therefore, is theologically incorrect, as the soul of Hamlet's father would have had no business being in ''limbo patrum''.

In Elizabethan England, however, ''Limbo Patrum'' was a slang term for prison.&lt;ref&gt;Gifford (1988) 203.&lt;br&gt;Thornton (1968) 161.&lt;/ref&gt; The phrase occurs in [[w:William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] and [[w:John Fletcher (playwright)|Fletcher's]] play ''[[w:Henry VIII (play)|Henry VIII]]'' 5:4:67-68: ''I have some of 'em in Limbo Patrum, and there they are like to dance these three days;''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Life_of_King_Henry_the_Eighth ''Henry VIII'' 5:4:67-68.]&lt;/ref&gt; In the same scene Paris is held up as an exemplar of corruption.

'''The bear Sackerson''' : famous [[w:Sackerson|british bear]], once mentioned by Shakespeare.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{|style=&quot;width: 23%; margin: 0px auto;&quot; class=&quot;noprint&quot;
|style=&quot;background-color: #efe; border: 1px solid SteelBlue; padding: 0.5em; font-size: small; text-align: center;&quot;|'''[[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]]'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Scylla and Charybdis/179|Preceding Page]] | [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Page Index|Page Index]] | [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Scylla and Charybdis/181|Next Page]]
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2441" sha1="ayf3fnhrl9sduq5es8fnydlgi3yg58w" xml:space="preserve"># Solution

## A. Price Elasticity of Demand (Arc Elasticity Method)

### Formula

[
E_d = \frac{\frac{Q_2-Q_1}{(Q_1+Q_2)/2}}{\frac{P_2-P_1}{(P_1+P_2)/2}}
]

### Given Data

| Price (P) | Quantity Demanded (Qd) |
| --------- | ---------------------- |
| 3         | 5                      |
| 4         | 4.4                    |

So,

[
P_1 = 3,\quad P_2 = 4
]

[
Q_1 = 5,\quad Q_2 = 4.4
]

---

### Step 1: Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded

[
\frac{Q_2-Q_1}{(Q_1+Q_2)/2}
===========================

\frac{4.4-5}{(5+4.4)/2}
]

# [

# \frac{-0.6}{4.7}

-0.1277
]

---

### Step 2: Percentage Change in Price

[
\frac{P_2-P_1}{(P_1+P_2)/2}
===========================

\frac{4-3}{(3+4)/2}
]

# [

# \frac{1}{3.5}

0.2857
]

---

### Step 3: Elasticity of Demand

[
E_d
===

\frac{-0.1277}{0.2857}
]

[
E_d \approx -0.45
]

Ignoring the negative sign:

[
|E_d| = 0.45
]

---

## Interpretation

Since:

[
E_d &lt; 1
]

the demand for wheat is **inelastic**.

This means consumers do not greatly reduce wheat consumption when price rises because wheat is a necessity item.

---

# B. Price Elasticity of Supply

### Formula

[
E_s = \frac{\frac{Q_2-Q_1}{(Q_1+Q_2)/2}}{\frac{P_2-P_1}{(P_1+P_2)/2}}
]

### Given Supply Data

| Price | Quantity Supplied |
| ----- | ----------------- |
| 3     | 4.3               |
| 4     | 4.9               |

So,

[
Q_1 = 4.3,\quad Q_2 = 4.9
]

---

### Step 1: Percentage Change in Quantity Supplied

[
\frac{4.9-4.3}{(4.3+4.9)/2}
===========================

# \frac{0.6}{4.6}

0.1304
]

---

### Step 2: Percentage Change in Price

[
\frac{4-3}{(3+4)/2}
===================

# \frac{1}{3.5}

0.2857
]

---

### Step 3: Elasticity of Supply

[
E_s
===

\frac{0.1304}{0.2857}
]

[
E_s \approx 0.46
]

---

## Interpretation

Since:

[
E_s &lt; 1
]

the supply of wheat is also **inelastic**.

This means producers cannot quickly increase wheat production because agricultural production takes time and depends on factors like land and weather.

---

# C. Impact of Bumper Crop on Farmers’ Income

Because demand for wheat is **inelastic** ((E_d = 0.45)):

* A bumper crop increases wheat supply.
* Increased supply lowers wheat prices.
* Consumers buy only a slightly larger quantity because wheat is a necessity.
* Therefore, farmers’ total income decreases.

## Conclusion

A bumper crop will likely **reduce farmers’ income** because the fall in price is greater than the increase in quantity sold.</text>
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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28825-53|~2026-28825-53]] ([[User talk:~2026-28825-53|talk]]) to last version by JKrahl152</comment>
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[[#Native]]

[[#Hosted]]

==Introduction==

The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a charity founded in May 2009 to promote the study of basic computer science in schools, and is responsible for developing a single-board computer called the Raspberry Pi.

The Foundation is supported by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Broadcom. Its aim is to &quot;promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing.&quot;

The original Raspberry Pi 1 Model B computer went on sale in February 2012 and set a new standard shattering the dominance of the PC in the home and education markets. Millions in the various formats, A, B, A+, B+ and Compute have since been shipped worldwide. The original concept of the Raspberry Pi was for a computer board providing Internet access with up to 1080p HD graphics at very low cost. The boards provide a platform for children and adults from any background to acquire computer science knowledge and help develop the future World-Wide-Web and all things internet (IOT hub and bridges out to home network to cloud of sensors).

Hobbyists and tech dabblers/tinkerers are the main purchases of the Pis (around half).

The rest of the sales are split between education/industrial. While the Raspberry Pi boards were designed primarily for education, they have become very popular with manufacturers of embedded systems. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has ensured backwards compatibility with each new revision. The bare-bones Compute module is aimed specifically at the OEM manufacturer.

* Pi 5 - Quad A76 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 4Gb 8Gb LPDDR4X 
* Pi 4 - Quad A72   VideoCore 6 
* Pi 3 - Quad A53 64 bit - VideoCore 4 
* Pi 2 - Quad 32bit but more power consumed 
* Model B+ - lower power usage but same speed as the original Pis 
* Model A and B - 
* Compute 1, 3, 4 and 5 - industrial use

&lt;pre&gt;
2008 Trustees collected for Foundation
2009 Charity status gained 
2010 
2011 First Raspberry prototypes 
2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835
2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 
2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the Pi 
2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 
2013 Over two million sold 
2014 Over three million sold and updated Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 
2015 Pi 2 Model B - 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit core ARMv7 and the same VideoCore IV 3d GPU in a BCM 2836 with 1Gb RAM 
2015 Over four million first gen pis sold  
2015 Over a million pi2s sold 
2015 Pi Zero released 
2016 Passed Sinclair total number of computer lines sold - around 7 million 
2016 Pi 3 Model B - four 64 bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - bluetooth 4.1, wireless 802.11n and a dual VideoCore IV GPU - Broadcom BCM 2837 SOC 
2016 Passed Amstrad PCW line in total sales - 8 million so will be the best selling computer range in the UK, later over 10 million 
2016 Compute 3 launched BCM2837 Quad 64-bit Core 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM 4Gb Emmc storage 
2017 12 million pis sold in total 
2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4 core 1.4GHz A53 BCM2837B0 - wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet 
2019 Over 15 million sold 
2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ LITE Broadcom BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC 1Gb DDR2 and emmc 
2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711 quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE, 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C power, 2xVLI USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 
2020 Raspberry Pi SC0919 Pico RP2040 
2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support and PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 
2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 
2021 Pi zero 2 w 64bit quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 
2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 w VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5V 5A psu 
2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 
2024 Pi-500 
2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 
2025 Pi-500+
2026 
&lt;/pre&gt;


===Good sites to visit===

*[https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] with [https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k] 
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9boot Raspberry Pi Firmware build] 
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] 
*[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi] 


== Hardware ==

===BCM2708(family)===
which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&amp;nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM)

*Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox 
*IRQ scheduler, etc 
*Arasan based SD Card controller 
*Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&amp;catid=45:raspberry-pi&amp;Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf],  [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], 
*[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip 
*CMOS RAM 
*VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc 
*Audio Driver 
*Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) 
*[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers]
*I2S 
*Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) 
*[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO]

BCM2836 
* For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board

BCM2837 
* Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] 

The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has very slowly risen. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and might benefit from active cooling (ie fan) if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur.

*[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features],


===BCM2711===


===BCM2712===


==Implemented so far...==

# Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target.
# Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display.
# Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function.
# Implemented serial debug support
# Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc)
# Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers.
# Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer.
# Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media.
# Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The &quot;rom&quot; image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot.
# Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else.
# fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi ..


Improvements...

# Implement a USB chipset driver &quot;OR&quot; finish the existing one (3months) - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the &quot;virtual&quot; hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) 
# Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) 
# Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI]
# fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code
# Graphics depend on having a decent &quot;bcmdma.resource&quot; implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for &quot;blitting&quot;. 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver]  - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 
# The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate.


===Boot up ===

On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition.

The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks

*On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf 
*The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it
*configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU
*reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings)
*loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition
*activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image

The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU.

RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named &quot;kernel.img&quot; at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem)

Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf.

You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling.

At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
?          - alias for 'help'
mtest      - simple RAM test
autoscr    - run script from memory
base       - print or set address offset
bbm        - BBM sub-system
bdinfo     - print Board Info structure
boot       - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootd      - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootm      - boot application image from memory
bootp      - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
cmp        - memory compare
coninfo    - print console devices and information
cp         - memory copy
crc32      - checksum calculation
echo       - echo args to console
fatinfo    - print information about filesystem
fatload    - load binary file from a dos filesystem
fatls      - list files in a directory (default /)
go         - start application at address 'addr'
help       - print online help
iminfo     - print header information for application image
itest      - return true/false on integer compare
jade       -
loadb      - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loads      - load S-Record file over serial line
loady      - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode)
loop       - infinite loop on address range
md         - memory display
mm         - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
mtest      - simple RAM test
mw         - memory write (fill)
nfs        - boot image via network using NFS protocol
nm         - memory modify (constant address)
pci        - list and access PCI Configuration Space
ping       - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv   - print environment variables
rarpboot   - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
reset      - Perform RESET of the CPU
run        - run commands in an environment variable
saveenv    - save environment variables to persistent storage
saves      - save S-Record file over serial line
setenv     - set environment variables
sleep      - delay execution for some time
tftpboot   - boot image via network using TFTP protocol
USB        - USB sub-system
usbboot    - boot from USB device
version    - print monitor version
&lt;/pre&gt;

Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1,


===Framebuffer - basic display===

RasPi has to speak to the &quot;operating system&quot; which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls.

The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required.

The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and  composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied.

The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds).
must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. 
For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says &quot;interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer.&quot; so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data.

The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out).

openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface

To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits.

===USB ===

* Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. 
* Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub.

Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components.

Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the &quot;virtual&quot; root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals.


The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”).

There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg].

The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code.

The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port).

Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider....

* Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile
* Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) )
* Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start.

the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB.

Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. 

After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. 

The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have &quot;prefixed&quot; it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. 


Trident saw this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

and this:

    Product     : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 255
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 1
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 60416
    DevVers   : 0200

and even this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;)

So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. 

[http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio]

===Audio ===

To follow...

[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI]

The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality

the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures

Analogue audio

Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 &amp; 1.4

===Ethernet===

10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket

===GPIO ===

GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins)

Probably a resource rather than a device...

Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p

===GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration===

Sadly none yet 


== References ==

===Native===

* 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work
* 2013-05 Work put on hiatus 
* 2015-04 Work continues slowly with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb
* 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume with adding BE big endian support as well] 
* 2023 NinjaCowboy 

The status of AROS native for RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plan to fix them). Got stuck on modifying the ABI (application binary interface) and adjusting binutils/gcc to support it wanted to have real executable files but got stuck a little. This change for the type of relocations embedded in ARM files and not sure if this very type is well supported, on the other hand without this change ARM version of AROS wouldn't work well. By reverting the change to ABI we could have a (somehow) working AROS on RasPi, but unfortunately still unstable. 

* Newer version with USB WIP [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS ABIv1 snapshot/nightly]


# download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/
# make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports
# make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf
# cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -:

&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf
&gt;/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports
&gt;make
&gt;make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it.

You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi.

The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows ..
&lt;pre&gt;
./configure --target=raspi-armhf
make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder.

NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first

arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console &quot;emulation&quot; via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library

arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS.

The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load our arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom).

the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO)

==== Hosted ====

Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013]

 ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf  --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib

arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux)

*armel - many of the &quot;android&quot; machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. 
*armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP)

Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI.

Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets.

*needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target 
*as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes.

with—disable-crosstools  $AROS_CC  is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC  ?  If  so,  this  is  wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. 
Yes,  Android  port  will  build.  And  even  work. But it's not good because  the  port  will  not  be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example:

&lt;pre&gt;
enum test {foo, bar};
enum test testvar;
&lt;/pre&gt;

siseof(testvar)  will  be  equal  to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS)  and  sizeof(short)  on  Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example.

Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts.

Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS.

compiler=kernel  is  appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or  barebone  hardware,  if  we  talk  about  native).  This includes bootstraps,  their  linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations.

No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows,  Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work.

If  you  want  to  compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append  the  following  to  USER_INCLUDES  (or  USER_CFLAGS,  this  is effectively the same):

 -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to:

 -isystem  &lt;your_os_includes&gt;  -isystem  &lt;host_OS_gcc_private_includes&gt;
 -nostdinc

This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs.

If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH).

Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one.

Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types.

Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but &quot;./configure --target=raspi-armhf&quot; is enough to start, then &quot;make arosboot-raspi&quot; will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc).  It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output.

*armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, 
*armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise,

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armel' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
 ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \
             --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
    ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \
                --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is:

 make

[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd some Apple Silicon support]


=== Core Kernel ===

the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for
hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS  routed  only  raw  hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt.  1:1 relationship between CPU  and hardware interrupts is present only on PC.

IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class.  PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant  to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain &quot;Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means&quot;. They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system.

Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No.  A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was &quot;abstract timer interrupt&quot;, used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. I am even thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea.

Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work?
 
Poseidon.library creates its &quot;Poseidon Event Task&quot; during RTF_COLDSTART -&gt; then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example.

You miss what happens next...
 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch().
 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible:
 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run.
 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list.

My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop.

There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures.

The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table.

The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :)

Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this:

        movw r0, #:lower16:label

        movt   r0, #:upper16:label

In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations.

There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to &quot;fake&quot; executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need.

Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. 

=== GPU ===

Most of start.elf runs on the GPU.   Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute.

The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API.   The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf).   That's also the bad news.  Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much.  It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly.

The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated.   It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later.

Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC.  If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected.
 
have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled.

If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work.

L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled.

Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics.
 Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever.
 I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp).

    #warning &quot;TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory&quot;
        /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */
        for(x = 0; x &lt; 4096; x ++)
        {
            pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04);
        }

Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages?

Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device).

You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached)

    So ..
     
     pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | 2;

     
    should be enough?

No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80'

tell dosboot the correct defaults to use

Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead,  display  drivers  should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=&gt;instantiate itself. This   should   make  things way simpler. With this approach you only need  to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No
hardcoded stuff. 
Currently  VESA  and  VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it.

they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context).

AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent
years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that
they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them
from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy
code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM
marked as chip.

BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code?

Also, IIRC we have support for &quot;external memory allocators&quot;. Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox.

All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats.

trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET).
Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units.
The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ.

Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port?
It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port.  You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource.

You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs.

So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work.

Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this.

That should have done it.

If you set &quot;#define DEBUG 1&quot; in  arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output?

have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display?

Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting?
The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot

Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm.
 
To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen.
 
Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks).
 
have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress..

was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression.
Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. 
it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks.

Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility.
It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right)

The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place.  If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur.  I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian.  It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary.  They were both little-endian.
The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode).

 
What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest?
 
I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems?
You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it.
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to.

I so far have -:
 
vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and  returns saying all is well
vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object.
vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise
vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer,
 
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to.

The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback.  In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer.
don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses)

Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons.
This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP.
Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting.

As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there.

struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi.  AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol.

&lt;pre&gt;
redmask: 0x0000F800
greenmask: 0x000007E0
bluemask: 0x0000001F
alphamask: 0

redshift: 16
greenshift: 21
blueshift: 27
alphashift: 0
&lt;/pre&gt;

It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE

This stuff is a bit confusing.  The &quot;names&quot; of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory,
ignoring endianess. So for example:

ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines.

The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending
on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and
stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/).

With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine
to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag.
(RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to
be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG).

The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31).

The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered,
the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt-&gt;stdpixfmt) already in the system,
and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one.

In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the
gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use
HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt
tag list based on that.
15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5
(or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped).
 aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count.
But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses
in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc.

Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you
are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be.

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B.

read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment .
 
What I see on screen suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening.
 
The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red.

Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ?
In  the  past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea.

For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver ..

The  idea  is  to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to
    make   user's  life  easier.  So,  the kickstart was split into 'base'
    (which  does  not  contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board
    Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff.
     This  way,  for  example, distribution makers can save up space on CD
    and  make  CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration
    would load the same base with different BSP's.
     Next  there  was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These
    are   filesystems.  Hosted  ports  do  not need them to boot up, so on
    hosted   they  are  left  out.  At  the  other  hand,  they  are  also
    architecture-agnostic.  So  i put them into 'FS' package (standing for
    'filesystem').

     Poseidon  is  one  more  big part. I made it into separate package in
    order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to
    run  on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon
    is  hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty
    standard).

It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless.

Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? 
 
AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code.  Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running.  Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong.

Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side.  Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode &amp; switching modes once it's up and running.

Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup.

And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way...  u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot.

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/e7bdc7e7b7f12b07aa24c739abb63721a872a53a arasan eMMC sdcard controller specific header which is not USB] and [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/8bd19674084526a534ac11f7d4c51932e9ffe3d2 added prelim sdcard device]. [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/9ab8217f61911fb8b7fd41bee46a992b4668ced1 do not set 4bit data mode, or enable acmd12/dma int's].


=== Misc ===


===Hosted===

==== Linux ====

Change lxde to another 
 sudo leafpad /etc/x11/xinit/xinitrc

xorg.conf 
&lt;pre&gt;
Section &quot;Screen&quot;
Identifier &quot;Default Screen&quot;
DefaultDepth 16
SubSection &quot;Display&quot;
# Viewport 0 0
Depth 16
Modes &quot;800x600&quot;
EndSubsection
EndSection
Section &quot;Device&quot;
Option &quot;Backingstore&quot;
Identifier &quot;Card0&quot;
EndSection
&lt;/pre&gt;

Will raspberrypi ARM programs run on other ARM archs and vice-versa ? If not I would like to use different cpu names for 
archs which are incompatible. 
All code compiled for at most armv6 with softfp float abi will work on all softfp ARM targets, including raspberry. 
Code compiled for hard-float ABI will not work on any softfp target. But then, hard-float abi uses -armhf- cpu name.

keyboard or mouse not functioning or partly working

 lsmod

kernel and modules (stored in /lib/modules/ get from  https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware and click on ZIP button) have to be updated simultaneously

sudo Apt-Get Update

sudo Apt-Get Install &lt;program &gt;

&lt;program &gt;  cksfv joystick p7zip-full stopwatch mtpaint searchmonkey zip geany renameutils fbreader unrar-free mhwaveedit xpad milkytracker grafx par2 libreoffice epiphany-browser xbmc

ace-of-penguins gweled black-box petris xmahjongg thrust fceu freesci frotz xgammon tuxpuck littlewizard xsoldier micropolis xbubble eboard&amp;xboard (freezes) bomberclone

OMXPlayer not responding or working with keyboard or no sound audio through HDMI

LXterminal—command &quot;OMXPlayer -o hdmi %f &quot;

hdmi issues

Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there.

You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal.

If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to &quot;set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode

Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options.

Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA.
If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost

composite video

changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box

Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't?

Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat  What's the result?

Put back config.txt What's the result?

for PAL mode   sdtv_mode=2

dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached
hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected

&lt;pre&gt;
# NOOBS Auto-generated Settings:
#hdmi_force_hotplug=1
#config_hdmi_boost=4
#overscan_left=24
#overscan_right=24
#overscan_top=16
#overscan_bottom=16
#disable_overscan=0
start_x=1
gpu_mem=128
&lt;/pre&gt;

tvservice -c &quot;PAL 4:3&quot;

&lt;pre&gt;
/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s   or tvservice -s 
state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA
Group CEA has 1 modes:
(native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT
Group DMT has 0 modes:
&lt;/pre&gt;

sudo amixer cset numid=3 1

forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in

config.txt

the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says

There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others.

What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground.

The wiring for the 4 pole are:

TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH)

RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW

Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way.

Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug.

Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one.


External devices

* Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&amp;nbsp;nm, peak at 880&amp;nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths 
* Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - 
* Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle

N.B.  dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles.  It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board.  the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. 
The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible.  currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219.  The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd  be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. 
Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board.


* Hosted under ARM Linux which needs to be already installed [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.php current ABIv1] 


Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM

I was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device.
Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error:

&lt;pre&gt;
    Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic
    configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x
    checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no
    checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no
    checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu
    checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
    checking whether build environment is sane... yes
    checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip
    checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
    checking for gawk... no
    checking for mawk... mawk
    checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
    checking whether make supports nested variables... yes
    checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc
    checking whether the C compiler works... no
    configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic':
    configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables
    See config.log' for more details
    make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77
    [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512
    [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory
    make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10
    make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2
&lt;/pre&gt;


looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic

i found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi
so i do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick
and the missing lib was built.

now the next stop is at
fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory
and
fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory
in many places so after checking that i have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed?
i fixed with adding
-I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
to where is missing on mmakefiles like
USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but i ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles.


Last time I built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point I built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and I don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again.

My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a &quot;template&quot; to compare to native compilation under arm linux.


Thanks for your suggestion...but i think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild).
The other only changes are (but i don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM.
I'll try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC.

For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script.

Thanks compilation now go forward...i changed target.cfg under &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config&quot; and do make on &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build&quot; dir.

Now i need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so i can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh


I found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there:

#MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm

Though I don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this.


I try adding this line (and the variant &quot;linklibs-armhf&quot; instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do &quot;linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick&quot;.
Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile

To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case.

With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with
&quot;cannot find -laeabi &quot; so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok.


Please ignore the [http://www.aros.org/nightly.php deprecated unused ABI] [http://www.aeros-os.org/styled-11/index.html Hosted free on Linux for R Pi works well]</text>
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[[#Native]]

[[#Hosted]]

==Introduction==

The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a charity founded in May 2009 to promote the study of basic computer science in schools, and is responsible for developing a single-board computer called the Raspberry Pi.

The Foundation is supported by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Broadcom. Its aim is to &quot;promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing.&quot;

The original Raspberry Pi 1 Model B computer went on sale in February 2012 and set a new standard shattering the dominance of the PC in the home and education markets. Millions in the various formats, A, B, A+, B+ and Compute have since been shipped worldwide. The original concept of the Raspberry Pi was for a computer board providing Internet access with up to 1080p HD graphics at very low cost. The boards provide a platform for children and adults from any background to acquire computer science knowledge and help develop the future World-Wide-Web and all things internet (IOT hub and bridges out to home network to cloud of sensors).

Hobbyists and tech dabblers/tinkerers are the main purchases of the Pis (around half).

The rest of the sales are split between education/industrial. While the Raspberry Pi boards were designed primarily for education, they have become very popular with manufacturers of embedded systems. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has ensured backwards compatibility with each new revision. The bare-bones Compute module is aimed specifically at the OEM manufacturer.

* Pi 5 - Quad A76 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 4Gb 8Gb LPDDR4X 
* Pi 4 - Quad A72   VideoCore 6 
* Pi 3 - Quad A53 64 bit - VideoCore 4 
* Pi 2 - Quad 32bit but more power consumed 
* Model B+ - lower power usage but same speed as the original Pis 
* Model A and B - 
* Compute 1, 3, 4 and 5 - industrial use

&lt;pre&gt;
2008 Trustees collected for Foundation
2009 Charity status gained 
2010 
2011 First Raspberry prototypes 
2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835
2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 
2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the Pi 
2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 
2013 Over two million sold 
2014 Over three million sold and updated Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 
2015 Pi 2 Model B - 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit core ARMv7 and the same VideoCore IV 3d GPU in a BCM 2836 with 1Gb RAM 
2015 Over four million first gen pis sold  
2015 Over a million pi2s sold 
2015 Pi Zero released 
2016 Passed Sinclair total number of computer lines sold - around 7 million 
2016 Pi 3 Model B - four 64 bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - bluetooth 4.1, wireless 802.11n and a dual VideoCore IV GPU - Broadcom BCM 2837 SOC 
2016 Passed Amstrad PCW line in total sales - 8 million so will be the best selling computer range in the UK, later over 10 million 
2016 Compute 3 launched BCM2837 Quad 64-bit Core 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM 4Gb Emmc storage 
2017 12 million pis sold in total 
2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4 core 1.4GHz A53 BCM2837B0 - wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet 
2019 Over 15 million sold 
2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ LITE Broadcom BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC 1Gb DDR2 and emmc 
2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711 quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE, 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C power, 2xVLI USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 
2020 Raspberry Pi SC0919 Pico RP2040 
2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support and PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 
2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 
2021 Pi zero 2 w 64bit quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 
2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 w VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5V 5A psu 
2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 
2024 Pi-500 
2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 
2025 Pi-500+
2026 
&lt;/pre&gt;


===Good sites to visit===

*[https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] with [https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k] 
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9boot Raspberry Pi Firmware build] 
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] 
*[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi] 


== Hardware ==

===BCM2708(family)===
which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&amp;nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM)

*Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox 
*IRQ scheduler, etc 
*Arasan based SD Card controller 
*Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&amp;catid=45:raspberry-pi&amp;Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf],  [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], 
*[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip 
*CMOS RAM 
*VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc 
*Audio Driver 
*Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) 
*[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers]
*I2S 
*Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) 
*[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO]

BCM2836 
* For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board

BCM2837 
* Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] 

The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has very slowly risen. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and might benefit from active cooling (ie fan) if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur.

*[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features],


===BCM2711===


===BCM2712===


==Implemented so far...==

# Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target.
# Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display.
# Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function.
# Implemented serial debug support
# Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc)
# Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers.
# Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer.
# Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media.
# Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The &quot;rom&quot; image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot.
# Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else.
# fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi ..


Improvements...

# Implement a USB chipset driver &quot;OR&quot; finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the &quot;virtual&quot; hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) 
# Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) 
# Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI]
# fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code
# Graphics depend on having a decent &quot;bcmdma.resource&quot; implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for &quot;blitting&quot;. 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver  - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 
# The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate.


===Boot up ===

On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition.

The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks

*On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf 
*The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it
*configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU
*reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings)
*loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition
*activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image

The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU.

RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named &quot;kernel.img&quot; at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem)

Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf.

You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling.

At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
?          - alias for 'help'
mtest      - simple RAM test
autoscr    - run script from memory
base       - print or set address offset
bbm        - BBM sub-system
bdinfo     - print Board Info structure
boot       - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootd      - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootm      - boot application image from memory
bootp      - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
cmp        - memory compare
coninfo    - print console devices and information
cp         - memory copy
crc32      - checksum calculation
echo       - echo args to console
fatinfo    - print information about filesystem
fatload    - load binary file from a dos filesystem
fatls      - list files in a directory (default /)
go         - start application at address 'addr'
help       - print online help
iminfo     - print header information for application image
itest      - return true/false on integer compare
jade       -
loadb      - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loads      - load S-Record file over serial line
loady      - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode)
loop       - infinite loop on address range
md         - memory display
mm         - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
mtest      - simple RAM test
mw         - memory write (fill)
nfs        - boot image via network using NFS protocol
nm         - memory modify (constant address)
pci        - list and access PCI Configuration Space
ping       - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv   - print environment variables
rarpboot   - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
reset      - Perform RESET of the CPU
run        - run commands in an environment variable
saveenv    - save environment variables to persistent storage
saves      - save S-Record file over serial line
setenv     - set environment variables
sleep      - delay execution for some time
tftpboot   - boot image via network using TFTP protocol
USB        - USB sub-system
usbboot    - boot from USB device
version    - print monitor version
&lt;/pre&gt;

Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1,


===Framebuffer - basic display===

RasPi has to speak to the &quot;operating system&quot; which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls.

The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required.

The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and  composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied.

The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds).
must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. 
For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says &quot;interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer.&quot; so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data.

The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out).

openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface

To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits.

===USB ===

* Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. 
* Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub.

Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components.

Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the &quot;virtual&quot; root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals.


The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”).

There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg].

The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code.

The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port).

Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider....

* Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile
* Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) )
* Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start.

the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB.

Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. 

After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. 

The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have &quot;prefixed&quot; it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. 


Trident saw this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

and this:

    Product     : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 255
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 1
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 60416
    DevVers   : 0200

and even this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;)

So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. 

[http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio]

===Audio ===

To follow...

[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI]

The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality

the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures

Analogue audio

Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 &amp; 1.4

===Ethernet===

10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket

===GPIO ===

GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins)

Probably a resource rather than a device...

Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p

===GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration===

Sadly none yet 


== References ==

===Native===

* 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work
* 2013-05 Work put on hiatus 
* 2015-04 Work continues slowly with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb
* 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume with adding BE big endian support as well] 
* 2023 NinjaCowboy 

The status of AROS native for RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plan to fix them). Got stuck on modifying the ABI (application binary interface) and adjusting binutils/gcc to support it wanted to have real executable files but got stuck a little. This change for the type of relocations embedded in ARM files and not sure if this very type is well supported, on the other hand without this change ARM version of AROS wouldn't work well. By reverting the change to ABI we could have a (somehow) working AROS on RasPi, but unfortunately still unstable. 

* Newer version with USB WIP [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS ABIv1 snapshot/nightly]


# download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/
# make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports
# make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf
# cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -:

&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf
&gt;/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports
&gt;make
&gt;make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it.

You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi.

The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows ..
&lt;pre&gt;
./configure --target=raspi-armhf
make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder.

NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first

arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console &quot;emulation&quot; via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library

arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS.

The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load our arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom).

the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO)

==== Hosted ====

Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013]

 ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf  --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib

arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux)

*armel - many of the &quot;android&quot; machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. 
*armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP)

Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI.

Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets.

*needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target 
*as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes.

with—disable-crosstools  $AROS_CC  is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC  ?  If  so,  this  is  wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. 
Yes,  Android  port  will  build.  And  even  work. But it's not good because  the  port  will  not  be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example:

&lt;pre&gt;
enum test {foo, bar};
enum test testvar;
&lt;/pre&gt;

siseof(testvar)  will  be  equal  to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS)  and  sizeof(short)  on  Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example.

Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts.

Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS.

compiler=kernel  is  appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or  barebone  hardware,  if  we  talk  about  native).  This includes bootstraps,  their  linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations.

No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows,  Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work.

If  you  want  to  compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append  the  following  to  USER_INCLUDES  (or  USER_CFLAGS,  this  is effectively the same):

 -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to:

 -isystem  &lt;your_os_includes&gt;  -isystem  &lt;host_OS_gcc_private_includes&gt;
 -nostdinc

This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs.

If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH).

Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one.

Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types.

Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but &quot;./configure --target=raspi-armhf&quot; is enough to start, then &quot;make arosboot-raspi&quot; will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc).  It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output.

*armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, 
*armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise,

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armel' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
 ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \
             --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
    ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \
                --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is:

 make

[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd some Apple Silicon support]


=== Core Kernel ===

the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for
hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS  routed  only  raw  hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt.  1:1 relationship between CPU  and hardware interrupts is present only on PC.

IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class.  PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant  to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain &quot;Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means&quot;. They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system.

Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No.  A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was &quot;abstract timer interrupt&quot;, used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. I am even thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea.

Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work?
 
Poseidon.library creates its &quot;Poseidon Event Task&quot; during RTF_COLDSTART -&gt; then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example.

You miss what happens next...
 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch().
 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible:
 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run.
 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list.

My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop.

There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures.

The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table.

The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :)

Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this:

        movw r0, #:lower16:label

        movt   r0, #:upper16:label

In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations.

There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to &quot;fake&quot; executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need.

Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. 

=== GPU ===

Most of start.elf runs on the GPU.   Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute.

The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API.   The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf).   That's also the bad news.  Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much.  It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly.

The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated.   It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later.

Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC.  If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected.
 
have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled.

If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work.

L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled.

Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics.
 Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever.
 I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp).

    #warning &quot;TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory&quot;
        /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */
        for(x = 0; x &lt; 4096; x ++)
        {
            pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04);
        }

Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages?

Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device).

You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached)

    So ..
     
     pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | 2;

     
    should be enough?

No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80'

tell dosboot the correct defaults to use

Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead,  display  drivers  should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=&gt;instantiate itself. This   should   make  things way simpler. With this approach you only need  to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No
hardcoded stuff. 
Currently  VESA  and  VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it.

they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context).

AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent
years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that
they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them
from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy
code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM
marked as chip.

BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code?

Also, IIRC we have support for &quot;external memory allocators&quot;. Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox.

All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats.

trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET).
Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units.
The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ.

Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port?
It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port.  You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource.

You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs.

So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work.

Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this.

That should have done it.

If you set &quot;#define DEBUG 1&quot; in  arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output?

have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display?

Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting?
The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot

Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm.
 
To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen.
 
Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks).
 
have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress..

was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression.
Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. 
it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks.

Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility.
It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right)

The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place.  If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur.  I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian.  It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary.  They were both little-endian.
The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode).

 
What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest?
 
I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems?
You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it.
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to.

I so far have -:
 
vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and  returns saying all is well
vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object.
vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise
vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer,
 
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to.

The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback.  In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer.
don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses)

Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons.
This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP.
Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting.

As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there.

struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi.  AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol.

&lt;pre&gt;
redmask: 0x0000F800
greenmask: 0x000007E0
bluemask: 0x0000001F
alphamask: 0

redshift: 16
greenshift: 21
blueshift: 27
alphashift: 0
&lt;/pre&gt;

It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE

This stuff is a bit confusing.  The &quot;names&quot; of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory,
ignoring endianess. So for example:

ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines.

The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending
on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and
stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/).

With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine
to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag.
(RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to
be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG).

The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31).

The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered,
the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt-&gt;stdpixfmt) already in the system,
and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one.

In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the
gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use
HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt
tag list based on that.
15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5
(or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped).
 aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count.
But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses
in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc.

Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you
are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be.

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B.

read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment .
 
What I see on screen suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening.
 
The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red.

Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ?
In  the  past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea.

For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver ..

The  idea  is  to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to
    make   user's  life  easier.  So,  the kickstart was split into 'base'
    (which  does  not  contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board
    Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff.
     This  way,  for  example, distribution makers can save up space on CD
    and  make  CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration
    would load the same base with different BSP's.
     Next  there  was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These
    are   filesystems.  Hosted  ports  do  not need them to boot up, so on
    hosted   they  are  left  out.  At  the  other  hand,  they  are  also
    architecture-agnostic.  So  i put them into 'FS' package (standing for
    'filesystem').

     Poseidon  is  one  more  big part. I made it into separate package in
    order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to
    run  on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon
    is  hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty
    standard).

It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless.

Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? 
 
AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code.  Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running.  Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong.

Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side.  Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode &amp; switching modes once it's up and running.

Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup.

And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way...  u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot.

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/e7bdc7e7b7f12b07aa24c739abb63721a872a53a arasan eMMC sdcard controller specific header which is not USB] and [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/8bd19674084526a534ac11f7d4c51932e9ffe3d2 added prelim sdcard device]. [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/9ab8217f61911fb8b7fd41bee46a992b4668ced1 do not set 4bit data mode, or enable acmd12/dma int's].


=== Misc ===


===Hosted===

==== Linux ====

Change lxde to another 
 sudo leafpad /etc/x11/xinit/xinitrc

xorg.conf 
&lt;pre&gt;
Section &quot;Screen&quot;
Identifier &quot;Default Screen&quot;
DefaultDepth 16
SubSection &quot;Display&quot;
# Viewport 0 0
Depth 16
Modes &quot;800x600&quot;
EndSubsection
EndSection
Section &quot;Device&quot;
Option &quot;Backingstore&quot;
Identifier &quot;Card0&quot;
EndSection
&lt;/pre&gt;

Will raspberrypi ARM programs run on other ARM archs and vice-versa ? If not I would like to use different cpu names for 
archs which are incompatible. 
All code compiled for at most armv6 with softfp float abi will work on all softfp ARM targets, including raspberry. 
Code compiled for hard-float ABI will not work on any softfp target. But then, hard-float abi uses -armhf- cpu name.

keyboard or mouse not functioning or partly working

 lsmod

kernel and modules (stored in /lib/modules/ get from  https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware and click on ZIP button) have to be updated simultaneously

sudo Apt-Get Update

sudo Apt-Get Install &lt;program &gt;

&lt;program &gt;  cksfv joystick p7zip-full stopwatch mtpaint searchmonkey zip geany renameutils fbreader unrar-free mhwaveedit xpad milkytracker grafx par2 libreoffice epiphany-browser xbmc

ace-of-penguins gweled black-box petris xmahjongg thrust fceu freesci frotz xgammon tuxpuck littlewizard xsoldier micropolis xbubble eboard&amp;xboard (freezes) bomberclone

OMXPlayer not responding or working with keyboard or no sound audio through HDMI

LXterminal—command &quot;OMXPlayer -o hdmi %f &quot;

hdmi issues

Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there.

You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal.

If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to &quot;set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode

Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options.

Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA.
If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost

composite video

changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box

Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't?

Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat  What's the result?

Put back config.txt What's the result?

for PAL mode   sdtv_mode=2

dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached
hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected

&lt;pre&gt;
# NOOBS Auto-generated Settings:
#hdmi_force_hotplug=1
#config_hdmi_boost=4
#overscan_left=24
#overscan_right=24
#overscan_top=16
#overscan_bottom=16
#disable_overscan=0
start_x=1
gpu_mem=128
&lt;/pre&gt;

tvservice -c &quot;PAL 4:3&quot;

&lt;pre&gt;
/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s   or tvservice -s 
state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA
Group CEA has 1 modes:
(native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT
Group DMT has 0 modes:
&lt;/pre&gt;

sudo amixer cset numid=3 1

forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in

config.txt

the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says

There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others.

What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground.

The wiring for the 4 pole are:

TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH)

RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW

Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way.

Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug.

Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one.


External devices

* Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&amp;nbsp;nm, peak at 880&amp;nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths 
* Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - 
* Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle

N.B.  dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles.  It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board.  the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. 
The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible.  currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219.  The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd  be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. 
Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board.


* Hosted under ARM Linux which needs to be already installed [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.php current ABIv1] 


Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM

I was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device.
Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error:

&lt;pre&gt;
    Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic
    configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x
    checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no
    checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no
    checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu
    checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
    checking whether build environment is sane... yes
    checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip
    checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
    checking for gawk... no
    checking for mawk... mawk
    checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
    checking whether make supports nested variables... yes
    checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc
    checking whether the C compiler works... no
    configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic':
    configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables
    See config.log' for more details
    make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77
    [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512
    [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory
    make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10
    make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2
&lt;/pre&gt;


looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic

i found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi
so i do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick
and the missing lib was built.

now the next stop is at
fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory
and
fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory
in many places so after checking that i have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed?
i fixed with adding
-I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
to where is missing on mmakefiles like
USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but i ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles.


Last time I built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point I built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and I don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again.

My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a &quot;template&quot; to compare to native compilation under arm linux.


Thanks for your suggestion...but i think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild).
The other only changes are (but i don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM.
I'll try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC.

For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script.

Thanks compilation now go forward...i changed target.cfg under &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config&quot; and do make on &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build&quot; dir.

Now i need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so i can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh


I found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there:

#MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm

Though I don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this.


I try adding this line (and the variant &quot;linklibs-armhf&quot; instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do &quot;linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick&quot;.
Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile

To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case.

With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with
&quot;cannot find -laeabi &quot; so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok.


Please ignore the [http://www.aros.org/nightly.php deprecated unused ABI] [http://www.aeros-os.org/styled-11/index.html Hosted free on Linux for R Pi works well]</text>
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== VarastadDB ==

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== Jon Peli Oleaga ==

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I have generated all that information; directly or using the program.--[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 11:54, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Kingofnuthin ==

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== Dom32628 ==

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== ~2026-21344-85 ==

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== ~2026-21344-85 ==

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== ~2026-22598-75 ==

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Leave the rest of this page intact. --&gt;
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== Idavidmiller ==

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: Revising this page as it is way too complex for the intended audience. The external links prevent copying extensive sections from project installation instruction pages.
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: &lt;span class=&quot;template-ping&quot;&gt;@[[:User:Idavidmiller|Idavidmiller]]:&lt;/span&gt; I temporarily granted you confirmed user access so that the filter should not prevent you. It's in effect until Thursday, 10:14 AM CDT/15:14 UTC. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:16, 21 April 2026 (UTC)

== Usp4pg ==

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: It is saying the edits I am making are unconstructive even though I added actual content to prevent it from falsely deleting the page. It will not allow me to publish changes. This is for a class project, and I am just starting to get the skeleton done.
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: {{EFFP|done}} &lt;span class=&quot;template-ping&quot;&gt;@[[:User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]]:&lt;/span&gt; I removed the tag as it was not a test page. – [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:12, 21 April 2026 (UTC)

== LeventBulut ==

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: I am the author of the Objective Projection methodology. I was trying to add a legitimate educational book to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. The filter blocked my edits twice — once for external links, once for content volume. All content is my own original work written specifically for Wikibooks. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on tr.wikibooks.org Open license declaration at leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/
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: [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]], the filters were working as intended, but I can adjust them. However, I've temporarily given you confirmed user access until 2026-04-29. Please note that this will exclude you from some commonly-hit filters, but not all of them to be exact. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:07, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

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      <sha1>8m5jtvd0k2zo2j96kkvsrg41rpfwdhc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires</title>
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      <id>4635402</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires */ Extended the Introduction.</comment>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-Fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore.

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
| History Of Vampires:
|-
| African Folklore:
|-
| American Folklore:
|-
| Asian Folklore:
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin Folklore:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>hgoulwoa1x497l26xalv7npvjq7onzk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635403</id>
      <parentid>4635402</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:15:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vampires Of The Imagination */</comment>
      <origin>4635403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10308" sha1="n83to5a0zt84v5oqfo6qg7m0csajd60" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

Create Vampires will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore.

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
| History Of Vampires:
|-
| African Folklore:
|-
| American Folklore:
|-
| Asian Folklore:
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin Folklore:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
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      <id>4635404</id>
      <parentid>4635403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:16:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Vampires Of The Imagination */ Italicized the title.</comment>
      <origin>4635404</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10312" sha1="7m9iohdds8lh82pofxza3pjmzw710q9" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore.

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
| History Of Vampires:
|-
| African Folklore:
|-
| American Folklore:
|-
| Asian Folklore:
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin Folklore:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>7m9iohdds8lh82pofxza3pjmzw710q9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635405</id>
      <parentid>4635404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Vampires Of The Imagination */ edited text by changing the text from the implied all vampires feed on blood... To most vampires...</comment>
      <origin>4635405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10317" sha1="44sim0kivpc2ajhl3om741a7ogxe8xm" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore.

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
| History Of Vampires:
|-
| African Folklore:
|-
| American Folklore:
|-
| Asian Folklore:
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin Folklore:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
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        <id>3393808</id>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
| History Of Vampires:
|-
| African Folklore:
|-
| American Folklore:
|-
| Asian Folklore:
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin Folklore:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>m0084unsh9ao8fdpvp20da2ttptaz2i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635430</id>
      <parentid>4635408</parentid>
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        <id>3393808</id>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
| Vampire folklore:
|-
| African Folklore:
|-
| American Folklore:
|-
| Asian Folklore:
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin Folklore:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore:'''
|-
| African folklore:
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>taxsajnnr0vs5xen5xh2en5mwgh5cr9</sha1>
    </revision>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore:'''
|-
| African folklore:
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore:
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>qdhbgefolkh8tdyqprhgqac46bao4bo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635441</id>
      <parentid>4635433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:10:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Reference */ Added link to new page</comment>
      <origin>4635441</origin>
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      <text bytes="10779" sha1="oyp7ddcsar7qd17ldxex2euliorl8jx" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;

African vampire-like beings:

* '''Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana)''' — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
* '''Obayifo (West Africa)''' — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
* '''Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana)''' — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.

European vampire-like beings:

** '''Strigoi (Romania)''' — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
** '''Upir (Slavic regions)''' — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
** '''Nachzehrer (Germany)''' — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
** '''Vrykolakas (Greece)''' — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
** '''Mullo (Romani)''' — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.


Asian vampire-like beings:

* '''Jiangshi (China)''' — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
* '''Penanggalan (Malaysia)''' — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
* '''Manananggal (Philippines)''' — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
* '''Rakshasa (India)''' — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
* '''Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia)''' — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth


Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

* '''Ghul (Arabian folklore)''' — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
* '''Alp (Turkic regions)''' — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
* '''Estrie (Jewish folklore)''' — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.


The American vampire-like beings:

* '''Chupacabra (Latin America)''' — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
* '''Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala)''' — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
* '''Soucouyant (Caribbean)''' — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
* '''Wendigo (Algonquian peoples)''' — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.


Oceanian vampire-like beings:

'''Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore)''' — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

&lt;br /&gt;
{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>oyp7ddcsar7qd17ldxex2euliorl8jx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635446</id>
      <parentid>4635441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:33:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Deleted a list because I moved the information to a new page.</comment>
      <origin>4635446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8321" sha1="kecibd1mv9wx9u8cyaqhnjh06rmkl60" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>kecibd1mv9wx9u8cyaqhnjh06rmkl60</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635447</id>
      <parentid>4635446</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:37:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Reference */ Added link to The Factual Basis For Vampires https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires</comment>
      <origin>4635447</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8372" sha1="h8gmifjarqjm73j0a3ku6l335wtjhu7" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;
History of Vampires: &lt;br /&gt;
African Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
American Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Folklore: &lt;br /&gt;
Eastern European Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
Latin Folklore:&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
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        <id>3393808</id>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources:
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:56:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="8318" sha1="j72nkrlx2r6bxhte57x3cihyq4jvb21" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

                                             &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>j72nkrlx2r6bxhte57x3cihyq4jvb21</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635457</id>
      <parentid>4635454</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:08:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>changed subtitle: About This Book</comment>
      <origin>4635457</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8275" sha1="sjtnw943g3v2ximr1u3g1ltrndlfo28" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? A Definition for Vampire:
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definition: What are Vampires?&lt;br /&gt;
The definition for a ''vampire'' varies dependent on what dictionary one uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dictionary.com has a general definition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Vampire'''&lt;/u&gt;:  n. a preternatural being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.&lt;br /&gt;

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot;
[//en.wikipedia.org]

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vampires and Popular Culture:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Authors Who Created Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[Unconfirmed]
 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scientific Evidence:&lt;br /&gt;
For Vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Factual_Basis_For_Vampires] &lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>b7719803c1pv0loeh547ujljea96cul</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635462</id>
      <parentid>4635460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Deleted information that I moved to a page.</comment>
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      <text bytes="7613" sha1="mr1wymi2e0y1zmzdb5ulobyhcu7uqzu" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
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        <id>3393808</id>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore:
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>l23x0n67d5ptupxv7nq56vt14lspg82</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635496</id>
      <parentid>4635483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T04:48:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Reference */ Added a link to list.</comment>
      <origin>4635496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7899" sha1="nzojvp0ea3n1mghjnovjdq59ev6ga52" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore:
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>nzojvp0ea3n1mghjnovjdq59ev6ga52</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635500</id>
      <parentid>4635496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:27:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Reference */ added link to new page</comment>
      <origin>4635500</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8021" sha1="8kc0wwtknrdtytkm9lkw3mmhwr12mvi" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
| Stereotypes To Avoid:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
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        <id>3393808</id>
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Literary Pitfalls To Avoid:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>mqx2upfzi6b0qlxocmhztuwosp9d0qy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635510</id>
      <parentid>4635509</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T07:50:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Reference */ rephrased a title row</comment>
      <origin>4635510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8037" sha1="82jd4k12j6e495jqvfyquzynknu1cka" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid:
|-
| Authors Who Created Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
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&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid:
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination:
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>5jf4z9x5nhonvvm0kdpy9titjqn4hxq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635522</id>
      <parentid>4635512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T08:41:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Reference */ Added a link to a new page</comment>
      <origin>4635522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7959" sha1="1e8fulowzcmz11ftcwkr10i483sdnxj" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid:
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>1e8fulowzcmz11ftcwkr10i483sdnxj</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4635523</id>
      <parentid>4635522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T08:44:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Reference */</comment>
      <origin>4635523</origin>
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      <text bytes="7989" sha1="841xxm94eo9r24ncczg9l856jxv7fwm" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope?
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid:
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>841xxm94eo9r24ncczg9l856jxv7fwm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635525</id>
      <parentid>4635523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T08:50:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Reference */ added another row to table</comment>
      <origin>4635525</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8011" sha1="i44oww9ggx5uiehyxzpyx232f1wytr8" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian folklore:
|-
|Eastern folklore:
|-
| Eastern folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope?
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid:
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>i44oww9ggx5uiehyxzpyx232f1wytr8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>415670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635409</id>
      <parentid>4114673</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:32:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Create Vampires: Factual Basis For Vampires */ folklores instead of folklore</comment>
      <origin>4635409</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="747" sha1="lua7xilhk2j1rcj22sb2oif8c25sccb" xml:space="preserve">== Create Vampires: Factual Basis For Vampires ==
&lt;br&gt;
People have offered factual explanations for the &quot;un-dead,&quot; probably the reasons for vampires found mostly in folklore. &lt;br&gt;
Folk-stories were based on people buried alive, &lt;u&gt;''then mistaken''&lt;/u&gt; for un-dead creatures when they clawed and crawled their way from their premature graves. &lt;br&gt;
The appearance of actual people, mistaken for dead, crawling from graves, started warnings that evolved into what we call the vampire stories and folklores that influence our modern popular culture.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
LINK: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations]]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
LINK:[[Create_Vampires/Scientific_Evidence]] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
LINK:[[Create_Vampires/Scientific_Evidence_For_Vampires]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>415777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635485</id>
      <parentid>3693721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T23:15:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>deleted Twilight by Stephanie Meyer link because this did not go on this page. Meyer did create vampire concepts</comment>
      <origin>4635485</origin>
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      <text bytes="182" sha1="jps1jbf56s3o7blie6v693adf025300" xml:space="preserve">== Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires ==
&lt;br&gt;
#  &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897) [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &quot;The Vampire at Wikisource&quot;]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4635487</id>
      <parentid>4635485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T23:26:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added a new paragraph.</comment>
      <origin>4635487</origin>
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      <text bytes="482" sha1="5ra8r1mr26m0aise3wxeubp6ugnkzl7" xml:space="preserve">== Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires ==
&lt;br&gt;
#  &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897) [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &quot;The Vampire at Wikisource&quot;] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Kipling's poem is not about a supernatural vampire. It ''is'' about a woman who drains a man's essence, and dignity. &lt;br&gt;
She is a ''&lt;u&gt;metaphorical&lt;/u&gt;'' vampire.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why is this poem important? &lt;br&gt;
Because it shows how the myth of the vampire transformed from folklore to metaphor.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4635488</id>
      <parentid>4635487</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T23:28:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added a sentence.</comment>
      <origin>4635488</origin>
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      <text bytes="526" sha1="kpsvrpix5vu9fydy35zfui8wtq5xp2g" xml:space="preserve">== Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires ==
&lt;br&gt;
#  &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897) [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &quot;The Vampire at Wikisource&quot;] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Kipling's poem is not about a supernatural vampire. It ''is'' about a woman who drains a man's essence, and dignity. &lt;br&gt;
She is a ''&lt;u&gt;metaphorical&lt;/u&gt;'' vampire.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why is this poem important? &lt;br&gt;
Because it shows how the myth of the vampire transformed from folklore to metaphor. 

She is compared to a vampire (a metaphor)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>415846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635448</id>
      <parentid>4114670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:43:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Original Fictional Creations */ How do you center? I attempted to center the subtitle part.</comment>
      <origin>4635448</origin>
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      <text bytes="3722" sha1="sovazye2u5wwu1axpzsrqkvyva75lhj" xml:space="preserve">== Original Fictional Creations ==

&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
                                                  '''''&lt;u&gt;HISTORY AND FOLKLORE&lt;/u&gt;'''''
&lt;br&gt;

'''History''', meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek ''historia'', according to Wikipedia. [[Wikipedia: |https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History]]&lt;br&gt;
'''History''' is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet &lt;br&gt;
Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The study of '''History''' is a major discipline in academic fields.  

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.   

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. 

Imaginative young readers today, could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.&lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Creative writing''' is not a discipline in academic fields. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampire&lt;/u&gt;''' is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;   
&lt;br&gt; &lt;u&gt;'''TIP:'''&lt;/u&gt; Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits? 


                                                             '''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampires&lt;/u&gt;?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time. &lt;br&gt;
In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet ''grave-robbery'' is not...? &lt;br&gt;
In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note?
&lt;br&gt;
Link:  [[Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires]]?

Link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''&quot;How do you spell vampire?&quot;'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>sovazye2u5wwu1axpzsrqkvyva75lhj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635456</id>
      <parentid>4635448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4635456</origin>
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      <text bytes="3613" sha1="di62iqn87ri95qwhd4oc79rppjwv2rh" xml:space="preserve">== Original Fictional Creations ==

&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
 '''''&lt;u&gt;HISTORY AND FOLKLORE&lt;/u&gt;'''''
&lt;br&gt;

'''History''', meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek ''historia'', according to Wikipedia. [[Wikipedia: |https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History]]&lt;br&gt;
'''History''' is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet &lt;br&gt;
Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The study of '''History''' is a major discipline in academic fields.  

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.   

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. 

Imaginative young readers today, could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.&lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Creative writing''' is not a discipline in academic fields. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampire&lt;/u&gt;''' is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;   
&lt;br&gt; &lt;u&gt;'''TIP:'''&lt;/u&gt; Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits? 


 '''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampires&lt;/u&gt;?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time. &lt;br&gt;
In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet ''grave-robbery'' is not...? &lt;br&gt;
In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note?
&lt;br&gt;
Link:  [[Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires]]?

Link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''&quot;How do you spell vampire?&quot;'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:SHB2000</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>426427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635517</id>
      <parentid>4632981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T08:10:43Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 14 days) to [[User talk:SHB2000/Archive 2]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Mario Kart 64/Controls</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>435491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635466</id>
      <parentid>4442179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T19:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-28689-64</username>
        <id>3585356</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Basically Control's edited to say Basic Controls instead */</comment>
      <origin>4635466</origin>
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      <text bytes="4755" sha1="2f8glluu9mwbnh5fewyqqm890ldylmy" xml:space="preserve">In ''[[Mario Kart 64]]'', it is extremely important to be familiar with all controls, including skills such as cancelling bananas and slide turns.

==Basic Controls ==
* Accelerate/Gas (A button) - To accelerate, press and hold A. Holding A before Lakitu begins the race will make your kart spin. However, if you time it just right as the last light blinks, you will get a Mushroom boost and blast past everyone else.
* Brake (B buttons) - Braking is important in courses like Kalamari Desert where you need to stop or risk crashing. You can also cancel slipping on a banana by pressing B justice after you run over it. If you're fast enough, a music note will appear above your character's head and although you may lose some speed, you won't slip.
* Steering (Analog) - Use the analog stick to steer. You can also slide steer by using the analog and the R button, which will be discussed below under [[#Slide Steering]].
* Use Item (Z button/Down C button) - By hitting Z or Down C you can use a stored item that you have picked up. Single green and red shells, blue shells, single bananas and fake item bombs can be held behind your kart by holding Z/Down C (See [[#Items]]). When these items are held behind you, they provide a shield from attacks from behind, like turtle shells or other players ramming into you. (Note that doing this will not protect the first place player from getting hit by a Spikey Blue Shell.)
* Jump (R button) - By pressing R, you can hop slightly as you're driving. It is possible to hop over bombs and bananas, but timing in those cases is very important. You also use the R button during [[#Slide Steering]].
* Pause/Menu button (Start button) - Hit the start button to pause the race, change the course/driver or quit.
* Camera change (Up C button) - You can move the camera farther back behind you, or back behind you using Up C.
* Map change (Right C button) - Press Right C to cycle through the course map, spedometer and racer position map (rectangular progress bar). The course map is a small map in the lower right corner that shows your position and other racers' positions in relation to where they are on the course. The spedometer tells you how fast you're going in km/h. The racer position map is a colored box that borders the screen (in multi-player, it goes straight between the top and bottom halves of the screen) that has large icons of each racer and displays where they are in relation to each other much better than the course map. However, it does not identify players in the course &quot;Yoshi's Valley&quot; due to its paths' vagueness, where it shows question marks instead.
* Music Volume control (L button) - You can lower the volume of the background music or turn it off using L.

The D-pad can be used in Mario Kart It's menus, however, the analog can be used as well. Left C has no use.

==Slide Steering==
In Mario Kart 64, slide steering is an important skill to master. It can be tricky at first, but with practice anyone can do it. Slide steering is one of the main distinctions between an advanced player and a beginning or intermediate player.

===Why Use Slide Steering?===
The lightweight characters -- Yoshi, Toad, and Peach -- will slow down every time they turn unless you slide turn. The remaining characters will not slow down if you don't slide steer, but it can be beneficial to them anyway, as slide steering can give all players small extra boosts.

===How to Slide Steer===
Luigi Raceway is a good place to practice slide steering. Begin by traveling at a good speed. To begin the turn, hold the analog stick in the direction of the turn and press and hold R. If done correctly, white smoke will start coming from your tires shaped as the letters &quot;VEEEEE&quot;. At this beginning of the slide turn, the turn will be very sharp. To control the turn, push in the opposite direction while continuing to hold R. The turn will widen. Move the analog back in the direction of the turn to sharpen the turn again and adjust where you're going.

You can also use slide steering to get small boosts. To get a boost from the turn, start the slide turn. Note the white &quot;VEEEEE&quot; smoke. When pushing the analog in the opposite direction of the turn (you'll be turning wide instead of sharp), push it back to the direction of the turn for a moment and then back to the opposite direction. If done right, the white &quot;VEEEEE&quot; smoke will turn into yellow &quot;VEEEEE&quot; smoke. Do this a second time, and the yellow smoke will turn orange. Remember that during all the entire slide turn, the R button must be held. After it turns orange, complete the turn and let go of the R button. Your character will say a positive cheer (&quot;Alright!&quot;, &quot;Let's Go!&quot;, laughing, etc) and you will get a boost of speed.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:3MMPEYTON</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>447393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635413</id>
      <parentid>4635399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* New Topics, we can develop */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4635413</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30574" sha1="4jgfg86yowj4e3sxksl4shwab5xw16y" xml:space="preserve">== Zombie by Margaret Atwood ==

'''Zombie''' is a poem by the world famous poet Margaret Atwood. Her poem can be found in her book &lt;u&gt;'''Dearly'''&lt;/u&gt;, a collection of her new poems.

I hope to post a critical essay on 'Zombie' by Margaret Atwood, as a example of critical analysis in Literature. I am certain that I can fairly reprint a few lines from the poem, yet I'm not sure if I can post the entire poem. Any suggestions? Thanks~~ [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 18:04, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;

There you have it: zombie. &lt;br&gt;
Didn't you always suspect? &lt;br&gt;
&quot;Poetry is the past &lt;br&gt;
that breaks out in our hearts&quot; &lt;br&gt;
like a virus, like an infection. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The quote within the poem: &quot;Poetry is the past that breaks out in our hearts...&quot; is taken from the poet Rilke. &lt;br&gt;

==NEW EDITS!==
NEW TOPIC:

[ I left these paragraphs under CREATE VAMPIRES / History and Folklore ]

History, meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek historia, according to Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History

History is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet

Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources.


Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history.


The study of History is a major discipline in academic fields.

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging (centuries later) from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers.

Imaginative young readers today, could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.


Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes.


Creative writing is not a discipline in academic fields.


Create Vampire is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!


TIP: Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits?

I edited this major paragraph Create Vampires / History and Folklore / Create Vampires?:
&lt;BR&gt;CREATE VAMPIRES?

In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time.

In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet grave-robbery is not...?

In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC)


If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note?

I hope to add this paragraph [somewhere after &quot;The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories...&quot;]

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging (centuries later) from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. 

&lt;BR&gt;Thanks. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

== I will miss Pi zero. ==

Although this is a personal response, in no way related to &quot;Create Vampires,&quot; I have recently learned of Wikibooks' loss. Pi zero was a great guide, and I will miss his guidance when I am loss on Wikibooks. He was a special person online. Now I wonder who will remind me to avoid ORIGINAL RESEARCH? LOL. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:54, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

== Why Create Vampires? ==

I added 5 new paragraphs to a new page: Why Create Vampires? &lt;br&gt;
Contributions from Wikibookians interested in these subjects, especially vampires, are welcomed! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
[new section]
What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?
What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit?
What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?
These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular
with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?

Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to
gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers.
Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires.
Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!

Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty.
In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people
to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people,
your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense,
reflect the society and times you observe and write about.

Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively,
in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.
Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood,
emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you,
or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills.

Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I WILL SLOWLY ADD MORE INFORMATION TO THIS SECTION [NOT ON MAIN PAGE] Why Create Vampires? / Warning! &lt;br&gt;
'''WARNING: &lt;u&gt;Vampires of the imagination in action!&lt;/u&gt;''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. &lt;br&gt;
Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, &lt;br&gt;
almost un-loveable, and very problematic.&lt;BR&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS:&lt;br&gt;
|-
! Traits !! !! Characteristics
|-
| Pale / Deadly pale || || Enjoy isolation / Loner personality 
|-
| Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth || || Predator personality
|-
| Thin || || Alpha Male type
|-
| Black hair / Brown Hair || || &quot;Energy Vampire&quot; : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories.
|-
| Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. || ||
|}
&lt;BR&gt;
Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination?&lt;br&gt;
&lt;BR&gt;
'''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. &lt;BR&gt;
These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called &quot;vampire teeth&quot; by some Writers.&lt;BR&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Supernatural Vampire Traits 
|-
! Traits that are supernatural !! Mythological Creature
|-
| Immortality &lt;br&gt;Drinking blood &lt;br&gt; Sunlight Poisoning&lt;br&gt; Heightened senses &lt;br&gt; Morphing || [[File:&quot;Le Vampire&quot;.jpg|thumb|&quot;Le Vampire&quot;]]

|}
&lt;br&gt;
Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] &lt;br&gt;
who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, &lt;br&gt;
which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested &lt;br&gt;
in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Some traits for vampires of the imagination are obviously supernatural, yet other vampires of the imagination possess normal traits, yet are described as displaying unusual behaviors. In 1819, John Polidore wrote The Vampyre, a fictional piece that is noted as having introduced vampires of modern Fiction. The Poet Rudyard Kipling wrote in his The Vampire in 1897 &quot;To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair,&quot; it is implied that Kipling's vampire is realistic, thus mostly made up.

Tip: Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth.
These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called &quot;vampire teeth&quot; by some Writers.

Perhaps Juliet in William Shakespeare's play: Romeo and Juliet could be described by some people as a vampire of the imagination. Does William Shakespeare describe physical traits that would support this claim or unusual interpretation? Do the characters act in ways that may influence, or inspire, future imaginative vampire stories?&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

[new section: Why Create Vampires? Legal Considerations] &lt;br&gt;
'''&lt;u&gt;Why Create Vampires? Legal Considerations&lt;/u&gt;'''
&lt;br&gt;
For many legal reasons, people are not allowed to poison then legally bury other people alive, nor are people allowed to rob another person's grave. &lt;br&gt;
When we hear about the grim and bloody punishments Vlad- The Impaler inflicted on grave robbers and other lawless thieves, we may start to wonder, why create vampires? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
It is rumored that Vlad - The Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (a region now known as southern Romania), ran spikey poles through his enemies during the middle of the 14th century. Vlad may have impaled hundreds, worse, many of the impaled were left outside his city on display as a warning to scare off invaders and robbers, including grave robbers! Many folk stories about the Prince of Wallachia circulate where folk stories are written and read. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When vampire folklore is reviewed, we learn about History, and about people from other cultures, many who struggled with, and for their humanity. We learn of the methods (sometimes bloody) people used to solve problems, and we may wonder how our society would fairly solve our problems while staying humane.  We may also wonder about other folk stories from around the world, such as the zombie-person, the demon-person, or the hungry ghost-person. How does a human get turned into a hungry ghost-person? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:33, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;
Sources: &lt;br&gt;
[[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/|https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022
&lt;br&gt;
[[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957|https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com &lt;br&gt;
[[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid|https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com &lt;br&gt;
Thanks [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 17:03, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

== DROPPING MY RACIAL BAGGAGE  ==
&lt;br&gt;
MY PERSONAL INFORMATION SEEMS TO BELONG ON MY DISCUSSION PAGE.&lt;br&gt;
Dropping My Racial Baggage &lt;br&gt;

   On my body I have two birthmarks. One is a darker brown than my normally brown body, the other is a yellowish-brown birthmark, lighter than most of my brown body. I always knew my family was blended, we merged and emerged from attractive dark brown and yellowish-brown relatives who could pass as white because of their facial features. Today, I’m sure they could blend with tan Americans, meaning Americans who are a lighter brown in skin complexion and appearance.
   I always thought my family was most like the family from The Cosby Show, a popular family TV Show. On The Cosby Show, Bill Cosby’s TV father was not embarrassed by the members of his family who came in a range of shades, from dark brown to almost-white. The fact was that families with extended family members felt comfortable, and popular, claiming all the members of their family! This was ideal. Some people wanted to celebrate. The 1980s were diverse and positive times for family Entertainment.
   As opposed to foreign cultural notions of people checking one of two boxes: black or white, and away from similar subversive cultural norms … black and tan? The composition by Duke Ellington comes to mind… I consider most Americans in a range between dark brown and tan. When people ask me my race, I always say “brown,” because I am a brown woman, or to be technically correct, I am a multi-colored, 4th dimensional woman. Most people do not want to be super-technical (by acknowledging the 4th dimension of space-time), yet people seem to want to live reasonable lives. For example, why can’t the box of 8 colors describe the colors we see when we look at other people? Perhaps crayons’ manufacturers, CRAYOLA, did need to make several flesh colored crayons and market colors that people appear to be, ranging from dark brown to light brown.
  After watching America’s Top Model, at least 13 seasons, I realized that most people can see beyond the simple “black” or “white” description, yet there are people who will describe a brown, or a tan person as either “black” or “white.” 
  Humans calling people “black” or “white” use to mildly bother me, I remember when I roomed with a Jewish person, (a student who ate pepperoni pizza with few problems), a young woman who re-named me “black” every time I spoke with her, I remember feeling puzzled, then resentful.  My third-grade Teacher never labeled me black, the other African-Americans in my High School never left me with the “black” label, nor did a few Native Americans who were called “Asian-Americans,” (…about Native-Americans, I mean we know where America is, but where is Asia?) therefore I was really puzzled. 
  During my “identity growth” years, when I considered the words other people used to label “me,” I was grouped with other teenagers, later, mis-leading college students and other young adults whose mis-labeling of others was either a shameful oversight or ironic (the irony based on previous unexamined cultural biases Americans had failed to question).
  What is ironic about public expressions of race is the fact that our notions about race are influenced by our culture.
  For example, in High School, I remember my excitement about the field of Science, a high point after I had read a TIME magazine article that reported Scientist who could trace DNA via. The mitochondrial organelles. What I remember from my Cell Biology books are that the mitochondria are the “power house” of the cell. The article suggested that we could trace our ancestors DNA not just from DNA found in the nucleus, but also through analyzing unique DNA found in the mitochondria.
  This information made news, in fact, the cover of that TIME magazine was a arty image with a updated image of Adam and Eve. I assume the updated image was to announce the new Science developing to help find our ancestors and discovering our relatives. I remember that I stood in front of my Science class with a issue of TIME magazine in my hand, and I asked the class if they knew “black” people were in the garden of Eden. The arty image on the cover of TIME actually showed people who looked like African-Americans, people with brownish-tan skin, and mid-length curly hair. People in America who looked like the image on the TIME magazine cover were / are called “black” in America.
  As I gain a greater appreciation for the Arts, especially after I took a few Art appreciation classes, I realize that forcing a racial classification was rude, by asking if the class knew that black people were in the garden of Eden, I exposed my mis-education. It is the ironic mis-education I  remember I attached to the arty TIME magazine cover.
  In my early weeks on my college campus, I would brag about my chosen field: Genetics. Because there was no major in Genetics, I had to settle for a Biology or a Chemistry major. I could take extra classes that focused on Genetics.  Other Science students were also interested in Genetics and seemed the types who would follow me into Genetic fields where we would, hopefully, find jobs in Genetics, where we would one day help to cure genetic disorders. That was my teenage dream for my future career. Turns out, reality is less ideal.  Although I did find meaningful work later, in a laboratory that studied animal genetics, I basically learned how to use modern Science equipment [a giant lesson needed if Science is to improve our understandings…]. Science equipment is complex, and often, a lack of a good understanding of Science and Technology left Science students with puzzling results… 
  I also worked at a Hospital, and I proudly held a healthy and alert white baby boy whose parents were probably immigrants from China. Technically, I have held white children, and I technically believe that they are a minority, and like other children, small white children should always be protected by adults and by our government.
  Finally, I use to converse with other students about my hair, or about my complexion [my hair and skin does lighten and darken with sunlight exposure]. Few students believed I needed to allow my hair to be natural, to see the two different hair types (one tight and curly, like a spiral, the other less tight, more wavey), or that my time spent without make-up (concealer) was necessary, yet my time spent without make-up allowed my brown complexion to emerge (in its range of brownness). By studying my genotypic expression, my biological inheritance, my outer surface appeared. I studied myself as I truly would appear without cosmetics, concealers, and hair-straighteners. I did not burn my bra (I did have limits), yet freeing oneself of “surface enhancers” allowed me to feel confident in who I truly was: a healthier, brown woman with black curly hair. I suppose I found myself? Nonsense, how could I ever lose me? I allowed my natural surface appearance to emerge, at least for a brief time in my life. Were college students who were once interested in Genetics as a career path impressed? Probably not. For unknown reasons, the ‘natural’ black chick, or the brown wannabe white-Hippy stereotype seemed to follow me. After exposure to radiation [a safe level] while working in a research laboratory, I did follow a popular “back-to-nature” path where I preferred natural products to “overprocessed” or processes products. 
  My non-racist friends, many blond with sun-kissed brown skin, were typical “white Hippies,” yet I didn’t have to be a wannabe white-Hippy to be a non-racist woman who supported nature, was a Environmentalist, and a supporter of better opportunities for all Americans, regardless of their color, religion or gender!
  When I went online to share my learnings, gleaned from my factual college experiences, I was treated like a poor black child who couldn’t understand racist online… What? I could look up the definition for racism. [Racism (n): prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized]. As I understand the concept, racism is a flawed ideology that simplifies reality, forcing complex humans into limited conceptual categories. I was always against individual racist, preferring my own understanding of the situation from Dr. Martin Luther King’s point-of view, as I remember his message, we should judge a man based on his character [his deeds] and not on the color of his skin.
  To better fight against racism, I got help from Christians. In general, Christians believe that God has a plan for all of humanity. Many Christians believe that all people are the children of God. In the presence of active Christians on campus, I met actual black people, people with dark brown skin that could be mistook for the color black in bright sunlight. Near “black” people, I felt the color brown, there was no other way to describe my skin’s appearance. I was a brown human, which is what I had been saying since the 3rd grade in my public school! Contact with diversity confirmed my truth. Now that I am a Christian, I do not mentally pick-up racist ideology as being somehow above Christian beliefs and values. I do try to sense a person’s character.  Realistically, most people in America struggle to raise their children because it is hard to raise good Christians and good citizens.
  I am done with dragging around “racial baggage,” I see people and choose religious values to pick-up, humanity to champion.

== Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler ==

Greetings! &lt;br&gt;
I am glad people like Pi zero reminded me against original research, because I do not want to walk a mile in a undead man's shoes. I found most sources online and in public libraries [I do not have a insider perspective, nor do I want to become a special &quot;inspiration&quot; for a vampire-person in another special reader's world].&lt;br&gt;
I want to create a new section: Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Sometimes Writers will mock their times, or the leaders in their society through parody, or through satire. In some countries Writers have the freedom to mock real men in Politics, or of great military influence who seem, in deed, like real monsters. &lt;br&gt;
In History, there are a few real monsters, men who we will remember for their cruelty, or for their massive injustices. This does not appear to be the case with Dracula, a novel character considered &quot;inspired by&quot; Vlad The Impaler. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 16:26, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Because of Bram Stoker, a popular Irish Writer, Vlad came to be known as the ''original'' Dracula. It is ironic that the fictional character, Dracula, is well known yet the historic man, Vlad, a Prince from a Romanian royal family, is less known. According to one writer / Historian, &quot;...as he wrote Dracula, he borrowed certain aspects of Vlad's life and wove them in with local folklore from the region.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
Vlad, a special Prince of Romania, is a difficult subject to research. His Political influence is greatest in Romania, as is his mythic achievements. Vlad seemed to have influenced local folklore before Bram Stoker wrote his novel, '''Dracula''' in 1897. &lt;br&gt;
Estimates puts the number of people Vlad is rumored to have killed at around 80,000 people. That seems questionable, it seems unlikely for 1 man to have murdered [directly] a large chunk of the Romanian population. Although it was never rumored by the people who tell, and re-tell folk stories, that Vlad drank blood, he is known as the person behind many bloody impalements and beheadings. &lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia, &quot;Offences where impalement was occasionally employed included contempt for the state's responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing highway robbery or grave robbery, violating state policies or monopolies, or subverting standards for trade. Offenders have also been impaled for a variety of cultural, sexual, and religious reasons.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vlad's father was a ruler of Wallachia, a territory between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, a country whose modern name is now known as Romania (southern). 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! 5 Facts About Vlad - The Romanian Prince 
|-
| Father: Vlad Dracul 
|-
| Mother: Cneajna 
|-
| Born: 1428 - 1431 
|-
| Year of Reigns: 1448, 1456 - 1462, 1476 
|-
| Died: December 1476 - January 1477 
|}


Source: &lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;The World's Most Glorious And Notorious Rulers: The Great And The Terrible And How They Got Their Names&quot;&lt;/u&gt; by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Copyright 2020 by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Published by Running Press Kids, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC. ISBN: 978-0-7624-9661-7 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Wikipedia.com [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler]&lt;br&gt;
THANKS [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 17:19, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

== Can a kind person help me update (concerning AI)? ==

Hello. I have not been online to edit Create Vampire in about a year. I noticed new information concerning AI, but I did not have enough time to read and reflect. I am not sure about what Wikibooks will allow concerning AI.

I have my original introduction, which I fear may not be neutral enough. I would like to compare my original introduction with the AI rewrite of Vampires of the Imagination.

Introduction:
Vampires of the Imagination:
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the afterlife that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, vampires of the imagination must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence.
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore.

Rewrite with AI:
Vampires of the Imagination:  
In many cultural traditions, vampires are described as beings associated with death or the afterlife. They are often distinguished from ghosts, which are typically understood as disembodied spirits rather than reanimated bodies.
Folklore commonly portrays vampires as animated corpses that sustain themselves by consuming the blood or life‑essence of the living. This characteristic has contributed to their development as a distinct category of supernatural figure within literature and popular culture.
The idea of a blood‑dependent, corporeal being sets vampires apart from other figures in global folklore, many of which do not require physical sustenance or do not possess a physical form at all.
In modern fiction, these traditional concepts have evolved into what may be called “vampires of the imagination”—creative interpretations that draw inspiration from historical beliefs while adapting traits to suit narrative, thematic, or symbolic purposes. These fictional versions vary widely, but they typically retain the core elements associated with vampires in earlier traditions: a connection to death, a physical body, and a form of predatory dependence on the living. 

Which seems best for Wikibooks? ~~
[[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 11:07, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

== New Topics, we can develop ==

I hope to write a new section. I used Copilot AI to generate new ideas for Create Vampires.

Here is an idea I would like to expand:
Historical and Cross-Cultural Origins of Vampire Archetypes
 -Overview of vampire-like beings from other global folklore.
 - How these traditions shape modern vampire tales.
 - Build a table comparing characteristics across cultures.

I got a list of vampire-like &quot;beings&quot; from AI. I placed the list in the reference section, because I have not created a page. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 12:45, 12 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4jgfg86yowj4e3sxksl4shwab5xw16y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635414</id>
      <parentid>4635413</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:50:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* New Topics, we can develop */</comment>
      <origin>4635414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32849" sha1="ppj2ft88u4vjpqruv2lhtz2yu2kl00g" xml:space="preserve">== Zombie by Margaret Atwood ==

'''Zombie''' is a poem by the world famous poet Margaret Atwood. Her poem can be found in her book &lt;u&gt;'''Dearly'''&lt;/u&gt;, a collection of her new poems.

I hope to post a critical essay on 'Zombie' by Margaret Atwood, as a example of critical analysis in Literature. I am certain that I can fairly reprint a few lines from the poem, yet I'm not sure if I can post the entire poem. Any suggestions? Thanks~~ [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 18:04, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;

There you have it: zombie. &lt;br&gt;
Didn't you always suspect? &lt;br&gt;
&quot;Poetry is the past &lt;br&gt;
that breaks out in our hearts&quot; &lt;br&gt;
like a virus, like an infection. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The quote within the poem: &quot;Poetry is the past that breaks out in our hearts...&quot; is taken from the poet Rilke. &lt;br&gt;

==NEW EDITS!==
NEW TOPIC:

[ I left these paragraphs under CREATE VAMPIRES / History and Folklore ]

History, meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek historia, according to Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History

History is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet

Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources.


Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history.


The study of History is a major discipline in academic fields.

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging (centuries later) from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers.

Imaginative young readers today, could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.


Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes.


Creative writing is not a discipline in academic fields.


Create Vampire is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!


TIP: Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits?

I edited this major paragraph Create Vampires / History and Folklore / Create Vampires?:
&lt;BR&gt;CREATE VAMPIRES?

In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time.

In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet grave-robbery is not...?

In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC)


If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note?

I hope to add this paragraph [somewhere after &quot;The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories...&quot;]

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging (centuries later) from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. 

&lt;BR&gt;Thanks. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

== I will miss Pi zero. ==

Although this is a personal response, in no way related to &quot;Create Vampires,&quot; I have recently learned of Wikibooks' loss. Pi zero was a great guide, and I will miss his guidance when I am loss on Wikibooks. He was a special person online. Now I wonder who will remind me to avoid ORIGINAL RESEARCH? LOL. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:54, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

== Why Create Vampires? ==

I added 5 new paragraphs to a new page: Why Create Vampires? &lt;br&gt;
Contributions from Wikibookians interested in these subjects, especially vampires, are welcomed! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
[new section]
What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?
What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit?
What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?
These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular
with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?

Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to
gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers.
Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires.
Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!

Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty.
In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people
to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people,
your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense,
reflect the society and times you observe and write about.

Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively,
in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.
Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood,
emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you,
or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills.

Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I WILL SLOWLY ADD MORE INFORMATION TO THIS SECTION [NOT ON MAIN PAGE] Why Create Vampires? / Warning! &lt;br&gt;
'''WARNING: &lt;u&gt;Vampires of the imagination in action!&lt;/u&gt;''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. &lt;br&gt;
Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, &lt;br&gt;
almost un-loveable, and very problematic.&lt;BR&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS:&lt;br&gt;
|-
! Traits !! !! Characteristics
|-
| Pale / Deadly pale || || Enjoy isolation / Loner personality 
|-
| Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth || || Predator personality
|-
| Thin || || Alpha Male type
|-
| Black hair / Brown Hair || || &quot;Energy Vampire&quot; : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories.
|-
| Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. || ||
|}
&lt;BR&gt;
Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination?&lt;br&gt;
&lt;BR&gt;
'''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. &lt;BR&gt;
These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called &quot;vampire teeth&quot; by some Writers.&lt;BR&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Supernatural Vampire Traits 
|-
! Traits that are supernatural !! Mythological Creature
|-
| Immortality &lt;br&gt;Drinking blood &lt;br&gt; Sunlight Poisoning&lt;br&gt; Heightened senses &lt;br&gt; Morphing || [[File:&quot;Le Vampire&quot;.jpg|thumb|&quot;Le Vampire&quot;]]

|}
&lt;br&gt;
Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] &lt;br&gt;
who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, &lt;br&gt;
which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested &lt;br&gt;
in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Some traits for vampires of the imagination are obviously supernatural, yet other vampires of the imagination possess normal traits, yet are described as displaying unusual behaviors. In 1819, John Polidore wrote The Vampyre, a fictional piece that is noted as having introduced vampires of modern Fiction. The Poet Rudyard Kipling wrote in his The Vampire in 1897 &quot;To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair,&quot; it is implied that Kipling's vampire is realistic, thus mostly made up.

Tip: Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth.
These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called &quot;vampire teeth&quot; by some Writers.

Perhaps Juliet in William Shakespeare's play: Romeo and Juliet could be described by some people as a vampire of the imagination. Does William Shakespeare describe physical traits that would support this claim or unusual interpretation? Do the characters act in ways that may influence, or inspire, future imaginative vampire stories?&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

[new section: Why Create Vampires? Legal Considerations] &lt;br&gt;
'''&lt;u&gt;Why Create Vampires? Legal Considerations&lt;/u&gt;'''
&lt;br&gt;
For many legal reasons, people are not allowed to poison then legally bury other people alive, nor are people allowed to rob another person's grave. &lt;br&gt;
When we hear about the grim and bloody punishments Vlad- The Impaler inflicted on grave robbers and other lawless thieves, we may start to wonder, why create vampires? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
It is rumored that Vlad - The Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (a region now known as southern Romania), ran spikey poles through his enemies during the middle of the 14th century. Vlad may have impaled hundreds, worse, many of the impaled were left outside his city on display as a warning to scare off invaders and robbers, including grave robbers! Many folk stories about the Prince of Wallachia circulate where folk stories are written and read. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When vampire folklore is reviewed, we learn about History, and about people from other cultures, many who struggled with, and for their humanity. We learn of the methods (sometimes bloody) people used to solve problems, and we may wonder how our society would fairly solve our problems while staying humane.  We may also wonder about other folk stories from around the world, such as the zombie-person, the demon-person, or the hungry ghost-person. How does a human get turned into a hungry ghost-person? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:33, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;
Sources: &lt;br&gt;
[[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/|https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022
&lt;br&gt;
[[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957|https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com &lt;br&gt;
[[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid|https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com &lt;br&gt;
Thanks [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 17:03, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

== DROPPING MY RACIAL BAGGAGE  ==
&lt;br&gt;
MY PERSONAL INFORMATION SEEMS TO BELONG ON MY DISCUSSION PAGE.&lt;br&gt;
Dropping My Racial Baggage &lt;br&gt;

   On my body I have two birthmarks. One is a darker brown than my normally brown body, the other is a yellowish-brown birthmark, lighter than most of my brown body. I always knew my family was blended, we merged and emerged from attractive dark brown and yellowish-brown relatives who could pass as white because of their facial features. Today, I’m sure they could blend with tan Americans, meaning Americans who are a lighter brown in skin complexion and appearance.
   I always thought my family was most like the family from The Cosby Show, a popular family TV Show. On The Cosby Show, Bill Cosby’s TV father was not embarrassed by the members of his family who came in a range of shades, from dark brown to almost-white. The fact was that families with extended family members felt comfortable, and popular, claiming all the members of their family! This was ideal. Some people wanted to celebrate. The 1980s were diverse and positive times for family Entertainment.
   As opposed to foreign cultural notions of people checking one of two boxes: black or white, and away from similar subversive cultural norms … black and tan? The composition by Duke Ellington comes to mind… I consider most Americans in a range between dark brown and tan. When people ask me my race, I always say “brown,” because I am a brown woman, or to be technically correct, I am a multi-colored, 4th dimensional woman. Most people do not want to be super-technical (by acknowledging the 4th dimension of space-time), yet people seem to want to live reasonable lives. For example, why can’t the box of 8 colors describe the colors we see when we look at other people? Perhaps crayons’ manufacturers, CRAYOLA, did need to make several flesh colored crayons and market colors that people appear to be, ranging from dark brown to light brown.
  After watching America’s Top Model, at least 13 seasons, I realized that most people can see beyond the simple “black” or “white” description, yet there are people who will describe a brown, or a tan person as either “black” or “white.” 
  Humans calling people “black” or “white” use to mildly bother me, I remember when I roomed with a Jewish person, (a student who ate pepperoni pizza with few problems), a young woman who re-named me “black” every time I spoke with her, I remember feeling puzzled, then resentful.  My third-grade Teacher never labeled me black, the other African-Americans in my High School never left me with the “black” label, nor did a few Native Americans who were called “Asian-Americans,” (…about Native-Americans, I mean we know where America is, but where is Asia?) therefore I was really puzzled. 
  During my “identity growth” years, when I considered the words other people used to label “me,” I was grouped with other teenagers, later, mis-leading college students and other young adults whose mis-labeling of others was either a shameful oversight or ironic (the irony based on previous unexamined cultural biases Americans had failed to question).
  What is ironic about public expressions of race is the fact that our notions about race are influenced by our culture.
  For example, in High School, I remember my excitement about the field of Science, a high point after I had read a TIME magazine article that reported Scientist who could trace DNA via. The mitochondrial organelles. What I remember from my Cell Biology books are that the mitochondria are the “power house” of the cell. The article suggested that we could trace our ancestors DNA not just from DNA found in the nucleus, but also through analyzing unique DNA found in the mitochondria.
  This information made news, in fact, the cover of that TIME magazine was a arty image with a updated image of Adam and Eve. I assume the updated image was to announce the new Science developing to help find our ancestors and discovering our relatives. I remember that I stood in front of my Science class with a issue of TIME magazine in my hand, and I asked the class if they knew “black” people were in the garden of Eden. The arty image on the cover of TIME actually showed people who looked like African-Americans, people with brownish-tan skin, and mid-length curly hair. People in America who looked like the image on the TIME magazine cover were / are called “black” in America.
  As I gain a greater appreciation for the Arts, especially after I took a few Art appreciation classes, I realize that forcing a racial classification was rude, by asking if the class knew that black people were in the garden of Eden, I exposed my mis-education. It is the ironic mis-education I  remember I attached to the arty TIME magazine cover.
  In my early weeks on my college campus, I would brag about my chosen field: Genetics. Because there was no major in Genetics, I had to settle for a Biology or a Chemistry major. I could take extra classes that focused on Genetics.  Other Science students were also interested in Genetics and seemed the types who would follow me into Genetic fields where we would, hopefully, find jobs in Genetics, where we would one day help to cure genetic disorders. That was my teenage dream for my future career. Turns out, reality is less ideal.  Although I did find meaningful work later, in a laboratory that studied animal genetics, I basically learned how to use modern Science equipment [a giant lesson needed if Science is to improve our understandings…]. Science equipment is complex, and often, a lack of a good understanding of Science and Technology left Science students with puzzling results… 
  I also worked at a Hospital, and I proudly held a healthy and alert white baby boy whose parents were probably immigrants from China. Technically, I have held white children, and I technically believe that they are a minority, and like other children, small white children should always be protected by adults and by our government.
  Finally, I use to converse with other students about my hair, or about my complexion [my hair and skin does lighten and darken with sunlight exposure]. Few students believed I needed to allow my hair to be natural, to see the two different hair types (one tight and curly, like a spiral, the other less tight, more wavey), or that my time spent without make-up (concealer) was necessary, yet my time spent without make-up allowed my brown complexion to emerge (in its range of brownness). By studying my genotypic expression, my biological inheritance, my outer surface appeared. I studied myself as I truly would appear without cosmetics, concealers, and hair-straighteners. I did not burn my bra (I did have limits), yet freeing oneself of “surface enhancers” allowed me to feel confident in who I truly was: a healthier, brown woman with black curly hair. I suppose I found myself? Nonsense, how could I ever lose me? I allowed my natural surface appearance to emerge, at least for a brief time in my life. Were college students who were once interested in Genetics as a career path impressed? Probably not. For unknown reasons, the ‘natural’ black chick, or the brown wannabe white-Hippy stereotype seemed to follow me. After exposure to radiation [a safe level] while working in a research laboratory, I did follow a popular “back-to-nature” path where I preferred natural products to “overprocessed” or processes products. 
  My non-racist friends, many blond with sun-kissed brown skin, were typical “white Hippies,” yet I didn’t have to be a wannabe white-Hippy to be a non-racist woman who supported nature, was a Environmentalist, and a supporter of better opportunities for all Americans, regardless of their color, religion or gender!
  When I went online to share my learnings, gleaned from my factual college experiences, I was treated like a poor black child who couldn’t understand racist online… What? I could look up the definition for racism. [Racism (n): prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized]. As I understand the concept, racism is a flawed ideology that simplifies reality, forcing complex humans into limited conceptual categories. I was always against individual racist, preferring my own understanding of the situation from Dr. Martin Luther King’s point-of view, as I remember his message, we should judge a man based on his character [his deeds] and not on the color of his skin.
  To better fight against racism, I got help from Christians. In general, Christians believe that God has a plan for all of humanity. Many Christians believe that all people are the children of God. In the presence of active Christians on campus, I met actual black people, people with dark brown skin that could be mistook for the color black in bright sunlight. Near “black” people, I felt the color brown, there was no other way to describe my skin’s appearance. I was a brown human, which is what I had been saying since the 3rd grade in my public school! Contact with diversity confirmed my truth. Now that I am a Christian, I do not mentally pick-up racist ideology as being somehow above Christian beliefs and values. I do try to sense a person’s character.  Realistically, most people in America struggle to raise their children because it is hard to raise good Christians and good citizens.
  I am done with dragging around “racial baggage,” I see people and choose religious values to pick-up, humanity to champion.

== Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler ==

Greetings! &lt;br&gt;
I am glad people like Pi zero reminded me against original research, because I do not want to walk a mile in a undead man's shoes. I found most sources online and in public libraries [I do not have a insider perspective, nor do I want to become a special &quot;inspiration&quot; for a vampire-person in another special reader's world].&lt;br&gt;
I want to create a new section: Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Sometimes Writers will mock their times, or the leaders in their society through parody, or through satire. In some countries Writers have the freedom to mock real men in Politics, or of great military influence who seem, in deed, like real monsters. &lt;br&gt;
In History, there are a few real monsters, men who we will remember for their cruelty, or for their massive injustices. This does not appear to be the case with Dracula, a novel character considered &quot;inspired by&quot; Vlad The Impaler. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 16:26, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Because of Bram Stoker, a popular Irish Writer, Vlad came to be known as the ''original'' Dracula. It is ironic that the fictional character, Dracula, is well known yet the historic man, Vlad, a Prince from a Romanian royal family, is less known. According to one writer / Historian, &quot;...as he wrote Dracula, he borrowed certain aspects of Vlad's life and wove them in with local folklore from the region.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
Vlad, a special Prince of Romania, is a difficult subject to research. His Political influence is greatest in Romania, as is his mythic achievements. Vlad seemed to have influenced local folklore before Bram Stoker wrote his novel, '''Dracula''' in 1897. &lt;br&gt;
Estimates puts the number of people Vlad is rumored to have killed at around 80,000 people. That seems questionable, it seems unlikely for 1 man to have murdered [directly] a large chunk of the Romanian population. Although it was never rumored by the people who tell, and re-tell folk stories, that Vlad drank blood, he is known as the person behind many bloody impalements and beheadings. &lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia, &quot;Offences where impalement was occasionally employed included contempt for the state's responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing highway robbery or grave robbery, violating state policies or monopolies, or subverting standards for trade. Offenders have also been impaled for a variety of cultural, sexual, and religious reasons.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vlad's father was a ruler of Wallachia, a territory between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, a country whose modern name is now known as Romania (southern). 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! 5 Facts About Vlad - The Romanian Prince 
|-
| Father: Vlad Dracul 
|-
| Mother: Cneajna 
|-
| Born: 1428 - 1431 
|-
| Year of Reigns: 1448, 1456 - 1462, 1476 
|-
| Died: December 1476 - January 1477 
|}


Source: &lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;The World's Most Glorious And Notorious Rulers: The Great And The Terrible And How They Got Their Names&quot;&lt;/u&gt; by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Copyright 2020 by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Published by Running Press Kids, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC. ISBN: 978-0-7624-9661-7 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Wikipedia.com [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler]&lt;br&gt;
THANKS [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 17:19, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

== Can a kind person help me update (concerning AI)? ==

Hello. I have not been online to edit Create Vampire in about a year. I noticed new information concerning AI, but I did not have enough time to read and reflect. I am not sure about what Wikibooks will allow concerning AI.

I have my original introduction, which I fear may not be neutral enough. I would like to compare my original introduction with the AI rewrite of Vampires of the Imagination.

Introduction:
Vampires of the Imagination:
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the afterlife that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, vampires of the imagination must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence.
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore.

Rewrite with AI:
Vampires of the Imagination:  
In many cultural traditions, vampires are described as beings associated with death or the afterlife. They are often distinguished from ghosts, which are typically understood as disembodied spirits rather than reanimated bodies.
Folklore commonly portrays vampires as animated corpses that sustain themselves by consuming the blood or life‑essence of the living. This characteristic has contributed to their development as a distinct category of supernatural figure within literature and popular culture.
The idea of a blood‑dependent, corporeal being sets vampires apart from other figures in global folklore, many of which do not require physical sustenance or do not possess a physical form at all.
In modern fiction, these traditional concepts have evolved into what may be called “vampires of the imagination”—creative interpretations that draw inspiration from historical beliefs while adapting traits to suit narrative, thematic, or symbolic purposes. These fictional versions vary widely, but they typically retain the core elements associated with vampires in earlier traditions: a connection to death, a physical body, and a form of predatory dependence on the living. 

Which seems best for Wikibooks? ~~
[[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 11:07, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

== New Topics, we can develop ==

I hope to write a new section. I used Copilot AI to generate new ideas for Create Vampires.

Here is an idea I would like to expand:
Historical and Cross-Cultural Origins of Vampire Archetypes
 -Overview of vampire-like beings from other global folklore.
 - How these traditions shape modern vampire tales.
 - Build a table comparing characteristics across cultures.

I got a list of vampire-like &quot;beings&quot; from AI. I placed the list in the reference section, because I have not created a page.

African vampire-like beings:

Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.
European vampire-like beings:

Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.

Asian vampire-like beings:

Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth

Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.

The American vampire-like beings:

Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.

Oceanian vampire-like beings:

Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

 [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 12:45, 12 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ppj2ft88u4vjpqruv2lhtz2yu2kl00g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635445</id>
      <parentid>4635414</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:30:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* New Topics, we can develop */</comment>
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      <text bytes="32824" sha1="4a9umu7yalei1tr436svlgks0vc405k" xml:space="preserve">== Zombie by Margaret Atwood ==

'''Zombie''' is a poem by the world famous poet Margaret Atwood. Her poem can be found in her book &lt;u&gt;'''Dearly'''&lt;/u&gt;, a collection of her new poems.

I hope to post a critical essay on 'Zombie' by Margaret Atwood, as a example of critical analysis in Literature. I am certain that I can fairly reprint a few lines from the poem, yet I'm not sure if I can post the entire poem. Any suggestions? Thanks~~ [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 18:04, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;

There you have it: zombie. &lt;br&gt;
Didn't you always suspect? &lt;br&gt;
&quot;Poetry is the past &lt;br&gt;
that breaks out in our hearts&quot; &lt;br&gt;
like a virus, like an infection. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The quote within the poem: &quot;Poetry is the past that breaks out in our hearts...&quot; is taken from the poet Rilke. &lt;br&gt;

==NEW EDITS!==
NEW TOPIC:

[ I left these paragraphs under CREATE VAMPIRES / History and Folklore ]

History, meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek historia, according to Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History

History is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet

Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources.


Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history.


The study of History is a major discipline in academic fields.

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging (centuries later) from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers.

Imaginative young readers today, could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.


Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes.


Creative writing is not a discipline in academic fields.


Create Vampire is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!


TIP: Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits?

I edited this major paragraph Create Vampires / History and Folklore / Create Vampires?:
&lt;BR&gt;CREATE VAMPIRES?

In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time.

In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet grave-robbery is not...?

In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC)


If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note?

I hope to add this paragraph [somewhere after &quot;The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories...&quot;]

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging (centuries later) from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. 

&lt;BR&gt;Thanks. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

== I will miss Pi zero. ==

Although this is a personal response, in no way related to &quot;Create Vampires,&quot; I have recently learned of Wikibooks' loss. Pi zero was a great guide, and I will miss his guidance when I am loss on Wikibooks. He was a special person online. Now I wonder who will remind me to avoid ORIGINAL RESEARCH? LOL. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:54, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

== Why Create Vampires? ==

I added 5 new paragraphs to a new page: Why Create Vampires? &lt;br&gt;
Contributions from Wikibookians interested in these subjects, especially vampires, are welcomed! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
[new section]
What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?
What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit?
What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?
These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular
with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?

Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to
gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers.
Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires.
Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!

Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty.
In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people
to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people,
your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense,
reflect the society and times you observe and write about.

Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively,
in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.
Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood,
emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you,
or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills.

Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I WILL SLOWLY ADD MORE INFORMATION TO THIS SECTION [NOT ON MAIN PAGE] Why Create Vampires? / Warning! &lt;br&gt;
'''WARNING: &lt;u&gt;Vampires of the imagination in action!&lt;/u&gt;''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. &lt;br&gt;
Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, &lt;br&gt;
almost un-loveable, and very problematic.&lt;BR&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS:&lt;br&gt;
|-
! Traits !! !! Characteristics
|-
| Pale / Deadly pale || || Enjoy isolation / Loner personality 
|-
| Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth || || Predator personality
|-
| Thin || || Alpha Male type
|-
| Black hair / Brown Hair || || &quot;Energy Vampire&quot; : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories.
|-
| Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. || ||
|}
&lt;BR&gt;
Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination?&lt;br&gt;
&lt;BR&gt;
'''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. &lt;BR&gt;
These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called &quot;vampire teeth&quot; by some Writers.&lt;BR&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Supernatural Vampire Traits 
|-
! Traits that are supernatural !! Mythological Creature
|-
| Immortality &lt;br&gt;Drinking blood &lt;br&gt; Sunlight Poisoning&lt;br&gt; Heightened senses &lt;br&gt; Morphing || [[File:&quot;Le Vampire&quot;.jpg|thumb|&quot;Le Vampire&quot;]]

|}
&lt;br&gt;
Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] &lt;br&gt;
who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, &lt;br&gt;
which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested &lt;br&gt;
in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Some traits for vampires of the imagination are obviously supernatural, yet other vampires of the imagination possess normal traits, yet are described as displaying unusual behaviors. In 1819, John Polidore wrote The Vampyre, a fictional piece that is noted as having introduced vampires of modern Fiction. The Poet Rudyard Kipling wrote in his The Vampire in 1897 &quot;To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair,&quot; it is implied that Kipling's vampire is realistic, thus mostly made up.

Tip: Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth.
These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called &quot;vampire teeth&quot; by some Writers.

Perhaps Juliet in William Shakespeare's play: Romeo and Juliet could be described by some people as a vampire of the imagination. Does William Shakespeare describe physical traits that would support this claim or unusual interpretation? Do the characters act in ways that may influence, or inspire, future imaginative vampire stories?&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

[new section: Why Create Vampires? Legal Considerations] &lt;br&gt;
'''&lt;u&gt;Why Create Vampires? Legal Considerations&lt;/u&gt;'''
&lt;br&gt;
For many legal reasons, people are not allowed to poison then legally bury other people alive, nor are people allowed to rob another person's grave. &lt;br&gt;
When we hear about the grim and bloody punishments Vlad- The Impaler inflicted on grave robbers and other lawless thieves, we may start to wonder, why create vampires? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
It is rumored that Vlad - The Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (a region now known as southern Romania), ran spikey poles through his enemies during the middle of the 14th century. Vlad may have impaled hundreds, worse, many of the impaled were left outside his city on display as a warning to scare off invaders and robbers, including grave robbers! Many folk stories about the Prince of Wallachia circulate where folk stories are written and read. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When vampire folklore is reviewed, we learn about History, and about people from other cultures, many who struggled with, and for their humanity. We learn of the methods (sometimes bloody) people used to solve problems, and we may wonder how our society would fairly solve our problems while staying humane.  We may also wonder about other folk stories from around the world, such as the zombie-person, the demon-person, or the hungry ghost-person. How does a human get turned into a hungry ghost-person? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:33, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;
Sources: &lt;br&gt;
[[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/|https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022
&lt;br&gt;
[[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957|https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com &lt;br&gt;
[[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid|https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com &lt;br&gt;
Thanks [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 17:03, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

== DROPPING MY RACIAL BAGGAGE  ==
&lt;br&gt;
MY PERSONAL INFORMATION SEEMS TO BELONG ON MY DISCUSSION PAGE.&lt;br&gt;
Dropping My Racial Baggage &lt;br&gt;

   On my body I have two birthmarks. One is a darker brown than my normally brown body, the other is a yellowish-brown birthmark, lighter than most of my brown body. I always knew my family was blended, we merged and emerged from attractive dark brown and yellowish-brown relatives who could pass as white because of their facial features. Today, I’m sure they could blend with tan Americans, meaning Americans who are a lighter brown in skin complexion and appearance.
   I always thought my family was most like the family from The Cosby Show, a popular family TV Show. On The Cosby Show, Bill Cosby’s TV father was not embarrassed by the members of his family who came in a range of shades, from dark brown to almost-white. The fact was that families with extended family members felt comfortable, and popular, claiming all the members of their family! This was ideal. Some people wanted to celebrate. The 1980s were diverse and positive times for family Entertainment.
   As opposed to foreign cultural notions of people checking one of two boxes: black or white, and away from similar subversive cultural norms … black and tan? The composition by Duke Ellington comes to mind… I consider most Americans in a range between dark brown and tan. When people ask me my race, I always say “brown,” because I am a brown woman, or to be technically correct, I am a multi-colored, 4th dimensional woman. Most people do not want to be super-technical (by acknowledging the 4th dimension of space-time), yet people seem to want to live reasonable lives. For example, why can’t the box of 8 colors describe the colors we see when we look at other people? Perhaps crayons’ manufacturers, CRAYOLA, did need to make several flesh colored crayons and market colors that people appear to be, ranging from dark brown to light brown.
  After watching America’s Top Model, at least 13 seasons, I realized that most people can see beyond the simple “black” or “white” description, yet there are people who will describe a brown, or a tan person as either “black” or “white.” 
  Humans calling people “black” or “white” use to mildly bother me, I remember when I roomed with a Jewish person, (a student who ate pepperoni pizza with few problems), a young woman who re-named me “black” every time I spoke with her, I remember feeling puzzled, then resentful.  My third-grade Teacher never labeled me black, the other African-Americans in my High School never left me with the “black” label, nor did a few Native Americans who were called “Asian-Americans,” (…about Native-Americans, I mean we know where America is, but where is Asia?) therefore I was really puzzled. 
  During my “identity growth” years, when I considered the words other people used to label “me,” I was grouped with other teenagers, later, mis-leading college students and other young adults whose mis-labeling of others was either a shameful oversight or ironic (the irony based on previous unexamined cultural biases Americans had failed to question).
  What is ironic about public expressions of race is the fact that our notions about race are influenced by our culture.
  For example, in High School, I remember my excitement about the field of Science, a high point after I had read a TIME magazine article that reported Scientist who could trace DNA via. The mitochondrial organelles. What I remember from my Cell Biology books are that the mitochondria are the “power house” of the cell. The article suggested that we could trace our ancestors DNA not just from DNA found in the nucleus, but also through analyzing unique DNA found in the mitochondria.
  This information made news, in fact, the cover of that TIME magazine was a arty image with a updated image of Adam and Eve. I assume the updated image was to announce the new Science developing to help find our ancestors and discovering our relatives. I remember that I stood in front of my Science class with a issue of TIME magazine in my hand, and I asked the class if they knew “black” people were in the garden of Eden. The arty image on the cover of TIME actually showed people who looked like African-Americans, people with brownish-tan skin, and mid-length curly hair. People in America who looked like the image on the TIME magazine cover were / are called “black” in America.
  As I gain a greater appreciation for the Arts, especially after I took a few Art appreciation classes, I realize that forcing a racial classification was rude, by asking if the class knew that black people were in the garden of Eden, I exposed my mis-education. It is the ironic mis-education I  remember I attached to the arty TIME magazine cover.
  In my early weeks on my college campus, I would brag about my chosen field: Genetics. Because there was no major in Genetics, I had to settle for a Biology or a Chemistry major. I could take extra classes that focused on Genetics.  Other Science students were also interested in Genetics and seemed the types who would follow me into Genetic fields where we would, hopefully, find jobs in Genetics, where we would one day help to cure genetic disorders. That was my teenage dream for my future career. Turns out, reality is less ideal.  Although I did find meaningful work later, in a laboratory that studied animal genetics, I basically learned how to use modern Science equipment [a giant lesson needed if Science is to improve our understandings…]. Science equipment is complex, and often, a lack of a good understanding of Science and Technology left Science students with puzzling results… 
  I also worked at a Hospital, and I proudly held a healthy and alert white baby boy whose parents were probably immigrants from China. Technically, I have held white children, and I technically believe that they are a minority, and like other children, small white children should always be protected by adults and by our government.
  Finally, I use to converse with other students about my hair, or about my complexion [my hair and skin does lighten and darken with sunlight exposure]. Few students believed I needed to allow my hair to be natural, to see the two different hair types (one tight and curly, like a spiral, the other less tight, more wavey), or that my time spent without make-up (concealer) was necessary, yet my time spent without make-up allowed my brown complexion to emerge (in its range of brownness). By studying my genotypic expression, my biological inheritance, my outer surface appeared. I studied myself as I truly would appear without cosmetics, concealers, and hair-straighteners. I did not burn my bra (I did have limits), yet freeing oneself of “surface enhancers” allowed me to feel confident in who I truly was: a healthier, brown woman with black curly hair. I suppose I found myself? Nonsense, how could I ever lose me? I allowed my natural surface appearance to emerge, at least for a brief time in my life. Were college students who were once interested in Genetics as a career path impressed? Probably not. For unknown reasons, the ‘natural’ black chick, or the brown wannabe white-Hippy stereotype seemed to follow me. After exposure to radiation [a safe level] while working in a research laboratory, I did follow a popular “back-to-nature” path where I preferred natural products to “overprocessed” or processes products. 
  My non-racist friends, many blond with sun-kissed brown skin, were typical “white Hippies,” yet I didn’t have to be a wannabe white-Hippy to be a non-racist woman who supported nature, was a Environmentalist, and a supporter of better opportunities for all Americans, regardless of their color, religion or gender!
  When I went online to share my learnings, gleaned from my factual college experiences, I was treated like a poor black child who couldn’t understand racist online… What? I could look up the definition for racism. [Racism (n): prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized]. As I understand the concept, racism is a flawed ideology that simplifies reality, forcing complex humans into limited conceptual categories. I was always against individual racist, preferring my own understanding of the situation from Dr. Martin Luther King’s point-of view, as I remember his message, we should judge a man based on his character [his deeds] and not on the color of his skin.
  To better fight against racism, I got help from Christians. In general, Christians believe that God has a plan for all of humanity. Many Christians believe that all people are the children of God. In the presence of active Christians on campus, I met actual black people, people with dark brown skin that could be mistook for the color black in bright sunlight. Near “black” people, I felt the color brown, there was no other way to describe my skin’s appearance. I was a brown human, which is what I had been saying since the 3rd grade in my public school! Contact with diversity confirmed my truth. Now that I am a Christian, I do not mentally pick-up racist ideology as being somehow above Christian beliefs and values. I do try to sense a person’s character.  Realistically, most people in America struggle to raise their children because it is hard to raise good Christians and good citizens.
  I am done with dragging around “racial baggage,” I see people and choose religious values to pick-up, humanity to champion.

== Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler ==

Greetings! &lt;br&gt;
I am glad people like Pi zero reminded me against original research, because I do not want to walk a mile in a undead man's shoes. I found most sources online and in public libraries [I do not have a insider perspective, nor do I want to become a special &quot;inspiration&quot; for a vampire-person in another special reader's world].&lt;br&gt;
I want to create a new section: Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Dracula behind Vlad - The Impaler''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Sometimes Writers will mock their times, or the leaders in their society through parody, or through satire. In some countries Writers have the freedom to mock real men in Politics, or of great military influence who seem, in deed, like real monsters. &lt;br&gt;
In History, there are a few real monsters, men who we will remember for their cruelty, or for their massive injustices. This does not appear to be the case with Dracula, a novel character considered &quot;inspired by&quot; Vlad The Impaler. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 16:26, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Because of Bram Stoker, a popular Irish Writer, Vlad came to be known as the ''original'' Dracula. It is ironic that the fictional character, Dracula, is well known yet the historic man, Vlad, a Prince from a Romanian royal family, is less known. According to one writer / Historian, &quot;...as he wrote Dracula, he borrowed certain aspects of Vlad's life and wove them in with local folklore from the region.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
Vlad, a special Prince of Romania, is a difficult subject to research. His Political influence is greatest in Romania, as is his mythic achievements. Vlad seemed to have influenced local folklore before Bram Stoker wrote his novel, '''Dracula''' in 1897. &lt;br&gt;
Estimates puts the number of people Vlad is rumored to have killed at around 80,000 people. That seems questionable, it seems unlikely for 1 man to have murdered [directly] a large chunk of the Romanian population. Although it was never rumored by the people who tell, and re-tell folk stories, that Vlad drank blood, he is known as the person behind many bloody impalements and beheadings. &lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia, &quot;Offences where impalement was occasionally employed included contempt for the state's responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing highway robbery or grave robbery, violating state policies or monopolies, or subverting standards for trade. Offenders have also been impaled for a variety of cultural, sexual, and religious reasons.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vlad's father was a ruler of Wallachia, a territory between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, a country whose modern name is now known as Romania (southern). 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! 5 Facts About Vlad - The Romanian Prince 
|-
| Father: Vlad Dracul 
|-
| Mother: Cneajna 
|-
| Born: 1428 - 1431 
|-
| Year of Reigns: 1448, 1456 - 1462, 1476 
|-
| Died: December 1476 - January 1477 
|}


Source: &lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;The World's Most Glorious And Notorious Rulers: The Great And The Terrible And How They Got Their Names&quot;&lt;/u&gt; by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Copyright 2020 by JoAnne O'Sullivan. Published by Running Press Kids, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC. ISBN: 978-0-7624-9661-7 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Wikipedia.com [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler]&lt;br&gt;
THANKS [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 17:19, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

== Can a kind person help me update (concerning AI)? ==

Hello. I have not been online to edit Create Vampire in about a year. I noticed new information concerning AI, but I did not have enough time to read and reflect. I am not sure about what Wikibooks will allow concerning AI.

I have my original introduction, which I fear may not be neutral enough. I would like to compare my original introduction with the AI rewrite of Vampires of the Imagination.

Introduction:
Vampires of the Imagination:
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the afterlife that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, vampires of the imagination must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence.
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore.

Rewrite with AI:
Vampires of the Imagination:  
In many cultural traditions, vampires are described as beings associated with death or the afterlife. They are often distinguished from ghosts, which are typically understood as disembodied spirits rather than reanimated bodies.
Folklore commonly portrays vampires as animated corpses that sustain themselves by consuming the blood or life‑essence of the living. This characteristic has contributed to their development as a distinct category of supernatural figure within literature and popular culture.
The idea of a blood‑dependent, corporeal being sets vampires apart from other figures in global folklore, many of which do not require physical sustenance or do not possess a physical form at all.
In modern fiction, these traditional concepts have evolved into what may be called “vampires of the imagination”—creative interpretations that draw inspiration from historical beliefs while adapting traits to suit narrative, thematic, or symbolic purposes. These fictional versions vary widely, but they typically retain the core elements associated with vampires in earlier traditions: a connection to death, a physical body, and a form of predatory dependence on the living. 

Which seems best for Wikibooks? ~~
[[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 11:07, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

== New Topics, we can develop ==

I hope to write a new section. I used Copilot AI to generate new ideas for Create Vampires.

Here is an idea I would like to expand:
Historical and Cross-Cultural Origins of Vampire Archetypes
 -Overview of vampire-like beings from other global folklore.
 - How these traditions shape modern vampire tales.
 - Build a table comparing characteristics across cultures.

I got a list of vampire-like &quot;beings&quot; from AI. I created a new page.

Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins of Vampire Archetypes:

Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees.
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children.
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force.
European vampire-like beings:

Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living.
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks.
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living.
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation.
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.

Asian vampire-like beings:

Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy).
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood.
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night.
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force.
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth

Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:

Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood.
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality.
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.

The American vampire-like beings:

Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock.
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood.
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood.
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption.

Oceanian vampire-like beings:

Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.

 [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 12:45, 12 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== 205.118.123.63 ==

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;Description
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: 20:47, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== 205.118.123.63 ==

;Username
: {{user|205.118.123.63}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:205.118.123.63}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 20:49, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== Abid Sidiq Ahanger ==

;Username
: {{user|Abid Sidiq Ahanger}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Abid Sidiq Ahanger}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 16:00, 25 February 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== Aadit6 ==

;Username
: {{user|Aadit6}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Aadit6}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/AS2023]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/AS2023}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I am trying to insert the full skeleton code into the wikibooks page. This is the original code supplied by AQA available for computer science students but it will not allow me to insert it.
;Date and time
: 09:18, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== 94.204.59.111 ==

;Username
: {{user|94.204.59.111}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:94.204.59.111}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Chess Opening Theory/1.e4/b5]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Chess Opening Theory/1.e4/b5}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I just wanted to correct grammar. The part that I wanted to correct said the the rook, while my edit changed it to the rook.
;Date and time
: 09:41, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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:{{done}} – see [[Special:Diff/4240955]]. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:22, 4 March 2023 (UTC)
== David Allencourt ==

;Username
: {{user|David Allencourt}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:David Allencourt}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[The History of the Armenians (Movses Khorenatsi)]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:The History of the Armenians (Movses Khorenatsi)}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Hello! I am attempting to add my translation of Movses Khorenatsi's work The History of the Armeniansp, which has long been used as a textbook of Armenian history. However it is getting caught in the filter.
;Date and time
: 03:32, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{done}}. {{re|David Allencourt}}, you are likely to face difficulty editing your text for a while, as you're being hit by a filter we have no control over. Feel free to continue submitting false positive requests for a while. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:58, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
== 99.209.41.18 ==

;Username
: {{user|99.209.41.18}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:99.209.41.18}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 17:39, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;

== 99.209.41.18 ==

;Username
: {{user|99.209.41.18}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:99.209.41.18}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 17:43, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== UhLukas 90 ==

;Username
: {{user|UhLukas 90}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:UhLukas 90}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Publishing error
;Date and time
: 22:02, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:You were correctly blocked. Your attempt to paste a set of Discord copyright material onto your user page was rightly detected as unconstructive. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:08, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

== Andrewdav ==

;Username
: {{user|Andrewdav}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Andrewdav}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[page about Stephen William Grimsley]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:page about Stephen William Grimsley}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Adding factual data, including year of death
;Date and time
: 10:11, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Lachlan Peterson ==

;Username
: {{user|Lachlan Peterson}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Lachlan Peterson}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023/Vancouver SkyTrain]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023/Vancouver SkyTrain}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was trying to create a page for an assignment, it started by not letting me upload images then it assused me of creating &quot;Cannibis/CBD Spam&quot; when I was writing about the Vancouver Skytrain.
;Date and time
: 07:36, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
* Wikibooks has several automated filters meant to prevent spam and vandals; sometimes these inadvertently catch non-spammers, especially very new users. I recommend making smaller edits at a time until you are eventually autoconfirmed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:57, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
== Yunchenli ==

;Username
: {{user|Yunchenli}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Yunchenli}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 01:49, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
* Wikibooks has several automated filters meant to prevent spam and vandals; sometimes these inadvertently catch non-spammers, especially very new users. I recommend making smaller edits at a time until you are eventually autoconfirmed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
* I took a look at all of [[User:Yunchenli|your]] edits, but most of them are more or less irrelevant to the page you were trying to create. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 06:44, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
== Robertbenjmin00 ==

;Username
: {{user|Robertbenjmin00}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Robertbenjmin00}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 05:53, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:{{not done}} – you tried to fill your talk page with irrelevant self-promotional spam, which was rightly detected by the edit filter. Further attempts to spam your talk page may result in a loss of editing privileges. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 06:31, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
== SomethingForDeletion ==

;Username
: {{user|SomethingForDeletion}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:SomethingForDeletion}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[360_Assembly/360_Family]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:360_Assembly/360_Family}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Trying to add a link to wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/Platforms/S390X – this is information about how to use the QEMU open source package to emulate z/Architecture IBM mainframes, and hence is relevant to the topic of the book and its readers. The edit filter won't even let me put the URL on this page!
;Date and time
: 20:05, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
BTW, I realise someone is probably going to say &quot;you can't because you are a new user please wait a few days&quot;. Can someone add the link for me? Also, wouldn't this edit filter be better if it took into account one's global contributions? A new user which has already made significant contributions on Wikipedia/etc is probably not a spammer. [[User:SomethingForDeletion|SomethingForDeletion]] ([[User talk:SomethingForDeletion|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SomethingForDeletion|contribs]]) 23:28, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

:@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] I'm not savvy enough to know this, but is there any way to take into account someone's global edits in the edit filter? My guess is no, but you would know better. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} Unless the filter itself is global, no. It is however possible to take into account global user groups, but that won't apply for the vast majority of users (it's useful for groups such as [[meta:GR|global rollback]] who can then use their rights here without being hit by the filter). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:03, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
== 110.224.130.225 ==

;Username
: {{user|110.224.130.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:110.224.130.225}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Was adding one important guide about intellectual property
;Date and time
: 11:03, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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:{{not done}}. You tried to add a link to a blog. That is not a reliable or useful source. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 21:09, 16 April 2023 (UTC)
== 58.169.215.204 ==

;Username
: {{user|58.169.215.204}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:58.169.215.204}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 09:14, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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Adding external links as required by my assignment and computer said no
:For reference to other admins, this IP tried to paste the following under a &quot;See also&quot; section on [[Transportation Planning Casebook/Fast(er) Rail in NSW]]. I'll leave it to others as to whether these links are appropriate or not, as I'm a sysop primarily for anti-vandalism purposes.
* Hawker Britton - Australia’s High-Speed Rail Network (History of High Speed Rail in Australia) (www.hawkerbritton.com/blog/2022/10/17/australias-high-speed-rail-network/)
* A Profile of High Speed Railways - Internal Australian Government Brief (www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/other_001_a_profile_of_high-speed_railways.pdf)
* The Story of (non-existent) High-Speed Rail in Australia - Railways Explained (www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rjvnpeqaj5s&amp;ab_channel=RailwaysExplained)
:--[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:21, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]! For the IP, what is the purpose of including these external links as is? If it is for the purpose of references/citations, I'd recommend using the dedicated reference tool for that. I'm curious what the actual requirement in the assignment is. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:02, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
::Me too – and if these do have to be linked, is the YouTube link really necessary? (as someone who follows NSW HSR off-wiki, I also question if it's the one of the best off-wiki links) --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 12:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

== Беспечная крыса ==

;Username
: {{user|Беспечная крыса}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Беспечная крыса}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Ada_Style_Guide/Programming_Practices]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ada_Style_Guide/Programming_Practices}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: A big part of section 5 is missing. I'm appending the lost part. The part contains external links to Ada Reference Manual as adahome site.
;Date and time
: 11:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== 78.3.89.31 ==

;Username
: {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[False Friends of the Slavist/Croatian-Bosnian]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:False Friends of the Slavist/Croatian-Bosnian}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I'm trying to remove &quot;sedmica&quot; as Croatian translation of week, this word is never used for &quot;week&quot; in Croatian, only &quot;tjedan&quot;. This is a false friend between Croatian and Serbian (and maybe Bosnian, no idea if Bosnian uses sedmica for week.
;Date and time
: 21:12, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
See my response below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

== 78.3.89.31 ==

;Username
: {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[False Friends of the Slavist/Polish-Croatian]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:False Friends of the Slavist/Polish-Croatian}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Trying to fix the &quot;droga&quot; false friend, current translation for Croatian is wrong. This should be placed instead:

{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/FalseFriends|ff77
|Pol. '''''droga'''''
|1. ''cesta'' ‘road’&lt;br&gt;2. ''put'' ‘way (of doing things)’
|Cr. '''''droga'''''
|Pol. ''używka'' ‘illegal drug, narcotic’
|doba}}
;Date and time
: 21:30, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
See my response below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

== 78.3.89.31 ==

;Username
: {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Can't report error while trying to add the meaning of &quot;arch&quot; for luk/łuk in Polish-Croatian false friends
;Date and time
: 21:41, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
Well I'm done trying. If you fix this filter bump this thread.
:Hello! My best guess about what happened is that you unwittingly tripped a global anti-vandalism filter since one of your edits contained profanity, and then repeated editing attempts tripped wikibooks-specific repeated vandalism filters. I'm not an expert on the edit filters, so someone with more experience may correct me. If you'd like to do more significant editing without the risk of tripping filters designed for IP vandals, you may wish to create an account. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:26, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

== The Yennefer ==

;Username
: {{user|The Yennefer}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:The Yennefer}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Reading room/General}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Trying to add link needed for deciding if the linked book can be added to wikibooks.
;Date and time
: 16:34, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
:Hello! It looks like the filter caught you since there are restrictions on new users posting links in order to prevent vandalism. I will note that when I investigated the link you were trying to post, it was broken and didn't link to anything. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
== Richard Vinke ==

;Username
: {{user|Richard Vinke}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Richard Vinke}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[&lt;link to translate manual&gt;]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:&lt;link to translate manual&gt;}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I try to add the following line, with external link to the end of the section &quot;translate&quot;.
To align an element to another element, the function align() can be used. See &lt;external link&gt;.
;Date and time
: 13:46, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
Hello! It looks like you were trying to add a raw link to that page. To prevent link spamming, very new users are not permitted to do so; additionally, in that context, you may wish to use a citation instead. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:41, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
== Gieyan81 ==

;Username
: {{user|Gieyan81}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Gieyan81}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 21:53, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:this happens as you are a new editor trying to insert URLs (hyperlinks). Save the edit with no URLs initially. You can come back and add them, one or two at a time, and after a few days the system will recognise that you are not trying to spam. By the way, one of the links you tried to insert was to Wikipedia. There is a way of doing this without a URL: enter '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[w:the wikipedia page name|a description]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 07:53, 16 June 2023 (UTC).
== EP426 ==

;Username
: {{user|EP426}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:EP426}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Themes_in_Literature%2FIsolation_and_Community%2FThe_Deluded_Self&amp;veswitched=1&amp;oldid=0&amp;veaction=edit]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Themes_in_Literature%2FIsolation_and_Community%2FThe_Deluded_Self&amp;veswitched=1&amp;oldid=0&amp;veaction=edit}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Copy pasting sandbox wikibook into a blank and new wikibook provided by the professor, yet the system won't let me as it considers it a large edit. IP Large Edits
;Date and time
: 09:18, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
Hello! My guess is that this is happening because you're a new user trying to make a large edit. I recommend breaking it up into multiple smaller edits to resolve the issue. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:45, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
== 2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66 ==

;Username
: {{user|2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 11:51, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
I am filling in my chapter for a wiki book and I am unable to publish changes due to an editing filter
:Hello—contributors who are not logged in are restricted in the size of their edits. I recommend making multiple smaller edits. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:04, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
== 2A01:7C8:AAB2:30E:5054:FF:FE9A:5545 ==

;Username
: {{user|%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%7Ctimestamp%3D%7B%7Bsubst%3ACURRENTTIMESTAMP%7D%7D}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%7Ctimestamp%3D%7B%7Bsubst%3ACURRENTTIMESTAMP%7D%7D}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 07:29, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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I thinking ever link need alternative some of countries pastebin.com didn't work.}}
== Amirx324 ==

;Username
: {{user|Amirx324}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Amirx324}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 14:57, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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:Thanks for drawing our attention to your spamming; you are now blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:29, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
== Teuxe ==

;Username
: {{user|Teuxe}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Teuxe}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[X86_Disassembly/Analysis_Tools]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:X86_Disassembly/Analysis_Tools}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I wanted to add a reference to ImHex which is a must-know free and open-source hex editor with lots of tools.
;Date and time
: 13:54, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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:{{ping|Teuxe}} try writing the reference without the link (just remove the &quot;https://&quot; bit), then you or another user can add it back in sometime later. You will need to be autoconfirmed to add links to most pages. {{User:L10nM4st3r/sig.css}} 18:23, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

:Done (but too quick, I wasn't logged in...). Thanks. [[User:Teuxe|Teuxe]] ([[User talk:Teuxe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Teuxe|contribs]]) 15:50, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
== Aletheajohnn ==

;Username
: {{user|Aletheajohnn}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Aletheajohnn}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 05:34, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
Promotion like this is prohibited on Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:31, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
== Tanbiruzzaman ==

;Username
: {{user|Tanbiruzzaman}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tanbiruzzaman}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Bob Baker Vs Rocky Marciano 2.3.56]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Bob Baker Vs Rocky Marciano 2.3.56}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was just reverting vandalism on the page, but triggered by the Filter description: Abuse 23
;Date and time
: 13:39, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== to upper case method for c# ==

;Username
: {{user|212.219.48.125}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:212.219.48.125}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/202
4]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/202
4}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Trying to put a method to convert to upper case for c#
;Date and time
: 13:41, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== Tony Rose Orge-Monzales ==

;Username
: {{user|Tony Rose Orge-Monzales}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tony Rose Orge-Monzales}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[= '''Educational Developments in the Philippines''' =]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:= '''Educational Developments in the Philippines''' =}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Published my work with no external links
;Date and time
: 09:46, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== 87.58.32.132 ==

;Username
: {{user|87.58.32.132}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:87.58.32.132}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: A few months after Elizabeth II died, I copied and repurposed some material about Charles III from this article into the article [[Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/The House of Windsor]]. When I tried deleting the now redundant Charles biography on &quot;Future monarchs&quot;, it kept warning me that I was deleting large amounts of material. I wrote a message on the [[Wikijunior talk:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs|&quot;Future monarchs&quot; talk page]] asking someone else to delete the Charles bio, but no one has done so. I probably should have come here and asked for help back then, and I apologize for not doing that. I would appreciate if someone who is authorized to do so deleted the Charles bio at &quot;Future monarchs&quot;. Thank you.
;Date and time
: 06:56, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
{{done}} Thanks for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:32, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
== Fabrickator ==

;Username
: {{user|Fabrickator}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Fabrickator}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[[[Professionalism/Boston's Big Dig Project]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[Professionalism/Boston's Big Dig Project]]}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: rescue broken &quot;boston.com&quot; link with Wayback link
;Date and time
: 16:43, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
Heads-up: I went to look at the wayback link in order to add it in manually for you, but it was broken. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
== Adolfo Martin Fuentes ==

;Username
: {{user|Adolfo Martin Fuentes}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Adolfo Martin Fuentes}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[BASIC Programming]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:BASIC Programming}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was adding two links to normative documents
;Date and time
: 15:23, 7 October 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== Adolfo Martin Fuentes ==

;Username
: {{user|Adolfo Martin Fuentes}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Adolfo Martin Fuentes}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[BASIC_Programming/Introduction]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:BASIC_Programming/Introduction}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was creating a new page as a framework for subsequent editing
;Date and time
: 18:59, 7 October 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== Mikedavid.1525 ==

;Username
: {{user|Mikedavid.1525}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mikedavid.1525}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I've made a slight modification to the text to enhance clarity and flow:
here my updated text

online Python editor and compiler that allows you to run your Python code without the need for any installation. With this convenient web-based tool, you can write, test, and execute Python code instantly.
;Date and time
: 09:18, 8 October 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== 92.17.242.176 ==

;Username
: {{user|92.17.242.176}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:92.17.242.176}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Ohio_7th_Grade_World_History/Spread_and_Impact_of_the_Black_Death]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ohio_7th_Grade_World_History/Spread_and_Impact_of_the_Black_Death}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: orthographic and grammatical corrections. Also, plague is caused by a bacterium, not by a virus as wrongly stated in one of the sections of this article
;Date and time
: 07:21, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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:What were you doing when you made the edit? &lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c71300&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ce3f00&quot;&gt;'''ROAR''' at me!&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 08:00, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
::This was a good edit that fell foul of an edit filter because your account (or IP address in this case) is new. It was triggered by including the word &quot;suck&quot; which is a common word for vandals to insert. I have made the edit for you. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:16, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
== Kdmz ==

;Username
: {{user|Kdmz}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kdmz}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Arabic/Online_resources]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Arabic/Online_resources}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Tried to add a new Arabic resource which presents an Arabic keyboard with a unique automatic diacritization feature and comprehensive Arabic grammar lessons from beginner to advanced levels but the edit triggered an automated throttle.
;Date and time
: 18:45, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
:{{ping|Kdmz}} Post a link that isnt the actual link, so like this: '''example.com/example''' instead of '''https://example.com/example'''. Then another user who can post external links will/should come along and make it a link. &lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c71300&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ce3f00&quot;&gt;'''ROAR''' at me!&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 08:08, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
::{{ping|Kdmz}} My original ping didnt work, now the issue has been fixed &lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#c71300&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ce3f00&quot;&gt;'''ROAR''' at me!&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 08:34, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
:::Ok done [[User:Kdmz|Kdmz]] ([[User talk:Kdmz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kdmz|contribs]]) 19:14, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
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== Daeraxa ==

;Username
: {{user|Daeraxa}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Daeraxa}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_an_external_Editor_with_OpenSCAD]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_an_external_Editor_with_OpenSCAD}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Attempting to add links to the &quot;Support of external editors&quot; section in order to add the link to both the Pulsar editor homepage and the relevant package - particularly relevant as Pulsar is the only actively maintained and developed fork of Atom and has nearly all of Atom's original packages. No commercial link spamming here as Pulsar is completely FOSS and has no monetisation other than a few donation links on the webpage in order to try and offset hosting costs. (Unrelated but this page keeps prompting to hit a &quot;Save page&quot; button which does not appear to exist? This is in the instructions banner as well as in the acceptance for ToS and Privacy Policy).
;Date and time
: 18:33, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
Sorry this got missed! I made the edit for you since there are restrictions on new/inexperienced users adding external links due to spam. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:35, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks for sorting that, part of the URL got missed (probably by me initially) so I've added it in and it seems to have let me do it. [[User:Daeraxa|Daeraxa]] ([[User talk:Daeraxa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Daeraxa|contribs]]) 03:06, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
== 204.116.105.26 ==

;Username
: {{user|204.116.105.26}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:204.116.105.26}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Ancient History/Greece/Mycenaean Civilization]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ancient History/Greece/Mycenaean Civilization}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: My friend tried to make a joke and put &quot;I AM A DINOSAUR&quot; on my other friend's computer and I was trying to change it back to &quot;The Iliad&quot;
;Date and time
: 20:13, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== O andras ==

;Username
: {{user|O andras}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:O andras}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/What_is_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/Legal_Perspective]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/What_is_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/Legal_Perspective}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: An external URL now results in HTTP 404, so I was replacing it with an archive.org version instead.
;Date and time
: 18:52, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== Joris Darlington Quarshie ==

;Username
: {{user|Joris Darlington Quarshie}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Joris Darlington Quarshie}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Creating User:Joris Darlington Quarshie/Userscript/Chapter Progress Tracker]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Creating User:Joris Darlington Quarshie/Userscript/Chapter Progress Tracker}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was creating a page for a userscript i just created for wikibooks.
;Date and time
: 11:42, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
@[[User:Joris Darlington Quarshie]] It looks like you were flagged due to the presence of links in your edit, since new users have restrictions on adding links to pages. Would you like me to add the content for you? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:55, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
== RandomEditin ==

;Username
: {{user|RandomEditin}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:RandomEditin}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=OpenSCAD_User_Manual/DXF_Extrusion]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_the_2D_Subsystem}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was trying to fix link rot by replacing the link with a archived version.
;Date and time
: 04:43, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
I've fixed it for you. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
== Helrasincke ==

;Username
: {{user|Helrasincke}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Helrasincke}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[LaTeX/Special_Characters#External_links]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:LaTeX/Special_Characters#External_links}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Triggered throttle whilst attempting to replace dead URLs with archived versions. Please rectify. Cheers
;Date and time
: 11:19, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
{{done}} cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:07, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
== 213.175.171.242 ==

;Username
: {{user|213.175.171.242}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:213.175.171.242}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Ke2/3...Qe4]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Ke2/3...Qe4}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was trying to add some content about the last move, but I got blocked by 'repeated vandalism attempts'. But, I was trying to add content to it!
;Date and time
: 16:10, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
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== 139.130.241.224 ==

;Username
: {{user|139.130.241.224}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:139.130.241.224}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Sandbox}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was trying to experiment with the sandbox, but a filter said that my edit will not be published as it is considers it as vandalism.
;Date and time
: 08:19, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
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== SociableFish ==

;Username
: {{user|SociableFish}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:SociableFish}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[More C++ Idioms/Curiously Recurring Template Pattern]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:More C++ Idioms/Curiously Recurring Template Pattern}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was trying to edit the CRTP page to add a simpler way you can do it in C++23 using explicit this parameter. Because people might not know what those 3 words mean, I wanted to make the 3 words link to the cppreference page about it. cppreference is the C++ reference wiki that most people use.
;Date and time
: 19:24, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
;Comments
Hi {{ping|SociableFish}} New users are restricted in their ability to add links in order to prevent spam. I'd recommend adding everything but the link, and then someone else can help you. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:08, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
== 49.187.16.86 ==

;Username
: {{user|49.187.16.86}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:49.187.16.86}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Sandbox}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I wanted to edit the Sandbox, isn't it a page for experimenting? Because it said that I am making unconstructive edits. Can you please fix this?
;Date and time
: 03:05, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;span class=&quot;template-ping&quot;&gt;@[[:User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]]:&lt;/span&gt; do you know why this pinged a filter? It does seem like a reasonable use of the sandbox. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:22, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|Kittycataclysm}}, the IP hit filter 18 - that's a simple rate filter. Seemed like the user was trying to make (to the filter) quick edits; we should improve this. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:40, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
::Got it, thanks! Unfortunately, I'm not sure how to go about making this kind of change. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:23, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

== Spindown ==

;Username
: {{user|Spindown}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Spindown}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[[[How to Solve the Rubik's Cube]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[How to Solve the Rubik's Cube]]}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was fleshing out part of the beginner methods section, since it had some material that was still in raw point form, and the instructions were incomplete. The link I provided, which triggered the spam filter, is a tutorial with diagrams that do a better job of explaining these steps. I would have added it as a citation, but I used a link to follow the style of the rest of the section.
;Date and time
: 18:25, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
Hi {{ping|Spindown}}! I'd recommend using citations over simply inserting links. I believe it is more appropriate for the book format and the way the link is being used. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:28, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

:I agree that citations would be better, however that clashes with the format of the existing text.  [[User:Spindown|Spindown]] ([[User talk:Spindown|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Spindown|contribs]]) 21:35, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== 110.54.146.208 ==

--[[Special:Contributions/110.54.146.208|110.54.146.208]] ([[User talk:110.54.146.208|discuss]])media&lt;math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;~
;Username
: {{user|110.54.146.208}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:110.54.146.208}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 07:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Zoetanya ==

;Username
: {{user|Zoetanya}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Zoetanya}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Creating About the DAReS project]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Creating About the DAReS project}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: insert an external link to the project to provide more information on it for incoming Hackathon participants
;Date and time
: 05:02, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Fabrickator ==

;Username
: {{user|Fabrickator}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Fabrickator}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Replace link for &quot;European Dream of Progress and Enlightenment&quot; with wayback link
: Sadly, it wouldn't allow including the url I was adding so had to delete it ... now I try to add it
: : web.archive.org/web/20080410041858/http://history-world.org/age_of_enlightenment.htm
;Date and time
: 03:16, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== 96.230.237.221 ==

;Username
: {{user|96.230.237.221}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:96.230.237.221}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was adding clarification about a calculator program that caused my class and I confusion. I was editing the &quot;Editing TI-Basic 84 Programming/ A Basic Program for clarity in using quotation marks/ string markers to enclose the message and make the program function.
;Date and time
: 01:24, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
I added the clarification for you. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
== TomKeane03 ==

;Username
: {{user|TomKeane03}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TomKeane03}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Uploading my univeristy assignment as required. will not let me save. all my own work with appropriate in text referencing and bibliography.
;Date and time
: 09:59, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
I believe this occurred because you are a new editor trying to make a large edit. Try making smaller edits. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:44, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
== 223.24.187.153 ==

[[Special:Contributions/223.24.187.153|223.24.187.153]] ([[User talk:223.24.187.153|discuss]]) 16:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
;Username
: {{user|223.24.187.153}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:223.24.187.153}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 16:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== 172.59.218.11 ==

;Username
: {{user|172.59.218.11}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:172.59.218.11}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: change lbs-ft to ft-lbs for every torque setting listed.
;Date and time
: 12:30, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Dmlsjournal ==

;Username
: {{user|Dmlsjournal}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Dmlsjournal}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 01:56, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Raidarr ==

;Username
: {{user|Raidarr}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Raidarr}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[User_talk:Kittycataclysm]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:Kittycataclysm}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Attempted notification that KC's impersonator on miraheze is locked and recommending a usurption request if there is an interest in claiming that name on miraheze in the future.
;Date and time
: 14:39, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Rodejong ==

;Username
: {{user|Rodejong}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Rodejong}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[User_talk:Kittycataclysm]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:Kittycataclysm}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was trying to notify Kittycataclysm, that the impersonator at Miraheze now has been globally locked, but what ever message I try to send, the message is blocked by Operator873's Filter. - The message is:
→I am a MH Volunteer. FYI, this user requested a new wiki, Global permissions and Stewardship within a day. And He/She referred to this account. So by coincident [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] confirmed my suspicion. 
Said user account is now disabled.  I hope this takes away the awkward feeling it must give to have an imposter using your on-wiki presence.
Kind regards&lt;nowiki&gt;, ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;←

Not even &quot;This user has been globally locked at MH.&quot; can be posted in that topic. 

Don't know what goes on, but this is weird.
;Date and time
: 14:17, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
{{ping|Leaderboard}} Do you know why this user and the user below encountered this issue with my talk page? The filter it tripped doesn't seem to be local. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:33, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|Kittycataclysm}}, it's a global filter maintained by {{re|Operator873}} - you probably can't see it because it's a hidden global filter. To Operator873: the filter message says that you intended to disable it, but you enabled it later. Can you adjust the filter to make use of global edit counts at least? Also, Kittycataclysm, you may want to apply for [[meta:AFH|abuse filter helper]] as that will allow you to view these global filters if this helps you in diagnosing these issues better (but it's optional). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
::{{re|Rodejong|Raidarr}} - pinging you with the explanation above. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much. At least @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] was notified. And a problem discovered that can be dealt with. All in all &quot;2 flies in one smack&quot; [[User:Rodejong|Rodejong]] ([[User talk:Rodejong|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodejong|contribs]]) 08:19, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] I cannot. I'm no longer a steward, nor meta sysop. I'd suggest requesting that filter be disabled on [[meta:Steward_requests/Miscellaneous|Meta:SRM]] for assistance. [[User:Operator873|Operator873]] ([[User talk:Operator873|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Operator873|contribs]]) 04:05, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
== 114.77.81.207 ==

;Username
: {{user|114.77.81.207}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:114.77.81.207}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Transportation Planning Casebook/Cross River Rail]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Transportation Planning Casebook/Cross River Rail}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Trying to edit my university assignment, the error is claiming I am adding a link, although I have not added any link in the main body, only using the cite/reference tool.  If I attempt to submit with the reference removed, it claims I am adding unconstructive information.
;Date and time
: 07:42, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
I'm not sure why this is getting flagged by the filter. {{ping|Leaderboard}} do you know what's going on here? My only recommendation would be to make an account. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:32, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|Kittycataclysm}} The links are the issue. I recommend the user to create an account, and reference properly (i.e, don't just put a bunch of links at the end). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:11, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
== 108.35.187.110 ==

;Username
: {{user|108.35.187.110}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:108.35.187.110}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Arab]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Arab}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Since this page had a lot of content removed (the boy’s name and most of the girl’s name section), I was trying to bring it back, but for some reason, it kept giving me an error. Can you bring the removed content back?
;Date and time
: 14:44, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Bkil ==

;Username
: {{user|Bkil}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[JavaScript/Bookmarklets]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:JavaScript/Bookmarklets}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Replace a broken link with a web.archive.org version
;Date and time
: 23:54, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Gberkolaiko ==

;Username
: {{user|Gberkolaiko}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Gberkolaiko}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Quantum Graphs]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Quantum Graphs}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Adding a reference to a published article.
;Date and time
: 20:39, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{done}} Already done by the user. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

== Hordes222 ==

;Username
: {{user|Hordes222}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Hordes222}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[User_talk:SHB2000]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:SHB2000}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I am trying to ask about creating a short page for the Irish Gambit (which would be Chess Opening Theory/1. e4 e5 2. Nf6 Nc6 3. Nxe5??). The page had been previously protected for vandalism, which triggered the filter, but my proposed edit is unrelated to said vandalism (see [[User:Hordes222/sandbox|my sandbox]] for what I would add).
;Date and time
: 22:52, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{done}} Appears to now exist at [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nxe5]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

== 92.29.137.45 ==

;Username
: {{user|92.29.137.45}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:92.29.137.45}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 15:14, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{Not done}} Doesn't appear constructive, and you don't appear to have provided any summary to explain the edit. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

== Bkil ==

;Username
: {{user|Bkil}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[User:Bkil]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: tried to link to Wikipedia
;Date and time
: 23:57, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{done}} [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
== TheMonkeyEatsBananas ==

;Username
: {{user|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TheMonkeyEatsBananas}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:SHB2000]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:SHB2000}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was seeking to add a new message to SHB2000's unarchived discussion page to discuss the false report that I filed above. However, this resulted in this new message also being automatically removed.
;Date and time
: 06:16, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{re|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} - can you try your previous edit on Physics again? Regarding the issue with {{re|SHB2000}}, the problem is that she (alongside a few other contributors) has been the target of harassment, which is why that edit was blocked. This will no longer happen once you get some experience. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:43, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

:I've amended the abuse filter to set this wiki as an exception (in addition to enwikivoyage), but Leaderboard has said everything that you [TheMonkeyEatsBananas] need to know. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] Thank you for your reply.
:Unfortunately with the Physics project, I didn't back up my work immediately before saving it. However, with about 20-30 minutes of spare time, I'll probably be able to attempt my edit again on the Unit 1 subpage of the project. I'll try this after I send this reply.
:Also, regarding harassment of any user on Wikimedia, that's particularly awful, and I hope the broader community is seeking to find a solution to further limit and prevent such activity. [[User:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|TheMonkeyEatsBananas]] ([[User talk:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheMonkeyEatsBananas|contribs]]) 08:22, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::You can usually check the content of what you wrote before it was blocked on &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser=TheMonkeyEatsBananas Special:AbuseLog]&lt;/span&gt;. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 09:06, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::Thank you. To note, I don't yet have the permissions for that as my account is still under four days old. I was able to rewrite what I had from the back-up and I ran into the same error, specifically &quot;IP Large Edits.&quot; Would the best approach for transferring the content be to simply wait until I'm a confirmed user? [[User:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|TheMonkeyEatsBananas]] ([[User talk:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheMonkeyEatsBananas|contribs]]) 09:23, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::::Yeah, I would say just wait till July 9 and then you'll become an autoconfirmed user. Unfortunately, we don't have any bureaucrats on this wiki to manually confirm you. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 09:43, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::::{{re|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} A steward has overridden this for you - try now. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:15, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
== LKreissig ==

;Username
: {{user|LKreissig}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:LKreissig}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Polyomino]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Polyomino}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Publishing has just been denied only because I mentioned the reputable online integer encyclopedia oeis.org. That is not any kind of commercial advertisement!
;Date and time
: 23:53, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:Just make the edit again with the URL omitted. Before doing so, make sure you name the page properly - it should be in a book, not a standalone page. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:34, 16 August 2024 (UTC)
== TheMonkeyEatsBananas ==

;Username
: {{user|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TheMonkeyEatsBananas}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Physics Explained Through a Video Game]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Physics Explained Through a Video Game}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: An introduction to classical mechanics with visual content from the website Bonk.io, a multiplayer physics game with a freely licensed policy for user-generated content. Although it uses examples from a video game as visual aids, the textbook only discusses real-world physics.

The filtered edit was a transfer of Unit 1 of the textbook from the Bonk.io Wiki, a wiki under Fandom, Inc., to Wikibooks. To note, I am the only contributor of the original textbook content. My intention was to move the content from the Bonk.io Wiki to a more appropriate location and continue my work on the project here. 

Thank you for your consideration.
;Date and time
: 22:06, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{not done}} {{ping|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} The edit needs attribution. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
== Kamui Kazi ==

;Username
: {{user|Kamui Kazi}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kamui Kazi}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[PSP/Translation_Projects]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:PSP/Translation_Projects}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Add my translation project to the list of active projects
;Date and time
: 16:34, 24 September 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:57, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
== 24.183.148.225 ==

;Username
: {{user|24.183.148.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:24.183.148.225}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 15:34, 23 July 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:52, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Ternera|Ternera]] help block @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9]] ([[User talk:2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|discuss]]) 22:06, 12 October 2024 (UTC)
::Bring it up with them, not me. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 22:08, 12 October 2024 (UTC)
:: (Note) This IP has a global block in /64. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:33, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
:Hi [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 17:58, 5 November 2024 (UTC)

== 75.172.52.200 ==

;Username
: {{user|75.172.52.200}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:75.172.52.200}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 20:38, 6 October 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
{{not done}} Please do not try to blank articles without a reason. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:35, 9 October 2024 (UTC)

:Why you are not done😭😭😭😭 [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 18:00, 5 November 2024 (UTC)

== Mdhor123 ==

;Username
: {{user|Mdhor123}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mdhor123}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Added a bunch of shortcuts to the list, but wasn't allowed to add the source.
;Date and time
: 09:28, 3 November 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:As a new editor, adding an external link can trigger the edit filter like this. It wasn't the shortcuts that caused the problem, it was the URL. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:01, 4 November 2024 (UTC)

== Tres Libras ==

;Username
: {{user|Tres Libras}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tres Libras}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Anti-spam filter.
;Date and time
: 00:22, 19 November 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;

I understand that this abuse filter is in place to protect enwikibooks from spam. I was only trying to revert a problematic edit on XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial. I’m not a regular contributor here; I mainly focus on combating cross-wiki vandalism and monitoring small wikis. Best regards.
: Looks like this was taken care of—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:51, 19 November 2024 (UTC)
== Ab12gu ==

;Username
: {{user|Ab12gu}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Ab12gu}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[OpenJSCAD_User_Guide]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:OpenJSCAD_User_Guide}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: want to add openjscad link
;Date and time
: 22:54, 10 December 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
* It does not look like you triggered any filters on that page? [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 01:51, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
== 108.35.187.110 ==

;Username
: {{user|108.35.187.110}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:108.35.187.110}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I am trying to add a link to a page on this very wiki I was about to revise for the false positive, but the filter flagged me for using an external link. The page in question is the Arab names section of Writing Adolescent Fiction, which had a lot of names removed by a vandal.
;Date and time
: 04:18, 21 November 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|done}}  – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:10, 16 January 2025 (UTC)

== 58.145.184.218 ==

;Username
: {{user|58.145.184.218}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:58.145.184.218}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 21:11, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|ndefm}}  – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:41, 16 January 2025 (UTC)

== 192.0.217.147 ==

;Username
: {{user|192.0.217.147}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:192.0.217.147}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Chess_Opening_Theory/1._c4/1…c5/2._b4
I was trying to write a page about the Queen's Wing Gambit. That's it, hopefully I'm not an idiot.
;Date and time
: 07:29, 22 December 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|alreadydone}}  – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:49, 15 January 2025 (UTC)

== 89.164.23.10 ah ffs, I was just trying to correct my spelling, but if wiki objects, whatever ==

;Username
: {{user|89.164.23.10}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:89.164.23.10}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 23:03, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
I've fixed this for you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
== 2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E ==

;Username
: {{user|2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Huh?
;Date and time
: 16:56, 30 November 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== 204.100.235.104 ==

;Username
: {{user|204.100.235.104}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:204.100.235.104}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Adding updated information about modems
;Date and time
: 22:01, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== AidenPrydeJF ==

;Username
: {{user|AidenPrydeJF}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:AidenPrydeJF}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Haskell/Getting set up]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Haskell/Getting set up}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Eliminated verbosity. Added links to Haskell Discord and IRC for Haskell environment installation assistance
;Date and time
: 17:55, 1 January 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
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== Jacobdgm ==

;Username
: {{user|Jacobdgm}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Jacobdgm}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[[[User:Jacobdgm]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[User:Jacobdgm]]}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Trying to add a link to my Wikipedia User page. I also tried to add a link to my personal website, similar to the link present on my Wikipedia User page, but even when I removed it, I continued to get the error message upon clicking &quot;Publish&quot;.

(Notably, I'm not even able to add a link to my Wikipedia User page [or, for that matter, my Wikibooks User page via URL] here. It's the same username, just in the Wikipedia domain.)

I'm guessing the main reason I'm getting an error message is because my Wikibooks account wasn't activated until a few minutes ago, when I made an edit to a recipe. But it does seem a bit silly that I should not be able to link to other Wikipedia/Wikibooks pages...
;Date and time
: 17:01, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
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: {{EFFP|defm}} The problem here is that you wrote the link to Wikipedia as https://..., which falls under the [[w:regular expression|regular expression]] for external links. I will look into the possibility of exempting links to Wikimedia projects from the filter. – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:49, 31 January 2025 (UTC)

:We would rather prefer ''not'' using bare links and rather use relative URLs (i.e, [[wikipedia:]]) [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:30, 1 February 2025 (UTC)
::I do think we should allow bare links, since those are often used when linking to diffs or log entries (including on the local project). [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:34, 1 February 2025 (UTC)
:::OK fair but that's not usually the case from my experience. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 03:02, 1 February 2025 (UTC)
:::Are there not ways to link to these without bare linking? Like [[Special:Diff]]? It seems like unambiguously valid cases of bare-linking are rare, and discouraging bare-linking seems like a useful way to help reduce spamming. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 1 February 2025 (UTC)
::::Those options do exist, however it took me quite a while to learn about them when I was new to the Wikimedia movement, and new users are precisely those users to whom this filter applies. Equally, users might not be aware of interwiki links ([[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Archives/2024/December#Can_one_publish_single_articles_on_Wikibooks?|example]]), or the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} edit]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; trick to link to a page's edit box (generally, only relatively advanced MediaWiki users are familiar with that one). Also, I find it hard to understand how exactly you could spam by linking to a Wikimedia project. Most spammers that we attempt to catch with this filter are attempting to use Wikimedia for [[w:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]] purposes, and linking to other Wikimedia projects seems like a very poor way of doing that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:05, 1 February 2025 (UTC)
== 1.46.150.177 ==

;Username
: {{user|1.46.150.177}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:1.46.150.177}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: [[User:JJPMaster|I]] did not attempt to make this edit, but I found it while patrolling [[Special:AbuseLog]], and the &quot;Repeated vandalism attempts&quot; filter should not have applied. The user previously made two legitimate edits that were not caught by the filter a minute prior, but the RVA filter disallowed it.
;Date and time
: 00:30, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Backofficeaccountant ==

;Username
: {{user|Backofficeaccountant}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Backofficeaccountant}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: i want a edit a external link on my main page as a  reference . please allow my page to do it it is necessary because of copyrights.

;Date and time
: 11:25, 15 February 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;

 i want a edit a external link on my main page as a  reference . please allow my page to do it it is necessary because of copyrights.
:You are trying to spam a link to your website, which isn't allowed. And now you are blocked, goodbye. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:30, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
== Ujumrfr ==

;Username
: {{user|Ujumrfr}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Ujumrfr}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 15:42, 11 March 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|notdone}}  – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:35, 21 March 2025 (UTC)
== CBID2 ==

;Username
: {{user|CBID2}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:CBID2}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Open Source Wikibooks]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Open Source Wikibooks}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was trying to add a section about Christine Peterson(she came up with the name &quot;open source&quot; and I felt that it was important to add this information to give her proper acknowledgment because she and other women in the open source community are often not acknowledged for their efforts). Unfortunately, I keep getting an error message anytime I try to publish it. Can anyone help me solve it?
;Date and time
: 17:12, 11 April 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: The link you've included aside, I don't think the quote you tried to add about the origin of the term &quot;open source&quot; is particularly useful. Also, the page you attempted to edit is [[Open Source]], not [[Open Source Wikibooks]] (which doesn't exist). [[User:TTWIDEE|TTWIDEE]] ([[User talk:TTWIDEE|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TTWIDEE|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 April 2025 (UTC)
== Locahox603 ==

;Username
: {{user|Locahox603}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Locahox603}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 16:07, 11 May 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:{{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:33, 23 May 2025 (UTC)
== Kcapoor ==

;Username
: {{user|Kcapoor}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kcapoor}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 03:37, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:02, 3 June 2025 (UTC)

== 2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8 ==

;Username
: {{user|2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[[[OpenSCAD User Manual/Input Devices]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[OpenSCAD User Manual/Input Devices]]}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was trying to improve the OpenSCAD input device manual, and added some links to the Debian and Arch linux wikis. Nothing too objectionable. I did spend some time making sure I was improving that page, so it'd be nice if those changes are accepted.
;Date and time
: 11:00, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|d}} Note that I removed the last sentence, which is unnecessary. Otherwise, your edit looked fine to implement. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:56, 3 June 2025 (UTC)

== 38.211.149.56 ==

;Username
: {{user|38.211.149.56}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:38.211.149.56}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 10:52, 1 June 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
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: {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:56, 3 June 2025 (UTC)
== 176.1.132.105 ==

;Username
: {{user|176.1.132.105}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:176.1.132.105}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: trying to add a source with a link via doi . org
;Date and time
: 22:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
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:{{EFFP|d|https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4519425}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 13:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
== {{subst:136472 Makemake}} ==

;Username
: {{user|2601:2C6:580:1960:9DF8:EF8C:BD2D:E975}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2601:2C6:580:1960:9DF8:EF8C:BD2D:E975}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[(1364720 Makemake]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:(1364720 Makemake}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I was editing it but it said &quot;We are sorry, your edit can not be completed at this time. Your recent edits have repeatedly triggered the edit filter. To prevent users from repeatedly attempting to make unconstructive edits, your edit has been disallowed. If this is not your intention, we apologize for the inconvenience but please report this error and try your edit again later.&quot;
;Date and time
: 21:58, 20 June 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
The edit was blocked as likely vandalism. While you weren't attempting to vandalise, you were copying and pasting text from Wikipedia which is a breach of the site license. If you wish to import text from Wikipedia, please request an import at [[WB:RFI]] [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:35, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
: Per the response above, I am marking as {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:00, 29 June 2025 (UTC)
== Makerofjacket ==

Hello, I attempted to add an external link to makerofjacket.com as a relevant reference for leather fashion and design. The brand is mentioned in the context of leather skirt styles and is directly related to the subject.

This is not promotional or spam content the link supports the topic and gives readers a source for further exploration.
:It is spam, as is your username, so you are now blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:21, 1 July 2025 (UTC)
== 185.164.156.170 ==

;Username
: {{user|185.164.156.170}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:185.164.156.170}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 18:53, 27 June 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:{{EFFP|d}} Though I'll put in a separate edit to fix your link, since it appears to be dead, and I've found a working one online. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:45, 6 July 2025 (UTC)

== ValWinter ==

;Username
: {{user|ValWinter}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:ValWinter}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[Swedish]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Swedish}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: I wanted to add the Swedish Phrasebook from Wikivoyage in the See Also section. Other WikiMedia sites related to the Swedish language were linked and I wanted to add this as well.

My reason is through researching language acquisition people recommend using phrasebooks as a good starting place for learning essential grammar/words.

If this is inappropriate I apologize and won't do it again.
;Date and time
: 20:14, 1 July 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
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:{{EFFP|nd}} {{ping|ValWinter}} I don't think this needs to be in there, as the Swedish language sites are probably enough, but thank you for your contribution! [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:48, 6 July 2025 (UTC)
:: For filter 7, this shouldn’t have tripped on Wikipedia URLs which are disallowed by another filter. I'll try to fix that filter later, and perhaps filter 44. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;'''''Codename Noreste'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])&lt;/span&gt; 03:51, 6 July 2025 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Codename Noreste}} I might suggest, by the way, that [[Special:AbuseLog/305229]] should not have been disallowed on this page, in the interests of allowing a user to report a perceived false positive to the noticeboard. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 04:12, 6 July 2025 (UTC)
::::Implementing a fix right now… &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;'''''Codename Noreste'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])&lt;/span&gt; 04:15, 6 July 2025 (UTC)
::::: [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]]: {{EFFP|fixed|Codename Noreste}} I tested this, and the false positive hit did not match. I also excluded some Wikimedia domains in addition to &lt;code&gt;&lt;ref&lt;/code&gt;. The filter should now trip if http is in added_lines then added_links. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;'''''Codename Noreste'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])&lt;/span&gt; 04:24, 6 July 2025 (UTC)
== MooseGooseTruce ==

;Username
: {{user|MooseGooseTruce}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:MooseGooseTruce}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[LaTeX/Installation]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:LaTeX/Installation}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Adding a link to the popular and well-maintained LaTeX plugin VimTeX to the Vim section.
;Date and time
: 08:53, 17 July 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|nd|The filter is working correctly as it prevents new users from adding external links, but I am not sure if Github is considered acceptable to add such links to books}} &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;'''''Codename Noreste'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A1000E&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/span&gt; 00:04, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
== Kristien86 ==

;Username
: {{user|Kristien86}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kristien86}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Page you were editing
: [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Liberty/Suspension/Shocks_%26_Struts&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Liberty/Suspension/Shocks_%26_Struts&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9}}|NAME=filter log}})
;Description
: Add an external link to Freedom Offroad USA - https://freedomoffroadusa.com/
;Date and time
: 20:53, 10 July 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:That was correctly blocked as probable spam. Please discuss on the page's talk page if you think there is value in adding the link [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:39, 11 July 2025 (UTC)
: {{EFFP|nd}} &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;'''''Codename Noreste'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A1000E&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/span&gt; 16:03, 11 July 2025 (UTC)
:Freedom Offroad USA is a similar/competitor company with the others listed/linked to. We added a valuable section on the topic of the page. Can we please have the link added? [[User:Kristien86|Kristien86]] ([[User talk:Kristien86|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kristien86|contribs]]) 22:25, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
== Tonyroberts2 ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:Tonyroberts2|Tonyroberts2]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:Tonyroberts2|discuss]]
|[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Tonyroberts2|email]]
|[[:b:Special:Contributions/Tonyroberts2|contribs]]
|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Tonyroberts2}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:Tonyroberts2}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Tonyroberts2}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Python_Programming/Excel]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPython_Programming%2FExcel}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPython_Programming%2FExcel&amp;wpSearchUser=Tonyroberts2}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: Adding a section for PyXLL (and Excel add-in mentioned on this page with no further information). Added a link to the PyXLL website (pyxll.com), which is consistent with other sections on this page.
;Date and time
: 11:55, 12 August 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
== Qbancoffee ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:Qbancoffee|Qbancoffee]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:Qbancoffee|discuss]]
|[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Qbancoffee|email]]
|[[:b:Special:Contributions/Qbancoffee|contribs]]
|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Qbancoffee}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:Qbancoffee}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Qbancoffee}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=DriveWire_4]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDriveWire_4}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDriveWire_4&amp;wpSearchUser=Qbancoffee}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: I'm trying to add content in the way of links and citations to a manual I am putting together for DriveWire 4
;Date and time
: 19:19, 11 October 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:{{EFFP|f|Codename Noreste}} I went ahead and excluded a legitimate link, so it should not trigger the filter anymore. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:29, 12 October 2025 (UTC)
== ~2025-60584-5 ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:~2025-60584-5|~2025-60584-5]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:~2025-60584-5|discuss]]
|[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2025-60584-5|email]]
|[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2025-60584-5|contribs]]
|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2025-60584-5}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2025-60584-5}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2025-60584-5}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonian/Alphabet]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMacedonian%2FAlphabet}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMacedonian%2FAlphabet&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2025-60584-5}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: Corrected the confusion between phonemic transcription (using the IPA standard and square brackets) and graphemic transcription (using local or international standards and angled brackets). Shortened and clarified some examples in the &quot;notes&quot; section as to not confuse the reader on sounds that cannot be approximated in the English language
;Date and time
: 22:11, 13 September 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|f|Codename Noreste}} '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:28, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
== NigoraJurayeva ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:NigoraJurayeva|NigoraJurayeva]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:NigoraJurayeva|discuss]]
|[[:b:Special:Emailuser/NigoraJurayeva|email]]
|[[:b:Special:Contributions/NigoraJurayeva|contribs]]
|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:NigoraJurayeva}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:NigoraJurayeva}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=NigoraJurayeva}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: Page not specified
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 18:41, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:01, 15 November 2025 (UTC)

== Imona61 ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:Imona61|Imona61]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:Imona61|discuss]]
|[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Imona61|email]]
|[[:b:Special:Contributions/Imona61|contribs]]
|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Imona61}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:Imona61}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Imona61}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: Page not specified
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 20:07, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|notdone}}  – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:54, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
== Blogger-booster ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:Blogger-booster|Blogger-booster]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:Blogger-booster|discuss]]
|[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Blogger-booster|email]]
|[[:b:Special:Contributions/Blogger-booster|contribs]]
|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Blogger-booster}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:Blogger-booster}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Blogger-booster}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: Page not specified
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 12:24, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:{{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 23:51, 16 November 2025 (UTC)
== Aroaceattorney ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:Aroaceattorney|Aroaceattorney]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:Aroaceattorney|discuss]]
|[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Aroaceattorney|email]]
|[[:b:Special:Contributions/Aroaceattorney|contribs]]
|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Aroaceattorney}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:Aroaceattorney}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Aroaceattorney}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[canadian refugee procedure]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=canadian+refugee+procedure}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=canadian+refugee+procedure&amp;wpSearchUser=Aroaceattorney}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: I was trying to add links of IRCC and CBSA's operational instructions and guidelines to the Home page of Canadian Refugee Procedure because I think it's useful for the readers to know how could the IRCC and/or CBSA handles an application.
;Date and time
: 00:05, 21 December 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|done}}  – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:29, 21 December 2025 (UTC)
== ~2025-37703-14 ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:~2025-37703-14|~2025-37703-14]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:~2025-37703-14|discuss]]
|[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2025-37703-14|email]]
|[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2025-37703-14|contribs]]
|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2025-37703-14}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2025-37703-14}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2025-37703-14}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming/Platform/POSIX]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAda_Programming%2FPlatform%2FPOSIX}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAda_Programming%2FPlatform%2FPOSIX&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2025-37703-14}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: Just trying to update a dead link. My last edit removed the old link, but soon afterward I found the new link. The new link is https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1003.5b/1429/
;Date and time
: 03:04, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:{{EFFP|d|4605219}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:09, 21 December 2025 (UTC)
== ~2026-96124 ==

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: [[:b:User:~2026-96124|~2026-96124]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
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|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-96124}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-96124}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Limit_of_functions]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Math_for_Non-Geeks%2F_Limit_of_functions}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Math_for_Non-Geeks%2F_Limit_of_functions&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2026-96124}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: The article is an English translation of this article: https://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Serlo%3A_EN%3A_Limit_of_functions&amp;uselang=en
One of my collaborators translated it on de.wikibooks.org, while erroneously leaving a large proportion of German text at the bottom:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Limit_of_functions
I copied the article here: https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks:_Grenzwert_von_Funktionen
and I tried to remove the excess text, so the content is in sync with the original German article.
;Date and time
: 17:49, 5 January 2026 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|ad|Sascha Lill 95}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:55, 5 January 2026 (UTC)
== ~2026-30281-5 ==

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: [[:b:User:~2026-30281-5|~2026-30281-5]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
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: Page not specified
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: 
;Date and time
: 21:12, 14 January 2026 (UTC)
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&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|notdone}}  – [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:47, 18 January 2026 (UTC)
== KT1234pro ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:KT1234pro|KT1234pro]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
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}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=KT1234pro}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: Page not specified
;Description
: 
;Date and time
: 06:54, 23 January 2026 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|notdone}}  – [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:28, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
== Standing Alone ==

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: [[:b:User:Standing Alone|Standing Alone]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
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|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:Standing Alone}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Standing+Alone}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[[[Python_Programming/Getting_Python|Python Programming]]]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BPython_Programming%2FGetting_Python%7CPython+Programming%5D%5D}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BPython_Programming%2FGetting_Python%7CPython+Programming%5D%5D&amp;wpSearchUser=Standing+Alone}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Python_Programming/Getting_Python&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4613227 change]]
I was adding PyPy to the other distributions, and at the end, it mentioned the link to get the distribution. However, it seems that, due to spam prevention, the addition of external links is disabled. Could you please add this [[https://pypy.org/ link]] to that table?
;Date and time
: 07:04, 23 January 2026 (UTC)
;Comments
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:{{EFFP|d|diff}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:29, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
== Davidlovechess ==

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: [[:b:User:Davidlovechess|Davidlovechess]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
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}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[Pinyin]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Pinyin}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Pinyin&amp;wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: deleting what i personally think is usless to the topic
;Date and time
: 14:08, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
;Comments
:The edit was correctly blocked. A new editor deleting more than half the page because you &quot;think is usless&quot;[sic] was correctly identified as likely vandalism. I suggest you make smaller edits, and learn more about this project, before wading in to make large changes like this. &lt;!-- Template:Unsigned --&gt;&lt;small class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—&amp;nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) &lt;/small&gt; 17:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
== Engmark ==

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: [[:b:User:Engmark|Engmark]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
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|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:Engmark}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Engmark}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[QEMU/Monitor]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=QEMU%2FMonitor}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=QEMU%2FMonitor&amp;wpSearchUser=Engmark}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: Update keys for QEMU 10.1.2
;Date and time
: 14:21, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
;Comments
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:{{EFFP|done|4618023}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:07, 7 February 2026 (UTC)

== X5DragonFire ==

;Username
: [[:b:User:X5DragonFire|X5DragonFire]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:X5DragonFire|discuss]]
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|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:X5DragonFire}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=X5DragonFire}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Print version]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Animals%2FPrint+version}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Animals%2FPrint+version&amp;wpSearchUser=X5DragonFire}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: I was editng the print version of the Anatomy and Physiology of Animals page to be more print friendly, and in doing so copied the image from Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Cardiovascular System into that page in order to replace a non-print-friendly template.
The description of that image has a link to what I assume is the original creator of that image on Flickr. My guess is that's what is getting flagged.
;Date and time
: 22:49, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
:{{EFFP|done|4618018}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:01, 7 February 2026 (UTC)
== Davidlovechess ==

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: [[:b:User:Davidlovechess|Davidlovechess]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
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}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[Classical_Chinese/Lesson_6]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Classical_Chinese%2FLesson_6}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Classical_Chinese%2FLesson_6&amp;wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: i was trying to replace the text
;Date and time
: 10:06, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
;Comments
:{{EFFP|note}} I can verify that they are indeed making huge modifications to the lessons in [[Classical Chinese]], as the original texts were harder and longer, and many of the explanations for the original texts were incomplete. The texts that they use are simpler and are more useful as an introductory guide to Classical Chinese. [[Classical Chinese/Lesson 6]]'s text (“喜雨亭记”) was long and there is a huge table on the page; they are trying to replace the table with their own text. [[User:Jianhui67|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0E0&quot;&gt;Jianhui67&lt;/span&gt;''']]&lt;sup&gt; [[User talk:Jianhui67|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1E90FF&quot;&gt;'''talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;★&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Jianhui67|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1E90FF&quot;&gt;'''contribs'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:12, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
:{{EFFP|d|4618085}} Consider it done, as there seems to be no objections to the content replacement, though you might want to see what you can do with the original text 喜雨亭记. [[User:Jianhui67|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0E0&quot;&gt;Jianhui67&lt;/span&gt;''']]&lt;sup&gt; [[User talk:Jianhui67|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1E90FF&quot;&gt;'''talk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;★&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Jianhui67|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1E90FF&quot;&gt;'''contribs'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:07, 7 February 2026 (UTC)
== WestenM86 ==

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: [[:b:User:WestenM86|WestenM86]]&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; {{toolbar|separator=dot
|[[:b:User talk:WestenM86|discuss]]
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|[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:WestenM86}}}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;logs&lt;/span&gt;]
|[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&amp;wiki{{=}}wikibooks&amp;name{{=}}{{urlencode:WestenM86}} &lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;count&lt;/span&gt;]
}}&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=WestenM86}} filter log]&lt;/span&gt;)
;Page you were editing
: [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Infrastructure+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Casebook%2FWashington+Metro}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Infrastructure+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Casebook%2FWashington+Metro&amp;wpSearchUser=WestenM86}} user filter log])&lt;/span&gt;
;Description
: We are students who are just trying to figure out this system and make our start for this project made by our professor. We are allowed to do this by George Mason University.
;Date and time
: 18:20, 20 February 2026 (UTC)
;Comments
&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|done|4620689}} I have added the text for you and moved the page to [[User:WestenM86/Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro]], but please do not try to remove {{tl|delete}} templates. – [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:42, 26 February 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Markdown ==

Can you clarify why you deleted [[Markdown]]? The deletion summary says &quot;Mass deletion of abandoned/orphaned/out of scope pages with minimal or no content. (sysop action)&quot;. It did not seem to fail a RFD and from what I remeber, it was a short instructional page I made on Markdown.

The page is in [https://web.archive.org/web/20250427011600/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Markdown Wayback Machine].

Actually, can you please undelete the page, send it to RFD if you are still convinced it should be deleted, and ping me? I think it is a neat little page providing minimum useful artifact and can be expanded later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:53, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: Looking at the deleted edits from that page, [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] (whom I pinged for second opinion) marked it for speedy deletion as it was considered {{tq|abandoned with little to no meaningful content}}, but you may file a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for undeletion]] citing your reasons why that page should be undeleted and kept when you plan to update it. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:55, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:: I opened [[Wikibooks:Requests for undeletion#Markdown]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:38, 5 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...a5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>469469</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:20:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
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      <comment>speedy delete</comment>
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      <text bytes="242" sha1="7m9ybgioq4r5k6epi0t3iy4v5t1l73n" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|Test page. Not chess opening theory.}}
a5?! Is a weak move for Black, and cuts off all Bishop's Opening theory permanently.


FEN:rnbqkbnr/1ppp1ppp/8/p3p3/2B1P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQK1NR w KQkq - 0 3


Played 115,536 times

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f6/3. Nxe5/3...Qe7</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>469574</id>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3...Qe7 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1107" sha1="erej8p9buhvvvvznx9riggub1rj8cdp" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Damiano defence
|parent=[[../|Damiano defence]]
}}
== 3...Qe7 ==
Black realises they cannot afford to take back with the f-pawn, and plays ...Qe7, skewering the knight and e4 pawn instead. This lays a trap for an unsuspecting White player. 

The usual move, after 3...fxe5, is 4. Qh5+. If White only half remembers the refutation and plays '''4. Qh5+?''' in this position&lt;ref&gt;which is the move played an appalling 48% of the time per the Lichess database&lt;/ref&gt; then after 4...g6! White's queen and the knight are hanging. 5. Nxg6 Qxe4+ 6. Be2 Qxg6{{Chess/not|--}}.

'''4. Nf3''' is White's best move. This returns the pawn but White gets a big lead in development, and Black's pawn on f6 is permanently misplaced. 4...Qxe4+ 5. Be2 d5 6. Nc3 (kicking queen){{Chess/not|++}}.  

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}
{{Chess/theory table |links=0
|line1=4. Nf3 Qxe4+ 5. Be2 d5 6. Nc3
|eval1={{Chess/not|++}}
|name1=Damiano defence

|line2=4. Qh5+? g6! 5. Nxg6 Qxe4 6. Be2 Qxg6
|eval2={{Chess/not|--}}
}}
{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===

{{ChessFooter}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Bb5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>469852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635534</id>
      <parentid>4440060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:25:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>speedy delete</comment>
      <origin>4635534</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="219" sha1="oru75s2vj2c3kl4bznjtgom3o73cw51" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|Test page. Not opening theory.}}
&lt;big&gt;2. Bb5+?!&lt;/big&gt;

The Greg Variation. This is considered bad, as Black can halt the check with 2...c6! gaining a tempo on the Bishop with a lead in development.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Bd6</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>469986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635539</id>
      <parentid>4440952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T11:57:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sideline template. No basis for name that I can see. Rewrote analysis.</comment>
      <origin>4635539</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1674" sha1="3evgm8mg31fbcst1ddo07p8wrrdeash" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Morphy defence
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5|Spanish opening]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6|Morphy defence]] → [[../|4. Ba4]]
}}
== 4...Bd6!? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
Black over-defends their e-pawn with their bishop. This is an unusual place to put the bishop, because Black would have to move it again before their can play ...d6. 

Perhaps Black was thinking of chasing down White's bishop, as in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...b5/5. Bb3/5...Na5|Norwegian variation]], (4...b5 5. Bb3 Na5), but wanted to first relieve the knight of its duty defending e5 (in the regular Norwegian variation, Black is happy to answer 6. Nxe5 with ...Qg5 and recover the pawn that way). 

Perhaps Black just wanted to develop their kingside and castle as soon as possible, but if so ...Be7 (and the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7|Closed Spanish]]) is a better placement. 

'''5. O-O''' is a sensible move for White, and by giving their rook access to the e-file they may soon be able to exploit the bishop's awkward placement. An example line is: 5. O-O Nf6 6. d4 exd4 7. e5!, where 7...Nxe5 8. Nxe5 Bxe5 9. Qe2 (the bishop and d7 pawn are both pinned) O-O 10. Qxe5 {{chess/not|+++}}. 

White should avoid probably now avoid exchanging the knight, as '''5. Bxc6?!''' dxc6 helps Black to eliminate the drawback of the trapped d-pawn, and the game transposes into the perfectly sensible king's bishop line of the exchange variation. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Bc5/3. Qg4</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>470463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635536</id>
      <parentid>4447113</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T11:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>page format, analysis and history. rare sideline</comment>
      <origin>4635536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1585" sha1="57t7lfg9bs37vga9qymmrpwg6gw8txe" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Giraffe attack
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C25]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3|Vienna game]] → [[../|Anderssen defence]]}}
== 3. Qg4?! · Giraffe attack ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
White develops their queen early to pressure g7. This looks to take advantage of Black's move order: by developing their bishop first, they left the g7-pawn undefended. 

White is happy if they are able to provoke the weakening move '''3...g6?!''', where 4. Bc4 sets a trap. 4...d4? seems like a strong move that discovers an attack on White's queen while attacking their bishop, however 5. Qg3 and the bishop is still defended tactically: 5...dxc4? 6. Qxe5!+ winning the rook. If 5...Nc6 to defend e5, 6. exd5!, and if 5...Nd7 instead, White wins the pawn with 6. Bxd5. 

'''3...Nf6!''' is the best move: simply developing and gaining time on the queen. It turns out White's threat to g7 was illusory: 4. Qxg7? Rg8 5. Qh6 Bxf2+! and should the king take the bishop, 6. Kxf2 Ng4+ winning the queen.  

=== History ===
The name, like several irregular opening animals, originates with Eric Schiller:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Unorthodox Chess Openings |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Cadoza Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=0-940685-73-6 |location=New York |pages=458-459}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;The queen should not move to this square unless it can safely capture at g7, and here she cannot. We might call this the Giraffe Attack, because White is sticking his neck out here.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>471047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635530</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>rare sideline. no connection to Transnistria</comment>
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      <text bytes="560" sha1="5k5kdk90nusq4zwvuudh7gzpqcgyqg2" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Smith-Morra gambit accepted
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B21]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Sicilian defence]] → [[../|Smith-Morra gambit accepted]]
}}
== 4. bxc3?? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
White forgets why they offered the pawn sacrifice 3. c3 in the first place. Slavish adherence to the rule of &quot;capture towards the centre&quot; has lead them here, down a pawn, with isolated a- and c-pawns, nothing developed, and with their knight unable to reach c3. 

Black should have an easy game. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>471048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635531</id>
      <parentid>4452570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
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      <comment>Sideline template. No basis for woolly mammoth name that I can see.</comment>
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      <text bytes="491" sha1="7lxi9vflygz0hdd1nddrl6ol5v6s0fm" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Danish gambit
|eco=
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4|Centre game]] → [[../|Danish gambit accepted]]
}}
== 4. bxc3? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
An error. White forgets why the sacrifice was offered in the first place: by retaking with a pawn, White does not develop their pieces in compensation for the sacrifice, and is left with weak and isolated a- and c-pawns to boot. 

Black should have an easy game.  

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d5</title>
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      <comment>the name &quot;lawrence port&quot; seems to have no basis</comment>
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|name=Sicilian defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B27]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Sicilian defence]] → [[../|2. Nf3]]
}}
== 2...d5? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
A move that has some popularity with beginners only, who want to open the centre immediately. 

Something like a delayed [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]], the forcing sequence is '''3. exd5''' Qxd5 4. Nc3 (White gains time on Black's queen). Unable to move to a5, as the main line of the Scandinavian, the queen returns to 4...Qd8. 

Black has lost time and White is ahead in developing their minor pieces. Black has half-opened their d-file, so White should play 5. d4, or they will find it difficult to later: 5. Bc4? Nc6 and Black controls d4 three times to White's twice. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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== How did you do it? ==

How did you do the mass-deletion of the IP edits I requested on Meta? You did all of them within one minute, but there is no [[Special:Nuke|Nuke]] tag. Did you use an alternative script, or are you just really fast at clicking the &quot;Delete&quot; button? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:47, 18 January 2025 (UTC)

:I use All-in-one on projects that I've been locally appointed to a sysop – it's a massive gamer changer haha. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:49, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::[[m:User:WhitePhosphorus/all-in-one]] for reference. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:50, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
== On a deletion you made in July of last year ==

You deleted [[The Christian meaning of life]] as a result of a query, however you did not delete its subpages. Therefore, the root page was recreated today, with all of the subpage links intact, which was a bit odd. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 05:51, 21 January 2025 (UTC)

:Oh whoops – I queried all of them again, probs best to delete then in 1 week. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 06:00, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
::The author has now said that it was a &quot;book draft&quot; and would like a &quot;draft template&quot; to be added. What should be done here? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:07, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
:::I don't get involved with content work here, unfortunately. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:03, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
== My RFPs ==

As a note, you combined the permission requests for my bot and I onto [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions/JJPMaster (bot)]]. Was this intended? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:05, 2 February 2025 (UTC)

:Okay, facepalm on me. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:05, 2 February 2025 (UTC)
== how frequently should I add content? ==

I see that all my pages were deleted. How frequently am I required to keep contributing? Is the minimum making a contribution once a week? Is it possible to recover the content that was deleted? This is a long term project that I am trying to slowly build. [[User:Tkojar|Tkojar]] ([[User talk:Tkojar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tkojar|contribs]]) 19:19, 24 April 2025 (UTC)

:No, there is no minimum number of contributions required at all; this is a volunteer site. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:21, 24 April 2025 (UTC)
== Thanks for deleting the obsolete Oberon pages ==

 ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 17:25, 13 July 2025 (UTC)
== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30471751 --&gt;</text>
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== Question ==

Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! Is there a reason you created [[Cuisine of Mexico]] as a redirect? Nothing links there, and all redirects in the cookbook should begin with the Cookbook: prefix. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:39, 8 May 2025 (UTC)
: Hi. Say for example there is a redirect, [[Cuisine of Armenia]] (it does exist), and it redirects to the cookbook itself. I thought it would be OK to create the redirect per that example I posted here, but otherwise you can let me know what mistakes I have done and how I can learn from them. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:50, 8 May 2025 (UTC)
::Very understandable! I took a look at it, and [[Cuisine of Armenia]] should be deleted for the same reasons as [[Cuisine of Mexico]]. If you want some more information on Cookbook redirects, please feel free to take a look at [[Cookbook:Policy]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:17, 8 May 2025 (UTC)
::: All right, thank you for the information. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:23, 8 May 2025 (UTC)
== Pending edit ==

Hey, sorry to be messaging you directly here, but I seem to not have permission to edit the requests pages and IRC seems to be inactive as well. Could you approve my proposed change to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4]]? [[User:Dayshade|Dayshade]] ([[User talk:Dayshade|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayshade|contribs]]) 15:16, 25 July 2025 (UTC)
: Hello, [[User:Dayshade|Dayshade]]. I just marked your edit to the Chess Opening Theory page as reviewed. Thank you for the clarification. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;'''''Codename Noreste'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A1000E&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:44, 25 July 2025 (UTC)
== correctly? ==

Did I [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions nominate] myself correctly? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 19:42, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

:Leaderboard granted you the importer permission indefinitely, as you have imported pages before using your temporary administrator status. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|d]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|c]]) 17:25, 12 October 2025 (UTC)
::That's great to know! [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 03:16, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
:::No problem. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:35, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

== ~2025 accounts ==

I'm seeing several accounts that start with &quot;~2025&quot; over here and on Simple English Wikipedia, and there's probably other places too. What are these accounts, bots? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 03:16, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:[[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], please read [[:mw:Help:Temporary accounts|Help:Temporary accounts]] on MediaWiki. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:35, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
== Please no more LTA ==

Please let me edit Unicode again since I didn't add LTA stuff. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29764-49|&amp;#126;2025-29764-49]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-29764-49|talk]]) 23:52, 22 October 2025 (UTC)
: You can talk to Kittycataclysm about this. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:25, 23 October 2025 (UTC)
== [[:Template:PD-self]] ==

line 3, remove leading &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;? I can't do this directly. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:11, 28 October 2025 (UTC)

Also appreciated if you could look through: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/missing-end-tag?wpNamespaceRestrictions=&amp;titlecategorysearch=&amp;exactmatch=1&amp;tag=all&amp;template=with 

Thanks :). [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:11, 28 October 2025 (UTC)

: Also [[:Template:PD-user]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:12, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
:: [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]], I've removed those leading symbols. Given that you are dealing with those lint errors and some of them are in fully protected pages, I would suggest you should run for (either temporary or permanent) adminship with your stated reasoning (including for cleaning up these lint errors) on [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:40, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
:::Will consider it,  At least some of the remainder are 'interface' (e.g. [[MediaWiki:Explainconflict&amp;action=edit&amp;lintid=984488]]) and I wouldn't be granted interface admin to edit those. &lt;!-- Template:Unsigned --&gt;&lt;small class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—&amp;nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) &lt;/small&gt; 12:58, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]: [[MediaWiki:Explainconflict]] can only be edited by administrators and global interface editors (they have &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;), and I don't see any non-admin interface administrators on this project. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:57, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
: [[Template:File link]] Module in template space? [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 13:40, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
:: There was already a module, [[Module:File link]], so I've replaced the content of that template. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:57, 28 October 2025 (UTC)

== [[:Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]] ==

This should be admin only, and I would like to request AWB access for future lint fixes which can be semi automated. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 14:59, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
: [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]], I've added you to the list, but I am hesitant to fully protect the check page at the moment. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:08, 28 October 2025 (UTC)

== [[:Template:Effective_protection_level]] ==

Module in template namespace?  (Aside: Do we have {{tl|edit protected}}[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:42, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
: I've deleted that template, and yes we have the edit protected template. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:56, 28 October 2025 (UTC)

== [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._Nf3/2...dxe4]] ==

What broke?
The template {{tlx|chess/not|only}} throws a lint, and just REFUSES to format properly where it's used here. Suggestions? 
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 00:31, 29 October 2025 (UTC)
== [[:User talk:Adrignola/2009/06]] ==

The lint is  a simple unclosed &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:24, 29 October 2025 (UTC)
Should be easily found with somwthing like the linthint script. 

I am starting to hit the limits of what I can usefully repair. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:24, 29 October 2025 (UTC)
: You should apply for adminship. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:06, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

== [[:MediaWiki:Common.js/w/Wikibooks:Dialog]] ==

This is a misdetection by the Linter,  The file type is clearly javascript, but a linter for wikitext is being applied?

Also:
* [[:MediaWiki:Common.js/w/Wikibooks:Dialog/diagnostic panel]] 
* [[:MediaWiki:Common.js/w/Wikibooks:Dialog/do]]
* [[MediaWiki:Common.js/w/Wikibooks:Dialog/echo]]
* [[MediaWiki:Dialog/receive]] 

[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:07, 29 October 2025 (UTC)
: Now {{done|converted}} to JavaScript. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:04, 29 October 2025 (UTC)
== Thank you! ==

Just wanted to stop by and say thank you for all the work you've been putting into the edit filter lately! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:27, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
: I appreciate your response. Wikibooks needed an administrator who has solid expertise in edit filters and regex, so I have decided to lend a helping hand in that field. I have also been overhauling and updating the modules and templates. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 11 November 2025 (UTC)
== Removed user right ==

I received a notification that I'm no longer a member of autoreviewed users. Would you explain why? I have gaps in my editing here, but when I do edit, it tends to be significant things on one Wikibook: [[OpenSCAD User Manual]] (see my contribution history). If it matters, I am also an administrator on the English Wikipedia. [[User:Anachronist|Anachronist]] ([[User talk:Anachronist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Anachronist|contribs]]) 03:31, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
: [[User:Anachronist|Anachronist]], the autoreviewed user permission is a subset of reviewer permissions, and per [[Wikibooks:Reviewers]], the autoreviewed user permission can be removed from a user when they also have reviewer permissions. I am also doing this per [[User talk:Kittycataclysm#Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:34, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
::Thanks, I appreciate the explanation. [[User:Anachronist|Anachronist]] ([[User talk:Anachronist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Anachronist|contribs]]) 04:32, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
== Thank you ==

for having taken the time to report [[phab:T409743]]. It is greatly appreciated :) &amp;zwj;—&amp;zwj;[[user:a smart kitten|a&amp;nbsp;smart kitten]] ([[user talk:a smart kitten|discuss]] • [[special:contribs/a smart kitten|contribs]]) 06:01, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
: No problemo. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 13 November 2025 (UTC)
== Notice of expiration of your interface-admin right ==

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== Regarding your mass deletions ==

Firstly, I have reversed all your deletions of [[Chess Opening Theory]] redirects. Whenever you see a broken redirect, ''please always open the page it targeted''. Here, when you moved a bunch of pages en masse after a request at [[WB:AA]], you left behind a bunch of broken redirects. I saw these redirects in [[:CAT:CSD]] earlier, and left them alone since I figured you'd connect those redirects to that request, and thus discover [[Special:GoToComment/c-Atiedebee-20251231082700-Codename_Noreste-20251229012000|this comment]], after which you would move the pages again and retarget. However, you deleted them. I have undeleted them.

Secondly, I'd like to ask why exactly you deleted all those subpages of [[Australian Curriculum Mathematics]], which have existed for over a decade in many instances? I feel like this should have been taken to RfD instead.

I have no problems with your other deletions.

Thank you for your time. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:30, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: I was handling the speedy deletion backlog when unfortunately, I did not realize the chess redirects were supposed to be corrected. Second, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] marked the Australian Curriculum Mathematics subpages for speedy deletion, because the subpages were considered abandoned material (but I agree that this should have been taken to RFD). However, we should probably wait for their opinion regarding the ACM subpages. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] Chiming in here! I nominated the [[Australian Curriculum Mathematics|ACM]] pages for speedy deletion because it looked to me like they met the [[WB:SPEEDY]] criteria of &quot;pages with no meaningful content&quot; and the instruction to &quot;delete stubs that are too narrowly defined or do not have a decent definition of what they are about&quot; (see, for example, [[Australian Curriculum Mathematics/Grade 10A/Chance]]). I flagged them for another admin to delete because I sometimes like to get a second pair of eyes on a page I think should be speedily deleted, but I didn't think they were sufficiently developed to bring to RFD. Does this clarify things? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
== Font wrapping links? ==

Do you know any bot writers?

The update pattern is reasonably straightforward (check my contributions), and it would seem sensible for this to be done as a bulk effort.  This would free up time to work on items that need a more human nuance... There are automated repair bots on Wikipedia that could do this. :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 20:21, 17 March 2026 (UTC)

:Forwarding this matter to @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:51, 18 March 2026 (UTC)
== Unclosed table ==

[[Control Systems/Print version]]

However none of the input pages seem to show up as a having a missing table? Suggestions? It's not really feasible to build the print version up from scratch in a sandbox as I do not know how it gets built..  [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 20:00, 28 March 2026 (UTC)
: I think many of the chapters are transcluded on that printable page, so you might need to find out which chapter has lint errors. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:04, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
== Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis ==

Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere.

Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: I'm afraid that I may not able to answer that, apart that you comply with Wikibooks' scope. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== Deletion of Subpage ==

Hello Codename Noreste
You have recently deleted a subpage in &quot;my&quot; Wikibook for Publications:
https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia
This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately.
Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain).
Thanks
Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
: Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hello Codename Noreste
::The primary page is here:
::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications
::If you could undelete the subpages also, that would be great (sorry, I have no record of what they were).
::Then I could start including proof of public domain for as many as possible (I am now again active on Wikibooks).
::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] They are now undeleted, so you can make the necessary changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Thank you, I can now see:
::::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications
::::But I still can't see any of the subpages
::::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 03:03, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::: Try restoring [[Special:Permalink/4019477|this version]], thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|Samuel.dellit}} Reverted the tags, you should see the articles, I suggest you look into the authors of articles of transcribed articles and confirm they ALL died before 1946 ( Australia at the date of the Issues concerned was 50 pma, making it (disapointinhly that anything still in copyright in Australia in 1996, got a full US term due to URAA, NOT a 28 year and renewal as might be expected.).  If you don't provide further biographical detail for the authors, these publication transcriptions will be considered copyvio, and retagged. 
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:01, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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    <title>Cookbook:Deli Meat</title>
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| Image = [[File:Fiambre - Lhardy.JPG|300px]]
}}

{{Ingredient}}

Deli meat is a type of pre-cooked or cured meat, usually sliced and served cold. It can be eaten cold or cooked.

Deli meat is typically used in sandwiches, though often in other meals, for example: [[Cookbook:Scotch Egg|Scotch Egg]]. Deli meats include various different meats, some examples could include: [[Cookbook:Ham|ham]], [[Cookbook:Turkey|turkey]], [[Cookbook:Roast Beef|roast beef]], [[Cookbook:Prosciutto|prosciutto]], [[Cookbook:Pastrami|pastrami]], [[Cookbook:Pepperoni|pepperoni]], [[Cookbook:Bologna|bologna sausage]], and [[Cookbook:Chicken|chicken]].</text>
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      <text bytes="162" sha1="d2ax2wy7cfe9t4imraic3c59rpe1g3d" xml:space="preserve">Heyo, thx for visiting my page.

I'm KonaKona69, I'm mostly active on Wikibooks (cookbook) but occasionally edit stuff over on Wikipedia! ^w^

[[File:Naides.png]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9813" sha1="rxt2e11t4lzxh5799p4ikkqfromsdhg" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials ==
This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience.

=== The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics ===
Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or &quot;number crunching&quot; as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention.

Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense.

With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima:

* Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima
* Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means
* Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process

==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ====

# Mathematical expressions
# Object expressions
# Programming expressions

==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two &quot;ingredients&quot; so to speak: ====

# Atoms
# Operators

==== Atoms: ====
These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are:

# Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name
# Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals
# Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters

==== Operators: ====
These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including:

# Mathematical operators such as + , - , * ,  /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include &quot;functions&quot; such as sin(x), log(x), etc.
# Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes 


'''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is &quot;out-of-the-box&quot; so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word &quot;function&quot; has become overloaded.

=== A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators ===
Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value.

With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms&lt;/u&gt; ===
There are three types of atoms used as &quot;ingredients&quot; for composing Maxima expressions for input:

# Identifiers
# Numerical literals for representing numbers
# Strings

An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom.

==== &lt;u&gt;Identifiers&lt;/u&gt; ====
Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value.

Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes:

# To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable
# To name an expression by way of an assignment operator

Try the following using Python:

&lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python3&quot;&gt;

&gt;&gt;&gt; m + n
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name 'm' is not defined
&gt;&gt;&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using R:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;

&gt; m + n
Error: object 'm' not found
&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using Octave:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;octave&quot;&gt;

octave:1&gt; m + n
error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1
octave:2&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Now, try this using Maxima:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io
using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian
Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING.
Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter.
The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information.
(%i1) m + n;    
(%o1)                                n + m
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Take it on faith that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the &lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;  input expression – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; in this case.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i2)	m;
(%o2)	m

(%i3)	n;
(%o3)	n


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care.

But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	m : n;
(m)	n

(%i5)	m;
(%o5)	n

(%i6)	remvalue(m);
(%o6)	[m]

(%i7)	m;
(%o7)	m


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above expressions, the identifier &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is assigned, using the &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; assignment operator, the value of identifier &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; (which is in this case &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;), and then the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is removed using the &lt;code&gt;remvalue()&lt;/code&gt; operator. Thus, the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; reverts to itself – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt;.

These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they are assigned a value – either a value through some sort of assignment or merely the identifier name itself as a value. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input.

Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i1)	x; /* An unassigned identifier x */
(%o1)	x

(%i2)	mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */
(%o2)	mass

(%i3)	f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */
(%o3)	f(x)

(%i4)	is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */
(%o4)	false

(%i6)	y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */
(%o6)	y=x^2

(%i7)	x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */
(x)	sqrt(2)

/* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */
(%i8)	w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2;
(%o8)	w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. 

==== &lt;u&gt;Numerical literals for representing numbers&lt;/u&gt; ====
There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions:

# Integers
# Fractions (for rational numbers)
# Floating Point
# Bigfloat  (variable-precision floating point)

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	1234; /* This is an integer type. */
(%o8)	1234

(%i9)	5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */
(%o9)	5/9

(%i10)	3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */
(%o10)	3.14159

(%i11)	5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */
(%o11)	5.532051841609784b-1


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;Strings&lt;/u&gt; ====
Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;;  /* This is a string atom. */
(%o12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;

(%i13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;;  /* This is another string atom. */
(%o13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;

(%i14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;;  /* This is a longer string atom. */
(%o14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;

(%i15)	&quot;C&quot;;  /* There is no Maxima character type. */
(%o15)	&quot;C&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== &lt;u&gt;Operators&lt;/u&gt; ===
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      <text bytes="9795" sha1="g3vwdqaa431n5t26iz559k2ywzn0zsz" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials ==
This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience.

=== The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics ===
Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or &quot;number crunching&quot; as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention.

Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense.

With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima:

* Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima
* Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means
* Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process

==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ====

# Mathematical expressions
# Object expressions
# Programming expressions

==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two &quot;ingredients&quot; so to speak: ====

# Atoms
# Operators

==== Atoms: ====
These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are:

# Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name
# Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals
# Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters

==== Operators: ====
These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including:

# Mathematical operators such as + , - , * ,  /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include &quot;functions&quot; such as sin(x), log(x), etc.
# Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes 


'''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is &quot;out-of-the-box&quot; so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word &quot;function&quot; has become overloaded.

=== A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators ===
Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value.

With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms&lt;/u&gt; ===
There are three types of atoms used as &quot;ingredients&quot; for composing Maxima expressions for input:

# Identifiers
# Numerical literals for representing numbers
# Strings

An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom.

==== &lt;u&gt;Identifiers&lt;/u&gt; ====
Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value.

Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes:

# To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable
# To name an expression by way of an assignment operator

Try the following using Python:

&lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python3&quot;&gt;

&gt;&gt;&gt; m + n
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name 'm' is not defined
&gt;&gt;&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using R:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;

&gt; m + n
Error: object 'm' not found
&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using Octave:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;octave&quot;&gt;

octave:1&gt; m + n
error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1
octave:2&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Now, try this using Maxima:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io
using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian
Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING.
Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter.
The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information.
(%i1) m + n;    
(%o1)                                n + m
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Take it on faith that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the &lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;  input expression – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; in this case.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i2)	m;
(%o2)	m

(%i3)	n;
(%o3)	n


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care.

But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	m : n;
(m)	n

(%i5)	m;
(%o5)	n

(%i6)	remvalue(m);
(%o6)	[m]

(%i7)	m;
(%o7)	m


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above expressions, the identifier &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is assigned, using the &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; assignment operator, the value of identifier &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; (which is in this case &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;), and then the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is removed using the &lt;code&gt;remvalue()&lt;/code&gt; operator. Thus, the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; reverts to itself – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt;.

These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input.

Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i1)	x; /* An unassigned identifier x */
(%o1)	x

(%i2)	mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */
(%o2)	mass

(%i3)	f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */
(%o3)	f(x)

(%i4)	is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */
(%o4)	false

(%i6)	y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */
(%o6)	y=x^2

(%i7)	x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */
(x)	sqrt(2)

/* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */
(%i8)	w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2;
(%o8)	w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. 

==== &lt;u&gt;Numerical literals for representing numbers&lt;/u&gt; ====
There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions:

# Integers
# Fractions (for rational numbers)
# Floating Point
# Bigfloat  (variable-precision floating point)

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	1234; /* This is an integer type. */
(%o8)	1234

(%i9)	5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */
(%o9)	5/9

(%i10)	3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */
(%o10)	3.14159

(%i11)	5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */
(%o11)	5.532051841609784b-1


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;Strings&lt;/u&gt; ====
Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;;  /* This is a string atom. */
(%o12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;

(%i13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;;  /* This is another string atom. */
(%o13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;

(%i14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;;  /* This is a longer string atom. */
(%o14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;

(%i15)	&quot;C&quot;;  /* There is no Maxima character type. */
(%o15)	&quot;C&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== &lt;u&gt;Operators&lt;/u&gt; ===
{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="10151" sha1="3jnx7f63zpubf1qof6ymn2a16lql8rp" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials ==
This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience.

=== The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics ===
Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or &quot;number crunching&quot; as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention.

Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense.

With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima:

* Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima
* Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means
* Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process

==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ====

# Mathematical expressions
# Object expressions
# Programming expressions

==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two &quot;ingredients&quot; so to speak: ====

# Atoms
# Operators

==== Atoms: ====
These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are:

# Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name
# Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals
# Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters

==== Operators: ====
These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including:

# Mathematical operators such as + , - , * ,  /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include &quot;functions&quot; such as sin(x), log(x), etc.
# Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes 


'''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is &quot;out-of-the-box&quot; so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word &quot;function&quot; has become overloaded.

=== A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators ===
Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value.

With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms&lt;/u&gt; ===
There are three types of atoms used as &quot;ingredients&quot; for composing Maxima expressions for input:

# Identifiers
# Numerical literals for representing numbers
# Strings

An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom.

==== &lt;u&gt;Identifiers&lt;/u&gt; ====
Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value.

Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes:

# To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable
# To name an expression by way of an assignment operator

Try the following using Python:

&lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python3&quot;&gt;

&gt;&gt;&gt; m + n
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name 'm' is not defined
&gt;&gt;&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using R:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;

&gt; m + n
Error: object 'm' not found
&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using Octave:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;octave&quot;&gt;

octave:1&gt; m + n
error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1
octave:2&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Now, try this using Maxima:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io
using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian
Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING.
Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter.
The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information.
(%i1) m + n;    
(%o1)                                n + m
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Take it on faith that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the &lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;  input expression – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; in this case.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i2)	m;
(%o2)	m

(%i3)	n;
(%o3)	n


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care.

But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	m : n;
(m)	n

(%i5)	m;
(%o5)	n

(%i6)	remvalue(m);
(%o6)	[m]

(%i7)	m;
(%o7)	m


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above expressions, the identifier &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is assigned, using the &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; assignment operator, the value of identifier &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; (which is in this case &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;), and then the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is removed using the &lt;code&gt;remvalue()&lt;/code&gt; operator. Thus, the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; reverts to itself – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt;.

These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input.

Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i1)	x; /* An unassigned identifier x */
(%o1)	x

(%i2)	mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */
(%o2)	mass

(%i3)	f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */
(%o3)	f(x)

(%i4)	is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */
(%o4)	false

(%i6)	y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */
(%o6)	y=x^2

(%i7)	x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */
(x)	sqrt(2)

/* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */
(%i8)	w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2;
(%o8)	w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. 

==== &lt;u&gt;Numerical literals for representing numbers&lt;/u&gt; ====
There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions:

# Integers
# Fractions (for rational numbers)
# Floating Point
# Bigfloat  (variable-precision floating point)

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	1234; /* This is an integer type. */
(%o8)	1234

(%i9)	5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */
(%o9)	5/9

(%i10)	3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */
(%o10)	3.14159

(%i11)	5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */
(%o11)	5.532051841609784b-1


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;Strings&lt;/u&gt; ====
Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;;  /* This is a string atom. */
(%o12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;

(%i13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;;  /* This is another string atom. */
(%o13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;

(%i14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;;  /* This is a longer string atom. */
(%o14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;

(%i15)	&quot;C&quot;;  /* There is no Maxima character type. */
(%o15)	&quot;C&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== &lt;u&gt;Operators&lt;/u&gt; ===
Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes.   

==== Mathematical Operators ====
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      <text bytes="10557" sha1="9xfaeyao7bo8q4sdzzb65bvo8towr1q" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials ==
This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience.

=== The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics ===
Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or &quot;number crunching&quot; as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention.

Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense.

With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima:

* Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima
* Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means
* Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process

==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ====

# Mathematical expressions
# Object expressions
# Programming expressions

==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two &quot;ingredients&quot; so to speak: ====

# Atoms
# Operators

==== Atoms: ====
These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are:

# Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name
# Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals
# Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters

==== Operators: ====
These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including:

# Mathematical operators such as + , - , * ,  /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include &quot;functions&quot; such as sin(x), log(x), etc.
# Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes 


'''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is &quot;out-of-the-box&quot; so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word &quot;function&quot; has become overloaded.

=== A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators ===
Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value.

With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms&lt;/u&gt; ===
There are three types of atoms used as &quot;ingredients&quot; for composing Maxima expressions for input:

# Identifiers
# Numerical literals for representing numbers
# Strings

An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom.

==== &lt;u&gt;Identifiers&lt;/u&gt; ====
Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value.

Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes:

# To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable
# To name an expression by way of an assignment operator

Try the following using Python:

&lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python3&quot;&gt;

&gt;&gt;&gt; m + n
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name 'm' is not defined
&gt;&gt;&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using R:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;

&gt; m + n
Error: object 'm' not found
&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using Octave:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;octave&quot;&gt;

octave:1&gt; m + n
error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1
octave:2&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Now, try this using Maxima:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io
using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian
Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING.
Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter.
The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information.
(%i1) m + n;    
(%o1)                                n + m
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Take it on faith that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the &lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;  input expression – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; in this case.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i2)	m;
(%o2)	m

(%i3)	n;
(%o3)	n


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care.

But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	m : n;
(m)	n

(%i5)	m;
(%o5)	n

(%i6)	remvalue(m);
(%o6)	[m]

(%i7)	m;
(%o7)	m


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above expressions, the identifier &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is assigned, using the &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; assignment operator, the value of identifier &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; (which is in this case &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;), and then the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is removed using the &lt;code&gt;remvalue()&lt;/code&gt; operator. Thus, the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; reverts to itself – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt;.

These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input.

Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i1)	x; /* An unassigned identifier x */
(%o1)	x

(%i2)	mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */
(%o2)	mass

(%i3)	f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */
(%o3)	f(x)

(%i4)	is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */
(%o4)	false

(%i6)	y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */
(%o6)	y=x^2

(%i7)	x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */
(x)	sqrt(2)

/* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */
(%i8)	w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2;
(%o8)	w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. 

==== &lt;u&gt;Numerical literals for representing numbers&lt;/u&gt; ====
There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions:

# Integers
# Fractions (for rational numbers)
# Floating Point
# Bigfloat  (variable-precision floating point)

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	1234; /* This is an integer type. */
(%o8)	1234

(%i9)	5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */
(%o9)	5/9

(%i10)	3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */
(%o10)	3.14159

(%i11)	5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */
(%o11)	5.532051841609784b-1


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;Strings&lt;/u&gt; ====
Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;;  /* This is a string atom. */
(%o12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;

(%i13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;;  /* This is another string atom. */
(%o13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;

(%i14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;;  /* This is a longer string atom. */
(%o14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;

(%i15)	&quot;C&quot;;  /* There is no Maxima character type. */
(%o15)	&quot;C&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== &lt;u&gt;Operators&lt;/u&gt; ===
Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes.   

==== Mathematical Operators ====

===== Arithmetic operators =====

; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''+'''
; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''-'''
; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''*'''
; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''/'''
; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''^'''

===== Relational operators =====

; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;'''
; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;='''
; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&gt;='''
; &lt;nowiki&gt;Operator: &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&gt;'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>9xfaeyao7bo8q4sdzzb65bvo8towr1q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635490</id>
      <parentid>4635486</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T00:19:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4635490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10912" sha1="b15f37t0qczlp1ios1mu812vp2wr8hf" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials ==
This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience.

=== The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics ===
Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or &quot;number crunching&quot; as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention.

Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense.

With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima:

* Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima
* Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means
* Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process

==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ====

# Mathematical expressions
# Object expressions
# Programming expressions

==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two &quot;ingredients&quot; so to speak: ====

# Atoms
# Operators

==== Atoms: ====
These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are:

# Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name
# Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals
# Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters

==== Operators: ====
These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including:

# Mathematical operators such as + , - , * ,  /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include &quot;functions&quot; such as sin(x), log(x), etc.
# Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes 


'''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is &quot;out-of-the-box&quot; so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word &quot;function&quot; has become overloaded.

=== A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators ===
Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value.

With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms&lt;/u&gt; ===
There are three types of atoms used as &quot;ingredients&quot; for composing Maxima expressions for input:

# Identifiers
# Numerical literals for representing numbers
# Strings

An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom.

==== &lt;u&gt;Identifiers&lt;/u&gt; ====
Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value.

Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes:

# To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable
# To name an expression by way of an assignment operator

Try the following using Python:

&lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python3&quot;&gt;

&gt;&gt;&gt; m + n
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name 'm' is not defined
&gt;&gt;&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using R:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;

&gt; m + n
Error: object 'm' not found
&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using Octave:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;octave&quot;&gt;

octave:1&gt; m + n
error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1
octave:2&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Now, try this using Maxima:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io
using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian
Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING.
Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter.
The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information.
(%i1) m + n;    
(%o1)                                n + m
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Take it on faith that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the &lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;  input expression – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; in this case.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i2)	m;
(%o2)	m

(%i3)	n;
(%o3)	n


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care.

But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	m : n;
(m)	n

(%i5)	m;
(%o5)	n

(%i6)	remvalue(m);
(%o6)	[m]

(%i7)	m;
(%o7)	m


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above expressions, the identifier &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is assigned, using the &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; assignment operator, the value of identifier &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; (which is in this case &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;), and then the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is removed using the &lt;code&gt;remvalue()&lt;/code&gt; operator. Thus, the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; reverts to itself – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt;.

These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input.

Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i1)	x; /* An unassigned identifier x */
(%o1)	x

(%i2)	mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */
(%o2)	mass

(%i3)	f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */
(%o3)	f(x)

(%i4)	is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */
(%o4)	false

(%i6)	y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */
(%o6)	y=x^2

(%i7)	x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */
(x)	sqrt(2)

/* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */
(%i8)	w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2;
(%o8)	w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. 

==== &lt;u&gt;Numerical literals for representing numbers&lt;/u&gt; ====
There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions:

# Integers
# Fractions (for rational numbers)
# Floating Point
# Bigfloat  (variable-precision floating point)

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	1234; /* This is an integer type. */
(%o8)	1234

(%i9)	5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */
(%o9)	5/9

(%i10)	3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */
(%o10)	3.14159

(%i11)	5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */
(%o11)	5.532051841609784b-1


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;Strings&lt;/u&gt; ====
Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;;  /* This is a string atom. */
(%o12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;

(%i13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;;  /* This is another string atom. */
(%o13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;

(%i14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;;  /* This is a longer string atom. */
(%o14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;

(%i15)	&quot;C&quot;;  /* There is no Maxima character type. */
(%o15)	&quot;C&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== &lt;u&gt;Operators&lt;/u&gt; ===
Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes.   
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Operators 
!Operation
!
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Arithmetic&lt;/u&gt;
|
|
|-
| +
|addition
|
|-
| -
|subtaction
|or negation
|-
|*
|multiplication
|
|-
|/
|division
|or fraction
|-
|^
|exponentiation
|
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Relational&lt;/u&gt;
|
|
|-
|&lt;
|less than
|
|-
|&lt;=
|less than or equal
|
|-
|&gt;
|greater than
|
|-
|&gt;=
|greater thanor equal
|
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Logical&lt;/u&gt;
|
|
|-
|and
|and
|
|-
|not
|not
|
|-
|or
|or
|
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Equations&lt;/u&gt;
|
|
|-
|=
|equality
|
|-
|#
|
|
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Assignment&lt;/u&gt; 
|
|
|-
|:
|assignment to left hand side
|evaluates right hand side
|-
|'''::'''
|assignment to left hand side
|evaluates both sides
|-
|''':='''
|function definition
|does not evaluate right hand side
|-
|'''::='''
|macro function definition 
|
|-
|define()
|function definition
|does evaluate right hand side
|}
;
;
;
;
; {{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>b15f37t0qczlp1ios1mu812vp2wr8hf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635491</id>
      <parentid>4635490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T00:24:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4635491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10944" sha1="m7xuj5i13y2o4jilcix6gqtm1i3ppzb" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials ==
This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience.

=== The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics ===
Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or &quot;number crunching&quot; as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention.

Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense.

With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima:

* Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima
* Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means
* Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process

==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ====

# Mathematical expressions
# Object expressions
# Programming expressions

==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two &quot;ingredients&quot; so to speak: ====

# Atoms
# Operators

==== Atoms: ====
These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are:

# Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name
# Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals
# Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters

==== Operators: ====
These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including:

# Mathematical operators such as + , - , * ,  /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include &quot;functions&quot; such as sin(x), log(x), etc.
# Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes 


'''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is &quot;out-of-the-box&quot; so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word &quot;function&quot; has become overloaded.

=== A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators ===
Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of '''''atoms''''' (including identifiers) and '''''operators''''', and every expression has a value.

With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms&lt;/u&gt; ===
There are three types of atoms used as &quot;ingredients&quot; for composing Maxima expressions for input:

# Identifiers
# Numerical literals for representing numbers
# Strings

An elaboration of the technical details of each of these three types will follow in subsequent sections. In this section is a brief introduction, and examples of each of these types presented to gain a basic level of familiarity with each type of atom.

==== &lt;u&gt;Identifiers&lt;/u&gt; ====
Identifiers are one type of what are termed '''''atoms''''' as used in the context of Maxima expressions, but they are unique in that they are the only type of atom that can be assigned an expression other than their literal value.

Identifiers as atoms are used in Maxima expressions for two main purposes:

# To be unassigned an expression, and serve as a named variable
# To name an expression by way of an assignment operator

Try the following using Python:

&lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python3&quot;&gt;

&gt;&gt;&gt; m + n
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name 'm' is not defined
&gt;&gt;&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using R:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;r&quot;&gt;

&gt; m + n
Error: object 'm' not found
&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;or using Octave:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;octave&quot;&gt;

octave:1&gt; m + n
error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1
octave:2&gt; 

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Now, try this using Maxima:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io
using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian
Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING.
Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter.
The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information.
(%i1) m + n;    
(%o1)                                n + m
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Take it on faith that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the &lt;code&gt;m + n&lt;/code&gt;  input expression – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; in this case.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i2)	m;
(%o2)	m

(%i3)	n;
(%o3)	n


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;A value for any identifier (other than itself) may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care.

But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	m : n;
(m)	n

(%i5)	m;
(%o5)	n

(%i6)	remvalue(m);
(%o6)	[m]

(%i7)	m;
(%o7)	m


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above expressions, the identifier &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is assigned, using the &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; assignment operator, the value of identifier &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; (which is in this case &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;), and then the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; is removed using the &lt;code&gt;remvalue()&lt;/code&gt; operator. Thus, the value of &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; reverts to itself – &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt;.

These expressions, while trivial in a sense, provide some insight into an important way Maxima behaves. When identifiers are first referenced as input, they have a value – either a value through some sort of assignment, or merely the identifier name itself. Identifiers can be assigned values by different means as part of expressions as input.

Below follows some examples of Maxima identifiers as a very brief introduction:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i1)	x; /* An unassigned identifier x */
(%o1)	x

(%i2)	mass; /* An unassigned identifier name of mass */
(%o2)	mass

(%i3)	f(x); /* An identifier f(x) for unassigned Maxima user-defined function */
(%o3)	f(x)

(%i4)	is(x = X); /* Identifiers are case-sensitive - x is not X */
(%o4)	false

(%i6)	y = x^2; /* Identifiers x and y used in an expression */
(%o6)	y=x^2

(%i7)	x : sqrt(2); /* Idenifier x assigned a value */
(x)	sqrt(2)

/* An identifier w(x,y,z) for a Maxima user-defined function */
(%i8)	w(x,w,z) := a*x^2 + b*y^2 + c*z^2;
(%o8)	w(x,w,z):=a*x^2+b*y^2+c*z^2&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Maxima identifiers serve to name expressions as a value by means on some type of assignment, or they can be simply a name with a value of the name itself, in which case these unassigned identifiers may be considered to be variables. The technical details of Identifiers, assignment types, and expressions are elaborated upon in other book sections for each of these topics. 

==== &lt;u&gt;Numerical literals for representing numbers&lt;/u&gt; ====
There are four types of numerical literal atoms used to compose Maxima expressions:

# Integers
# Fractions (for rational numbers)
# Floating Point
# Bigfloat  (variable-precision floating point)

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	1234; /* This is an integer type. */
(%o8)	1234

(%i9)	5/9; /* This is a fraction for a rational number type. */
(%o9)	5/9

(%i10)	3.14159; /* This is a floating point type. */
(%o10)	3.14159

(%i11)	5.532051841609784b-1; /* This is a bigfloat type. */
(%o11)	5.532051841609784b-1


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;Strings&lt;/u&gt; ====
Strings are simply a quoted sequence of characters:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;;  /* This is a string atom. */
(%o12)	&quot;a string atom&quot;

(%i13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;;  /* This is another string atom. */
(%o13)	&quot;Hello World!&quot;

(%i14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;;  /* This is a longer string atom. */
(%o14)	&quot;Supercalifagilisticexpialidocious&quot;

(%i15)	&quot;C&quot;;  /* There is no Maxima character type. */
(%o15)	&quot;C&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== &lt;u&gt;Operators&lt;/u&gt; ===
Along with atoms, Maxima operators are the second ingredient used to form expressions used as input. There are many Maxima operators. Some are used frequently as a consequence of their utility for forming mathematical expressions. Many others are used infrequently as these operators are used for specialized purposes.   
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Operators 
!Operation
!
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Arithmetic&lt;/u&gt;
|
|
|-
| +
|addition
|
|-
| -
|subtaction
|or negation
|-
|*
|multiplication
|
|-
|/
|division
|or fraction
|-
|^
|exponentiation
|
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Relational&lt;/u&gt;
|
|
|-
|&lt;
|less than
|
|-
|&lt;=
|less than or equal
|
|-
|&gt;
|greater than
|
|-
|&gt;=
|greater thanor equal
|
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Logical&lt;/u&gt;
|
|
|-
|and
|and
|
|-
|not
|not
|
|-
|or
|or
|
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Equations&lt;/u&gt;
|
|
|-
|=
|equality
|
|-
|#
|negation of syntactic equality =
|
|-
|&lt;u&gt;Assignment&lt;/u&gt; 
|
|
|-
|:
|assignment to left hand side
|evaluates right hand side
|-
|'''::'''
|assignment to left hand side
|evaluates both sides
|-
|''':='''
|function definition
|does not evaluate right hand side
|-
|'''::='''
|macro function definition 
|
|-
|define()
|function definition
|does evaluate right hand side
|}
;
;
;
;
; {{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>m7xuj5i13y2o4jilcix6gqtm1i3ppzb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indonesian/Grammar/Noun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635410</id>
      <parentid>4634733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:40:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fishingb0at</username>
        <id>3581945</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fixed a sentence on collective noun section</comment>
      <origin>4635410</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10662" sha1="p26fxqtyjftafcwp8iyo3j8wx2mnim9" xml:space="preserve">{{Indonesian Grammar Header}}

Nouns in [[wikipedia:Indonesian_language|Bahasa Indonesia]] are similar to nouns in [[wikipedia:English_language|english]] and almost every other language as it follows basic principles of nouns and corresponds to class of nouns used in various languages around the world.

== Classes ==

=== Concrete nouns (Nomina Konkret) ===
Things, living or not, that we can see, feel, or touch.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Meja (Table); Ada banyak buku di atas '''meja''' itu. (There are a lot of books on that '''table'''.)
* Binatang (Animal); '''Binatang''' yang baru saja kita lihat tadi sangat besar. (The '''animal''' we just saw was very big.)
* Buku (Book); Saya punya beberapa '''buku''' di kamar saya. (I have some '''books''' in my room.)
* Rumah (House); Saya memiliki '''rumah''' yang lumayan kecil. (I have a fairly small '''house'''.)
* Pensil (Pencil); '''Pensil'''nya dipatahkan temannya. (His/her '''pencil''' was broken by his/her friend.)

=== Abstract nouns (Nomina Abstrak) ===
The opposite of common nouns; something we cannot see, feel, or touch.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Udara (Air); '''Udara''' pagi ini sangat segar. (The '''air''' this morning is very fresh.)
* Ilmu (Knowledge); Mungkin kelas ini akan memberikanmu sedikit '''ilmu'''. (Perhaps this class will give you some '''knowledge'''.)
* Cinta (Love); '''Cinta''' adalah topik yang sangat rumit. ('''Love''' is a very complex topic.)
* Keberanian* (Bravery); '''Keberanian'''nya harus diakui. (His '''bravery''' should be acknowledged.)
* Keadilan* (Justice); Apakah '''keadilan''' masih ada di negara ini? (Does '''justice''' still exist in this country?)
* Ide (Idea); '''Ide'''mu sangat bagus! (Great '''idea'''!)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Adjectives'''. Both words originate respectively from base words ''berani'' (brave) and ''adil'' (fair) and will change into and be able to be used as a noun if used with circumfixes (in this case, ''Ke-...-an). Using circumfixes will make the noun a derived noun (nomina turunan).''

=== 'Special'/proper nouns (Nomina Khusus) ===
For specific things, such as names of people, places and countries, institutions, and so on. Proper nouns will always start with capital letters.

Examples (Contoh):

Meli, Udin ('''names of people'''), Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Beijing ('''cities'''), Indonesia, Belanda, Amerika Serikat, Afrika Selatan ('''Countries'''), Universitas Indonesia, Pertamina, Wikibooks ('''Institutions and companies''')

=== Common nouns (Nomina umum) ===
For non-specific or broadly definable things; can be anything such as occupations, places (not followed by name), animals, and so on.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Siswa (Student); Dia masih menjadi '''siswa''' di sekolah itu. (He/she is still a '''student''' at that school.)
* Stasiun (Station); Saya menunggunya di '''stasiun''' itu, namun sayangnya ia tak kunjung datang. (I waited for her at that '''station''', but she unfortunately never came.)
* Sungai (River); Arus di '''sungai''' ini sangat kencang! (The current on this '''river''' is really fast!)
* Kucing (Cat); '''Kucing'''mu lucu sekali. (Your '''cat''' is so cute.)
* Peraturan (Rules); Ada '''peraturan''' tak tertulis yang harus anda ketahui. (There is an '''unwritten''' rule you have to know.)

=== Collective nouns (Nomina Kolektif) ===
Nouns that refer to things or people in a group.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Peserta (participants)*; Banyak '''peserta''' yang mengikuti acara tersebut. (Many '''participants''' took part in the event.)
* Masyarakat (people; society); '''Masyakarat''' di sini cukup harmonis. (The '''people''' here are mostly harmonic.)
* Panitia (Committee); '''Panitia''' pada lomba ini ternyata disuap. (Apparently the '''committee''' on this competition was bribed.)
* Kawanan (Flock/herd); '''Kawanan''' sapi itu sedang makan di padang rumput. (The '''herd''' of cows are grazing on a meadow.)
* Armada (Fleet); '''Armada''' bus kami sangat lengkap. (Our '''fleet''' of buses are very complete.)
* Semua (All); Apakah kalian '''semua''' bisa tenang? (Can '''all''' of you calm down please?)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;'Peserta' can mean both ''participant'' (singular) and ''participants'' (plural) depending on context and use.

== Types ==

=== Base nouns (Nomina dasar) ===
Nouns in their purest form without alterations.

=== Derived nouns (Nomina turunan) ===
Nouns with alterations.

==== a. Duplicate/repeated nouns (Nomina Reduplikasi) ====
Nouns that are repeated to show plurality; more than one thing

===== Full duplication =====
The entire word gets repeated twice.

Examples (Contoh):

* Meja-meja (Tables)
* Buku-buku (Books)
* Rumah-rumah (Houses)
* Sayur-mayur (Vegetables)

===== Partial duplication =====
The word gets &quot;partially&quot; repeated; a prefix corresponding to the first letter of the base word, added with an e (e.g., Be-, Pe-, Re-, etc).

* Bebatuan (Stones)
* Pepohonan (Trees)
* Rerumputan (Grass (plural))

==== b. Compound nouns (Nomina Majemuk) ====
Nouns that will differ in meaning if joined together, and vice versa.

Examples (Contoh):

* Rumah sakit (Hospital, lit. ''sick house''); without the word 'Sakit', 'Rumah' will mean ''house''. Without 'Rumah', 'Sakit' will mean ''sick''.
* Tanah air (Homeland, lit. ''land water''); If separated, the word 'Tanah' means ''land'', while the word 'Air' means ''water''.
* Mata pelajaran (Subject(s), lit. ''eye lesson''); 'Mata' itself means ''eye'', while 'Pelajaran' means ''lesson''.
* Uang muka (Down payment, lit. ''money face''); 'Uang' means ''money'', while 'muka' means ''face''.

==== c. Affixated nouns (Nomina berafiks) ====
Nouns with prefixes and suffixes (circumfixes). Verbs and adjectives can also be changed into a noun with these circumfixes by replacing verb/adjective-exclusive prefixes with prefixes for nouns, with several words requiring an additional suffix (-an) to have a meaning.

Prefixes

* Pe- (Pe-; Pen-; Per-; Pem-; Peng-)
* Pra-
* Ke-
* Ter-

Suffixes

* -an (-an; -wan)
* -anda (-anda; -nda)

Examples (Contoh):

===== Pe- and its variants =====

* Permainan (Game(s)); Pe(r) + (ber)main (verb, means ''play'') + an
* Pemantik (lighter); Pe + (me)mantik (verb, ''to light something up'')
* Penyelam (Diver); Pe + (me)nyelam (verb, ''to dive'')
* Penghalus (Smoother); Pe(ng) + halus (adjective, ''smooth'')
* Pemalu* (Shy (person)); Pe + malu (adjective, ''shy'')
* Penjual (Seller/merchant); Pe(n) + (men)jual (verb, ''to sell'')
* Perawat (Nurse); Pe + (me)rawat (verb, ''to take care of'')
* Pegunungan (Mountain(s)/mountain range); Pe + gunung (noun, ''mountain'') + an
* Pemandangan (View/landscape); Pe + (me)mandang (verb, ''to view'') + an
* Peradaban (Society); Pe(r) + adab (noun, ''manners'') + an
* Perempatan (Intersection); Pe(r) + empat (four) + an

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Pemalu may still be used in an adjective context (e.g., Dia '''pemalu'''. (she is '''shy'''.))

===== Ke- =====

* Keabadian (Eternity); Ke + abadi (adjective, ''eternal'') + an
* Keadilan (Justice); Ke + adil (adj., ''just''/''fair'') + an
* Kefasihan (Fluency); Ke + fasih (adj., ''fluent'') + an
* Ketinggian* (Height); Ke + tinggi (adj., ''high'') + an
* Keringanan (Relief); Ke + ringan (adj., ''light'') + an

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Word may be used in an adjective context (e.g., Ketinggian! (Too high!))

===== Ke- (with negation) =====
Negated adjectives will remove the space between the word 'tidak' (no) and the adjective itself with the prefix and suffix.

* Ketidakpastian (Uncertainty); Ke + tidak (negative, ''no'') + pasti (adj., ''certain''(''ly'')) + an
* Ketidaknyamanan (Discomfort); Ke + tidak (neg., ''no'') + nyaman (adj., ''comfortable'') + an
* Ketidakjujuran (Dishonesty); Ke +tidak (neg., ''no'') + jujur (adj., ''honest'') + an

===== Ke- (morphological derivation) =====
Adding the prefix Ke- and the suffix -an to certain words (optional for some others) will change their meaning and may cause it to have two or more meanings.

* Kemunduran (Decline/setback/deterioration/regression/''too far back''); Ke + mundur (verb, ''to go backwards'') + an
* Kemajuan (Progress/improvement/advancement/''too far forwards''); Ke + maju (v., ''to go forwards'') + an
* Kenaikan (Increase/rise/increment); Ke + naik (v., ''to go up'') + an
* Keturunan (Offspring); Ke + turun (v., ''to go down'') + an
* Ketua (Leader/head/chief); Ke + tua (n., ''old''/''elderly'')
* Kehendak (Will/desire); Ke + hendak (adverb, (''a'') ''want'')

===== Ter- =====
Words containing the prefix 'Ter-' are commonly used in jurisdictional environments.

* Tersangka (Suspect); Ter + sangka (noun, ''estimation''/''assumption'')
* Terdakwa (Defendant); Ter + dakwa (n., ''confession'')
* Terpidana (Convict); Ter + pidana (n., ''criminal'')

===== Pra- =====
Pre-; before. 

* Prasejarah (Prehistoric); Pra + Sejarah (noun, ''history'')
* Prabayar (Prepaid); Pra + bayar (verb, ''to pay'')
* Prasyarat (Prerequisite(s)); Pra + syarat (n., ''condition''(''s''))

===== No prefix (-an only) =====

* Bebatuan (Stones); Batu-batu (noun, ''stone''; repeat variant of 'Batu') + an
* Letusan (Explosion); (me)letus (verb, ''to explode'') + an
* Makanan (food(s)); (me)makan (v., ''to eat'') + an
* Orang-orangan (Humanoid toy; toy that resembles a human being); Orang-orang (n., people) + an

===== No prefix (-wan/-wati) =====
For occupations. '-wan' is a masculine suffix, used for male members of a certain occupation, and '-wati' is a feminine suffix, used for female members.

* Cendekiawan/Cendekiawati (Scholar(s)); Cendekia (noun, ''scholar'' (neutral)) + wan/wati
* Karyawan/Karyawati (Employee(s)); Karya (n., ''creation'') + wan/wati
* Wartawan/Wartawati (Reporter(s)); Warta (n., ''news''/''report'') + wan/wati

the suffix '-wan' can also be used neutrally.

* Relawan (Volunteer(s)); Rela (noun, ''willing''/''compliant'') + wan
* Ilmuwan (Scientist(s)); Ilmu (n., ''knowledge'') + wan
* Sejarawan (Historian(s)); Sejara&lt;s&gt;h&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''history'') + wan

===== No prefix (-anda/-nda) =====
The suffix is rarely used in current day-to-day conversations in Indonesia. Words using the suffix are formal in manner and are typically greetings for people close to one another such as family members.

* Ayahanda ((one's) father/dad); Ayah (noun, ''father''/''dad'') + anda
* Ibunda ((one's) mother/mom); Ibu (n., ''mother''/''mom'') + nda
* Adinda ((one's) younger brother/sister); Adi&lt;s&gt;k&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''younger brother''/''sister'') + nda
* Kakanda ((one's) older brother/sister); Kaka&lt;s&gt;k&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''older brother''/''sister'') + nda

{{Indonesian/Grammar Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>p26fxqtyjftafcwp8iyo3j8wx2mnim9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635411</id>
      <parentid>4635410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fishingb0at</username>
        <id>3581945</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fixed typo</comment>
      <origin>4635411</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10663" sha1="piztpmvpt794cf0kgfctv361srfyj5c" xml:space="preserve">{{Indonesian Grammar Header}}

Nouns in [[wikipedia:Indonesian_language|Bahasa Indonesia]] are similar to nouns in [[wikipedia:English_language|english]] and almost every other language as it follows basic principles of nouns and corresponds to class of nouns used in various languages around the world.

== Classes ==

=== Concrete nouns (Nomina Konkret) ===
Things, living or not, that we can see, feel, or touch.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Meja (Table); Ada banyak buku di atas '''meja''' itu. (There are a lot of books on that '''table'''.)
* Binatang (Animal); '''Binatang''' yang baru saja kita lihat tadi sangat besar. (The '''animal''' we just saw was very big.)
* Buku (Book); Saya punya beberapa '''buku''' di kamar saya. (I have some '''books''' in my room.)
* Rumah (House); Saya memiliki '''rumah''' yang lumayan kecil. (I have a fairly small '''house'''.)
* Pensil (Pencil); '''Pensil'''nya dipatahkan temannya. (His/her '''pencil''' was broken by his/her friend.)

=== Abstract nouns (Nomina Abstrak) ===
The opposite of common nouns; something we cannot see, feel, or touch.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Udara (Air); '''Udara''' pagi ini sangat segar. (The '''air''' this morning is very fresh.)
* Ilmu (Knowledge); Mungkin kelas ini akan memberikanmu sedikit '''ilmu'''. (Perhaps this class will give you some '''knowledge'''.)
* Cinta (Love); '''Cinta''' adalah topik yang sangat rumit. ('''Love''' is a very complex topic.)
* Keberanian* (Bravery); '''Keberanian'''nya harus diakui. (His '''bravery''' should be acknowledged.)
* Keadilan* (Justice); Apakah '''keadilan''' masih ada di negara ini? (Does '''justice''' still exist in this country?)
* Ide (Idea); '''Ide'''mu sangat bagus! (Great '''idea'''!)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Adjectives'''. Both words originate respectively from base words ''berani'' (brave) and ''adil'' (fair) and will change into and be able to be used as a noun if used with circumfixes (in this case, ''Ke-...-an). Using circumfixes will make the noun a derived noun (nomina turunan).''

=== 'Special'/proper nouns (Nomina Khusus) ===
For specific things, such as names of people, places and countries, institutions, and so on. Proper nouns will always start with capital letters.

Examples (Contoh):

Meli, Udin ('''names of people'''), Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Beijing ('''cities'''), Indonesia, Belanda, Amerika Serikat, Afrika Selatan ('''Countries'''), Universitas Indonesia, Pertamina, Wikibooks ('''Institutions and companies''')

=== Common nouns (Nomina umum) ===
For non-specific or broadly definable things; can be anything such as occupations, places (not followed by name), animals, and so on.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Siswa (Student); Dia masih menjadi '''siswa''' di sekolah itu. (He/she is still a '''student''' at that school.)
* Stasiun (Station); Saya menunggunya di '''stasiun''' itu, namun sayangnya ia tak kunjung datang. (I waited for her at that '''station''', but she unfortunately never came.)
* Sungai (River); Arus di '''sungai''' ini sangat kencang! (The current on this '''river''' is really fast!)
* Kucing (Cat); '''Kucing'''mu lucu sekali. (Your '''cat''' is so cute.)
* Peraturan (Rules); Ada '''peraturan''' tak tertulis yang harus anda ketahui. (There is an '''unwritten''' rule you have to know.)

=== Collective nouns (Nomina Kolektif) ===
Nouns that refer to things or people in a group.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Peserta (participants)*; Banyak '''peserta''' yang mengikuti acara tersebut. (Many '''participants''' took part in the event.)
* Masyarakat (people; society); '''Masyakarat''' di sini cukup harmonis. (The '''people''' here are mostly harmonic.)
* Panitia (Committee); '''Panitia''' pada lomba ini ternyata disuap. (Apparently the '''committee''' on this competition was bribed.)
* Kawanan (Flock/herd); '''Kawanan''' sapi itu sedang makan di padang rumput. (The '''herd''' of cows are grazing on a meadow.)
* Armada (Fleet); '''Armada''' bus kami sangat lengkap. (Our '''fleet''' of buses are very complete.)
* Semua (All); Apakah kalian '''semua''' bisa tenang? (Can '''all''' of you calm down please?)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;'Peserta' can mean both ''participant'' (singular) and ''participants'' (plural) depending on context and use.

== Types ==

=== Base nouns (Nomina dasar) ===
Nouns in their purest form without alterations.

=== Derived nouns (Nomina turunan) ===
Nouns with alterations.

==== a. Duplicate/repeated nouns (Nomina Reduplikasi) ====
Nouns that are repeated to show plurality; more than one thing.

===== Full duplication =====
The entire word gets repeated twice.

Examples (Contoh):

* Meja-meja (Tables)
* Buku-buku (Books)
* Rumah-rumah (Houses)
* Sayur-mayur (Vegetables)

===== Partial duplication =====
The word gets &quot;partially&quot; repeated; a prefix corresponding to the first letter of the base word, added with an e (e.g., Be-, Pe-, Re-, etc).

* Bebatuan (Stones)
* Pepohonan (Trees)
* Rerumputan (Grass (plural))

==== b. Compound nouns (Nomina Majemuk) ====
Nouns that will differ in meaning if joined together, and vice versa.

Examples (Contoh):

* Rumah sakit (Hospital, lit. ''sick house''); without the word 'Sakit', 'Rumah' will mean ''house''. Without 'Rumah', 'Sakit' will mean ''sick''.
* Tanah air (Homeland, lit. ''land water''); If separated, the word 'Tanah' means ''land'', while the word 'Air' means ''water''.
* Mata pelajaran (Subject(s), lit. ''eye lesson''); 'Mata' itself means ''eye'', while 'Pelajaran' means ''lesson''.
* Uang muka (Down payment, lit. ''money face''); 'Uang' means ''money'', while 'muka' means ''face''.

==== c. Affixated nouns (Nomina berafiks) ====
Nouns with prefixes and suffixes (circumfixes). Verbs and adjectives can also be changed into a noun with these circumfixes by replacing verb/adjective-exclusive prefixes with prefixes for nouns, with several words requiring an additional suffix (-an) to have a meaning.

Prefixes

* Pe- (Pe-; Pen-; Per-; Pem-; Peng-)
* Pra-
* Ke-
* Ter-

Suffixes

* -an (-an; -wan)
* -anda (-anda; -nda)

Examples (Contoh):

===== Pe- and its variants =====

* Permainan (Game(s)); Pe(r) + (ber)main (verb, means ''play'') + an
* Pemantik (lighter); Pe + (me)mantik (verb, ''to light something up'')
* Penyelam (Diver); Pe + (me)nyelam (verb, ''to dive'')
* Penghalus (Smoother); Pe(ng) + halus (adjective, ''smooth'')
* Pemalu* (Shy (person)); Pe + malu (adjective, ''shy'')
* Penjual (Seller/merchant); Pe(n) + (men)jual (verb, ''to sell'')
* Perawat (Nurse); Pe + (me)rawat (verb, ''to take care of'')
* Pegunungan (Mountain(s)/mountain range); Pe + gunung (noun, ''mountain'') + an
* Pemandangan (View/landscape); Pe + (me)mandang (verb, ''to view'') + an
* Peradaban (Society); Pe(r) + adab (noun, ''manners'') + an
* Perempatan (Intersection); Pe(r) + empat (four) + an

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Pemalu may still be used in an adjective context (e.g., Dia '''pemalu'''. (she is '''shy'''.))

===== Ke- =====

* Keabadian (Eternity); Ke + abadi (adjective, ''eternal'') + an
* Keadilan (Justice); Ke + adil (adj., ''just''/''fair'') + an
* Kefasihan (Fluency); Ke + fasih (adj., ''fluent'') + an
* Ketinggian* (Height); Ke + tinggi (adj., ''high'') + an
* Keringanan (Relief); Ke + ringan (adj., ''light'') + an

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Word may be used in an adjective context (e.g., Ketinggian! (Too high!))

===== Ke- (with negation) =====
Negated adjectives will remove the space between the word 'tidak' (no) and the adjective itself with the prefix and suffix.

* Ketidakpastian (Uncertainty); Ke + tidak (negative, ''no'') + pasti (adj., ''certain''(''ly'')) + an
* Ketidaknyamanan (Discomfort); Ke + tidak (neg., ''no'') + nyaman (adj., ''comfortable'') + an
* Ketidakjujuran (Dishonesty); Ke +tidak (neg., ''no'') + jujur (adj., ''honest'') + an

===== Ke- (morphological derivation) =====
Adding the prefix Ke- and the suffix -an to certain words (optional for some others) will change their meaning and may cause it to have two or more meanings.

* Kemunduran (Decline/setback/deterioration/regression/''too far back''); Ke + mundur (verb, ''to go backwards'') + an
* Kemajuan (Progress/improvement/advancement/''too far forwards''); Ke + maju (v., ''to go forwards'') + an
* Kenaikan (Increase/rise/increment); Ke + naik (v., ''to go up'') + an
* Keturunan (Offspring); Ke + turun (v., ''to go down'') + an
* Ketua (Leader/head/chief); Ke + tua (n., ''old''/''elderly'')
* Kehendak (Will/desire); Ke + hendak (adverb, (''a'') ''want'')

===== Ter- =====
Words containing the prefix 'Ter-' are commonly used in jurisdictional environments.

* Tersangka (Suspect); Ter + sangka (noun, ''estimation''/''assumption'')
* Terdakwa (Defendant); Ter + dakwa (n., ''confession'')
* Terpidana (Convict); Ter + pidana (n., ''criminal'')

===== Pra- =====
Pre-; before. 

* Prasejarah (Prehistoric); Pra + Sejarah (noun, ''history'')
* Prabayar (Prepaid); Pra + bayar (verb, ''to pay'')
* Prasyarat (Prerequisite(s)); Pra + syarat (n., ''condition''(''s''))

===== No prefix (-an only) =====

* Bebatuan (Stones); Batu-batu (noun, ''stone''; repeat variant of 'Batu') + an
* Letusan (Explosion); (me)letus (verb, ''to explode'') + an
* Makanan (food(s)); (me)makan (v., ''to eat'') + an
* Orang-orangan (Humanoid toy; toy that resembles a human being); Orang-orang (n., people) + an

===== No prefix (-wan/-wati) =====
For occupations. '-wan' is a masculine suffix, used for male members of a certain occupation, and '-wati' is a feminine suffix, used for female members.

* Cendekiawan/Cendekiawati (Scholar(s)); Cendekia (noun, ''scholar'' (neutral)) + wan/wati
* Karyawan/Karyawati (Employee(s)); Karya (n., ''creation'') + wan/wati
* Wartawan/Wartawati (Reporter(s)); Warta (n., ''news''/''report'') + wan/wati

the suffix '-wan' can also be used neutrally.

* Relawan (Volunteer(s)); Rela (noun, ''willing''/''compliant'') + wan
* Ilmuwan (Scientist(s)); Ilmu (n., ''knowledge'') + wan
* Sejarawan (Historian(s)); Sejara&lt;s&gt;h&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''history'') + wan

===== No prefix (-anda/-nda) =====
The suffix is rarely used in current day-to-day conversations in Indonesia. Words using the suffix are formal in manner and are typically greetings for people close to one another such as family members.

* Ayahanda ((one's) father/dad); Ayah (noun, ''father''/''dad'') + anda
* Ibunda ((one's) mother/mom); Ibu (n., ''mother''/''mom'') + nda
* Adinda ((one's) younger brother/sister); Adi&lt;s&gt;k&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''younger brother''/''sister'') + nda
* Kakanda ((one's) older brother/sister); Kaka&lt;s&gt;k&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''older brother''/''sister'') + nda

{{Indonesian/Grammar Footer}}</text>
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Nouns in [[wikipedia:Indonesian_language|Bahasa Indonesia]] are similar to nouns in [[wikipedia:English_language|english]] and almost every other language as it follows basic principles of nouns and corresponds to class of nouns used in various languages around the world.

== Classes ==

=== Concrete nouns (Nomina Konkret) ===
Things, living or not, that we can see, feel, or touch.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Meja (Table); Ada banyak buku di atas '''meja''' itu. (There are a lot of books on that '''table'''.)
* Binatang (Animal); '''Binatang''' yang baru saja kita lihat tadi sangat besar. (The '''animal''' we just saw was very big.)
* Buku (Book); Saya punya beberapa '''buku''' di kamar saya. (I have some '''books''' in my room.)
* Rumah (House); Saya memiliki '''rumah''' yang lumayan kecil. (I have a fairly small '''house'''.)
* Pensil (Pencil); '''Pensil'''nya dipatahkan temannya. (His/her '''pencil''' was broken by his/her friend.)

=== Abstract nouns (Nomina Abstrak) ===
The opposite of common nouns; something we cannot see, feel, or touch.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Udara (Air); '''Udara''' pagi ini sangat segar. (The '''air''' this morning is very fresh.)
* Ilmu (Knowledge); Mungkin kelas ini akan memberikanmu sedikit '''ilmu'''. (Perhaps this class will give you some '''knowledge'''.)
* Cinta (Love); '''Cinta''' adalah topik yang sangat rumit. ('''Love''' is a very complex topic.)
* Keberanian* (Bravery); '''Keberanian'''nya harus diakui. (His '''bravery''' should be acknowledged.)
* Keadilan* (Justice); Apakah '''keadilan''' masih ada di negara ini? (Does '''justice''' still exist in this country?)
* Ide (Idea); '''Ide'''mu sangat bagus! (Great '''idea'''!)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Adjectives'''. Both words originate respectively from base words ''berani'' (brave) and ''adil'' (fair) and will change into and be able to be used as a noun if used with circumfixes (in this case, ''Ke-...-an). Using circumfixes will make the noun a derived noun (nomina turunan).''

=== 'Special'/proper nouns (Nomina Khusus) ===
For specific things, such as names of people, places and countries, institutions, and so on. Proper nouns will always start with capital letters.

Examples (Contoh):

Meli, Udin ('''names of people'''), Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Beijing ('''cities'''), Indonesia, Belanda, Amerika Serikat, Afrika Selatan ('''Countries'''), Universitas Indonesia, Pertamina, Wikibooks ('''Institutions and companies''')

=== Common nouns (Nomina umum) ===
For non-specific or broadly definable things; can be anything such as occupations, places (not followed by name), animals, and so on.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Siswa (Student); Dia masih menjadi '''siswa''' di sekolah itu. (He/she is still a '''student''' at that school.)
* Stasiun (Station); Saya menunggunya di '''stasiun''' itu, namun sayangnya ia tak kunjung datang. (I waited for her at that '''station''', but she unfortunately never came.)
* Sungai (River); Arus di '''sungai''' ini sangat kencang! (The current on this '''river''' is really fast!)
* Kucing (Cat); '''Kucing'''mu lucu sekali. (Your '''cat''' is so cute.)
* Peraturan (Rules); Ada '''peraturan''' tak tertulis yang harus anda ketahui. (There is an '''unwritten''' rule you have to know.)

=== Collective nouns (Nomina Kolektif) ===
Nouns that refer to things or people in a group.

Examples with sentences (Contoh dengan kalimat):

* Peserta (participants)*; Banyak '''peserta''' yang mengikuti acara tersebut. (Many '''participants''' took part in the event.)
* Masyarakat (people; society); '''Masyakarat''' di sini cukup harmonis. (The '''people''' here are mostly harmonic.)
* Panitia (Committee); '''Panitia''' pada lomba ini ternyata disuap. (Apparently the '''committee''' on this competition was bribed.)
* Kawanan (Flock/herd); '''Kawanan''' sapi itu sedang makan di padang rumput. (The '''herd''' of cows are grazing on a meadow.)
* Armada (Fleet); '''Armada''' bus kami sangat lengkap. (Our '''fleet''' of buses are very complete.)
* Semua (All); Apakah kalian '''semua''' bisa tenang? (Can '''all''' of you calm down please?)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;'Peserta' can mean both ''participant'' (singular) and ''participants'' (plural) depending on context and use.

== Types ==

=== Base nouns (Nomina dasar) ===
Nouns in their purest form without alterations.

=== Derived nouns (Nomina turunan) ===
Nouns with alterations.

==== a. Duplicate/repeated nouns (Nomina Reduplikasi) ====
Nouns that are repeated to show plurality; more than one thing.

===== Full duplication =====
The entire word gets repeated twice.

Examples (Contoh):

* Meja-meja (Tables)
* Buku-buku (Books)
* Rumah-rumah (Houses)
* Sayur-mayur (Vegetables)

===== Partial duplication =====
The word gets &quot;partially&quot; repeated; a prefix corresponding to the first letter of the base word, added with an e (e.g., Be-, Pe-, Re-, etc).

* Bebatuan (Stones)
* Pepohonan (Trees)
* Rerumputan (Grass (plural))

==== b. Compound nouns (Nomina Majemuk) ====
Nouns that will differ in meaning if joined together, and vice versa.

Examples (Contoh):

* Rumah sakit (Hospital, lit. ''sick house''); without the word 'Sakit', 'Rumah' will mean ''house''. Without 'Rumah', 'Sakit' will mean ''sick''.
* Tanah air (Homeland, lit. ''land water''); If separated, the word 'Tanah' means ''land'', while the word 'Air' means ''water''.
* Mata pelajaran (Subject(s), lit. ''eye lesson''); 'Mata' itself means ''eye'', while 'Pelajaran' means ''lesson''.
* Uang muka (Down payment, lit. ''money face''); 'Uang' means ''money'', while 'muka' means ''face''.

==== c. Affixated nouns (Nomina berafiks) ====
Nouns with prefixes and suffixes (circumfixes). Verbs and adjectives can also be changed into a noun with these circumfixes by replacing verb/adjective-exclusive prefixes with prefixes for nouns, with several words requiring an additional suffix (-an) to have a meaning.

Prefixes

* Pe- (Pe-; Pen-; Per-; Pem-; Peng-)
* Pra-
* Ke-
* Ter-

Suffixes

* -an (-an; -wan)
* -anda (-anda; -nda)

Examples (Contoh):

===== Pe- and its variants =====

* Permainan (Game(s)); Pe(r) + (ber)main (verb, means ''play'') + an
* Pemantik (lighter); Pe + (me)mantik (verb, ''to light something up'')
* Penyelam (Diver); Pe + (me)nyelam (verb, ''to dive'')
* Penghalus (Smoother); Pe(ng) + halus (adjective, ''smooth'')
* Pemalu* (Shy (person)); Pe + malu (adjective, ''shy'')
* Penjual (Seller/merchant); Pe(n) + (men)jual (verb, ''to sell'')
* Perawat (Nurse); Pe + (me)rawat (verb, ''to take care of'')
* Pegunungan (Mountain(s)/mountain range); Pe + gunung (noun, ''mountain'') + an
* Pemandangan (View/landscape); Pe + (me)mandang (verb, ''to view'') + an
* Peradaban (Society); Pe(r) + adab (noun, ''manners'') + an
* Perempatan (Intersection); Pe(r) + empat (four) + an

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Pemalu may still be used in an adjective context (e.g., Dia '''pemalu'''. (she is '''shy'''.))

===== Ke- =====

* Keabadian (Eternity); Ke + abadi (adjective, ''eternal'') + an
* Keadilan (Justice); Ke + adil (adj., ''just''/''fair'') + an
* Kefasihan (Fluency); Ke + fasih (adj., ''fluent'') + an
* Ketinggian (Height); Ke + tinggi (adj., ''high'') + an
* Keringanan (Relief); Ke + ringan (adj., ''light'') + an

===== Ke- (with negation) =====
Negated adjectives will remove the space between the word 'tidak' (no) and the adjective itself with the prefix and suffix.

* Ketidakpastian (Uncertainty); Ke + tidak (negative, ''no'') + pasti (adj., ''certain''(''ly'')) + an
* Ketidaknyamanan (Discomfort); Ke + tidak (neg., ''no'') + nyaman (adj., ''comfortable'') + an
* Ketidakjujuran (Dishonesty); Ke +tidak (neg., ''no'') + jujur (adj., ''honest'') + an

===== Ke- (morphological derivation) =====
Adding the prefix Ke- and the suffix -an to certain words (optional for some others) will change their meaning and may cause it to have two or more meanings.

* Kemunduran (Decline/setback/deterioration/regression/''too far back''); Ke + mundur (verb, ''to go backwards'') + an
* Kemajuan (Progress/improvement/advancement/''too far forwards''); Ke + maju (v., ''to go forwards'') + an
* Kenaikan (Increase/rise/increment); Ke + naik (v., ''to go up'') + an
* Keturunan (Offspring); Ke + turun (v., ''to go down'') + an
* Ketua (Leader/head/chief); Ke + tua (n., ''old''/''elderly'')
* Kehendak (Will/desire); Ke + hendak (adverb, (''a'') ''want'')

===== Ter- =====
Words containing the prefix 'Ter-' are commonly used in jurisdictional environments.

* Tersangka (Suspect); Ter + sangka (noun, ''estimation''/''assumption'')
* Terdakwa (Defendant); Ter + dakwa (n., ''confession'')
* Terpidana (Convict); Ter + pidana (n., ''criminal'')

===== Pra- =====
Pre-; before. 

* Prasejarah (Prehistoric); Pra + Sejarah (noun, ''history'')
* Prabayar (Prepaid); Pra + bayar (verb, ''to pay'')
* Prasyarat (Prerequisite(s)); Pra + syarat (n., ''condition''(''s''))

===== No prefix (-an only) =====

* Bebatuan (Stones); Batu-batu (noun, ''stone''; repeat variant of 'Batu') + an
* Letusan (Explosion); (me)letus (verb, ''to explode'') + an
* Makanan (food(s)); (me)makan (v., ''to eat'') + an
* Orang-orangan (Humanoid toy; toy that resembles a human being); Orang-orang (n., people) + an

===== No prefix (-wan/-wati) =====
For occupations. '-wan' is a masculine suffix, used for male members of a certain occupation, and '-wati' is a feminine suffix, used for female members.

* Cendekiawan/Cendekiawati (Scholar(s)); Cendekia (noun, ''scholar'' (neutral)) + wan/wati
* Karyawan/Karyawati (Employee(s)); Karya (n., ''creation'') + wan/wati
* Wartawan/Wartawati (Reporter(s)); Warta (n., ''news''/''report'') + wan/wati

the suffix '-wan' can also be used neutrally.

* Relawan (Volunteer(s)); Rela (noun, ''willing''/''compliant'') + wan
* Ilmuwan (Scientist(s)); Ilmu (n., ''knowledge'') + wan
* Sejarawan (Historian(s)); Sejara&lt;s&gt;h&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''history'') + wan

===== No prefix (-anda/-nda) =====
The suffix is rarely used in current day-to-day conversations in Indonesia. Words using the suffix are formal in manner and are typically greetings for people close to one another such as family members.

* Ayahanda ((one's) father/dad); Ayah (noun, ''father''/''dad'') + anda
* Ibunda ((one's) mother/mom); Ibu (n., ''mother''/''mom'') + nda
* Adinda ((one's) younger brother/sister); Adi&lt;s&gt;k&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''younger brother''/''sister'') + nda
* Kakanda ((one's) older brother/sister); Kaka&lt;s&gt;k&lt;/s&gt; (n., ''older brother''/''sister'') + nda

{{Indonesian/Grammar Footer}}</text>
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    <title>User talk:Honeydear</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T23:54:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="1432" sha1="g7lj862ccp1xfiubhox44j0unu151v9" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
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—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

:Thank You so much. 
:What do I need to know,please? [[User:Honeydear|Honeydear]] ([[User talk:Honeydear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Honeydear|contribs]]) 17:14, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Honeydear|Honeydear]] those two pages linked above should have most to all the information needed for you to contribute recipes. Note that the last recipe you contributed is technically incomplete by the cookbook standards, and I noted what's missing at the top of the top of that page. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:54, 12 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
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== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Menu recovery android]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Out of scope&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Menu recovery android|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:29, 12 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>I started a new page, and added a definition and link for Archetype.</comment>
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      <text bytes="337" sha1="gvfftw8pl4nx6fpsrx3ftx2tpt1pk7b" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]</text>
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'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
African vampire-like beings:
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
European vampire-like beings:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
Asian vampire-like beings: &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
The American vampire-like beings:
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Oceanian vampire-like beings:
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4toi230j9wf02794acjv30gfhn5nrdi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635419</id>
      <parentid>4635417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T13:52:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added a page break</comment>
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      <text bytes="2830" sha1="ccypbt2lqczhvyxhhl8e8jwwpk1gcaa" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
African vampire-like beings:
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
European vampire-like beings:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
Asian vampire-like beings: &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Middle Eastern vampire-like beings:
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
The American vampire-like beings:
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Oceanian vampire-like beings:
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ccypbt2lqczhvyxhhl8e8jwwpk1gcaa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635420</id>
      <parentid>4635419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T13:57:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added several page breaks</comment>
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      <text bytes="2892" sha1="pyi1pjkhvgm8l3ftxqn34y4x6vgak3t" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
''African vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''European vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Asian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Middle Eastern vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;'':
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''The American vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Oceanian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pyi1pjkhvgm8l3ftxqn34y4x6vgak3t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635421</id>
      <parentid>4635420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T13:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added a page break</comment>
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      <text bytes="2897" sha1="0ygs79bbbu0b3nwipmgaxw0nudsawtb" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''African vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''European vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Asian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Middle Eastern vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;'':
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''The American vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Oceanian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0ygs79bbbu0b3nwipmgaxw0nudsawtb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635422</id>
      <parentid>4635421</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T14:03:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added a page break</comment>
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      <text bytes="2902" sha1="jw6p7dux92spiv0qdtj321rh87gb02q" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''African vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''European vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Asian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Middle Eastern vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;'':
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''The American vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Oceanian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jw6p7dux92spiv0qdtj321rh87gb02q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635423</id>
      <parentid>4635422</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T14:53:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added four paragraphs about Archetypes and how Researchers define or create archetypes</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3844" sha1="7bbmhu158hdg29gw3x0wd6yabxg8zo7" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. &lt;br&gt;
Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''African vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''European vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Asian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Middle Eastern vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;'':
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''The American vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Oceanian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7bbmhu158hdg29gw3x0wd6yabxg8zo7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635424</id>
      <parentid>4635423</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T15:06:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added two paragraphs</comment>
      <origin>4635424</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4255" sha1="0ruxkn1u5r91mnzanl1vdrrmqo5jmmx" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. &lt;br&gt;
Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although details differ, these vampire-like &quot;beings&quot; serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''African vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''European vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Asian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Middle Eastern vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;'':
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''The American vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Oceanian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;

A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining &quot;beings.&quot; Through study, Researchers can better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and  why it resonates in stories from around the world.</text>
      <sha1>0ruxkn1u5r91mnzanl1vdrrmqo5jmmx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635425</id>
      <parentid>4635424</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T15:07:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4635425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4260" sha1="b8glt4r7skpk6zn772u3gr6s2npn56a" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although details differ, these vampire-like &quot;beings&quot; serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''African vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''European vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Asian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Middle Eastern vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;'':
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''The American vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Oceanian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;

A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining &quot;beings.&quot; Through study, Researchers can better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and  why it resonates in stories from around the world.</text>
      <sha1>b8glt4r7skpk6zn772u3gr6s2npn56a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635426</id>
      <parentid>4635425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T15:09:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>edited last paragraph.</comment>
      <origin>4635426</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4269" sha1="0hr9hc4dax0hqn2x2xs15hdsunwwih0" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although details differ, these vampire-like &quot;beings&quot; serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''African vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''European vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Asian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Middle Eastern vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;'':
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''The American vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Oceanian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;

A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining &quot;beings.&quot; Through study, Researchers can better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and  perhaps, why it resonates in stories from around the world.</text>
      <sha1>0hr9hc4dax0hqn2x2xs15hdsunwwih0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635434</id>
      <parentid>4635426</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T16:31:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>re-phrased a paragraph.</comment>
      <origin>4635434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4293" sha1="9pqki13c8zclsaujp22n8i7v2osqzxo" xml:space="preserve">Create Vampires: Historical And Cross-Cultural Origins Of Vampire Archetypes

'''What is an Archetype?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Archetype means &quot;the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies.&quot; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype Archetype]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
An archetype is a pattern that repeats itself in many cultures, in several historical ages. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why do certain ideas or characters -- such as the trickster god, or the heroic figure, or the cosmic mother -- repeatedly arise in myths and belief systems? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Archetypes provide a large frame, whereby people can analyze how different cultures develop similar concepts, or similar myths independently. These shared patterns indicate that people express common concerns, such as death, or fear of illness, in a similar manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although different cultures express particular differences, overall, vampires from other traditions are described as beings that drain life, return from the dead, or exist in a between state, between the living and the dead. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When Researchers examine the similarities between vampires across cultures, Researchers and Creators define core features that create the vampire archetype. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although details differ, these vampire-like &quot;beings&quot; serve a similar cultural function. They may give warning, explain disease, and act as a valve releasing social anxieties. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''A general survey of vampire-like myths in global folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''African vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Asanbosam (Ashanti, Ghana) — A forest‑dwelling creature with iron teeth and hook‑like feet; attacks from trees &lt;br&gt;
Obayifo (West Africa) — A witch‑like being believed to drain life‑energy from children. &lt;br&gt;
Adze (Ewe, Togo/Ghana) — A vampiric spirit that can take the form of a firefly and feed on blood or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''European vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Strigoi (Romania) — Restless dead who return to drain vitality or blood from the living. &lt;br&gt;
Upir (Slavic regions) — Early Slavic vampire figure; often associated with disease and nocturnal attacks. &lt;br&gt;
Nachzehrer (Germany) — A corpse believed to consume its own burial shroud and psychically drain the living. &lt;br&gt;
Vrykolakas (Greece) — A reanimated body associated with plague, misfortune, and nocturnal predation. &lt;br&gt;
Mullo (Romani) — A dead person who returns to harm or drain the living.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Asian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jiangshi (China) — A “hopping” reanimated corpse that drains qi (life‑energy). &lt;br&gt;
Penanggalan (Malaysia) — A woman whose head detaches with trailing organs; feeds on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Manananggal (Philippines) — A being that separates its upper body and preys on humans at night. &lt;br&gt;
Rakshasa (India) — A shape‑shifting demon that sometimes consumes flesh or life‑force. &lt;br&gt;
Pontianak / Kuntilanak (Indonesia/Malaysia) — A vampiric spirit of a woman who died in childbirth &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Middle Eastern vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;'':
&lt;br&gt;
Ghul (Arabian folklore) — A desert‑dwelling creature that consumes flesh and sometimes blood. &lt;br&gt;
Alp (Turkic regions) — A nocturnal spirit that causes nightmares and may drain vitality. &lt;br&gt;
Estrie (Jewish folklore) — A female vampiric demon that feeds on blood.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''The American vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:'' 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Chupacabra (Latin America) — A modern cryptid said to drain blood from livestock. &lt;br&gt;
Tlahuelpuchi (Mexico, Tlaxcala) — A shape‑shifting being, often female, believed to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Soucouyant (Caribbean) — A woman who sheds her skin and becomes a fireball to feed on blood. &lt;br&gt;
Wendigo (Algonquian peoples) — Not a vampire, but a cannibalistic spirit associated with hunger and consumption. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''Oceanian vampire-like &quot;beings&quot;:''
&lt;br&gt;
Yara-ma-yha-who (Australia, Aboriginal folklore) — A small red creature that drains blood through suckers on its hands and feet.&lt;br&gt;

A diversity of beliefs are reflected concerning these life-draining &quot;beings.&quot; Through study, Researchers can better understand the development of the vampire archetype, and  perhaps, readers will understand why it resonates in stories from around the world.</text>
      <sha1>9pqki13c8zclsaujp22n8i7v2osqzxo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635437</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:02:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page with many paragraphs</comment>
      <origin>4635437</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="957" sha1="mubb6pqobdn5l1k9406im8spac3uu0z" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priest, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo|Obayifo]]</text>
      <sha1>mubb6pqobdn5l1k9406im8spac3uu0z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635438</id>
      <parentid>4635437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added a page break</comment>
      <origin>4635438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="962" sha1="s4m7t1flk9yo372vm9mkuoc2zb3ugle" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priest, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo|Obayifo]]</text>
      <sha1>s4m7t1flk9yo372vm9mkuoc2zb3ugle</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635439</id>
      <parentid>4635438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:04:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4635439</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="967" sha1="ckdcr100xilz6jxxj95kmx71bpx9p5r" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priest, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo|Obayifo]]</text>
      <sha1>ckdcr100xilz6jxxj95kmx71bpx9p5r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635440</id>
      <parentid>4635439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>plural - from Priest to Priests</comment>
      <origin>4635440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="968" sha1="cfj83kcr2i13lfuaxktrsw5sy4buf47" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priests, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo|Obayifo]]</text>
      <sha1>cfj83kcr2i13lfuaxktrsw5sy4buf47</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635442</id>
      <parentid>4635440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:13:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created a reference link to Wikipedia.</comment>
      <origin>4635442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="957" sha1="smdid7nex1kyrv3rux30m4dcirnddg2" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priests, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo</text>
      <sha1>smdid7nex1kyrv3rux30m4dcirnddg2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635464</id>
      <parentid>4635442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T19:25:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added a new paragraph. Added a link to Wikipedia. I got a reference from Wikipedia to Matthew Bunson. I included both links.</comment>
      <origin>4635464</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1820" sha1="str1bnkrmjcqirq9z07zk8gtcn90g53" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priests, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo


'''Adze -  A vampiric being, told by the people of Togo and Ghana'''

Appearance: A male or female able to shift shape. It can change appearance from firefly to human. In human form, the Adze has the ability to possess its victim.

Nature: Witchy.

Vampiric Activity: The Adze can travel through cracks and keyholes as a firefly at night. It is able to '''''suck blood''''' from dreaming people, causing them to become ill, and possibly die.

Abilities: Possession of a victim's family, or by those whom the victim is jealous.

Weakness: None. There is no escape from an Adze.

The Adze myth may have developed as a warning, describing the deadly effects of malaria, or mosquitoes, or both.

[[wikipedia:Adze_(folklore)|Adze (folklore) - Wikipedia]] 

[[Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2. ISBN 0-500-27748-6.]]</text>
      <sha1>str1bnkrmjcqirq9z07zk8gtcn90g53</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635465</id>
      <parentid>4635464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T19:30:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Edited out the ISBN number of Matthew Bunson's book. Do we share ISBN numbers with the public? I am unsure.</comment>
      <origin>4635465</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1890" sha1="dn30q67nuhmrvnpyrj0iw9h5j3q1ubt" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priests, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo


'''Adze -  A vampiric being, told by the people of Togo and Ghana'''

Appearance: A male or female able to shift shape. It can change appearance from firefly to human. In human form, the Adze has the ability to possess its victim.

Nature: Witchy.

Vampiric Activity: The Adze can travel through cracks and keyholes as a firefly at night. It is able to '''''suck blood''''' from dreaming people, causing them to become ill, and possibly die.

Abilities: Possession of a victim's family, or by those whom the victim is jealous.

Weakness: None. There is no escape from an Adze.

The Adze myth may have developed as a warning, describing the deadly effects of malaria, or mosquitoes, or both.

[[wikipedia:Adze_(folklore)|Adze (folklore) - Wikipedia]] 

[[Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2.|Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2. ISBN]]</text>
      <sha1>dn30q67nuhmrvnpyrj0iw9h5j3q1ubt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635476</id>
      <parentid>4635465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T21:20:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added another line, introducing how cultural traditions shaped vampire traits.</comment>
      <origin>4635476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2017" sha1="fkd249rrswor1uwv2aef4ypij06jc8q" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priests, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo


'''Adze -  A vampiric being, told by the people of Togo and Ghana'''

Appearance: A male or female able to shift shape. It can change appearance from firefly to human. In human form, the Adze has the ability to possess its victim.

Nature: Witchy.

Vampiric Activity: The Adze can travel through cracks and keyholes as a firefly at night. It is able to '''''suck blood''''' from dreaming people, causing them to become ill, and possibly die.

Abilities: Possession of a victim's family, or by those whom the victim is jealous.

Weakness: None. There is no escape from an Adze.

The Adze myth may have developed as a warning, describing the deadly effects of malaria, or mosquitoes, or both.

[[wikipedia:Adze_(folklore)|Adze (folklore) - Wikipedia]] 

[[Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2.|Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2. ISBN]]

Want to find out how a culture ''shaped by malaria from mosquitoes '''shaped''''' '''''vampire traits''''' in stories?

Link:</text>
      <sha1>fkd249rrswor1uwv2aef4ypij06jc8q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635480</id>
      <parentid>4635476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T22:10:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added link to new page</comment>
      <origin>4635480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2177" sha1="iuuh74jxlpazxmrkssfshmmpa3bp2j5" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priests, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo


'''Adze -  A vampiric being, told by the people of Togo and Ghana'''

Appearance: A male or female able to shift shape. It can change appearance from firefly to human. In human form, the Adze has the ability to possess its victim.

Nature: Witchy.

Vampiric Activity: The Adze can travel through cracks and keyholes as a firefly at night. It is able to '''''suck blood''''' from dreaming people, causing them to become ill, and possibly die.

Abilities: Possession of a victim's family, or by those whom the victim is jealous.

Weakness: None. There is no escape from an Adze.

The Adze myth may have developed as a warning, describing the deadly effects of malaria, or mosquitoes, or both.

[[wikipedia:Adze_(folklore)|Adze (folklore) - Wikipedia]] 

[[Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2.|Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2. ISBN]]

Want to find out how a culture ''shaped by malaria from mosquitoes '''shaped''''' '''''vampire traits''''' in stories?

Link: [[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]</text>
      <sha1>iuuh74jxlpazxmrkssfshmmpa3bp2j5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635502</id>
      <parentid>4635480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added paragraph and a link</comment>
      <origin>4635502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2604" sha1="7mvpu97e3ik7lpxnj481zjj2jfa5tmv" xml:space="preserve">'''African Folklore'''
&lt;br&gt;

'''Asanbosam - Mythical Ghana vampire-like being'''

Appearance: Asanbosam are said to have iron teeth. They are humanoid, with long hair. They have bat-like features, including large wings.

Nature: Archetypal ogre.

Vampiric Activity - They prey on humans, feeding off people who wander into their forest territory.

Abilities: They live in trees and can attack from above.

[[wikipedia:Sasabonsam|Sasabonsam - Wikipedia]]

&lt;br&gt;
'''Obayifo - Mythical West African vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The obayifo is a myth that comes from West Africa. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The obayifo is described as a man or a woman. They look normal during the day, yet at night, they can be seen by their phosphorescent light that comes from their armpits or from their anal region. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: They can be male or female, although it has been suggested that the obayifo are primarily women. It is noted that the obayifo are greedy. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: They are associated with negativity, and misfortune. They are reported as draining small children of blood, or draining the sap from plants.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: They can fly. They will steal children. They can turn into a ball of flame, and  are associated with human possession.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They avoid salt, Holy Priests, and may be vulnerable to starvation.
&lt;br&gt;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obayifo


'''Adze -  A vampiric being, told by the people of Togo and Ghana'''

Appearance: A male or female able to shift shape. It can change appearance from firefly to human. In human form, the Adze has the ability to possess its victim.

Nature: Witchy.

Vampiric Activity: The Adze can travel through cracks and keyholes as a firefly at night. It is able to '''''suck blood''''' from dreaming people, causing them to become ill, and possibly die.

Abilities: Possession of a victim's family, or by those whom the victim is jealous.

Weakness: None. There is no escape from an Adze.

The Adze myth may have developed as a warning, describing the deadly effects of malaria, or mosquitoes, or both.

[[wikipedia:Adze_(folklore)|Adze (folklore) - Wikipedia]] 

[[Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2.|Bunson, Matthew (1993). The Vampire Encyclopedia. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. p. 2. ISBN]]

Want to find out how a culture ''shaped by malaria from mosquitoes '''shaped''''' '''''vampire traits''''' in stories?

Link: [[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]</text>
      <sha1>7mvpu97e3ik7lpxnj481zjj2jfa5tmv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635451</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Public Domain Primary Sources (Safe for Wikibooks) &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; These can be quoted freely because they are in the public domain.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Polidori, John. The Vampyre. 1819. &lt;br&gt; Rymer, James Malcolm. Varney the Vampire; or, The Feast of Blood. 1845–1847. &lt;br&gt; Le Fanu, Sheridan. Carmilla. 1872. &lt;br&gt; Stoker, Bram. Dracula. 1897. &lt;br&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4635451</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="333" sha1="jkjiw29vkdaabhnmu81qdiko785ys5v" xml:space="preserve">Public Domain Primary Sources (Safe for Wikibooks)
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
These can be quoted freely because they are in the public domain.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Polidori, John. The Vampyre. 1819.
&lt;br&gt;
Rymer, James Malcolm. Varney the Vampire; or, The Feast of Blood. 1845–1847.
&lt;br&gt;
Le Fanu, Sheridan. Carmilla. 1872.
&lt;br&gt;
Stoker, Bram. Dracula. 1897. &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jkjiw29vkdaabhnmu81qdiko785ys5v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635452</id>
      <parentid>4635451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:54:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added page breaks</comment>
      <origin>4635452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="354" sha1="7lgk806vl92ednx6rmwq1w4eq6pnrym" xml:space="preserve">'''Public Domain Primary Sources''' (Safe for Wikibooks)
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
These can be quoted freely because they are in the public domain.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Polidori, John. The Vampyre. 1819.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Rymer, James Malcolm. Varney the Vampire; or, The Feast of Blood. 1845–1847.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Le Fanu, Sheridan. Carmilla. 1872.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stoker, Bram. Dracula. 1897. &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7lgk806vl92ednx6rmwq1w4eq6pnrym</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635458</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''''A Definition For Vampire''':''  What are Vampires? &lt;br&gt; The definition for a vampire varies dependent on what dictionary one uses.  For example:  Dictionary.com has a general definition:  Vampire: n. a preternatural being  2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.  According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot; [1]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4635458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="459" sha1="2ssgrw7sn2jzdqf47y79eacek3lyuon" xml:space="preserve">'''''A Definition For Vampire''':''

What are Vampires? &lt;br&gt;
The definition for a vampire varies dependent on what dictionary one uses.

For example:

Dictionary.com has a general definition:

Vampire: n. a preternatural being

2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot; [1]</text>
      <sha1>2ssgrw7sn2jzdqf47y79eacek3lyuon</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635459</id>
      <parentid>4635458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:16:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created a new page in Create Vampires: A Definition For Vampire</comment>
      <origin>4635459</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="495" sha1="5mt0v7tnoe771xod4tukvmfbpm4714i" xml:space="preserve">'''''A Definition For Vampire''':''

What are Vampires? &lt;br&gt;
The definition for a vampire varies dependent on what dictionary one uses.

For example:

Dictionary.com has a general definition:

Vampire: n. a preternatural being

2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire]</text>
      <sha1>5mt0v7tnoe771xod4tukvmfbpm4714i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635461</id>
      <parentid>4635459</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:21:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>I added a link to Dictionary.com for A Definition For Vampire</comment>
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      <text bytes="540" sha1="t09oidxll05aj58y6w5840inx8hz4w6" xml:space="preserve">'''''A Definition For Vampire''':''

What are Vampires? &lt;br&gt;
The definition for a vampire varies dependent on what dictionary one uses.

For example:

Dictionary.com has a general definition:

Vampire: n. a preternatural being

2. (in Eastern European Folklore) a corpse, animated by an undeparted soul or demon.

[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire]

According to Wikipedia.org, a vampire is &quot;a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence [ the blood] of the living.&quot; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire]</text>
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    <title>Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits</title>
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      <comment>Created a new page: How Cultural Traditions Shape Vampire Traits.</comment>
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      <text bytes="665" sha1="aztrezout6stxoi6seanemxdpc3aft3" xml:space="preserve">'''How Cultural Traditions Shaped Modern Vampire Traits:'''

A cultural warning, from the Ewe people, against malaria caused by mosquitoes, probably created a vampire-like insect (firefly) that sucks blood and can bring illness, or death.

Poor understanding of decay in humans, such as the appearance of hair and nail growth, gassy corpses emitting sounds, and the appearance of blood around the mouth, caused by processes active during death, lends credence to the belief that the dead were still somewhat alive. This belief may have translated into vampire traits whereby vampires have bodies, instead of being clear like ghost, and were reanimation of the dead.</text>
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      <text bytes="3012" sha1="p64mqi7f1l1riqu7lhtbth5yajfdiv8" xml:space="preserve">'''How Cultural Traditions Shaped Modern Vampire Traits:'''

A cultural warning, from the Ewe people, against malaria caused by mosquitoes, probably created a vampire-like insect (firefly) that sucks blood and can bring illness, or death.

Poor understanding of decay in humans, such as the appearance of hair and nail growth, gassy corpses emitting sounds, and the appearance of blood around the mouth, caused by processes active during death, lends credence to the belief that the dead were still somewhat alive. This belief may have translated into vampire traits whereby vampires have bodies, instead of being clear like ghost, and were reanimation of the dead.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Cultural Contributions to Modern Vampire Traits
|-
! Culture / Region || Traditional Being(s) || Key Traits Contributed || How These Traits Shaped the Modern Vampire
|-
| Eastern Europe (Slavic, Romanian, Balkan) || Strigoi, Upir, Moroi, Vrykolakas || Reanimated corpse; nocturnal attacks; blood‑drinking; contagion; returning from the grave || Forms the core of the modern vampire: undead body, feeding on blood, spreading vampirism, rising from the grave
|-
| Western Europe (Germanic, Celtic) || Nachzehrer, Draugr || Corpse that harms the living; grave‑associated revenants; physical strength || Reinforces the idea of vampires as physically present, dangerous, and tied to burial practices
|-
| Middle East (Arabian, Turkish) || Ghul, Alp || Nocturnal predation; draining life or vitality; shape‑shifting|| Adds predatory stealth, dream‑draining, and the idea of supernatural feeding beyond blood
|-
| Africa (West African traditions) || Asanbosam, Obayifo, Adze || Tree‑dwelling predators; energy‑draining; witch‑like feeding || Influences modern “energy vampire” concepts and non‑blood feeding variations
|-
| China || Jiangshi || Reanimated corpse; stiff movement; qi‑draining; nocturna || Contributes the idea of life‑force draining and corpse‑like rigidity
|-
| Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia) || Penanggalan, Manananggal, Pontianak|| Female vampiric beings; night feeding; organ‑detachment; blood consumption || Shapes modern horror depictions of female vampires and body‑separation motifs
|-
| India || Vetala, Rakshasa || Spirit‑possession; corpse animation; predatory behavior || Adds psychological manipulation and possession themes to vampire fiction
|-
| Caribbean|| Soucouyant || Skin‑shedding; night feeding; fireball form || Influences shapeshifting and supernatural transformation tropes
|-
| Mesoamerica (Mexico || Tlahuelpuchi || Shape‑shifting; nocturnal feeding; hereditary vampirism || Contributes hereditary or “born vampire” concepts
|-
| Modern Western Literature (18th–19th century) || Polidori’s Vampyre, Le Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula || Seduction; aristocracy; immortality; aversion to sunlight; sophisticated predator|| Establishes the literary vampire: charismatic, immortal, romanticized, and culturally iconic
|}</text>
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      <text bytes="4616" sha1="5i0wp858eand60en2tmf693w2jpba2y" xml:space="preserve">'''How Cultural Traditions Shaped Modern Vampire Traits:'''

A cultural warning, from the Ewe people, against malaria caused by mosquitoes, probably created a vampire-like insect (firefly) that sucks blood and can bring illness, or death.

Poor understanding of decay in humans, such as the appearance of hair and nail growth, gassy corpses emitting sounds, and the appearance of blood around the mouth, caused by processes active during death, lends credence to the belief that the dead were still somewhat alive. This belief may have translated into vampire traits whereby vampires have bodies, instead of being clear like ghost, and were reanimation of the dead.

Perhaps Christianity culturally shaped many vampire weaknesses. For example, crosses and holy water were symbols of divine protection. Garlic was used as a protective herb, while a belief that iron and silver may block harmful spirits could be the reason that vampires avoid silver which harms them. Vampires were repelled by garlic, and vampires feared crosses and holy water.

Eastern Europeans experiences of blood loss, atrophy, and loss of energy may have been interpreted as attacks from vampires. Perhaps this fear developed into vampire traits such as vampirism that spreads like a disease, or a virus, and the method by which vampires feed: on blood. 

Many culture evolved myths about nighttime activities. Night time is less lit. The night has been associated with danger and the unknown. Vampires are active at night, they avoid the sunlight, which can often burn them alive. They are associated with predatory behavior, and darkness. The nachzehrer and the strigol are also associated with night time dwellers. 

Romantic and Gothic literature transformed the vampire from reddish colored and bloated, to pale and thin. Vampires were transformed from a dead body, to a charming being, possessing a high level of charisma. As Romantic and Gothic writers explored themes such as forbidden desire, sexuality, power, the boundary between life and death and immortality, vampires developed slow aging, magnetic allure, possess immortality and existed somewhere between life and death, thus un-dead. The romantic qualities possessed by some vampires blur the lines between threat and attraction.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Cultural Contributions to Modern Vampire Traits
|-
! Culture / Region || Traditional Being(s) || Key Traits Contributed || How These Traits Shaped the Modern Vampire
|-
| Eastern Europe (Slavic, Romanian, Balkan) || Strigoi, Upir, Moroi, Vrykolakas || Reanimated corpse; nocturnal attacks; blood‑drinking; contagion; returning from the grave || Forms the core of the modern vampire: undead body, feeding on blood, spreading vampirism, rising from the grave
|-
| Western Europe (Germanic, Celtic) || Nachzehrer, Draugr || Corpse that harms the living; grave‑associated revenants; physical strength || Reinforces the idea of vampires as physically present, dangerous, and tied to burial practices
|-
| Middle East (Arabian, Turkish) || Ghul, Alp || Nocturnal predation; draining life or vitality; shape‑shifting|| Adds predatory stealth, dream‑draining, and the idea of supernatural feeding beyond blood
|-
| Africa (West African traditions) || Asanbosam, Obayifo, Adze || Tree‑dwelling predators; energy‑draining; witch‑like feeding || Influences modern “energy vampire” concepts and non‑blood feeding variations
|-
| China || Jiangshi || Reanimated corpse; stiff movement; qi‑draining; nocturna || Contributes the idea of life‑force draining and corpse‑like rigidity
|-
| Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia) || Penanggalan, Manananggal, Pontianak|| Female vampiric beings; night feeding; organ‑detachment; blood consumption || Shapes modern horror depictions of female vampires and body‑separation motifs
|-
| India || Vetala, Rakshasa || Spirit‑possession; corpse animation; predatory behavior || Adds psychological manipulation and possession themes to vampire fiction
|-
| Caribbean|| Soucouyant || Skin‑shedding; night feeding; fireball form || Influences shapeshifting and supernatural transformation tropes
|-
| Mesoamerica (Mexico || Tlahuelpuchi || Shape‑shifting; nocturnal feeding; hereditary vampirism || Contributes hereditary or “born vampire” concepts
|-
| Modern Western Literature (18th–19th century) || Polidori’s Vampyre, Le Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula || Seduction; aristocracy; immortality; aversion to sunlight; sophisticated predator|| Establishes the literary vampire: charismatic, immortal, romanticized, and culturally iconic
|}</text>
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      <comment>Added closing paragraph.</comment>
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      <text bytes="4830" sha1="0er4r4a5fmpid01fhbmx4ctnkpmazsz" xml:space="preserve">'''How Cultural Traditions Shaped Modern Vampire Traits:'''

A cultural warning, from the Ewe people, against malaria caused by mosquitoes, probably created a vampire-like insect (firefly) that sucks blood and can bring illness, or death.

Poor understanding of decay in humans, such as the appearance of hair and nail growth, gassy corpses emitting sounds, and the appearance of blood around the mouth, caused by processes active during death, lends credence to the belief that the dead were still somewhat alive. This belief may have translated into vampire traits whereby vampires have bodies, instead of being clear like ghost, and were reanimation of the dead.

Perhaps Christianity culturally shaped many vampire weaknesses. For example, crosses and holy water were symbols of divine protection. Garlic was used as a protective herb, while a belief that iron and silver may block harmful spirits could be the reason that vampires avoid silver which harms them. Vampires were repelled by garlic, and vampires feared crosses and holy water.

Eastern Europeans experiences of blood loss, atrophy, and loss of energy may have been interpreted as attacks from vampires. Perhaps this fear developed into vampire traits such as vampirism that spreads like a disease, or a virus, and the method by which vampires feed: on blood. 

Many culture evolved myths about nighttime activities. Night time is less lit. The night has been associated with danger and the unknown. Vampires are active at night, they avoid the sunlight, which can often burn them alive. They are associated with predatory behavior, and darkness. The nachzehrer and the strigol are also associated with night time dwellers. 

Romantic and Gothic literature transformed the vampire from reddish colored and bloated, to pale and thin. Vampires were transformed from a dead body, to a charming being, possessing a high level of charisma. As Romantic and Gothic writers explored themes such as forbidden desire, sexuality, power, the boundary between life and death and immortality, vampires developed slow aging characteristics, magnetic allure, possessed immortality and existed somewhere between life and death, thus un-dead. The romantic qualities possessed by some vampires blur the lines between threat and attraction.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Cultural Contributions to Modern Vampire Traits
|-
! Culture / Region || Traditional Being(s) || Key Traits Contributed || How These Traits Shaped the Modern Vampire
|-
| Eastern Europe (Slavic, Romanian, Balkan) || Strigoi, Upir, Moroi, Vrykolakas || Reanimated corpse; nocturnal attacks; blood‑drinking; contagion; returning from the grave || Forms the core of the modern vampire: undead body, feeding on blood, spreading vampirism, rising from the grave
|-
| Western Europe (Germanic, Celtic) || Nachzehrer, Draugr || Corpse that harms the living; grave‑associated revenants; physical strength || Reinforces the idea of vampires as physically present, dangerous, and tied to burial practices
|-
| Middle East (Arabian, Turkish) || Ghul, Alp || Nocturnal predation; draining life or vitality; shape‑shifting|| Adds predatory stealth, dream‑draining, and the idea of supernatural feeding beyond blood
|-
| Africa (West African traditions) || Asanbosam, Obayifo, Adze || Tree‑dwelling predators; energy‑draining; witch‑like feeding || Influences modern “energy vampire” concepts and non‑blood feeding variations
|-
| China || Jiangshi || Reanimated corpse; stiff movement; qi‑draining; nocturna || Contributes the idea of life‑force draining and corpse‑like rigidity
|-
| Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia) || Penanggalan, Manananggal, Pontianak|| Female vampiric beings; night feeding; organ‑detachment; blood consumption || Shapes modern horror depictions of female vampires and body‑separation motifs
|-
| India || Vetala, Rakshasa || Spirit‑possession; corpse animation; predatory behavior || Adds psychological manipulation and possession themes to vampire fiction
|-
| Caribbean|| Soucouyant || Skin‑shedding; night feeding; fireball form || Influences shapeshifting and supernatural transformation tropes
|-
| Mesoamerica (Mexico || Tlahuelpuchi || Shape‑shifting; nocturnal feeding; hereditary vampirism || Contributes hereditary or “born vampire” concepts
|-
| Modern Western Literature (18th–19th century) || Polidori’s Vampyre, Le Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula || Seduction; aristocracy; immortality; aversion to sunlight; sophisticated predator|| Establishes the literary vampire: charismatic, immortal, romanticized, and culturally iconic
|}
Vampire-like creatures appear in many shapes, in many fictional stories, yet they retain a similar core. They are depicted as beings that drain life, prey on the living, and exist between worlds.</text>
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    <title>Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>4635494</id>
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      <text bytes="1287" sha1="hbmlefzeq0uiwzqpiwxz0i61cow05av" xml:space="preserve">'''Latin-American Folklore'''

''Chupacabra'' - Mythical American Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: In Hispanic America, the chupacabra is heavy, reptilian and alienish. It is described as having a row of spines from neck to tail.&lt;br&gt;
In the United States, it is more dog-like. Many reports of chupacabra were mostly dogs and coyotes with mange, which gave them an unusual appearance.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Chupacabra are thought to drink the blood of livestock, especially goats. &lt;br&gt;
Many of the dead livestock had two holes in the neck. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra &lt;br&gt;

''Tlahuelpuchi'' - Mythical Mexican Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The Tlahuelpunchi has a glowing aura when it shape shifts. They can take the form of some bird when they hunt. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: Vampire-witch. According to myths, they are born with their curse, which develops around puberty. There are more females than males, with female power stronger than the males. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Sucks the blood of infants at night.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: Shape shift (by detaching their bodies from their legs). &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They must feed on blood at least once a month, or they will die. 
They avoid onions, garlic and metal.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra</text>
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      <text bytes="1288" sha1="emza7tk49ya3907zf1itxdthz34168o" xml:space="preserve">'''Latin-American Folklore'''

''Chupacabra'' - Mythical American Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: In Hispanic America, the chupacabra is heavy, reptilian and alienish. It is described as having a row of spines from neck to tail.&lt;br&gt;
In the United States, it is more dog-like. Many reports of chupacabra were mostly dogs and coyotes with mange, which gave them an unusual appearance.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Chupacabra are thought to drink the blood of livestock, especially goats. &lt;br&gt;
Many of the dead livestock had two holes in the neck. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra &lt;br&gt;

''Tlahuelpuchi'' - Mythical Mexican Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The Tlahuelpunchi has a glowing aura when it shape shifts. They can take the form of some birds when they hunt. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: Vampire-witch. According to myths, they are born with their curse, which develops around puberty. There are more females than males, with female power stronger than the males. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Sucks the blood of infants at night.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: Shape shift (by detaching their bodies from their legs). &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They must feed on blood at least once a month, or they will die. 
They avoid onions, garlic and metal.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra</text>
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      <comment>Added new paragraph with link</comment>
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      <text bytes="1936" sha1="kovh7rw8qvap623q0cw43hh29yht3am" xml:space="preserve">'''Latin-American Folklore'''

''Chupacabra'' - Mythical American Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: In Hispanic America, the chupacabra is heavy, reptilian and alienish. It is described as having a row of spines from neck to tail.&lt;br&gt;
In the United States, it is more dog-like. Many reports of chupacabra were mostly dogs and coyotes with mange, which gave them an unusual appearance.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Chupacabra are thought to drink the blood of livestock, especially goats. &lt;br&gt;
Many of the dead livestock had two holes in the neck. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra &lt;br&gt;

''Tlahuelpuchi'' - Mythical Mexican Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The Tlahuelpunchi has a glowing aura when it shape shifts. They can take the form of some birds when they hunt. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: Vampire-witch. According to myths, they are born with their curse, which develops around puberty. There are more females than males, with female power stronger than the males. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Sucks the blood of infants at night.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: Shape shift (by detaching their bodies from their legs). &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They must feed on blood at least once a month, or they will die. 
They avoid onions, garlic and metal.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra


''Soucouyant'' - Mythical Caribbean Creature

Appearance: Old man or woman during the day, at night they take off their old skin and put it in a mortar.

Nature: practices black magic, witchy.

Vampiric Activity: They are thought to be blood sucking creatures, who take blood from arms, necks, and legs while the victims are unconscious.

Abilities: Shapeshift, trade blood for power with Bazil (demon).

Weakness: Must stop to gather spilled rice, grain by grain. When they strip off their skin, and place it in a mortar, they can be destroyed by putting coarse salt in the mortar with its skin.

[[wikipedia:Soucouyant|Soucouyant - Wikipedia]]</text>
      <sha1>kovh7rw8qvap623q0cw43hh29yht3am</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635498</id>
      <parentid>4635497</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added another chapter with link</comment>
      <origin>4635498</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2422" sha1="lik4vooc99hhy9p38pkwu302zh7fvoj" xml:space="preserve">'''Latin-American Folklore'''

''Chupacabra'' - Mythical American Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: In Hispanic America, the chupacabra is heavy, reptilian and alienish. It is described as having a row of spines from neck to tail.&lt;br&gt;
In the United States, it is more dog-like. Many reports of chupacabra were mostly dogs and coyotes with mange, which gave them an unusual appearance.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Chupacabra are thought to drink the blood of livestock, especially goats. &lt;br&gt;
Many of the dead livestock had two holes in the neck. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra &lt;br&gt;

''Tlahuelpuchi'' - Mythical Mexican Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The Tlahuelpunchi has a glowing aura when it shape shifts. They can take the form of some birds when they hunt. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: Vampire-witch. According to myths, they are born with their curse, which develops around puberty. There are more females than males, with female power stronger than the males. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Sucks the blood of infants at night.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: Shape shift (by detaching their bodies from their legs). &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They must feed on blood at least once a month, or they will die. 
They avoid onions, garlic and metal.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra


''Soucouyant'' - Mythical Caribbean Creature

Appearance: Old man or woman during the day, at night they take off their old skin and put it in a mortar.

Nature: practices black magic, witchy.

Vampiric Activity: They are thought to be blood sucking creatures, who take blood from arms, necks, and legs while the victims are unconscious.

Abilities: Shapeshift, trade blood for power with Bazil (demon).

Weakness: Must stop to gather spilled rice, grain by grain. When they strip off their skin, and place it in a mortar, they can be destroyed by putting coarse salt in the mortar with its skin.

[[wikipedia:Soucouyant|Soucouyant - Wikipedia]]


''Wendigo'' - Mythical Native American Creature

Appearance: Human like. In some versions of the stories, it is a giant humanoid with a heart of ice. Its presence can be detected by a foul smell or by chills.

Nature: Evil spirit

Vampiric Activity: They prey on humans to feed, in the form of human cannibalism.

Abilities: They can possess human beings. They can cause insatiable hunger in victims, including a desire to eat other people.

[[wikipedia:Wendigo|Wendigo - Wikipedia]]</text>
      <sha1>lik4vooc99hhy9p38pkwu302zh7fvoj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635499</id>
      <parentid>4635498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>changed the to its</comment>
      <origin>4635499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2422" sha1="gznofqh3phbcdz5ghfyc3evetcctfup" xml:space="preserve">'''Latin-American Folklore'''

''Chupacabra'' - Mythical American Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: In Hispanic America, the chupacabra is heavy, reptilian and alienish. It is described as having a row of spines from neck to tail.&lt;br&gt;
In the United States, it is more dog-like. Many reports of chupacabra were mostly dogs and coyotes with mange, which gave them an unusual appearance.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Chupacabra are thought to drink the blood of livestock, especially goats. &lt;br&gt;
Many of the dead livestock had two holes in the neck. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra &lt;br&gt;

''Tlahuelpuchi'' - Mythical Mexican Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The Tlahuelpunchi has a glowing aura when it shape shifts. They can take the form of some birds when they hunt. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: Vampire-witch. According to myths, they are born with their curse, which develops around puberty. There are more females than males, with female power stronger than the males. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Sucks the blood of infants at night.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: Shape shift (by detaching their bodies from their legs). &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They must feed on blood at least once a month, or they will die. 
They avoid onions, garlic and metal.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra


''Soucouyant'' - Mythical Caribbean Creature

Appearance: Old man or woman during the day, at night they take off their old skin and put it in a mortar.

Nature: practices black magic, witchy.

Vampiric Activity: They are thought to be blood sucking creatures, who take blood from arms, necks, and legs while the victims are unconscious.

Abilities: Shapeshift, trade blood for power with Bazil (demon).

Weakness: Must stop to gather spilled rice, grain by grain. When they strip off their skin, and place it in a mortar, they can be destroyed by putting coarse salt in the mortar with its skin.

[[wikipedia:Soucouyant|Soucouyant - Wikipedia]]


''Wendigo'' - Mythical Native American Creature

Appearance: Human like. In some versions of its stories, it is a giant humanoid with a heart of ice. Its presence can be detected by a foul smell or by chills.

Nature: Evil spirit

Vampiric Activity: They prey on humans to feed, in the form of human cannibalism.

Abilities: They can possess human beings. They can cause insatiable hunger in victims, including a desire to eat other people.

[[wikipedia:Wendigo|Wendigo - Wikipedia]]</text>
      <sha1>gznofqh3phbcdz5ghfyc3evetcctfup</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635503</id>
      <parentid>4635499</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>turned 4 subtitles bold.</comment>
      <origin>4635503</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2448" sha1="cplrg6q3qye8dgae79z1mvue1okw8l1" xml:space="preserve">'''Latin-American Folklore'''

'''''Chupacabra'' - Mythical American Vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: In Hispanic America, the chupacabra is heavy, reptilian and alienish. It is described as having a row of spines from neck to tail.&lt;br&gt;
In the United States, it is more dog-like. Many reports of chupacabra were mostly dogs and coyotes with mange, which gave them an unusual appearance.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Chupacabra are thought to drink the blood of livestock, especially goats. &lt;br&gt;
Many of the dead livestock had two holes in the neck. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra &lt;br&gt;

'''''Tlahuelpuchi'' - Mythical Mexican Vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The Tlahuelpunchi has a glowing aura when it shape shifts. They can take the form of some birds when they hunt. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: Vampire-witch. According to myths, they are born with their curse, which develops around puberty. There are more females than males, with female power stronger than the males. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Sucks the blood of infants at night.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: Shape shift (by detaching their bodies from their legs). &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They must feed on blood at least once a month, or they will die. 
They avoid onions, garlic and metal.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra


'''''Soucouyant'' - Mythical Caribbean Creature'''

Appearance: Old man or woman during the day, at night they take off their old skin and put it in a mortar.

Nature: practices black magic, witchy.

Vampiric Activity: They are thought to be blood sucking creatures, who take blood from arms, necks, and legs while the victims are unconscious.

Abilities: Shapeshift, trade blood for power with Bazil (demon).

Weakness: Must stop to gather spilled rice, grain by grain. When they strip off their skin, and place it in a mortar, they can be destroyed by putting coarse salt in the mortar with its skin.

[[wikipedia:Soucouyant|Soucouyant - Wikipedia]]


'''''Wendigo'' - Mythical Native American Creature'''

Appearance: Human like. In some versions of its stories, it is a giant humanoid with a heart of ice. Its presence can be detected by a foul smell or by chills.

Nature: Evil spirit

Vampiric Activity: They prey on humans to feed, in the form of human cannibalism.

Abilities: They can possess human beings. They can cause insatiable hunger in victims, including a desire to eat other people.

[[wikipedia:Wendigo|Wendigo - Wikipedia]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Whyiseverythingalreadyused</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>483293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635508</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T07:16:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SHB2000</username>
        <id>3332924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcome!</comment>
      <origin>4635508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4320" sha1="4b2lkl602ruonp4uok2aj6uatytrkad" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikibooks, Whyiseverythingalreadyused!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- FIRST COLUMN --&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear app kedit.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''First steps tutorial'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wikibooks is for [[WB:AGF|collaborative]] development of free&amp;nbsp;[[WB:WIW|textbooks]].'''

You do not need technical skills to [[Using Wikibooks|contribute]]. You can [[WB:BOLD|easily change most books]]. Please [[WB:CHAT|introduce yourself]], and let us know what [[WB:PROJECTS|interests you]].

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our [[Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikimedians|Wikimedia Orientation]] should quickly get you started.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon apps query.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Getting help'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;!-- SECOND COLUMN --&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Nuvola filesystems trashcan full.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Made a mistake?'''&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible selected&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; padding-right:1em; text-align:right; font-size:smaller&quot;&gt;(Would you like to provide [[Template talk:Bigwelcome|feedback]] on this message?)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt; --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:16, 13 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4b2lkl602ruonp4uok2aj6uatytrkad</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635513</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T08:09:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page title</comment>
      <origin>4635513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="0a54ucshzhn30o5hu75aljyl96pmpd8" xml:space="preserve">'''Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes'''</text>
      <sha1>0a54ucshzhn30o5hu75aljyl96pmpd8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635520</id>
      <parentid>4635513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T08:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created a table of major creators of fictional vampire tropes</comment>
      <origin>4635520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="843" sha1="t06qqf7s3nqqcxlqeg067qk82gnnftv" xml:space="preserve">'''Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes'''

&lt;nowiki&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

|+ Who Created Which Tropes

|-

! Author / Creator || Major Tropes Introduced or Codified || 

|-

| Polidori || Aristocratic vampire, seductive gentleman || 

|-

| Le Fanu || Female seductress vampire, tragic intimacy || 

|-

| Stoker || Vampire weakness, hunters, castle, transformations || 

|-

| Burne-Jones &amp; Kipling || Femme fatale &quot;vamp,&quot; emotional vampirism || 

|-

| Murnau || Sunlight kills vampires, plague imagery || 

|-

| Lugosi || Cape, hypnotic stare, iconic mannerisms|| 

|-

| Anne Rice || Sympathetic  vampires, vampire society, moral conflict || 

|-

| Joss Whedon || Vampire dusting, vampire with a soul, teen metaphors || 

|-

| Stephenie Meyer || Sparkling vampires, integration into society, romance focus || 

|-

|  ||  || 

|}</text>
      <sha1>t06qqf7s3nqqcxlqeg067qk82gnnftv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635521</id>
      <parentid>4635520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T08:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added a Table</comment>
      <origin>4635521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="753" sha1="4c458ryi4euiylr3xf98vc0upjcnqi8" xml:space="preserve">'''Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes'''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Who Created Which Tropes
|-
! Author / Creator !! Major Tropes Introduced or Codified
|-
| Polidori|| Aristocratic vampire, seductive gentleman
|-
| Le Fanu || Female seductress vampire, tragic intimacy
|-
| Stoker || Vampire weakness, hunters, castle, transformations
|-
| Burne-Jones &amp; Kipling || Femme fatale &quot;vamp,&quot; emotional vampirism 
|-
| Murnau || Sunlight kills vampires, plague imagery
|-
| Lugosi || Cape, hypnotic stare, iconic mannerisms
|-
| Anne Rice || Sympathetic vampires, vampire society, moral conflict
|-
| Joss Whedon || Vampire dusting, vampire with a soul, teen metaphors
|-
| Stephenie Meyer || Sparkling vampires, integration into society, romance focus
|-

|}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:GCSE Science/Cells</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>483295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635526</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T09:13:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE</username>
        <id>3585874</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ENGLISH, MATHEMATICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,CIVIC EDUCATION, BOOK KEEPING ECONOMICS */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4635526</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="348" sha1="m0wzs3uu365kklt74p5noqnv6d49h4u" xml:space="preserve">== ENGLISH, MATHEMATICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,CIVIC EDUCATION, BOOK KEEPING ECONOMICS ==

I want to learn more and pass this time

[[User:MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE]] ([[User talk:MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|contribs]]) 09:13, 13 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>m0wzs3uu365kklt74p5noqnv6d49h4u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4635527</id>
      <parentid>4635526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T09:14:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE</username>
        <id>3585874</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ENGLISH, MATHEMATICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,CIVIC EDUCATION, */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4635527</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="656" sha1="kys892om81cvckdjldndhcoktln3qmz" xml:space="preserve">== ENGLISH, MATHEMATICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,CIVIC EDUCATION, BOOK KEEPING ECONOMICS ==

I want to learn more and pass this time

[[User:MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE]] ([[User talk:MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|contribs]]) 09:13, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== ENGLISH, MATHEMATICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,CIVIC EDUCATION,  ==

I wan to learn more [[User:MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE]] ([[User talk:MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MULERO SHAKIRAH ADENIKE|contribs]]) 09:14, 13 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kys892om81cvckdjldndhcoktln3qmz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>