Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 12 736 4640011 4009312 2026-06-12T13:19:39Z Antimundo 812108 /* Who owns Wikibooks? */ Removed outdated claim 4640011 wikitext text/x-wiki ==What is a wiki?== A [[w:Wiki|wiki]] is a [[w:collaborative software|collaborative collection]] of interlinked open content web pages, all of which can be visited and edited by anyone at ''any'' time. You could even edit this page by clicking the "edit" link, the third tab at the very top of this page, or edit only a section by clicking on "[edit]" to its right. If you don't have anything to add or correct on this page and you just want to see how it works, try making some test edits in the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]]. See [[w:Wiki|wiki]] and the [[Help:FAQ/Editing|Editing FAQ]] for more on wikis and editing. ==What is Wikibooks?== Wikibooks is a project to produce a new kind of instructional resource that is comprehensive and [[w:free content|free]]. See [[Wikibooks:Welcome]] for more information. ==What are the aims of Wikibooks?== Wikibooks's goal is to create a free instructional resource—indeed, the largest instructional resource in history, both in terms of breadth and depth, to become a reliable resource. It's an ambitious goal which will probably take many years to achieve. ==How did Wikibooks start?== Wikibooks was started on July 10, 2003, as a sister project to [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]]. It was opened in response to a request by Wikipedia user Karl Wick for a place to start building open-content textbooks. Longtime Wikipedia contributor Daniel Mayer helped Karl advocate for starting such a project, and once the project was started, he helped set it up and coined the name "Wikibooks" and registered the domain names for the project. Soon, the focus of the project was expanded to include any book resource that may be used in the classroom. This does not include encyclopedias, dictionaries or quote books, since there are specific [[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] projects for those (see next FAQ entry). ==Who owns Wikibooks?== Wikibooks is managed by a non-profit parent organization, [[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], which also manages the operation of similar projects like [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] (a wiki encyclopedia), [[w:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] (a wiki dictionary), and [[w:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]] (a wiki quote book), and owns all domain names and servers that the Wikimedia projects run on. 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Wikibooks is a [[w:collaborative|collaborative]] endeavor. Many people have contributed to different parts of this project, and anyone can do so, including you. All you need is to know [[Wikibooks:How to edit a page|how to edit a page]], and have some knowledge you want to share. You can learn who is responsible for the most recent versions of any given page by clicking on the "Page history" link. For example, you can look at the full history of this FAQ [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Help:FAQ/Overview&action=history just by clicking here]. You can also see who is most responsible for a particular Wikibook by reading that book's "authors" page (if it has one). If you spot an error in the latest revision of a module, you are highly encouraged to [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]] and correct it. This practice is one of the basic review mechanisms that maintains the reliability of this instructional resource. 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You can discuss feature ideas that would benefit Wikibooks with other Wikibookians at [[WB:PROPOSALS|proposals reading room]]. ==What kind of [[w:markup language|markup language]] does Wikibooks use?== :Wikibooks uses a very simple markup based on [[w:UseModWiki|UseModWiki]]. For more details, see [[Help:Editing]]. == Can you tell me anything about the Wikibooks logo? == More information about the logo and versions of it are best found at [[m:Wikibooks/Logo]]. == How is Wikibooks backed up? Could an accident destroy everything? == Database dumps are made periodically. Anyone can [[Help:Database download|store their own copies]]. ==Is it possible to download the contents of Wikibooks?== :Yes, the whole contents of Wikibooks can be downloaded. See [[Help:database download]]. :Note that downloading the database dumps is '''much''' preferred over trying to spider the entire site. 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If you're looking for a project leader, it would be best to get in contact with [[w:User:Jimbo Wales|Jimbo Wales]] ([mailto:jwales@bomis.com jwales at bomis.com]). Otherwise, see the next question. Note that if you want a faster response and from active participants in the project, you might want to send the e-mail to the mailing list. You can also send an e-mail directly to [[Wikibooks:Administrators|some active administrators]] through the web-based e-mail form. Administrators are usually quite active and can be considered some of the project leaders. ==Where can I talk about Wikibooks with others?== There are some [[Wikibooks:Mailing lists|mailing lists]], and also the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Main Page|Meta-Wiki]]. If you want to communicate with a specific user, leave a message on their talk page; you can find a list of personal pages (and link to your own) at the [[Wikibooks:Wikibookians|Wikibookians]] list (this list is by no means complete). 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This is not to say there is a hierarchy ''per se''—though there are editors with administrative abilities (see [[Wikibooks:Administrators]]), these are approved by the community, and the goal of most Wikibookians is to maintain that [[w:democracy|democracy]], albeit with a little [[w:anarchy|anarchy]], remains the supreme power on Wikibooks. Also, Wikibookians with usernames are in a sense ''more'' anonymous than contributors that are not logged in: while everyone can see the [[w:IP address|IP address]] of a user who did not log in when they edited, only server administrators can find the IP of a logged-in user. So if you're concerned about privacy and anonymity, you may prefer to create a username for yourself in order to hide your IP. See also [[WB:LOGIN|How to log in]]. == Are there any legal implications in allowing anyone to edit? Is it safe? == In practice, illegal material gets removed from active wikis quite quickly. See [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiAndIllegalMaterial this discussion] on [[w:Ward's Wiki|Ward's Wiki]] for more thoughts. == I have a problem not on this list, where do I go? == : If you cannot find answers to your specific technical problems in this FAQ, try asking in the [[WB:TECH|technical reading room]]. {{Wikibooks editor navigation}} [[Category:Wikibooks FAQ|Overview]] [[ja:ヘルプ:概要FAQ]] id0bkdiydq1khjf6idjucb3h8ar9ivy 102 22971 4640044 4602775 2026-06-13T05:00:22Z MakalyaHippo1998 3605725 4640044 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary|category=Pasta recipes|servings=6|time=1 hour|difficulty=2|Image = [[Image:Spaghetti alla Carbonara (Madrid).JPG|300px]]}} [[File:Smasnugonmultipletyres.jpg|thumb|my smasnug TV is now on multiple tires. Scrembely on rims.]] {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Pasta Recipes|Pasta]] | [[cookbook:Cuisine of Italy|Cuisine of Italy]] '''''Spaghetti alla carbonara''''' (literally "charcoal burners' spaghetti" in Italian) is an Italian pasta dish made with eggs, pecorino romano, guanciale and [[Cookbook:Pepper|black pepper]]. It was created in the middle of the 20th century.<ref name="Alberini">{{cite book |first1=Massimo |last1=Alberini |first2=Giorgio |last2=Mistretta |title=Guida all'Italia gastronomica |publisher=Touring Club Italiano |date=1984 |page=286}}</ref> Like most recipes, the origins of the dish are obscure but there are many legends. As 'carbonara' literally means 'coal miner's wife', some believe that the dish was first made as a hearty meal for Italian coal miners. Others say that it was originally made over charcoal grills, or that it was made with squid ink, giving it the color of coal. It has even been suggested that it was created by, or as a tribute to, the "charcoalmen", a secret society prominent in the unification of Italy. Also, the name may be from a Roman restaurant named ''Carbonara.''<ref name="mariani">{{cite book |last1=Mariani |first1=Galina |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Mz5tt-4yHIQC&pg=PA140 |title=The Italian-American cookbook: a feast of food from a great American cooking tradition |date=2000 |publisher=Harvard Common |isbn=9781558321663 |location= |pages=140-41 |doi= |id= |first2=Galina |last2=Mariani |first3=Laura |last3=Tedeschi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |url= |title=Oxford Companion to Food |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford UP |isbn=0-19-211579-0 |location=Oxford |page=740 |doi= |id= }}</ref> Recipes vary, though all agree that pecorino romano, eggs, cured fatty pork, and black pepper are the basics. The pork is fried in fat ([[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]] or lard). Then, a mixture of eggs, cheese and olive oil is combined with the hot pasta, thereby cooking the eggs. All of the ingredients are then mixed together.<ref name="Alberini" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Gossetti Della Salda |first=Anna |title=Le ricette regionali italiane |publisher=Solares |location=Milan |date=1965}}</ref><ref>Accademia Italiana della Cucina, ''Ricettario nazionale delle cucine regionali italiane''</ref> Guanciale is the most traditional cured pork cut for this recipe, but pancetta is a popular substitute.<ref>Luigi Carnacina, Luigi Veronelli, ''La cucina rustica regionale'' (2. Italia Centrale), Rizzoli, 1977 republication of ''La Buona Vera Cucina Italiana'', 1966.</ref><ref>Vincenzo Buonassisi, ''Il Nuovo Codice della Pasta'', Rizzoli, 1985.</ref> In the US, it is often made with American bacon. Cream is not common in traditional Italian recipes, but is common in carbonara recipes from other countries such as the United States,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herbst |first1=Sharone Tyler|author-link=w:Sharon Tyler Herbst |first2=Ron |last2=Herbst |work=The New [[wikipedia:Food Lover's Companion|Food Lover's Companion]], Fourth Edition |publisher=Barron's Educational Series. {{ISBN|0-7641-3577-5}} |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/alla-carbonara |title=alla Carbonara |date=2007}}</ref><ref name="OnCooking">{{cite book |last1=Labensky |first1=Sarah R. |first2=Alan M. |last2=House |title=On Cooking, Third Edition: Techniques from expert chefs |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |year=2003 |isbn=0-1304-5241-6}}</ref> France, the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Jeni |title=Italy's 500 Best-Ever Recipes |publisher=Hermes House, Anness Publishing |location=London |year=2006–2007 |isbn=0-681-46033-4}}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://au.food.yahoo.com/recipes/recipe/-/5348809/fettucine-carbonara/ |title=Fettucine Carbonara |work=[[wikipedia:Better Homes and Gardens (TV series)|Better Homes and Gardens]] |publisher=Yahoo!7 Food}}</ref> and Russia (especially Moscow). Italian Chef Luigi Carnacina, however, used cream in his recipe.<ref>Carnacina, Luigi; Vincenzo Buonassisi (1975). Roma in Cucina. Milan: Giunti Martello. p. 91.</ref> Other Anglo/Franco variations on carbonara may include peas, broccoli or other vegetables added for colour.<ref name="OnCooking"/> Yet another American version includes [[Cookbook:Mushroom|mushrooms]]. Many of these preparations have more sauce than the Italian versions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Perry |first1=Neil |author-link=w:Neil Perry |first2=Earl |last2=Carter |first3=Sue |last3=Fairlie-Cuninghame |title=The Food I Love: Beautiful, Simple Food to Cook at Home |publisher=Simon and Schuster |date=2006 |location= |page=114 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f9--loJsVdUC&pg=PA114 |doi= |id= |isbn=9780743292450}}</ref> In all versions of the recipe, raw eggs are added to the sauce and cook with the heat of the pasta. ==Ingredients== *450 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] (1 [[Cookbook:Pound|pound]]) [[Cookbook:Pasta|spaghetti]] *225–500 g (½–1 pound) guanciale or [[Cookbook:Pancetta|pancetta]] *5 [[Cookbook:Egg yolk|egg yolks]] *178 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]] (¾ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]]) grated [[Cookbook:Pecorino Romano Cheese|Pecorino Romano]] cheese *178 ml (¾ cup) grated [[Cookbook:Parmesan Cheese|Parmigiano-Reggiano]] cheese *3–4 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoons]] extra-virgin [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]] *½ tablespoon freshly-ground [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] *[[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] ==Equipment== *Large [[Cookbook:Pots and Pans|pot]] *Large [[Cookbook:Frying Pan|skillet]] *Bowl *Measuring cups and spoons *Fork == Procedure == #[[Cookbook:Dice|Dice]] the guanciale or pancetta into 2.5 [[Cookbook:Centimetre (cm)|cm]] (1-[[Cookbook:Inch|inch]]) pieces. #Bring a big pot of water to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]] and add salt to taste when it begins to [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]]. #Cook the spaghetti until it is [[Cookbook:Al Dente|al dente]] and drain it, reserving 1 cup of water. #While spaghetti is cooking, heat the olive oil in a large [[Cookbook:Skillet|skillet]] over a medium-high heat. When the oil is hot, add the pancetta and cook for about 10 minutes over a low flame until the pancetta has [[Cookbook:Rendering|rendered]] most of its fat but is still chewy and barely browned. #In a bowl, slowly [[Cookbook:Whisk|whisk]] about ½ cup of the pasta water into the egg yolks. Add the grated cheese and mix thoroughly with a fork. #Strain the spaghetti and transfer it immediately to the skillet with the pancetta. [[Cookbook:Mixing#Tossing|Toss]] it and turn off the heat. #Add the egg and cheese mixture to the pasta while stirring in the remaining pasta water to help thin the sauce and create an emulsion. #Add the pepper and toss all the ingredients to coat the pasta. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * Ideally this dish is served with a red [[Cookbook:Wine|wine]] (Merlot, Chianti, Montepulciano d’Abruzzo), allowed to decant for several hours, and served at 65°F (18°C). ==See also== *[[Cookbook:Carbonara Pasta|Carbonara pasta]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Italian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using pasta and noodles]] [[Category:Recipes using bacon]] [[Category:Recipes using egg yolk]] [[Category:Recipes using pecorino]] [[Category:Recipes with metric units]] [[Category:Recipes using pasta and noodles]] [[Category:Featured recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using parmesan]] gqknihan4l1l6zvpybp7r002beq2pv0 0 87507 4640017 3555576 2026-06-12T15:42:55Z Pookiyama 1766461 4640017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Character| name=Michael Corner| gender=Male| hair=Dark| eyes=Unknown| family=Unknown| loyalty=Dumbledore's Army }} == Overview == '''''Michael Corner''''' is a Ravenclaw student in the same year as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry]]. == Role in the Books == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}} === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Order of the Phoenix|Order of the Phoenix]] === Michael Corner attends the first meeting of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Dumbledore's Army|Dumbledore's Army]] (although that name hasn't yet been chosen) at [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Hog's Head Inn|the Hog's Head]] in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Hogsmeade|Hogsmeade]]. After the meeting breaks up, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]] tells Harry and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]] that Michael had been there because [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ginny Weasley|Ginny Weasley]] had attended. Ginny and Michael, she says, are currently going out together. This causes Ron to state that he doesn't trust Michael. Carefully, because she was aware that Harry and Ginny had been speculatively linked, Hermione goes on to say that Ginny had been waiting for Harry but had given up, and had met Michael at the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Yule Ball|Yule Ball]] in the previous year. They had started going out shortly after that. As Harry is unable to play as Seeker on the Gryffindor Quidditch team, Ginny takes his place. The final match of the year pits Gryffindor against Ravenclaw; and when Ginny catches the Snitch out from under [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cho Chang|Cho Chang]]'s nose, Michael sulks instead of congratulating his girlfriend. Ginny then "ditched him, and he went off to comfort Cho Chang instead." On the Hogwarts Express, when Ginny tells this to Ron and Harry, Ron hints that she might now be able to find someone better, implying that Harry would be that someone; Ginny says that she's going out now with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dean Thomas|Dean Thomas]]. === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince|Half-Blood Prince]] === Michael Corner asks a question of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Horace Slughorn|Professor Slughorn]] during his and Harry's first potion class. === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Deathly Hallows]] === As he leads Harry, Ron, and Hermione into the school from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Hog's Head Inn|the Hog's Head]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Neville Longbottom|Neville]] mentions that Michael Corner had gotten caught releasing a first-year student that the Carrows had chained up as punishment. Michael had gotten very badly beaten for that, which had slowed down the activities of the revived Dumbledore's Army; Neville, the one remaining leader, felt that they could not ask anyone else to go through what Michael had suffered. When Harry returns to the school, Michael Corner is one of the students in the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Room of Requirement|Room of Requirement]] waiting for his return. He does have a role in the ensuing battle, but we don't see much of him. == Strengths == As a member of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Dumbledore's Army|Dumbledore's Army]], we can assume that Michael is reasonably skilled with defensive magic, having been taught some by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry]]. He is one of the DA members who defend Harry against [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Draco Malfoy|Malfoy]] and his cronies at the end of the fifth book. His presence in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Horace Slughorn|Slughorn]]'s NEWT potions class suggests his intelligence. On account of the fact that he was caught releasing a first-year (and was tortured quite badly for it), we can assume he was taking part in DA activities in his final year, indicating his bravery. == Weaknesses == The one time we see Michael indicating a weakness is immediately preceding his break-up with Ginny. He is unable to cope with Ravenclaw losing the Quidditch Cup and sulks, rather than congratulating Ginny and her team. == Relationships with Other Characters == Michael is, predictably, shown to be familiar mostly with his fellow Ravenclaws - whether travelling in a carriage with them on the train, or being part of the little group of Ravenclaws ("Padma, Terry, Michael and Cho") Harry addresses before the final battle. He is occasionally seen with Ginny, too, during their relationship. It is perhaps interesting that Michael and Harry have shared romantic interest in the same girls; Michael dated Ginny before Harry did, and dated Cho after Harry had done so. Despite this, there is never any enmity between them. == Analysis == Michael is introduced largely as a love interest for Ginny and to fill out the Ravenclaw roster. He gets a few mentions throughout the rest of the saga here and there, with a few actions and lines - and, of course, briefly as a boyfriend for Cho. While there was no particular need for Michael to continue to appear in the story, he does so, as an available Ravenclaw. == Questions == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}} # Michael is a student in his seventh year, so he must have Blood Status. Is he a pure-blood or half-blood? # He was particularly unhappy when his house lost the Quidditch Cup. Might he have been on the team, or just loyal to his house? == Greater Picture == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}} Like a fair few background characters in the story, Michael comes into increasing prominence later on, as a DA member and Ginny's love interest. The author has shown a tendency to do this, with some (such as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ernie Macmillan|Ernie]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lavender Brown|Lavender]]) becoming more important, while others are limited to a few small cameos. Michael remains firmly in the second category, but from what we see of him - and hear of him from Ginny - we get a general idea of the sort of person he is. {{BookCat}} 8xfmxw3w355rapbwxwmoqh6lrdl159u 4 140081 4640032 4639959 2026-06-13T00:21:18Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Nsysgroup reported by MathXplore */ Reply 4640032 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:12, 11 June 2026 (UTC) == Nsysgroup reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Nsysgroup}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Nsysgroup/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:36, 11 June 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} by [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 13 June 2026 (UTC) 3edramtivdjsupzad2va00qx8ay89jw 0 142006 4640015 4639066 2026-06-12T15:27:44Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* List of Many WMIs */ 4640015 wikitext text/x-wiki ==World Manufacturer Identifier== The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. ===WMI Regions=== The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/ | title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780 | publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI ! Region ! Notes |- | A-C | Africa | AA-AH = South Africa<br />BF-BG = Kenya<br />BU = Uganda<br />CA-CB = Egypt<br />DF-DK = Morocco |- | E, H-R | Asia | E=Russia<br />H = China<br />J = Japan<br />KF-KH = Israel<br />KL-KR = South Korea<br />L = China<br />MA-ME = India<br />MF-MK = Indonesia<br />ML-MR = Thailand<br />MS = Myanmar<br />MX = Kazakhstan<br />MY-M0 = India<br />NF-NG = Pakistan<br />NL-NR = Turkey<br />NS-NT = Uzbekistan<br />PA-PC = Philippines<br />PF-PG = Singapore<br />PL-PR = Malaysia<br />PS-PT = Bangladesh<br />PV=Cambodia<br />RA-RB = United Arab Emirates<br />RF-RK = Taiwan<br />RL-RN = Vietnam<br />RS-RT = Saudi Arabia<br />RU-RW = Russia<br />R1-R7 = Hong Kong |- | S-Z | Europe | SA-SM = United Kingdom<br />SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)<br />SU-SZ = Poland<br />TA-TH = Switzerland<br />TJ-TP = Czech Republic<br />TR-TV = Hungary<br />TW-T2 = Portugal<br />UH-UM = Denmark<br />UN-UR = Ireland<br />UU-UX = Romania<br />U1-U2 = North Macedonia<br />U5-U7 = Slovakia<br />VA-VE = Austria<br />VF-VR = France<br />VS-VW = Spain<br />VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)<br />V3-V5 = Croatia<br />V6-V8 = Estonia<br /> W = Germany (formerly West Germany)<br />XA-XC = Bulgaria<br />XF-XH = Greece<br />XL-XR = The Netherlands<br />XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)<br />XX-XY = Luxembourg<br />XZ-X0 = Russia<br />YA-YE = Belgium<br />YF-YK = Finland<br />YS-YW = Sweden<br />YX-Y2 = Norway<br />Y3-Y5 = Belarus<br />Y6-Y8 = Ukraine<br />ZA-ZU = Italy<br />ZX-ZZ = Slovenia<br />Z3-Z5 = Lithuania<br />Z6-Z0 = Russia |- | 1-5 | North America | 1, 4, 5 = United States<br />2 = Canada<br />3 = Mexico<br />7F-70 = United States |- | 6-7 | Oceania | 6A-6W = Australia<br />7A-7E = New Zealand<br />Revised: 6A-6X = Australia<br />6Y-61 = New Zealand |- | 8-9 | South America | 8A-8E = Argentina<br />8F-8G = Chile<br />8L-8N = Ecuador<br />8S-8T = Peru<br />8X-8Z = Venezuela<br />82 = Bolivia<br />84 = Costa Rica<br />9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil<br />9F-9G = Colombia<br />9S-9V = Uruguay |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''A''' || colspan="8" | South Africa || colspan="2" | Ivory Coast || colspan="2" | Lesotho || colspan="2" | Botswana || colspan="2" | Namibia || colspan="2" | Madagascar || colspan="2" | Mauritius || colspan="2" | Tunisia || colspan="2" | Cyprus || colspan="2" | Zimbabwe || colspan="2" | Mozambique || colspan="5" | ''Africa'' |- | '''B''' || colspan="2" | Angola || colspan="1" | Ethiopia || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Kenya || colspan="1" | Rwanda || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Nigeria || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Algeria || colspan="1" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Swaziland || colspan="1" | Uganda || colspan="7" | ''Africa''|| colspan="2" | Libya || colspan="6" | ''Africa'' |- | '''C''' || colspan="2" | Egypt || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Morocco || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Zambia || colspan="21" | ''Africa'' |- | '''D''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |- | '''E''' || colspan="33" | Russia |- | '''F''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | |- | '''G''' |- | '''H''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''J''' || colspan="33" | Japan |- | '''K''' || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | Israel || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | South Korea || colspan="2" | Jordan || colspan="6" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | South Korea || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kyrgyzstan || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' |- | '''L''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''M''' || colspan="5" | India || colspan="5" | Indonesia || colspan="5" | Thailand || colspan="1" | Myanmar || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Mongolia || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kazakhstan || colspan="12" | India |- | '''N''' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="2" | Pakistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Iraq || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Turkey || colspan="2" | Uzbekistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Azerbaijan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Tajikistan || colspan="1" | Armenia || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Turkey || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' |- | '''P''' || colspan="3" | Philippines || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Singapore || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Malaysia || colspan="2" | Bangladesh || colspan="10" | ''Asia'' || colspan="6" | India |- | '''R''' || colspan="2" | UAE || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Taiwan || colspan="3" | Vietnam || colspan="1" | Laos || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Saudi Arabia || colspan="3" | Russia || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="7" | Hong Kong || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''S''' || colspan="12" | United Kingdom || colspan="5" | Germany <small>(former East Germany)</small> || colspan="6" | Poland || colspan="2" | Latvia || colspan="1" | Georgia || colspan="1" | Iceland || colspan="6" | ''Europe'' |- | '''T''' || colspan="8" | Switzerland || colspan="6" | Czech Republic || colspan="5" | Hungary || colspan="6" | Portugal || colspan="3" | Serbia || colspan="1" | Andorra || colspan="2" | Netherlands || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''U''' || colspan="3" | Spain || colspan="4" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Denmark || colspan="3" | Ireland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="4" | Romania || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="2" | North Macedonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovakia || colspan="3" | Bosnia & Herzogovina |- | '''V''' || colspan="5" | Austria || colspan="10" | France || colspan="5" | Spain || colspan="5" | France <small>(formerly Yugoslavia & Serbia)</small> || colspan="3" | Croatia || colspan="3" | Estonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''W''' || colspan="33" | Germany |- | '''X''' || colspan="3" | Bulgaria || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="3" | Greece || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="5" | Netherlands || colspan="5" | Russia <small>(former USSR)</small> || colspan="2" | Luxembourg || colspan="11" | Russia |- | '''Y''' || colspan="5" | Belgium || colspan="5" | Finland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="1" | Malta || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Sweden || colspan="5" | Norway || colspan="3" | Belarus || colspan="3" | Ukraine || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''Z''' || colspan="18" | Italy || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovenia || colspan="1" | San Marino|| colspan="1" | ''Europe''|| colspan="3" | Lithuania || colspan="5" | Russia |- | '''1''' || colspan="33" | United States |- | '''2''' || colspan="28" | Canada || colspan="5" | ''North America'' |- | '''3''' || colspan="21" | Mexico || colspan="5" | ''North America'' || colspan="1" | Nicaragua || colspan="1" | Dom. Rep. || colspan="1" | Honduras || colspan="1" | Panama || colspan="2" | Puerto Rico || colspan="1" | ''North America'' |- | '''4''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | United States |- | '''5''' |- | '''6''' || colspan="21" | Australia || colspan="3" | New Zealand || colspan="9" | ''Oceania'' |- | '''7''' || colspan="5" | New Zealand || colspan="28" | United States |- | '''8''' || colspan="5" | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Ecuador || colspan="2" | ''South America'' || colspan="2" | Peru || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Venezuela || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Bolivia || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Costa Rica || colspan="6" | ''South America'' |- | '''9''' || colspan="5" | Brazil || colspan="2" | Colombia || colspan="8" | ''South America'' || colspan="4" | Uruguay || colspan="4" | ''South America'' || colspan="10" | Brazil |- | '''0''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |} ===List of Many WMIs=== The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html | title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code | date=October 2009 | publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned. {| class="wikitable x" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI !! Manufacturer |- | AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa |- | AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd. |- | AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck & Bus) |- |AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number) |- | AAV || Volkswagen South Africa |- | AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt & Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011 |- | ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks & Buses Southern Africa |- | ABM || BMW Southern Africa |- | ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018- |- | AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa |- | AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa) |- | ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car |- | ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018) |- | ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd. |- | AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa) |- | AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa & Samcor |- | AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa |- | AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa |- | AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa |- | AHH || Hino South Africa |- | AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000 |- | AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd. |- | BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya |- | BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda |- | BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB) |- | BRY || FIAT Algeria |- | CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt) |- | DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt) |- | DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco) |- | EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia) |- | EAN || Evolute (Russia) |- | EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia) |- | EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia) |- | EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia) |- | ECE || XCITE (Russia) |- | ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia) |- | HAC || GAC Motor (Aion) |- | HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray) |- | HA6 || Niu Technologies |- | HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd. |- | HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) |- | HGL || Farizon Auto van (Geely) |- | HGX || Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely) |- | HHZ || Huazi Automobile |- | HJN || Nio, Firefly |- | HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle |- | HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van |- | HJ4 || BAW car |- | HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. <br />(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.) |- | HLX || Li Auto |- | HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. |- | HVW || Volkswagen Anhui |- | HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | HXM || Xiaomi |- | HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle) |- | H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan |- | JAB || Isuzu car |- | JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey & Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan |- | JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu |- | JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks & <br /> Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ & <br /> Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty) |- | JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty) |- | JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America) |- | JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) & Nissan Rogue PHEV '26 |- | JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America) |- | JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda |- | JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda |- | JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda |- | JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu |- | JD1 || Daihatsu car |- | JD2 || Daihatsu SUV |- | JD4 || Daihatsu truck |- | JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors |- | JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car |- | JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV |- | JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck |- | JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru |- | JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki |- | JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki |- | JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada |- | JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck) |- | JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck) |- | JHA || Hino truck |- | JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHD || Hino |- | JHF || Hino |- | JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,<br/>JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] |- | JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV |- | JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car |- | JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck |- | JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV |- | JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV |- | JH4 || Acura car |- | JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKM || Mitsuoka |- | JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki |- | JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki |- | JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault) |- | JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) |- | JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) |- | JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America & Middle East |- | JMZ || Mazda for Europe export & Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain & Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France |- | JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export |- | JM1 || Mazda car |- | JM2 || Mazda truck |- | JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV |- | JM4 || Mazda |- | JM6 || Mazda |- | JM7 || Mazda |- | JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck) |- | JNK || Infiniti car |- | JNR || Infiniti SUV |- | JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle |- | JN1 || Nissan car & Infiniti car |- | JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle |- | JN6 || Nissan truck/van & Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van |- | JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV & Infiniti SUV |- | JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle) |- | JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck) |- | JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck) |- | JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda |- | JSA || Suzuki ATV & '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki |- | JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki |- | JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota |- | JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle & Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JS2 || Suzuki car |- | JS3 || Suzuki SUV |- | JS4 || Suzuki truck |- | JTB || Toyota bus |- | JTD || Toyota car |- | JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JTF || Toyota van/truck |- | JTG || Toyota MPV/bus |- | JTH || Lexus car |- | JTJ || Lexus SUV |- | JTK || Toyota car |- | JTL || Toyota SUV |- | JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota |- | JTN || Toyota car |- | JTP || Toyota SUV |- | JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van |- | JT2 || Toyota car |- | JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JT4 || Toyota truck/van |- | JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle |- | JT6 || Lexus SUV |- | JT7 || Toyota bus/van |- | JT8 || Lexus car |- | JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003) |- | JYA || Yamaha motorcycles |- | JYE || Yamaha snowmobile |- | JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV |- | JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV |- | J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu |- | J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada |- | J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle) |- | J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle) |- | J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu |- | KF3 || Merkavim (Israel) |- | KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel) |- | KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel) |- | KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea |- | KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)<br /> from Bupyeong & Kunsan plants |- | KLP || CT&T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles) |- | KLT || Tata Daewoo |- | KLU || Tata Daewoo |- | KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo) |- | KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car) |- | KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac) |- | KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden) |- | KL4 || GM Korea (Buick) |- | KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki) |- | KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC) |- | KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000)) |- | KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000)) |- | KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark)) |- | KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] |- | KMC || Hyundai commercial truck |- | KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor) |- | KMF || Hyundai van & commercial truck & Bering Truck |- | KMH || Hyundai car & Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai |- | KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus |- | KMT || Genesis Motor car |- | KMU || Genesis Motor SUV |- | KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV |- | KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM8 || Hyundai SUV |- | KNA || Kia car |- | KNC || Kia truck |- | KND || Kia MPV/SUV & Hyundai Entourage |- | KNE || Kia for Europe export |- | KNF || Kia, special vehicles |- | KNG || Kia minibus/bus |- | KNJ || Ford Festiva & Aspire made by Kia |- | KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech |- | KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung |- | KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd. |- | KN1 || Asia Motors |- | KN2 || Asia Motors |- | KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup |- | KPB || SsangYong car |- | KPD || SsangYong TransStar (bus) |- | KPH || Mitsubishi Precis |- | KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV |- | LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle |- | LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle |- | LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang) |- | LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely) |- | LA8 || Anhui Ankai |- | LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus & Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus) |- | LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LA9/LC0 || BYD |- | LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile |- | LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray |- | LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli) |- | LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang) |- | LBM || Zongshen Piaggio |- | LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro) |- | LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LB1 || Fujian Benz |- | LB2 || Geely Motorcycles |- | LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi) |- | LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd. |- | LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO) |- | LCR || Gonow |- | LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza) |- | LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco) |- | LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LDB || Dadi Auto |- | LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60 |- | LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile |- | LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway) |- | LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd. |- | LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast |- | LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive |- | LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd. |- | LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle) |- | LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW) |- | LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC) |- | LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China |- | LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle |- | LE4 || Beijing Benz & Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) & Beijing Jeep Corp. |- | LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) & Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7) |- | LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd. |- | LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing |- | LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton) |- | LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz) |- | LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus) |- | LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) & Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4) |- | LFT || FAW (trailers) |- | LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili) |- | LFW || FAW JieFang (truck) |- | LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck) |- | LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory |- | LFZ || Leapmotor |- | LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle |- | LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks |- | LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia) |- | LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis |- | LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis |- | LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing) |- | LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) |- | LGL || Guilin Daewoo |- | LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey) |- | LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao) |- | LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus |- | LG6 || Dayun Group |- | LHA || Shuanghuan Auto |- | LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding |- | LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura) |- | LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co. |- | LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LH1 || FAW-Haima, China |- | LJC || Jincheng Corporation |- | LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) & Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia) |- | LJM || Sunlong (bus) |- | LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan |- | LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer) |- | LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus |- | LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile & Kandi & Zhidou |- | LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.) |- | LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LJW || JMC Landwind |- | LJX || JMC Ford |- | LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol) |- | LJ1 || Nio, Inc. |- | LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun) |- | LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile |- | LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe |- | LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LKH || Hafei Motor |- | LKL || Higer Bus |- | LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles |- | LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus |- | LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles |- | LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV) |- | LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd. |- | LLN || Qoros |- | LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi |- | LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive |- | LLX || Yudo Auto |- | LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd. |- | LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng) |- | LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles) |- | LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo |- | LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]] |- | LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader) |- | LMP || Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd. |- | LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima |- | LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]] |- | LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing) |- | LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LM6 || SWM (automobiles) |- | LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO |- | LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan |- | LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) & Arcfox & Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC |- | LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo |- | LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LNP || NAC MG UK Limited & Nanjing Fiat Automobile |- | LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo |- | LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.) |- | LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks) |- | LNY || Yuejin |- | LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles) |- | LPE || BYD Auto |- | LPS || Polestar |- | LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export) |- | LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks |- | LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export) |- | LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus) |- | LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai) |- | LR4 || Yadi Technology Group |- | LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck) |- | LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV & Chevrolet S10 Max & Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation |- | LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet) |- | LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van & Chevrolet Express Max |- | LSJ || SAIC MG & SAIC Roewe & IM Motors & Rising Auto |- | LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van |- | LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus) |- | LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) & Jinbei GM |- | LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd |- | LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV) |- | LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) & Changan Suzuki |- | LS6 || Changan Automobile & Deepal Automobile & Avatr |- | LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd. |- | LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LTA || ZX Auto |- | LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler & Dodge vehicles |- | LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS) |- | LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin) |- | LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) |- | LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer) |- | LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China) |- | LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd. |- | LUG || Qiantu Motor |- | LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar |- | LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd. |- | LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta) |- | LVA || Foton Motor |- | LVB || Foton Motor truck |- | LVC || Foton Motor bus |- | LVF || Changhe Suzuki |- | LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead) |- | LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo) |- | LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle |- | LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LVR || Changan Mazda |- | LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) & Changan Ford Mazda & Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda |- | LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast |- | LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour |- | LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo |- | LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021) |- | LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd |- | LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory |- | LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group) |- | LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. |- | LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus) |- | LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd. |- | LWL || Qingling Isuzu |- | LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep) |- | LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LW4 || Li Auto |- | LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG) |- | LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM) |- | LXN || Link Tour |- | LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd. |- | LXW || JMC - Ford |- | LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd. |- | LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor & Yinxiang Group) |- | LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory & Taizhou, Luqiao District factory |- | LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science & Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China |- | LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-) |- | LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman) |- | LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus |- | LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd. |- | LZM || MAN China |- | LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian) |- | LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen |- | LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus |- | LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export]) |- | LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak) |- | LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd. |- | LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd. |- | LZ9/LZX || Raysince |- | L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers) |- | L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. |- | L1N || XPeng Motors |- | L10 || Geely Emgrand |- | L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover |- | L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles) |- | L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd. |- | L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs) |- | L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science & Technology Co., Ltd. |- | L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle |- | L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV & motorcycles) |- | L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen) |- | L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd. |- | L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV) |- | L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd. |- | L6T || Geely, Lynk & Co, Zeekr |- | L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. |- | L82 || Baotian |- | L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance |- | L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle |- | L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd. |- | MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd. |- | MAB || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAC || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd |- | MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India |- | MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India |- | MAL || Hyundai Motor India |- | MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix |- | MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover |- | MA1 || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic & export) |- | MA6 || GM India |- | MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. & Mitsubishi Motors & Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors |- | MA8 || Daewoo Motor India |- | MBF || Royal Enfield |- | MBH || Suzuki (for export) & Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited |- | MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBL || Hero MotoCorp |- | MBR || Mercedes-Benz India |- | MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited |- | MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd. |- | MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape) |- | MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd. |- | MB1 || Ashok Leyland |- | MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV) |- | MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. |- | MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited |- | MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep) |- | MCB || GM India |- | MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers |- | MCG || Atul Auto Ltd. |- | MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd. |- | MC1 || Force Motors Ltd. |- | MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd. |- | MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd. |- | MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz) |- | MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited |- | MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun) |- | MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited |- | MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. & KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj & Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj |- | MD6 || TVS Motor Company |- | MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella |- | MD9 || Shuttle Cars India |- | MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz) |- | MEE || Renault India Private Limited |- | MEG || Harley-Davidson India |- | MER || Benelli India |- | MES || Mahindra Navistar |- | MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia) |- | MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on |- | ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | ME3 || Royal Enfield |- | ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India |- | MYH || Ather Energy |- | MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa |- | MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited) |- | MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd. |- | M3G || Isuzu Motors India |- | M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited |- | ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike) |- | MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia |- | MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International |- | MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu) |- | MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia |- | MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car) |- | MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van) |- | MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle) |- | MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg. |- | MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia |- | MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle) |- | MJB || GM Indonesia |- | MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK) |- | MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia |- | MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling) |- | MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd. |- | MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand |- | ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand) |- | MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP) |- | MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup |- | MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd. |- | MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car) |- | MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, & Trailblazer) |- | MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) |- | MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export |- | MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets |- | MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets |- | MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd. |- | MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. & Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand |- | MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant) |- | MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand |- | MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car) |- | MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. |- | MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups & Fortuner SUV) |- | MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand |- | MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars & CUVs) |- | MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab) |- | MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar |- | MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar |- | MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan) |- | MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan) |- | MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan) |- | MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan) |- | NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran) |- | NAC || Mammut (truck trailers) |- | NAD || Škoda |- | NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers) |- | NAP || Pars Khodro |- | NAS || SAIPA |- | NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus) |- | NC9/ || VIRA Diesel |- | ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus) |- | NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd. |- | NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation |- | NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars |- | NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S. |- | NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck |- | NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer) |- | NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV |- | NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van |- | NLN || Karsan |- | NLR || Otokar |- | NLT || Temsa |- | NLZ || Tezeller |- | NL1 || TOGG |- | NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus) |- | NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş. |- | NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses |- | NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. |- | NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle |- | NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş. |- | NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey |- | NM0 || Ford Otosan |- | NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş. |- | NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS) |- | NNA || Anadolu Isuzu |- | NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio) |- | NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer) |- | NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer) |- | NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer) |- | NPS || Nursan (truck trailer) |- | NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) |- | NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus) |- | NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) |- | NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) |- | NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) |- | NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) |- | NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus) |- | NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus) |- | NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) |- | NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/300 || TCV (bus) |- | NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) |- | NRE || Bozankaya |- | NRX || Musoshi |- | NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv |- | NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer) |- | NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer) |- | NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer) |- | NR9/034 || Akia (bus) |- | NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer) |- | NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan) |- | NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan |- | NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan) |- | PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation |- | PAD || Honda Cars Philippines |- | PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS) |- | PL1 || Proton, Malaysia |- | PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai |- | PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia |- | PMA || MAN Truck & Bus Malaysia |- | PMH || Honda Malaysia (car) |- | PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle) |- | PML || Hicom |- | PMN || Modenas |- | PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle) |- | PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd. |- | PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd. |- | PM1 || BMW & Mini/Inokom |- | PM2 || Perodua |- | PM9/ || Bufori |- | PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot |- | PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot) |- | PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus) |- | PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus) |- | PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia |- | PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor |- | PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor |- | PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PPP || Suzuki |- | PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia) |- | PP1 || Mazda/Inokom |- | PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom |- | PRA || Sinotruk |- | PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant) |- | PRX || Kia/Inokom |- | PR8 || Ford |- | PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia |- | PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia |- | RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE |- | RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE |- | LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan) |- | LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan) |- | RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan |- | RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee |- | RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan) |- | RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan |- | RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan |- | RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan |- | RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan) |- | RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan |- | RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen) |- | RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle) |- | RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan) |- | RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan) |- | RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan |- | RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan) |- | RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan) |- | RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation |- | RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) |- | RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan) |- | RK3 || Honda Taiwan |- | RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan) |- | RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam) |- | RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co. |- | RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLL || VinFast SUV |- | RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam |- | RLN || VinFast |- | RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 & DS 90) |- | RL0 || Ford Vietnam |- | RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam |- | RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia) |- | R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong) |- | R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd. |- | R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong) |- | R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong) |- | R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd. |- | R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | SAA || Austin |- | SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-) |- | SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987) |- | SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace) |- | SAF || ERF trucks |- | SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group |- | SAJ || Jaguar passenger car & Daimler passenger car (after April 1987) |- | SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]] |- | SAM || Morris |- | SAR || Rover & MG Rover Group |- | SAT || Triumph car |- | SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars |- | SAY || Norton Motorcycles |- | SAZ || Freight Rover |- | SA3 || Ginetta Cars |- | SA9/ || OX Global |- | SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA) |- | SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA) |- | SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars) |- | SA9/005 || Panther |- | SA9/010 || Invicta S1 |- | SA9/011 || Midas Cars |- | SA9/019 || TVR |- | SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars |- | SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys |- | SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars |- | SA9/038 || DAX Cars |- | SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars |- | SA9/048 || McLaren F1 |- | SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering |- | SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace) |- | SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers |- | SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ) |- | SA9/074 || Ascari |- | SA9/088 || Spectre Angel |- | SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd. |- | SA9/113 || Noble |- | SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing |- | SA9/141 || Wrightbus |- | SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3 |- | SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars |- | SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.) |- | SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer) |- | SA9/231 || Peel Engineering |- | SA9/337 || Ariel |- | SA9/341 || Zenos |- | SA9/438 || Charge Cars |- | SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive |- | SA9/474 || Mellor (bus) |- | SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car) |- | SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace) |- | SBB || Leyland Vehicles |- | SBC || Iveco Ford Truck |- | SBF || Nugent (trailer) |- | SBJ || Leyland Bus |- | SBL || Leyland Motors & Leyland DAF |- | SBM || McLaren |- | SBS || Scammell |- | SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer) |- | SBV || Kenworth & Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks |- | SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer) |- | SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK |- | SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car |- | SCB || Bentley passenger car |- | SCC || Lotus Cars & Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton |- | SCD || Reliant Motors |- | SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK) |- | SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car & '21 DBX SUV |- | SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers |- | SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove |- | SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company & London Taxi Company & London Taxis International |- | SCV || Volvo Truck & Bus Scotland |- | SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020) |- | SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV |- | SDB || Talbot |- | SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer) |- | SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984 |- | SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992 |- | SDK || Caterham Cars |- | SDL || TVR |- | SDP || NAC MG UK & MG Motor UK Ltd. |- | SDU || Utility (truck trailer) |- | SD7 || Aston Martin SUV |- | SD8 || Moke International Ltd. |- | SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi) |- | SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access |- | SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer) |- | SEY || LDV Group Ltd. |- | SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK |- | SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis |- | SFE || Alexander Dennis UK |- | SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer) |- | SFN || Foden Trucks & Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks |- | SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus |- | SGA || Avondale (caravans) |- | SGB || Bailey (caravans) |- | SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans) |- | SGE || Elddis (caravans) |- | SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd. |- | SG4 || Coachman (caravans) |- | SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car |- | SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV |- | SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck |- | SJA || Bentley SUV |- | SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd |- | SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti |- | SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan |- | SJ1 || Ree Automotive |- | SKA || Vauxhall |- | SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers & Trucks |- | SKF || Bedford Vehicles |- | SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd |- | SLA || Rolls Royce SUV |- | SLC || Thwaites Dumpers |- | SLG || McMurtry Automotive |- | SLN || Niftylift |- | SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd. |- | SLV || Volvo bus |- | SMR || Montracon (truck trailer) |- | SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer) |- | SMX || Gray & Adams (truck trailer) |- | SNE || Barkas (East Germany) |- | SNE || Wartburg (East Germany) |- | SNT || Trabant (East Germany) |- | SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany) |- | SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany) |- | ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer) |- | SUA || Autosan (bus) |- | SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer) |- | SUC || Wiola (trailer) |- | SUD || Wielton (truck trailers) |- | SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat) |- | SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland) |- | SUJ || Jelcz (Poland) |- | SUL || FSC (Poland) |- | SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers) |- | SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland) |- | SUU || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) |- | SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer) |- | SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer) |- | SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer) |- | SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer) |- | SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer) |- | SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer) |- | SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) - until 2004 |- | SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer) |- | SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer) |- | SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer) |- | SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland) |- | SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer) |- | SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer) |- | SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer) |- | SVS || BODEX (truck trailer) |- | SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer) |- | SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer) |- | SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer) |- | SWH || Temared (trailers) |- | SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers) |- | SWV || TA-NO (Poland) |- | SWZ || Zremb (trailers) |- | SW9/BA1 || Solbus |- | SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer) |- | SXE || Neptun Trailers |- | SXK || Konar (truck trailer) |- | SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o. |- | SXY || Wecon (truck trailer) |- | SXX || Martz (trailer) |- | SX7 || Arthur Bus |- | SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer) |- | SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus) |- | SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer) |- | SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer) |- | SYB || Rydwan (trailer) |- | SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer) |- | SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy) |- | SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer) |- | SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer) |- | SZA || Scania Poland |- | SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle) |- | SZL || Boro Trailers |- | SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) |- | SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) |- | SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) |- | SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) |- | SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer) |- | SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer) |- | S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia) |- | S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia) |- | S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia) |- | TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon & Wetzikon AG (Switzerland) |- | TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland) |- | TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland) |- | TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland) |- | TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland) |- | TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland) |- | TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland) |- | TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland) |- | TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKP || Panav a.s. (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic) |- | TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech |- | TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic) |- | TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV) |- | TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic) |- | TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic) |- | TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia |- | TNE || TAZ |- | TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody) |- | TNT || Tatra trucks |- | TNU || Tatra trucks |- | TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic) |- | TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer) |- | TRA || Ikarus Bus |- | TRC || Csepel bus |- | TRE || Rákos bus |- | TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary) |- | TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary) |- | TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS) |- | TSB || Ikarus Bus |- | TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary |- | TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary) |- | TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary) |- | TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),<br> Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK) |- | TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary) |- | TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary) |- | TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary) |- | TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary) |- | TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary) |- | TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary) |- | TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal) |- | TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal) |- | TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series) |- | TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal) |- | TW4 || UMM (Portugal) |- | TW6 || Citroën (Portugal) |- | TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland & Austin Rover Portugal |- | TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili) |- | TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal) |- | TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive) |- | TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive) |- | T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia) |- | T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia) |- | T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia) |- | T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia) |- | T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia) |- | T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands) |- | UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain) |- | UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain) |- | UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain) |- | UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium) |- | UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark) |- | UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark) |- | UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark) |- | UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark) |- | UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland |- | UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland) |- | UU1 || Dacia (Romania) |- | UU2 || Oltcit |- | UU3 || ARO |- | UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz |- | UU5 || Rocar |- | UU6 || Daewoo Romania |- | UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond |- | UU9 || Astra Bus |- | UVW || UMM (truck trailer) |- | UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus |- | UWR || Robus Reșița |- | UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov) |- | U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia) |- | U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia) |- | U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer) |- | U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia) |- | U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia) |- | U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus) |- | U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia) |- | VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G & Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer |- | VAH || Hangler (truck trailer) |- | VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik |- | VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks |- | VAV || Schwarzmüller |- | VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer) |- | VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf & Stift |- | VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle) |- | VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | VA9/RB1 || Rosenbauer International AG (truck) |- | VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer) |- | VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer) |- | VBK || KTM |- | VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles & Gas Gas under KTM ownership |- | VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr |- | VFA || Alpine (A310, A610, A110, A390), Renault Alpine GTA |- | VFG || Caravelair (caravans) |- | VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers) |- | VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers) |- | VF1 || Renault, Renault GTA '87-'90 (UK market Alpine GTA), Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault,<br> Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, & Grandis made by Renault |- | VF2 || Renault Trucks |- | VF3 || Peugeot |- | VF4 || Talbot |- | VF5 || Iveco Unic |- | VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. & Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A. |- | VF7 || Citroën |- | VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra) |- | VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer) |- | VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer) |- | VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer) |- | VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer) |- | VF9/300 || EvoBus France |- | VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer) |- | VF9/519 || Hommell |- | VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper) |- | VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]] |- | VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus |- | VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus) |- | VGA || Peugeot Motocycles |- | VGT || ASCA (truck trailers) |- | VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers) |- | VGW || BSLT (truck trailers) |- | VGX || Coder (truck trailers) |- | VGY || Lohr (truck trailers) |- | VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) & Yamaha Motor |- | VG6 || Renault Trucks & Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks |- | VG7 || Renault Trucks |- | VG8 || Renault Trucks |- | VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle) |- | VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus) |- | VHR || Robuste (truck trailer) |- | VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain |- | VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer) |- | VH8 || Microcar |- | VJR || Ligier |- | VJY || Gruau |- | VJ1 || Heuliez Bus |- | VJ2 || Mia Electric |- | VJ4 || Gruau |- | VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer) |- | VK1 || SEG (truck trailer) |- | VK2 || Grandin Automobiles |- | VK8 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VLG || Aixam-Mega |- | VLU || Scania France |- | VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari |- | VMK || Renault Sport Spider |- | VMS || Automobiles Chatenet |- | VMT || SECMA |- | VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55 |- | VM3 || Lamberet (trailer) |- | VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer) |- | VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB |- | VN4 || Voxan |- | VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL |- | VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France) |- | VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France & '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF |- | VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault |- | VRW || Goupil |- | VR1 || DS Automobiles |- | VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis) |- | VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis) |- | VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S |- | VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers) |- | VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van |- | VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-) |- | VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV |- | VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.) |- | VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-) |- | VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- & Fiat Topolino '23- & Fiat Grande Panda '25- |- | VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico) |- | VYS || Renault & Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290) |- | VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia) |- | UA2 || Iveco Massif & Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain |- | VSC || Talbot |- | VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) & Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, & Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350) |- | VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup & Ford Maverick 1993–1999 |- | VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers) |- | VSS || SEAT/Cupra |- | VSX || Opel Spain |- | VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus) |- | VS1 || Pegaso |- | VS5 || Renault Spain |- | VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain |- | VS7 || Citroën Spain |- | VS8 || Peugeot Spain |- | VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain) |- | VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana |- | VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain) |- | VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain) |- | VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain) |- | VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain) |- | VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain) |- | VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain) |- | VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica |- | VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain) |- | VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models) |- | VTH || Derbi (motorcycles) |- | VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles) |- | VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models) |- | VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles) |- | VTR || Gas Gas |- | VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles) |- | VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) |- | VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers) |- | VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers) |- | VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers) |- | VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain |- | VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain) |- | VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers) |- | VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain) |- | VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain) |- | VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza |- | VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles |- | VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers) |- | VWL || Indox (truck trailers) |- | VWV || Volkswagen Spain |- | VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia) |- | VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia) |- | V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia) |- | V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia) |- | V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia) |- | V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia) |- | V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia) |- | V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia) |- | V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia) |- | V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia) |- | V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia) |- | V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia) |- | V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia) |- | WAC || Arge Audi Porsche (Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant) |- | WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer) |- | WAG || Neoplan |- | WAP || Alpina |- | WAU || Audi car |- | WA1 || Audi SUV |- | WBA || BMW car |- | WBC || Boom Trikes |- | WBJ || Bitter Cars |- | WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH |- | WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers) |- | WBS || BMW M car |- | WBU || Bürstner (caravans) |- | WBX || BMW SUV |- | WBY || BMW i car |- | WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers) |- | WB1 || BMW Motorrad |- | WB2 || Blyss (trailer) |- | WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS |- | WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin |- | WB5 || BMW i SUV |- | WCD || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019 |- | WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer) |- | WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] & Maybach |- | WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car |- | WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French & Spanish built models – Citan & Vito & X-Class) |- | WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019 |- | WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDT || Dethleffs (caravans) |- | WDW || Dodge Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009 |- | WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009 |- | WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDZ || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle |- | WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck |- | WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle |- | WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses) |- | WEG || Ablinger (trailer) |- | WEL || e.GO Mobile AG |- | WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH |- | WFC || Fendt (caravans) |- | WFD || Fliegl Trailer |- | WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH |- | WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany |- | WF1 || Merkur |- | WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH |- | WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer) |- | WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles) |- | WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer) |- | WHL || Hulco (trailer) |- | WHW || Hako GmbH |- | WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles) |- | WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer) |- | WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus |- | WJR || Irmscher |- | WKE || Krone (truck trailers) |- | WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer) |- | WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans) |- | WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers) |- | WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers) |- | WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers |- | WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane) |- | WMA || MAN Truck & Bus |- | WME || smart (from 5/99) |- | WMG || Demag Cranes |- | WMM || Karl Müller GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailers) |- | WMP || M & V GmbH (truck trailers) |- | WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar) |- | WMW || MINI car |- | WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG & Mercedes-AMG GT & Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America) |- | WMZ || MINI SUV |- | WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE |- | WP0 || Porsche car |- | WP1 || Porsche SUV |- | WRA || Renders (truck trailers) |- | WRJ || Riese & Müller (bicycle) |- | WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers) |- | WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers) |- | WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers) |- | WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers) |- | WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers) |- | WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group |- | WS5 || StreetScooter |- | WS7 || Sono Motors |- | WTA || Tabbert (caravans) |- | WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car <br> (includes '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet & '06 S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan & '16-'18 S8 Plus & non-North American mkt. Q7 V12 TDI) |- | WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV |- | WVG || Volkswagen SUV & Touran |- | WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN |- | WVP || Viseon Bus |- | WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan |- | WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok) |- | WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus) |- | WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (chassis cab) |- | WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok & T7 Transporter made by Ford) |- | WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford) |- | WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer) |- | WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer) |- | WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America) |- | W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer) |- | W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall & Holden |- | W0L || Holden Zafira & Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand |- | W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall & Holden (since 2017) |- | W04 || Buick Regal & Buick Cascada |- | W06 || Cadillac Catera |- | W08 || Saturn Astra |- | W09/A55 || Artega Automobile |- | W09/A71 || Apollo |- | W09/B09 || Bitter Cars |- | W09/B16 || Brabus |- | W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer) |- | W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer) |- | W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer) |- | W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus) |- | W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer) |- | W09/E04 || Eder (trailer) |- | W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer) |- | W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer) |- | W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer) |- | W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/F57 || Twike |- | W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer) |- | W09/G64 || Gumpert |- | W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau |- | W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer) |- | W09/H49 || H&W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/J02 || Isdera |- | W09/K27 || Krupp |- | W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer) |- | W09/L05 || Liebherr |- | W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles) |- | W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer) |- | W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer) |- | W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer) |- | W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer) |- | W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer) |- | W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer) |- | W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn) |- | W09/R06 || RUF |- | W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer) |- | W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer) |- | W09/R38 || Rewaco |- | W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus) |- | W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer) |- | W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer) |- | W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer) |- | W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer) |- | W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer) |- | W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer) |- | W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer) |- | W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailer) |- | W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer) |- | W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer) |- | W09/W59 || Wiesmann |- | W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer) |- | W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W1A || smart |- | W1H || Freightliner Econic |- | W1K || Mercedes-Benz car |- | W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck |- | W1V || Mercedes-Benz van |- | W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | W1Z || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle |- | W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia) |- | XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia) |- | XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece) |- | XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece) |- | XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece |- | XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece) |- | XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece) |- | XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. & Co. (trailer) (Greece) |- | XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece |- | XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece) |- | XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia) |- | XKM || Volgabus (Russia) |- | XLA || DAF Bus International |- | XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars) |- | XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands |- | XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V. |- | XLE || Scania Netherlands |- | XLH || Hapert (trailer) |- | XLJ || Anssems (trailer) |- | XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer) |- | XLR || DAF Trucks & Leyland DAF |- | XLU || Henra (trailer) |- | XLV || DAF Bus |- | XLW || Terberg Benschop BV |- | XL3 || Ebusco |- | XL4 ||Lightyear |- | XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers) |- | XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers) |- | XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV |- | XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers) |- | XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer) |- | XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks |- | XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer) |- | XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer) |- | XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars |- | XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer) |- | XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer) |- | XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen |- | XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer) |- | XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer) |- | XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer) |- | XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer) |- | XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer) |- | XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers) |- | XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers) |- | XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers) |- | XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers) |- | XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers) |- | XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers) |- | XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers) |- | XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers) |- | XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter) |- | XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer) |- | XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes |- | XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus |- | XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer) |- | XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer) |- | XL9/363 || Spyker |- | XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer) |- | XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer) |- | XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer) |- | XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer) |- | XL9/527 || GINAF |- | XL9/530 || Ebusco |- | XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer) |- | XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD) |- | XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD) |- | XMG || VDL Bus International |- | XMR || Nooteboom Trailers |- | XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper) |- | XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD) |- | XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD) |- | XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer) |- | XNL || VDL Bus & Coach |- | XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XPN || Knapen Trailers |- | XPP || Atec Trailers |- | XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg) |- | XRP || Proline (trailer) |- | XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer) |- | XR7 || Qarry |- | XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia) |- | XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia) |- | XTC || KAMAZ (Russia) |- | XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTF || GolAZ (Russia) |- | XTH || GAZ (Russia) |- | XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia) |- | XTK || IzhAvto (Russia) |- | XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997 |- | XTP || Ural (Russia) |- | XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer) |- | XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia) |- | XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia) |- | XTW || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTY || LiAZ (Russia) |- | XTZ || ZiL (Russia) |- | XUF || General Motors Russia |- | XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia) |- | XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD, Kaiyi Auto) |- | XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM) |- | XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer) |- | XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia) |- | XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia) |- | XVU || Start (truck trailer) |- | XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia |- | XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia |- | XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan) |- | XWB || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD) |- | XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD) |- | XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD) |- | XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg) |- | XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia) |- | XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer) |- | XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus) |- | XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer) |- | XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia) |- | X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia) |- | X1E || KAvZ (Russia) |- | X1F || NefAZ (Russia) |- | X1M || PAZ (Russia) |- | X1P || Ural (Russia) |- | X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia) |- | X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD) |- | X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia) |- | X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia) |- | X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia) |- | X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] & Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia) |- | X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus |- | X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus |- | X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus) |- | X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus) |- | X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus) |- | X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus) |- | X89/FY1 || Sherp |- | X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles |- | X8U || Scania Russia |- | X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO |- | X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ |- | X9N || Samoltor (minibus) |- | X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks) |- | X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways |- | X9X || Great Wall Motors |- | X96 || GAZ |- | X99/000 || Marussia |- | X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer) |- | X0T || Tonar (truck trailer) |- | YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers) |- | YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers) |- | YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers) |- | YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis |- | YA2 || Atlas Copco Group |- | YA5 || Renders (truck trailers) |- | YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers) |- | YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer) |- | YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer) |- | YA9/128 || EOS (bus) |- | YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer) |- | YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer) |- | YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet |- | YA9/180 || EOS (bus) |- | YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers) |- | YA9/195 || Denolf & Depla (minibus) |- | YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe) |- | YBD || Addax Motors |- | YBW || Volkswagen Belgium |- | YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck) |- | YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis) |- | YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle) |- | YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer) |- | YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium) |- | YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK |- | YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle) |- | YC3 || Eduard Trailers |- | YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium) |- | YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium) |- | YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium) |- | YE6 || STAS (truck trailer) |- | YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer) |- | YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland) |- | YH1 || Solifer (caravans) |- | YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles) |- | YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive |- | YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland |- | YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto |- | YK9/003 || Kabus (bus) |- | YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus) |- | YK9/016 || Linkker (bus) |- | YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab) |- | YSM || Polestar cars |- | YSP || Volta Trucks AB |- | YSR || Polestar SUV |- | YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) |- | YS3 || Saab cars |- | YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory) |- | YS5 || OmniNova (minibus) |- | YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles) |- | YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus) |- | YTN || Saab made by NEVS |- | YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles) |- | YT9/007 || Koenigsegg |- | YT9/034 || Carvia |- | YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer) |- | YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles) |- | YVV || WiMa 442 EV |- | YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars |- | YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks |- | YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis |- | YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV |- | YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle |- | YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway) |- | YYC || Think Nordic (Norway) |- | YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway) |- | Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway) |- | Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus) |- | Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus) |- | Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus) |- | Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus) |- | Y3M || MAZ (Belarus) |- | Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus) |- | Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus |- | Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus) |- | Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine) |- | Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine) |- | Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine) |- | Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine) |- | Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine) |- | Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) |- | Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine) |- | Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine |- | Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine) |- | ZAA || Autobianchi |- | ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024- |- | ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet |- | ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter) |- | ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles |- | ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]] |- | ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera |- | ZAR || Alfa Romeo car |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud & Sprint through 1989 |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018- |- | ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer) |- | ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002) |- | ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus) |- | ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus) |- | ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper) |- | ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System |- | ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus) |- | ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper) |- | ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL |- | ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]] |- | ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro |- | ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l. |- | ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus) |- | ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus) |- | ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus) |- | ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A. |- | ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus) |- | ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer) |- | ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus) |- | ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l. |- | ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali |- | ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale |- | ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina |- | ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus) |- | ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer) |- | ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer) |- | ZBB || Bertone |- | ZBD || InBus |- | ZBN || Benelli |- | ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum |- | ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer) |- | ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy) |- | ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta |- | ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership |- | ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus) |- | ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A. |- | ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer) |- | ZCZ || BredaBus |- | ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A. |- | ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati |- | ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA |- | ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino |- | ZDJ || ACM Biagini |- | ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA |- | ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA |- | ZDY || Cacciamali |- | ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA & Belgarda SpA |- | ZD3 || Beta Motor |- | ZD4 || Aprilia |- | ZD5 || Casalini |- | ZEB || Ellebi (trailer) |- | ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis & Mobilvetta recreational vehicles |- | ZES || Bimota |- | ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle) |- | ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer) |- | ZFA || Fiat |- | ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV & Ram Promaster City |- | ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200) |- | ZFE || KL Motorcycle |- | ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] |- | ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer) |- | ZFM || Fantic Motor |- | ZFR || Pininfarina |- | ZF4 || Qvale |- | ZGA || Iveco Bus |- | ZGP || Merker (truck trailer) |- | ZGU || Moto Guzzi |- | ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle) |- | ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership |- | ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – ) |- | ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle) |- | ZJM || Malaguti |- | ZJN || Innocenti |- | ZJT || Italjet |- | ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle) |- | ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership |- | ZLA || Lancia |- | ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA |- | ZLM || Moto Morini srl |- | ZLV || Laverda |- | ZNN || Energica |- | ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l. |- | ZN3 || Iveco Defence |- | ZN6 || Maserati SUV |- | ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV |- | ZPY || DR Automobiles |- | ZP6 || XEV |- | ZP8 || Regis Motors |- | ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA |- | ZR1 || Microlino |- | ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV |- | ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia) |- | ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia) |- | ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia) |- | ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia) |- | Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia) |- | Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania) |- | Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania) |- | Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia) |- | Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia) |- | Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan) |- | Z8M || Marussia (Russia) |- | Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia) |- | Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia) |- | Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia) |- | Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia) |- | Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia) |- | Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia) |- | Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia) |- | Z07 || Volgabus (Russia) |- | 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only |- | 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc. |- | 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera) |- | 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 & Bugatti EB110) |- | 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC) |- | 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 1AF || American LaFrance truck |- | 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 1AM || American Motors Corporation car & Renault Alliance 1983 only |- | 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002 |- | 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995 |- | 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers |- | 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer) |- | 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles |- | 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles |- | 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles |- | 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus |- | 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV |- | 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle |- | 1BL || Balko, Inc. |- | 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005 |- | 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012– |- | 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/291 || CX Automotive |- | 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus) |- | 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International |- | 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation |- | 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation) |- | 1CY || Crane Carrier Company |- | 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc. |- | 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009 |- | 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only |- | 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only |- | 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus |- | 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc. |- | 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre & Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus) |- | 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries) |- | 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle) |- | 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ |- | 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor |- | 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus) |- | 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford |- | 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle |- | 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 1FU || Freightliner (truck) |- | 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009) |- | 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC |- | 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. |- | 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes |- | 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp. |- | 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA |- | 1G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984 |- | 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017 |- | 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010 |- | 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle |- | 1G9/495 || Google & Waymo |- | 1GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles |- | 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck |- | 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles |- | 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 1GF || Flxible bus |- | 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM |- | 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986 |- | 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004 |- | 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020 |- | 1GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV |- | 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck |- | 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV |- | 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors |- | 1HD || Harley-Davidson & LiveWire |- | 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV |- | 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 1HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 1HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks & Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group |- | 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer) |- | 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JU || Marmon Motor Company |- | 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine) |- | 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer) |- | 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle |- | 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car |- | 1LV || Lectra Motors |- | 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers |- | 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine |- | 1L9/155 || LA Exotics |- | 1L9/234 || Laforza |- | 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co. |- | 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 1MR || Continental Mark VI & VII 1981–1985 & Continental sedan 1982–1985 |- | 1M0 || John Deere Gator |- | 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck) |- | 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider) |- | 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus) |- | 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus) |- | 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive |- | 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019 |- | 1N4 || Nissan car |- | 1N6 || Nissan truck |- | 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA |- | 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California) |- | 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus) |- | 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck) |- | 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles) |- | 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI |- | 1P3 || Plymouth car |- | 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV |- | 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp |- | 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles) |- | 1P9/213 || Panoz |- | 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer) |- | 1PY || John Deere USA |- | 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation |- | 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer) |- | 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles) |- | 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles) |- | 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck) |- | 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT) |- | 1S9/842 || Saleen S7 |- | 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC |- | 1S9/944 || SSC North America |- | 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer) |- | 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer) |- | 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer) |- | 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles |- | 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck) |- | 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA |- | 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper |- | 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC |- | 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation |- | 1UJ || Jayco, Inc. |- | 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General |- | 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 1VH || Orion Bus Industries |- | 1VW || Volkswagen car |- | 1V1 || Volkswagen truck |- | 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV |- | 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive |- | 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle) |- | 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck) |- | 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle) |- | 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider) |- | 1WT || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. |- | 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck) |- | 1WV || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] |- | 1WW || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class B Motorhome built on Renault chassis [Winnebago LeSharo, Centauri, Itasca Phasar] |- | 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle) |- | 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider) |- | 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer) |- | 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer) |- | 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars |- | 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 & later) |- | 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation |- | 1XK || Kenworth (truck) |- | 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987 |- | 1XP || Peterbilt (truck) |- | 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI |- | 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc. |- | 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider |- | 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]] |- | 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer) |- | 10R || E-Z-GO |- | 10T || Oshkosh Corporation |- | 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) |- | 12A || Avanti |- | 137 || AM General Hummer & Hummer H1 |- | 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer) |- | 15G || Gillig bus |- | 16C || Clenet Coachworks |- | 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010) |- | 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome |- | 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 2A3 || Imperial |- | 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only |- | 2AY 2AZ || Hino |- | 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2BP || Ski-Doo |- | 2BV || Can-Am & Bombardier ATV |- | 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV |- | 2BX || Can-Am Spyder |- | 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder |- | 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries |- | 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002 |- | 2B5 || Dodge "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002 |- | 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005 |- | 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager & Volkswagen Routan) 2012- |- | 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005 |- | 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors |- | 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles |- | 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only |- | 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only |- | 2CM || American Motors Corporation car |- | 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only |- | 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only |- | 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003 |- | 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003 |- | 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2DG || Ontario Drive & Gear |- | 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation |- | 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager) |- | 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle) |- | 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 2FU || Freightliner (truck) |- | 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle) |- | 2FY || New Flyer |- | 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada |- | 2G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 2G5 || GMC MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2G5 || Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023- |- | 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 2G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 2G8 || Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles |- | 2GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles |- | 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus & GM Classic series bus |- | 2GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 2GT || GMC truck |- | 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HM || Hyundai Canada |- | 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo |- | 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse |- | 2LM || Lincoln SUV |- | 2LN || Lincoln car |- | 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck) |- | 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider) |- | 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on) |- | 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle |- | 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV |- | 2M9/044 || Westward Industries |- | 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries |- | 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 2NV || Nova Bus |- | 2P3 || Plymouth car |- | 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000 |- | 2P5 || Plymouth "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983 |- | 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995 |- | 2PC || Prevost 1996- |- | 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited |- | 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC |- | 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2W9/044 || Westward Industries |- | 2WK || Western Star (truck) |- | 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2WM || Western Star (glider) |- | 2XK || Kenworth (truck) |- | 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2XP || Peterbilt (truck) |- | 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only |- | 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer) |- | 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck) |- | 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer) |- | 3AX || Scania Mexico |- | 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses) |- | 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BH || Western Star (truck) |- | 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993 |- | 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012– |- | 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662) |- | 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico |- | 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V. |- | 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009 |- | 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009 |- | 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011 |- | 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011 |- | 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer) |- | 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont) |- | 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford & IMMSA |- | 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico |- | 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck) |- | 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 & Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 3F6 || Sterling Bullet |- | 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico |- | 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011 |- | 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020 |- | 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV |- | 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV |- | 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico |- | 3GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 3GK || GMC SUV |- | 3GM || Holden Suburban |- | 3GN || Chevrolet SUV |- | 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM |- | 3GS || Saturn SUV |- | 3GT || GMC truck |- | 3GY || Cadillac SUV |- | 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV |- | 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers) |- | 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015 |- | 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016- |- | 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015 |- | 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016- |- | 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck) |- | 3HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 3HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV & Can-Am Ryker) |- | 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX |- | 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX |- | 3LN || Lincoln car |- | 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995) |- | 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2) |- | 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011) |- | 3MF || BMW M car |- | 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico |- | 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico) |- | 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30) |- | 3MW || BMW car |- | 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation |- | 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3) |- | 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car |- | 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck & Chevrolet City Express |- | 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV |- | 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV |- | 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV |- | 3P3 || Plymouth car |- | 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS |- | 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC |- | 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT |- | 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV |- | 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car |- | 3WK || Kenworth truck |- | 3WP || Peterbilt truck |- | 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck) |- | 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car |- | 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV |- | 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4B9/038 || BYD Coach & Bus LLC |- | 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer) |- | 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle) |- | 4C9/561 || Czinger |- | 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc. |- | 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus) |- | 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck) |- | 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer) |- | 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford |- | 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford |- | 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM |- | 4G5 || General Motors EV1 |- | 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM |- | 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra |- | 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle |- | 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM |- | 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV |- | 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer) |- | 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck) |- | 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM |- | 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM |- | 4KL || Isuzu N-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) built by GM |- | 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors] |- | 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV |- | 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division |- | 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company |- | 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford |- | 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM |- | 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA |- | 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994 |- | 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only |- | 4RK || Nova Bus & Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc. |- | 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive & 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA |- | 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car |- | 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV |- | 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles |- | 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer) |- | 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck |- | 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars) |- | 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.) |- | 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi) |- | 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI |- | 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive |- | 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc. |- | 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors |- | 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc. |- | 4US || BMW car |- | 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation & <br /> gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis & <br /> Thomas Built Buses FS-65 & Saf-T-Liner C2 |- | 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles) |- | 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995 |- | 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995 |- | 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995 |- | 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003 |- | 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003 |- | 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+ |- | 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle) 1996+ |- | 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider) |- | 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999 |- | 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999 |- | 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999 |- | 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999 |- | 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only) |- | 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales |- | 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC |- | 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM |- | 4XA || Polaris Inc. |- | 4X4 || Forest River |- | 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle) |- | 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc. |- | 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer) |- | 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck |- | 43C || Consulier |- | 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment) |- | 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle |- | 46J || Federal Motors Inc |- | 478 || Honda ATV |- | 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck) |- | 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011 |- | 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer) |- | 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc. |- | 5BP || Solectria |- | 5BZ || Nissan "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA) |- | 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck) |- | 5CX || Shelby Series 1 |- | 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC |- | 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer |- | 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle |- | 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer) |- | 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles) |- | 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FT || Feeling Trailers |- | 5FY || New Flyer |- | 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV |- | 5GD || Daewoo G2X |- | 5GN || Hummer H3T |- | 5GR || Hummer H2 |- | 5GT || Hummer H3 |- | 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV |- | 5G8 || Holden Volt |- | 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets |- | 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 5J5 || Club Car |- | 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck) |- | 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5KM || Vento Motorcycles |- | 5KT || Karavan Trailers |- | 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009) |- | 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle |- | 5LD || Ford & Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014) |- | 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV |- | 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck |- | 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets |- | 5N1 || Nissan & Infiniti SUV |- | 5N3 || Infiniti SUV |- | 5NH || Forest River |- | 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA |- | 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA |- | 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA |- | 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA |- | 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC |- | 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles |- | 5S3 || Saab 9-7X |- | 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV) |- | 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor) |- | 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI |- | 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV & Lexus TX made by TMMI |- | 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI |- | 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX |- | 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer) |- | 5UM || BMW M car |- | 5UX || BMW SUV |- | 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle |- | 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle) |- | 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer) |- | 5VP || Victory Motorcycles |- | 5V4 || Autocar truck |- | 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer) |- | 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck) |- | 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG |- | 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG |- | 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC) |- | 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS |- | 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021) |- | 5YM || BMW M SUV |- | 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc. |- | 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI |- | 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV) |- | 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles) |- | 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck) |- | 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan |- | 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car |- | 50G || Karma Automotive |- | 516 || Autocar truck |- | 51R || Brammo Motorcycles |- | 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle) |- | 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group) |- | 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc. |- | 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric |- | 538 || Zero Motorcycles |- | 53G || Coda Automotive |- | 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN |- | 546 || EBR Motorcycles |- | 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer |- | 54D || Isuzu & Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group |- | 54F || Rosenbauer Motors (incomplete vehicle) |- | 55S || Mercedes-Benz car |- | 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary) |- | 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer) |- | 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 57R || Oreion Motors |- | 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles) |- | 57W || Mobility Ventures |- | 57X || Polaris Slingshot |- | 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES) |- | 6AB || MAN Australia |- | 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs) |- | 6F1 || Ford |- | 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd. |- | 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia |- | 6F5 || Kenworth Australia |- | 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia |- | 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia |- | 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) & Chevrolet & Vauxhall Monaro & VXR8 |- | 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO & G8) |- | 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV & SS performance sedan 2014-2017 |- | 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002) |- | 6KT || BCI Bus |- | 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia |- | 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994 |- | 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia |- | 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia |- | 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia |- | 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand |- | 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia |- | 7AB || MAN New Zealand |- | 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009 |- | 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand |- | 7A3 || Honda New Zealand |- | 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand |- | 7A5 || Ford New Zealand |- | 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand |- | 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009 |- | 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand |- | 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 7FC || Rivian truck |- | 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. |- | 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors |- | 7G0 || Faraday Future |- | 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks & Texas-built Cybertruck) |- | 7H4 || Hino truck |- | 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle |- | 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV |- | 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car |- | 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on |- | 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer) |- | 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck |- | 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles |- | 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense |- | 7NY || Lordstown Motors |- | 7PD || Rivian SUV |- | 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions |- | 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y)) |- | 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group |- | 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX |- | 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022- |- | 7SY || Polestar SUV |- | 7TN || Canoo |- | 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV |- | 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer) |- | 7VV || Ree Automotive |- | 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV) |- | 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 7YA || Hyundai MPV/SUV made by HMGMA |- | 7Z0 || Zoox |- | 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty) |- | 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck & bus (Argentina) |- | 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America) |- | 8AD || Peugeot Argentina |- | 8AE || Peugeot van |- | 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina |- | 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina |- | 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina |- | 8AK || Suzuki Argentina |- | 8AN || Nissan Argentina |- | 8AP || Fiat Argentina |- | 8AT || Iveco Argentina |- | 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina |- | 8A1 || Renault Argentina |- | 8A3 || Scania Argentina |- | 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A. |- | 8BC || Citroën Argentina |- | 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | 8BR || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | 8CH || Honda motorcycle |- | 8C3 || Honda car/SUV |- | 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault |- | 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot |- | 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile |- | 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador |- | 8LF || Maresa (Mazda) |- | 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor & Kia) |- | 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto) |- | 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela |- | 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A. |- | 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A. |- | 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A. |- | 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia) |- | 9BD || Fiat Brazil & Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil |- | 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil |- | 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil |- | 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil |- | 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck & bus |- | 9BN || Mafersa |- | 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 9BS || Scania Brazil |- | 9BU ||Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct Brazilian automaker) |- | 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil |- | 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil |- | 9BY || Agrale S.A. |- | 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil |- | 9DF || Puma |- | 9DW || Kenworth & Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil |- | 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles |- | 92H || Origem Brazil |- | 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 935 || Citroën Brazil |- | 936 || Peugeot Brazil |- | 937 || Dodge Dakota |- | 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil) |- | 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV |- | 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil |- | 93P || Volare |- | 93S || Navistar International |- | 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006 |- | 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016 |- | 93V || Navistar International |- | 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny |- | 93Y || Renault Brazil |- | 93Z || Iveco |- | 94D || Nissan Brazil |- | 94N || RWM Brazil |- | 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais |- | 95P || CAOA Hyundai & CAOA Chery |- | 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) & Ducati, KTM, & MV Agusta assembled by Dafra |- | 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016 |- | 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 953 || VW Truck & Bus / MAN Truck & Bus |- | 96P || Kawasaki |- | 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. |- | 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant) |- | 98M || BMW car/SUV |- | 98P || DAF Trucks |- | 98R || Chery |- | 99A || Audi 2016- |- | 99H || Shineray |- | 99J || Jaguar Land Rover |- | 99K || Haojue & Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos |- | 99L || BYD |- | 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-) |- | 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa) |- | 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda) |- | 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.) |- | 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay) |- | 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay) |- | 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano) |- | 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy) |- | 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} shu2zmne7u7ioy2xcvdxndykg58exjy 4640016 4640015 2026-06-12T15:32:34Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* List of Many WMIs */ 4640016 wikitext text/x-wiki ==World Manufacturer Identifier== The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. ===WMI Regions=== The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/ | title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780 | publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI ! Region ! Notes |- | A-C | Africa | AA-AH = South Africa<br />BF-BG = Kenya<br />BU = Uganda<br />CA-CB = Egypt<br />DF-DK = Morocco |- | E, H-R | Asia | E=Russia<br />H = China<br />J = Japan<br />KF-KH = Israel<br />KL-KR = South Korea<br />L = China<br />MA-ME = India<br />MF-MK = Indonesia<br />ML-MR = Thailand<br />MS = Myanmar<br />MX = Kazakhstan<br />MY-M0 = India<br />NF-NG = Pakistan<br />NL-NR = Turkey<br />NS-NT = Uzbekistan<br />PA-PC = Philippines<br />PF-PG = Singapore<br />PL-PR = Malaysia<br />PS-PT = Bangladesh<br />PV=Cambodia<br />RA-RB = United Arab Emirates<br />RF-RK = Taiwan<br />RL-RN = Vietnam<br />RS-RT = Saudi Arabia<br />RU-RW = Russia<br />R1-R7 = Hong Kong |- | S-Z | Europe | SA-SM = United Kingdom<br />SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)<br />SU-SZ = Poland<br />TA-TH = Switzerland<br />TJ-TP = Czech Republic<br />TR-TV = Hungary<br />TW-T2 = Portugal<br />UH-UM = Denmark<br />UN-UR = Ireland<br />UU-UX = Romania<br />U1-U2 = North Macedonia<br />U5-U7 = Slovakia<br />VA-VE = Austria<br />VF-VR = France<br />VS-VW = Spain<br />VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)<br />V3-V5 = Croatia<br />V6-V8 = Estonia<br /> W = Germany (formerly West Germany)<br />XA-XC = Bulgaria<br />XF-XH = Greece<br />XL-XR = The Netherlands<br />XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)<br />XX-XY = Luxembourg<br />XZ-X0 = Russia<br />YA-YE = Belgium<br />YF-YK = Finland<br />YS-YW = Sweden<br />YX-Y2 = Norway<br />Y3-Y5 = Belarus<br />Y6-Y8 = Ukraine<br />ZA-ZU = Italy<br />ZX-ZZ = Slovenia<br />Z3-Z5 = Lithuania<br />Z6-Z0 = Russia |- | 1-5 | North America | 1, 4, 5 = United States<br />2 = Canada<br />3 = Mexico<br />7F-70 = United States |- | 6-7 | Oceania | 6A-6W = Australia<br />7A-7E = New Zealand<br />Revised: 6A-6X = Australia<br />6Y-61 = New Zealand |- | 8-9 | South America | 8A-8E = Argentina<br />8F-8G = Chile<br />8L-8N = Ecuador<br />8S-8T = Peru<br />8X-8Z = Venezuela<br />82 = Bolivia<br />84 = Costa Rica<br />9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil<br />9F-9G = Colombia<br />9S-9V = Uruguay |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''A''' || colspan="8" | South Africa || colspan="2" | Ivory Coast || colspan="2" | Lesotho || colspan="2" | Botswana || colspan="2" | Namibia || colspan="2" | Madagascar || colspan="2" | Mauritius || colspan="2" | Tunisia || colspan="2" | Cyprus || colspan="2" | Zimbabwe || colspan="2" | Mozambique || colspan="5" | ''Africa'' |- | '''B''' || colspan="2" | Angola || colspan="1" | Ethiopia || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Kenya || colspan="1" | Rwanda || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Nigeria || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Algeria || colspan="1" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Swaziland || colspan="1" | Uganda || colspan="7" | ''Africa''|| colspan="2" | Libya || colspan="6" | ''Africa'' |- | '''C''' || colspan="2" | Egypt || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Morocco || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Zambia || colspan="21" | ''Africa'' |- | '''D''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |- | '''E''' || colspan="33" | Russia |- | '''F''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | |- | '''G''' |- | '''H''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''J''' || colspan="33" | Japan |- | '''K''' || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | Israel || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | South Korea || colspan="2" | Jordan || colspan="6" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | South Korea || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kyrgyzstan || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' |- | '''L''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''M''' || colspan="5" | India || colspan="5" | Indonesia || colspan="5" | Thailand || colspan="1" | Myanmar || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Mongolia || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kazakhstan || colspan="12" | India |- | '''N''' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="2" | Pakistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Iraq || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Turkey || colspan="2" | Uzbekistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Azerbaijan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Tajikistan || colspan="1" | Armenia || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Turkey || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' |- | '''P''' || colspan="3" | Philippines || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Singapore || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Malaysia || colspan="2" | Bangladesh || colspan="10" | ''Asia'' || colspan="6" | India |- | '''R''' || colspan="2" | UAE || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Taiwan || colspan="3" | Vietnam || colspan="1" | Laos || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Saudi Arabia || colspan="3" | Russia || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="7" | Hong Kong || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''S''' || colspan="12" | United Kingdom || colspan="5" | Germany <small>(former East Germany)</small> || colspan="6" | Poland || colspan="2" | Latvia || colspan="1" | Georgia || colspan="1" | Iceland || colspan="6" | ''Europe'' |- | '''T''' || colspan="8" | Switzerland || colspan="6" | Czech Republic || colspan="5" | Hungary || colspan="6" | Portugal || colspan="3" | Serbia || colspan="1" | Andorra || colspan="2" | Netherlands || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''U''' || colspan="3" | Spain || colspan="4" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Denmark || colspan="3" | Ireland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="4" | Romania || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="2" | North Macedonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovakia || colspan="3" | Bosnia & Herzogovina |- | '''V''' || colspan="5" | Austria || colspan="10" | France || colspan="5" | Spain || colspan="5" | France <small>(formerly Yugoslavia & Serbia)</small> || colspan="3" | Croatia || colspan="3" | Estonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''W''' || colspan="33" | Germany |- | '''X''' || colspan="3" | Bulgaria || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="3" | Greece || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="5" | Netherlands || colspan="5" | Russia <small>(former USSR)</small> || colspan="2" | Luxembourg || colspan="11" | Russia |- | '''Y''' || colspan="5" | Belgium || colspan="5" | Finland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="1" | Malta || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Sweden || colspan="5" | Norway || colspan="3" | Belarus || colspan="3" | Ukraine || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''Z''' || colspan="18" | Italy || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovenia || colspan="1" | San Marino|| colspan="1" | ''Europe''|| colspan="3" | Lithuania || colspan="5" | Russia |- | '''1''' || colspan="33" | United States |- | '''2''' || colspan="28" | Canada || colspan="5" | ''North America'' |- | '''3''' || colspan="21" | Mexico || colspan="5" | ''North America'' || colspan="1" | Nicaragua || colspan="1" | Dom. Rep. || colspan="1" | Honduras || colspan="1" | Panama || colspan="2" | Puerto Rico || colspan="1" | ''North America'' |- | '''4''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | United States |- | '''5''' |- | '''6''' || colspan="21" | Australia || colspan="3" | New Zealand || colspan="9" | ''Oceania'' |- | '''7''' || colspan="5" | New Zealand || colspan="28" | United States |- | '''8''' || colspan="5" | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Ecuador || colspan="2" | ''South America'' || colspan="2" | Peru || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Venezuela || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Bolivia || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Costa Rica || colspan="6" | ''South America'' |- | '''9''' || colspan="5" | Brazil || colspan="2" | Colombia || colspan="8" | ''South America'' || colspan="4" | Uruguay || colspan="4" | ''South America'' || colspan="10" | Brazil |- | '''0''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |} ===List of Many WMIs=== The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html | title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code | date=October 2009 | publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned. {| class="wikitable x" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI !! Manufacturer |- | AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa |- | AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd. |- | AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck & Bus) |- |AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number) |- | AAV || Volkswagen South Africa |- | AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt & Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011 |- | ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks & Buses Southern Africa |- | ABM || BMW Southern Africa |- | ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018- |- | AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa |- | AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa) |- | ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car |- | ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018) |- | ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd. |- | AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa) |- | AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa & Samcor |- | AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa |- | AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa |- | AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa |- | AHH || Hino South Africa |- | AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000 |- | AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd. |- | BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya |- | BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda |- | BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB) |- | BRY || FIAT Algeria |- | CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt) |- | DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt) |- | DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco) |- | EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia) |- | EAN || Evolute (Russia) |- | EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia) |- | EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia) |- | EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia) |- | ECE || XCITE (Russia) |- | ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia) |- | HAC || GAC Motor (Aion) |- | HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray) |- | HA6 || Niu Technologies |- | HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd. |- | HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) |- | HGL || Farizon Auto van (Geely) |- | HGX || Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely) |- | HHZ || Huazi Automobile |- | HJN || Nio, Firefly |- | HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle |- | HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van |- | HJ4 || BAW car |- | HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. <br />(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.) |- | HLX || Li Auto |- | HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. |- | HVW || Volkswagen Anhui |- | HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | HXM || Xiaomi |- | HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle) |- | H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan |- | JAB || Isuzu car |- | JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey & Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan |- | JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu |- | JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks & <br /> Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ & <br /> Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty) |- | JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty) |- | JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America) |- | JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) & Nissan Rogue PHEV '26 |- | JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America) |- | JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda |- | JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda |- | JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda |- | JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu |- | JD1 || Daihatsu car |- | JD2 || Daihatsu SUV |- | JD4 || Daihatsu truck |- | JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors |- | JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car |- | JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV |- | JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck |- | JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru |- | JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki |- | JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki |- | JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada |- | JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck) |- | JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck) |- | JHA || Hino truck |- | JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHD || Hino |- | JHF || Hino |- | JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,<br/>JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] |- | JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV |- | JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car |- | JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck |- | JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV |- | JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV |- | JH4 || Acura car |- | JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKM || Mitsuoka |- | JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki |- | JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki |- | JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault) |- | JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) |- | JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) |- | JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America & Middle East |- | JMZ || Mazda for Europe export & Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain & Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France |- | JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export |- | JM1 || Mazda car |- | JM2 || Mazda truck |- | JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV |- | JM4 || Mazda |- | JM6 || Mazda |- | JM7 || Mazda |- | JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck) |- | JNK || Infiniti car |- | JNR || Infiniti SUV |- | JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle |- | JN1 || Nissan car & Infiniti car |- | JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle |- | JN6 || Nissan truck/van & Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van |- | JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV & Infiniti SUV |- | JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle) |- | JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck) |- | JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck) |- | JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda |- | JSA || Suzuki ATV & '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki |- | JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki |- | JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota |- | JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle & Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JS2 || Suzuki car |- | JS3 || Suzuki SUV |- | JS4 || Suzuki truck |- | JTB || Toyota bus |- | JTD || Toyota car |- | JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JTF || Toyota van/truck |- | JTG || Toyota MPV/bus |- | JTH || Lexus car |- | JTJ || Lexus SUV |- | JTK || Toyota car |- | JTL || Toyota SUV |- | JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota |- | JTN || Toyota car |- | JTP || Toyota SUV |- | JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van |- | JT2 || Toyota car |- | JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JT4 || Toyota truck/van |- | JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle |- | JT6 || Lexus SUV |- | JT7 || Toyota bus/van |- | JT8 || Lexus car |- | JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003) |- | JYA || Yamaha motorcycles |- | JYE || Yamaha snowmobile |- | JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV |- | JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV |- | J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu |- | J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada |- | J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle) |- | J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle) |- | J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu |- | KF3 || Merkavim (Israel) |- | KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel) |- | KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel) |- | KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea |- | KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)<br /> from Bupyeong & Kunsan plants |- | KLP || CT&T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles) |- | KLT || Tata Daewoo |- | KLU || Tata Daewoo |- | KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo) |- | KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car) |- | KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac) |- | KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden) |- | KL4 || GM Korea (Buick) |- | KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki) |- | KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC) |- | KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000)) |- | KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000)) |- | KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark)) |- | KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] |- | KMC || Hyundai commercial truck |- | KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor) |- | KMF || Hyundai van & commercial truck & Bering Truck |- | KMH || Hyundai car & Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai |- | KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus |- | KMT || Genesis Motor car |- | KMU || Genesis Motor SUV |- | KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV |- | KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM8 || Hyundai SUV |- | KNA || Kia car |- | KNC || Kia truck |- | KND || Kia MPV/SUV & Hyundai Entourage |- | KNE || Kia for Europe export |- | KNF || Kia, special vehicles |- | KNG || Kia minibus/bus |- | KNJ || Ford Festiva & Aspire made by Kia |- | KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech |- | KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung |- | KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd. |- | KN1 || Asia Motors |- | KN2 || Asia Motors |- | KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup |- | KPB || SsangYong car |- | KPD || SsangYong TransStar (bus) |- | KPH || Mitsubishi Precis |- | KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV |- | LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle |- | LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle |- | LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang) |- | LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely) |- | LA8 || Anhui Ankai |- | LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus & Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus) |- | LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LA9/LC0 || BYD |- | LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile |- | LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray |- | LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli) |- | LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang) |- | LBM || Zongshen Piaggio |- | LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro) |- | LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LB1 || Fujian Benz |- | LB2 || Geely Motorcycles |- | LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi) |- | LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd. |- | LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO) |- | LCR || Gonow |- | LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza) |- | LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco) |- | LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LDB || Dadi Auto |- | LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60 |- | LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile |- | LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway) |- | LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd. |- | LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast |- | LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive |- | LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd. |- | LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle) |- | LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW) |- | LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC) |- | LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China |- | LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle |- | LE4 || Beijing Benz & Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) & Beijing Jeep Corp. |- | LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) & Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7) |- | LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd. |- | LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing |- | LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton) |- | LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz) |- | LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus) |- | LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) & Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4) |- | LFT || FAW (trailers) |- | LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili) |- | LFW || FAW JieFang (truck) |- | LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck) |- | LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory |- | LFZ || Leapmotor |- | LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle |- | LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks |- | LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia) |- | LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis |- | LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis |- | LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing) |- | LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) |- | LGL || Guilin Daewoo |- | LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey) |- | LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao) |- | LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus |- | LG6 || Dayun Group |- | LHA || Shuanghuan Auto |- | LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding |- | LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura) |- | LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co. |- | LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LH1 || FAW-Haima, China |- | LJC || Jincheng Corporation |- | LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) & Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia) |- | LJM || Sunlong (bus) |- | LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan |- | LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer) |- | LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus |- | LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile & Kandi & Zhidou |- | LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.) |- | LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LJW || JMC Landwind |- | LJX || JMC Ford |- | LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol) |- | LJ1 || Nio, Inc. |- | LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun) |- | LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile |- | LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe |- | LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LKH || Hafei Motor |- | LKL || Higer Bus |- | LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles |- | LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus |- | LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles |- | LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV) |- | LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd. |- | LLN || Qoros |- | LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi |- | LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive |- | LLX || Yudo Auto |- | LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd. |- | LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng) |- | LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles) |- | LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo |- | LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]] |- | LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader) |- | LMP || Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd. |- | LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima |- | LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]] |- | LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing) |- | LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LM6 || SWM (automobiles) |- | LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO |- | LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan |- | LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) & Arcfox & Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC |- | LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo |- | LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LNP || NAC MG UK Limited & Nanjing Fiat Automobile |- | LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo |- | LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.) |- | LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks) |- | LNY || Yuejin |- | LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles) |- | LPE || BYD Auto |- | LPS || Polestar |- | LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export) |- | LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks |- | LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export) |- | LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus) |- | LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai) |- | LR4 || Yadi Technology Group |- | LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck) |- | LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV & Chevrolet S10 Max & Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation |- | LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet) |- | LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van & Chevrolet Express Max |- | LSJ || SAIC MG & SAIC Roewe & IM Motors & Rising Auto |- | LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van |- | LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus) |- | LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) & Jinbei GM |- | LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd |- | LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV) |- | LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) & Changan Suzuki |- | LS6 || Changan Automobile & Deepal Automobile & Avatr |- | LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd. |- | LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LTA || ZX Auto |- | LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler & Dodge vehicles |- | LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS) |- | LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin) |- | LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) |- | LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer) |- | LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China) |- | LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd. |- | LUG || Qiantu Motor |- | LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar |- | LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd. |- | LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta) |- | LVA || Foton Motor |- | LVB || Foton Motor truck |- | LVC || Foton Motor bus |- | LVF || Changhe Suzuki |- | LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead) |- | LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo) |- | LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle |- | LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LVR || Changan Mazda |- | LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) & Changan Ford Mazda & Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda |- | LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast |- | LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour |- | LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo |- | LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021) |- | LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd |- | LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory |- | LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group) |- | LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. |- | LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus) |- | LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd. |- | LWL || Qingling Isuzu |- | LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep) |- | LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LW4 || Li Auto |- | LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG) |- | LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM) |- | LXN || Link Tour |- | LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd. |- | LXW || JMC - Ford |- | LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd. |- | LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor & Yinxiang Group) |- | LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory & Taizhou, Luqiao District factory |- | LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science & Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China |- | LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-) |- | LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman) |- | LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus |- | LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd. |- | LZM || MAN China |- | LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian) |- | LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen |- | LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus |- | LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export]) |- | LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak) |- | LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd. |- | LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd. |- | LZ9/LZX || Raysince |- | L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers) |- | L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. |- | L1N || XPeng Motors |- | L10 || Geely Emgrand |- | L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover |- | L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles) |- | L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd. |- | L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs) |- | L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science & Technology Co., Ltd. |- | L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle |- | L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV & motorcycles) |- | L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen) |- | L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd. |- | L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV) |- | L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd. |- | L6T || Geely, Lynk & Co, Zeekr |- | L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. |- | L82 || Baotian |- | L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance |- | L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle |- | L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd. |- | MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd. |- | MAB || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAC || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd |- | MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India |- | MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India |- | MAL || Hyundai Motor India |- | MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix |- | MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover |- | MA1 || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic & export) |- | MA6 || GM India |- | MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. & Mitsubishi Motors & Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors |- | MA8 || Daewoo Motor India |- | MBF || Royal Enfield |- | MBH || Suzuki (for export) & Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited |- | MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBL || Hero MotoCorp |- | MBR || Mercedes-Benz India |- | MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited |- | MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd. |- | MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape) |- | MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd. |- | MB1 || Ashok Leyland |- | MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV) |- | MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. |- | MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited |- | MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep) |- | MCB || GM India |- | MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers |- | MCG || Atul Auto Ltd. |- | MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd. |- | MC1 || Force Motors Ltd. |- | MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd. |- | MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd. |- | MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz) |- | MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited |- | MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun) |- | MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited |- | MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. & KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj & Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj |- | MD6 || TVS Motor Company |- | MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella |- | MD9 || Shuttle Cars India |- | MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz) |- | MEE || Renault India Private Limited |- | MEG || Harley-Davidson India |- | MER || Benelli India |- | MES || Mahindra Navistar |- | MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia) |- | MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on |- | ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | ME3 || Royal Enfield |- | ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India |- | MYH || Ather Energy |- | MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa |- | MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited) |- | MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd. |- | M3G || Isuzu Motors India |- | M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited |- | ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike) |- | MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia |- | MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International |- | MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu) |- | MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia |- | MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car) |- | MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van) |- | MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle) |- | MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg. |- | MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia |- | MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle) |- | MJB || GM Indonesia |- | MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK) |- | MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia |- | MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling) |- | MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd. |- | MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand |- | ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand) |- | MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP) |- | MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup |- | MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd. |- | MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car) |- | MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, & Trailblazer) |- | MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) |- | MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export |- | MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets |- | MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets |- | MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd. |- | MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. & Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand |- | MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant) |- | MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand |- | MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car) |- | MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. |- | MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups & Fortuner SUV) |- | MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand |- | MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars & CUVs) |- | MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab) |- | MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar |- | MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar |- | MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan) |- | MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan) |- | MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan) |- | MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan) |- | NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran) |- | NAC || Mammut (truck trailers) |- | NAD || Škoda |- | NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers) |- | NAP || Pars Khodro |- | NAS || SAIPA |- | NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus) |- | NC9/ || VIRA Diesel |- | ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus) |- | NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd. |- | NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation |- | NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars |- | NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S. |- | NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck |- | NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer) |- | NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV |- | NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van |- | NLN || Karsan |- | NLR || Otokar |- | NLT || Temsa |- | NLZ || Tezeller |- | NL1 || TOGG |- | NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus) |- | NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş. |- | NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses |- | NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. |- | NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle |- | NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş. |- | NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey |- | NM0 || Ford Otosan |- | NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş. |- | NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS) |- | NNA || Anadolu Isuzu |- | NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio) |- | NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer) |- | NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer) |- | NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer) |- | NPS || Nursan (truck trailer) |- | NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) |- | NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus) |- | NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) |- | NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) |- | NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) |- | NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) |- | NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus) |- | NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus) |- | NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) |- | NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/300 || TCV (bus) |- | NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) |- | NRE || Bozankaya |- | NRX || Musoshi |- | NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv |- | NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer) |- | NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer) |- | NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer) |- | NR9/034 || Akia (bus) |- | NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer) |- | NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan) |- | NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan |- | NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan) |- | PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation |- | PAD || Honda Cars Philippines |- | PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS) |- | PL1 || Proton, Malaysia |- | PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai |- | PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia |- | PMA || MAN Truck & Bus Malaysia |- | PMH || Honda Malaysia (car) |- | PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle) |- | PML || Hicom |- | PMN || Modenas |- | PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle) |- | PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd. |- | PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd. |- | PM1 || BMW & Mini/Inokom |- | PM2 || Perodua |- | PM9/ || Bufori |- | PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot |- | PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot) |- | PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus) |- | PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus) |- | PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia |- | PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor |- | PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor |- | PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PPP || Suzuki |- | PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia) |- | PP1 || Mazda/Inokom |- | PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom |- | PRA || Sinotruk |- | PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant) |- | PRX || Kia/Inokom |- | PR8 || Ford |- | PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia |- | PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia |- | RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE |- | RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE |- | LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan) |- | LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan) |- | RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan |- | RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee |- | RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan) |- | RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan |- | RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan |- | RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan |- | RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan) |- | RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan |- | RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen) |- | RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle) |- | RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan) |- | RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan) |- | RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan |- | RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan) |- | RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan) |- | RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation |- | RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) |- | RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan) |- | RK3 || Honda Taiwan |- | RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan) |- | RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam) |- | RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co. |- | RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLL || VinFast SUV |- | RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam |- | RLN || VinFast |- | RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 & DS 90) |- | RL0 || Ford Vietnam |- | RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam |- | RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia) |- | R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong) |- | R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd. |- | R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong) |- | R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong) |- | R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd. |- | R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | SAA || Austin |- | SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-) |- | SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987) |- | SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace) |- | SAF || ERF trucks |- | SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group |- | SAJ || Jaguar passenger car & Daimler passenger car (after April 1987) |- | SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]] |- | SAM || Morris |- | SAR || Rover & MG Rover Group |- | SAT || Triumph car |- | SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars |- | SAY || Norton Motorcycles |- | SAZ || Freight Rover |- | SA3 || Ginetta Cars |- | SA9/ || OX Global |- | SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA) |- | SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA) |- | SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars) |- | SA9/005 || Panther |- | SA9/010 || Invicta S1 |- | SA9/011 || Midas Cars |- | SA9/019 || TVR |- | SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars |- | SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys |- | SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars |- | SA9/038 || DAX Cars |- | SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars |- | SA9/048 || McLaren F1 |- | SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering |- | SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace) |- | SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers |- | SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ) |- | SA9/074 || Ascari |- | SA9/088 || Spectre Angel |- | SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd. |- | SA9/113 || Noble |- | SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing |- | SA9/141 || Wrightbus |- | SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3 |- | SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars |- | SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.) |- | SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer) |- | SA9/231 || Peel Engineering |- | SA9/337 || Ariel |- | SA9/341 || Zenos |- | SA9/438 || Charge Cars |- | SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive |- | SA9/474 || Mellor (bus) |- | SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car) |- | SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace) |- | SBB || Leyland Vehicles |- | SBC || Iveco Ford Truck |- | SBF || Nugent (trailer) |- | SBJ || Leyland Bus |- | SBL || Leyland Motors & Leyland DAF |- | SBM || McLaren |- | SBS || Scammell |- | SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer) |- | SBV || Kenworth & Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks |- | SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer) |- | SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK |- | SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car |- | SCB || Bentley passenger car |- | SCC || Lotus Cars & Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton |- | SCD || Reliant Motors |- | SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK) |- | SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car & '21 DBX SUV |- | SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers |- | SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove |- | SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company & London Taxi Company & London Taxis International |- | SCV || Volvo Truck & Bus Scotland |- | SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020) |- | SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV |- | SDB || Talbot |- | SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer) |- | SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984 |- | SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992 |- | SDK || Caterham Cars |- | SDL || TVR |- | SDP || NAC MG UK & MG Motor UK Ltd. |- | SDU || Utility (truck trailer) |- | SD7 || Aston Martin SUV |- | SD8 || Moke International Ltd. |- | SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi) |- | SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access |- | SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer) |- | SEY || LDV Group Ltd. |- | SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK |- | SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis |- | SFE || Alexander Dennis UK |- | SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer) |- | SFN || Foden Trucks & Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks |- | SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus |- | SGA || Avondale (caravans) |- | SGB || Bailey (caravans) |- | SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans) |- | SGE || Elddis (caravans) |- | SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd. |- | SG4 || Coachman (caravans) |- | SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car |- | SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV |- | SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck |- | SJA || Bentley SUV |- | SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd |- | SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti |- | SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan |- | SJ1 || Ree Automotive |- | SKA || Vauxhall |- | SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers & Trucks |- | SKF || Bedford Vehicles |- | SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd |- | SLA || Rolls Royce SUV |- | SLC || Thwaites Dumpers |- | SLG || McMurtry Automotive |- | SLN || Niftylift |- | SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd. |- | SLV || Volvo bus |- | SMR || Montracon (truck trailer) |- | SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer) |- | SMX || Gray & Adams (truck trailer) |- | SNE || Barkas (East Germany) |- | SNE || Wartburg (East Germany) |- | SNT || Trabant (East Germany) |- | SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany) |- | SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany) |- | ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer) |- | SUA || Autosan (bus) |- | SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer) |- | SUC || Wiola (trailer) |- | SUD || Wielton (truck trailers) |- | SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat) |- | SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland) |- | SUJ || Jelcz (Poland) |- | SUL || FSC (Poland) |- | SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers) |- | SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland) |- | SUU || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) |- | SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer) |- | SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer) |- | SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer) |- | SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer) |- | SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer) |- | SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer) |- | SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) - until 2004 |- | SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer) |- | SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer) |- | SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer) |- | SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland) |- | SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer) |- | SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer) |- | SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer) |- | SVS || BODEX (truck trailer) |- | SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer) |- | SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer) |- | SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer) |- | SWH || Temared (trailers) |- | SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers) |- | SWV || TA-NO (Poland) |- | SWZ || Zremb (trailers) |- | SW9/BA1 || Solbus |- | SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer) |- | SXE || Neptun Trailers |- | SXK || Konar (truck trailer) |- | SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o. |- | SXY || Wecon (truck trailer) |- | SXX || Martz (trailer) |- | SX7 || Arthur Bus |- | SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer) |- | SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus) |- | SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer) |- | SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer) |- | SYB || Rydwan (trailer) |- | SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer) |- | SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy) |- | SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer) |- | SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer) |- | SZA || Scania Poland |- | SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle) |- | SZL || Boro Trailers |- | SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) |- | SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) |- | SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) |- | SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) |- | SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer) |- | SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer) |- | S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia) |- | S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia) |- | S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia) |- | TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon & Wetzikon AG (Switzerland) |- | TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland) |- | TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland) |- | TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland) |- | TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland) |- | TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland) |- | TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland) |- | TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland) |- | TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKP || Panav a.s. (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic) |- | TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech |- | TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic) |- | TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV) |- | TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic) |- | TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic) |- | TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia |- | TNE || TAZ |- | TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody) |- | TNT || Tatra trucks |- | TNU || Tatra trucks |- | TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic) |- | TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer) |- | TRA || Ikarus Bus |- | TRC || Csepel bus |- | TRE || Rákos bus |- | TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary) |- | TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary) |- | TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS) |- | TSB || Ikarus Bus |- | TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary |- | TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary) |- | TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary) |- | TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),<br> Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK) |- | TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary) |- | TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary) |- | TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary) |- | TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary) |- | TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary) |- | TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary) |- | TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal) |- | TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal) |- | TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series) |- | TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal) |- | TW4 || UMM (Portugal) |- | TW6 || Citroën (Portugal) |- | TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland & Austin Rover Portugal |- | TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili) |- | TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal) |- | TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive) |- | TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive) |- | T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia) |- | T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia) |- | T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia) |- | T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia) |- | T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia) |- | T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands) |- | UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain) |- | UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain) |- | UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain) |- | UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium) |- | UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark) |- | UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark) |- | UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark) |- | UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark) |- | UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland |- | UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland) |- | UU1 || Dacia (Romania) |- | UU2 || Oltcit |- | UU3 || ARO |- | UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz |- | UU5 || Rocar |- | UU6 || Daewoo Romania |- | UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond |- | UU9 || Astra Bus |- | UVW || UMM (truck trailer) |- | UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus |- | UWR || Robus Reșița |- | UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov) |- | U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia) |- | U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia) |- | U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer) |- | U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia) |- | U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia) |- | U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus) |- | U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia) |- | VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G & Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer |- | VAH || Hangler (truck trailer) |- | VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik |- | VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks |- | VAV || Schwarzmüller |- | VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer) |- | VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf & Stift |- | VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle) |- | VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | VA9/RB1 || Rosenbauer International AG (truck) |- | VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer) |- | VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer) |- | VBK || KTM |- | VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles & Gas Gas under KTM ownership |- | VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr |- | VFA || Alpine (A310, A610, A110, A390), Renault Alpine GTA |- | VFG || Caravelair (caravans) |- | VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers) |- | VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers) |- | VF1 || Renault, Renault GTA '87-'90 (UK market Alpine GTA), Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault,<br> Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, & Grandis made by Renault |- | VF2 || Renault Trucks |- | VF3 || Peugeot |- | VF4 || Talbot |- | VF5 || Iveco Unic |- | VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. & Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A. |- | VF7 || Citroën |- | VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra) |- | VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer) |- | VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer) |- | VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer) |- | VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer) |- | VF9/300 || EvoBus France |- | VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer) |- | VF9/519 || Hommell |- | VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper) |- | VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]] |- | VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus |- | VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus) |- | VGA || Peugeot Motocycles |- | VGT || ASCA (truck trailers) |- | VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers) |- | VGW || BSLT (truck trailers) |- | VGX || Coder (truck trailers) |- | VGY || Lohr (truck trailers) |- | VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) & Yamaha Motor |- | VG6 || Renault Trucks & Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks |- | VG7 || Renault Trucks |- | VG8 || Renault Trucks |- | VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle) |- | VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus) |- | VHR || Robuste (truck trailer) |- | VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain |- | VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer) |- | VH8 || Microcar |- | VJR || Ligier |- | VJY || Gruau |- | VJ1 || Heuliez Bus |- | VJ2 || Mia Electric |- | VJ4 || Gruau |- | VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer) |- | VK1 || SEG (truck trailer) |- | VK2 || Grandin Automobiles |- | VK8 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VLG || Aixam-Mega |- | VLU || Scania France |- | VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari |- | VMK || Renault Sport Spider |- | VMS || Automobiles Chatenet |- | VMT || SECMA |- | VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55 |- | VM3 || Lamberet (trailer) |- | VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer) |- | VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB |- | VN4 || Voxan |- | VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL |- | VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France) |- | VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France & '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF |- | VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault |- | VRW || Goupil |- | VR1 || DS Automobiles |- | VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis) |- | VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis) |- | VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S |- | VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers) |- | VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van |- | VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-) |- | VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV |- | VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.) |- | VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-) |- | VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- & Fiat Topolino '23- & Fiat Grande Panda '25- |- | VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico) |- | VYS || Renault & Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290) |- | VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia) |- | UA2 || Iveco Massif & Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain |- | VSC || Talbot |- | VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) & Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, & Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350) |- | VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup & Ford Maverick 1993–1999 |- | VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers) |- | VSS || SEAT/Cupra |- | VSX || Opel Spain |- | VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus) |- | VS1 || Pegaso |- | VS5 || Renault Spain |- | VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain |- | VS7 || Citroën Spain |- | VS8 || Peugeot Spain |- | VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain) |- | VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana |- | VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain) |- | VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain) |- | VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain) |- | VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain) |- | VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain) |- | VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain) |- | VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica |- | VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain) |- | VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models) |- | VTH || Derbi (motorcycles) |- | VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles) |- | VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models) |- | VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles) |- | VTR || Gas Gas |- | VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles) |- | VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) |- | VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers) |- | VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers) |- | VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers) |- | VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain |- | VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain) |- | VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers) |- | VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain) |- | VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain) |- | VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza |- | VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles |- | VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers) |- | VWL || Indox (truck trailers) |- | VWV || Volkswagen Spain |- | VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia) |- | VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia) |- | V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia) |- | V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia) |- | V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia) |- | V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia) |- | V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia) |- | V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia) |- | V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia) |- | V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia) |- | V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia) |- | V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia) |- | V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia) |- | WAC || Arge Audi Porsche (Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant) |- | WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer) |- | WAG || Neoplan |- | WAP || Alpina |- | WAU || Audi car |- | WA1 || Audi SUV |- | WBA || BMW car |- | WBC || Boom Trikes |- | WBJ || Bitter Cars |- | WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH |- | WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers) |- | WBS || BMW M car |- | WBU || Bürstner (caravans) |- | WBX || BMW SUV |- | WBY || BMW i car |- | WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers) |- | WB1 || BMW Motorrad |- | WB2 || Blyss (trailer) |- | WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS |- | WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin |- | WB5 || BMW i SUV |- | WCD || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019 |- | WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer) |- | WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] & Maybach |- | WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car |- | WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French & Spanish built models – Citan & Vito & X-Class) |- | WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019 |- | WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDT || Dethleffs (caravans) |- | WDW || Dodge Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009 |- | WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009 |- | WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDZ || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle |- | WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck |- | WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle |- | WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses) |- | WEG || Ablinger (trailer) |- | WEL || e.GO Mobile AG |- | WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH |- | WFC || Fendt (caravans) |- | WFD || Fliegl Trailer |- | WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH |- | WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany |- | WF1 || Merkur |- | WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH |- | WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer) |- | WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles) |- | WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer) |- | WHL || Hulco (trailer) |- | WHW || Hako GmbH |- | WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles) |- | WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer) |- | WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus |- | WJR || Irmscher |- | WKE || Krone (truck trailers) |- | WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer) |- | WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans) |- | WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers) |- | WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers) |- | WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers |- | WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane) |- | WMA || MAN Truck & Bus |- | WME || smart (from 5/99) |- | WMG || Demag Cranes |- | WMM || Karl Müller GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailers) |- | WMP || M & V GmbH (truck trailers) |- | WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar) |- | WMW || MINI car |- | WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG & Mercedes-AMG GT & Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America) |- | WMZ || MINI SUV |- | WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE |- | WP0 || Porsche car |- | WP1 || Porsche SUV |- | WRA || Renders (truck trailers) |- | WRJ || Riese & Müller (bicycle) |- | WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers) |- | WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers) |- | WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers) |- | WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers) |- | WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers) |- | WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group |- | WS5 || StreetScooter |- | WS7 || Sono Motors |- | WTA || Tabbert (caravans) |- | WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car <br> (includes '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet & '06 S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan & '16-'18 S8 Plus & non-North American mkt. Q7 V12 TDI) |- | WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV |- | WVG || Volkswagen SUV & Touran & N. American mkt. ID Buzz '25 |- | WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN |- | WVP || Viseon Bus |- | WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan |- | WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok) |- | WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus) |- | WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (incomplete vehicle: chassis cab/cutaway)<br> [includes Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] |- | WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok & T7 Transporter made by Ford) |- | WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford) |- | WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer) |- | WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer) |- | WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America) |- | W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer) |- | W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall & Holden |- | W0L || Holden Zafira & Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand |- | W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall & Holden (since 2017) |- | W04 || Buick Regal & Buick Cascada |- | W06 || Cadillac Catera |- | W08 || Saturn Astra |- | W09/A55 || Artega Automobile |- | W09/A71 || Apollo |- | W09/B09 || Bitter Cars |- | W09/B16 || Brabus |- | W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer) |- | W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer) |- | W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer) |- | W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus) |- | W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer) |- | W09/E04 || Eder (trailer) |- | W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer) |- | W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer) |- | W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer) |- | W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/F57 || Twike |- | W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer) |- | W09/G64 || Gumpert |- | W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau |- | W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer) |- | W09/H49 || H&W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/J02 || Isdera |- | W09/K27 || Krupp |- | W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer) |- | W09/L05 || Liebherr |- | W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles) |- | W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer) |- | W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer) |- | W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer) |- | W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer) |- | W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer) |- | W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer) |- | W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn) |- | W09/R06 || RUF |- | W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer) |- | W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer) |- | W09/R38 || Rewaco |- | W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus) |- | W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer) |- | W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer) |- | W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer) |- | W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer) |- | W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer) |- | W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer) |- | W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer) |- | W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailer) |- | W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer) |- | W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer) |- | W09/W59 || Wiesmann |- | W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer) |- | W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W1A || smart |- | W1H || Freightliner Econic |- | W1K || Mercedes-Benz car |- | W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck |- | W1V || Mercedes-Benz van |- | W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | W1Z || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle |- | W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia) |- | XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia) |- | XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece) |- | XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece) |- | XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece |- | XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece) |- | XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece) |- | XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. & Co. (trailer) (Greece) |- | XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece |- | XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece) |- | XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia) |- | XKM || Volgabus (Russia) |- | XLA || DAF Bus International |- | XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars) |- | XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands |- | XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V. |- | XLE || Scania Netherlands |- | XLH || Hapert (trailer) |- | XLJ || Anssems (trailer) |- | XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer) |- | XLR || DAF Trucks & Leyland DAF |- | XLU || Henra (trailer) |- | XLV || DAF Bus |- | XLW || Terberg Benschop BV |- | XL3 || Ebusco |- | XL4 ||Lightyear |- | XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers) |- | XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers) |- | XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV |- | XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers) |- | XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer) |- | XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks |- | XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer) |- | XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer) |- | XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars |- | XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer) |- | XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer) |- | XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen |- | XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer) |- | XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer) |- | XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer) |- | XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer) |- | XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer) |- | XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers) |- | XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers) |- | XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers) |- | XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers) |- | XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers) |- | XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers) |- | XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers) |- | XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers) |- | XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter) |- | XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer) |- | XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes |- | XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus |- | XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer) |- | XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer) |- | XL9/363 || Spyker |- | XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer) |- | XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer) |- | XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer) |- | XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer) |- | XL9/527 || GINAF |- | XL9/530 || Ebusco |- | XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer) |- | XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD) |- | XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD) |- | XMG || VDL Bus International |- | XMR || Nooteboom Trailers |- | XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper) |- | XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD) |- | XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD) |- | XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer) |- | XNL || VDL Bus & Coach |- | XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XPN || Knapen Trailers |- | XPP || Atec Trailers |- | XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg) |- | XRP || Proline (trailer) |- | XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer) |- | XR7 || Qarry |- | XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia) |- | XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia) |- | XTC || KAMAZ (Russia) |- | XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTF || GolAZ (Russia) |- | XTH || GAZ (Russia) |- | XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia) |- | XTK || IzhAvto (Russia) |- | XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997 |- | XTP || Ural (Russia) |- | XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer) |- | XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia) |- | XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia) |- | XTW || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTY || LiAZ (Russia) |- | XTZ || ZiL (Russia) |- | XUF || General Motors Russia |- | XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia) |- | XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD, Kaiyi Auto) |- | XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM) |- | XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer) |- | XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia) |- | XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia) |- | XVU || Start (truck trailer) |- | XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia |- | XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia |- | XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan) |- | XWB || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD) |- | XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD) |- | XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD) |- | XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg) |- | XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia) |- | XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer) |- | XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus) |- | XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer) |- | XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia) |- | X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia) |- | X1E || KAvZ (Russia) |- | X1F || NefAZ (Russia) |- | X1M || PAZ (Russia) |- | X1P || Ural (Russia) |- | X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia) |- | X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD) |- | X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia) |- | X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia) |- | X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia) |- | X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] & Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia) |- | X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus |- | X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus |- | X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus) |- | X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus) |- | X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus) |- | X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus) |- | X89/FY1 || Sherp |- | X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles |- | X8U || Scania Russia |- | X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO |- | X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ |- | X9N || Samoltor (minibus) |- | X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks) |- | X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways |- | X9X || Great Wall Motors |- | X96 || GAZ |- | X99/000 || Marussia |- | X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer) |- | X0T || Tonar (truck trailer) |- | YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers) |- | YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers) |- | YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers) |- | YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis |- | YA2 || Atlas Copco Group |- | YA5 || Renders (truck trailers) |- | YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers) |- | YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer) |- | YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer) |- | YA9/128 || EOS (bus) |- | YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer) |- | YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer) |- | YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet |- | YA9/180 || EOS (bus) |- | YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers) |- | YA9/195 || Denolf & Depla (minibus) |- | YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe) |- | YBD || Addax Motors |- | YBW || Volkswagen Belgium |- | YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck) |- | YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis) |- | YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle) |- | YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer) |- | YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium) |- | YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK |- | YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle) |- | YC3 || Eduard Trailers |- | YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium) |- | YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium) |- | YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium) |- | YE6 || STAS (truck trailer) |- | YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer) |- | YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland) |- | YH1 || Solifer (caravans) |- | YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles) |- | YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive |- | YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland |- | YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto |- | YK9/003 || Kabus (bus) |- | YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus) |- | YK9/016 || Linkker (bus) |- | YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab) |- | YSM || Polestar cars |- | YSP || Volta Trucks AB |- | YSR || Polestar SUV |- | YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) |- | YS3 || Saab cars |- | YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory) |- | YS5 || OmniNova (minibus) |- | YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles) |- | YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus) |- | YTN || Saab made by NEVS |- | YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles) |- | YT9/007 || Koenigsegg |- | YT9/034 || Carvia |- | YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer) |- | YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles) |- | YVV || WiMa 442 EV |- | YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars |- | YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks |- | YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis |- | YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV |- | YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle |- | YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway) |- | YYC || Think Nordic (Norway) |- | YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway) |- | Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway) |- | Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus) |- | Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus) |- | Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus) |- | Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus) |- | Y3M || MAZ (Belarus) |- | Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus) |- | Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus |- | Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus) |- | Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine) |- | Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine) |- | Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine) |- | Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine) |- | Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine) |- | Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) |- | Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine) |- | Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine |- | Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine) |- | ZAA || Autobianchi |- | ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024- |- | ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet |- | ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter) |- | ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles |- | ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]] |- | ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera |- | ZAR || Alfa Romeo car |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud & Sprint through 1989 |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018- |- | ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer) |- | ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002) |- | ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus) |- | ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus) |- | ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper) |- | ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System |- | ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus) |- | ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper) |- | ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL |- | ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]] |- | ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro |- | ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l. |- | ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus) |- | ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus) |- | ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus) |- | ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A. |- | ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus) |- | ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer) |- | ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus) |- | ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l. |- | ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali |- | ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale |- | ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina |- | ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus) |- | ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer) |- | ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer) |- | ZBB || Bertone |- | ZBD || InBus |- | ZBN || Benelli |- | ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum |- | ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer) |- | ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy) |- | ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta |- | ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership |- | ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus) |- | ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A. |- | ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer) |- | ZCZ || BredaBus |- | ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A. |- | ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati |- | ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA |- | ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino |- | ZDJ || ACM Biagini |- | ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA |- | ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA |- | ZDY || Cacciamali |- | ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA & Belgarda SpA |- | ZD3 || Beta Motor |- | ZD4 || Aprilia |- | ZD5 || Casalini |- | ZEB || Ellebi (trailer) |- | ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis & Mobilvetta recreational vehicles |- | ZES || Bimota |- | ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle) |- | ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer) |- | ZFA || Fiat |- | ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV & Ram Promaster City |- | ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200) |- | ZFE || KL Motorcycle |- | ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] |- | ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer) |- | ZFM || Fantic Motor |- | ZFR || Pininfarina |- | ZF4 || Qvale |- | ZGA || Iveco Bus |- | ZGP || Merker (truck trailer) |- | ZGU || Moto Guzzi |- | ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle) |- | ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership |- | ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – ) |- | ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle) |- | ZJM || Malaguti |- | ZJN || Innocenti |- | ZJT || Italjet |- | ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle) |- | ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership |- | ZLA || Lancia |- | ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA |- | ZLM || Moto Morini srl |- | ZLV || Laverda |- | ZNN || Energica |- | ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l. |- | ZN3 || Iveco Defence |- | ZN6 || Maserati SUV |- | ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV |- | ZPY || DR Automobiles |- | ZP6 || XEV |- | ZP8 || Regis Motors |- | ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA |- | ZR1 || Microlino |- | ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV |- | ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia) |- | ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia) |- | ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia) |- | ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia) |- | Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia) |- | Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania) |- | Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania) |- | Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia) |- | Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia) |- | Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan) |- | Z8M || Marussia (Russia) |- | Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia) |- | Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia) |- | Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia) |- | Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia) |- | Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia) |- | Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia) |- | Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia) |- | Z07 || Volgabus (Russia) |- | 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only |- | 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc. |- | 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera) |- | 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 & Bugatti EB110) |- | 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC) |- | 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 1AF || American LaFrance truck |- | 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 1AM || American Motors Corporation car & Renault Alliance 1983 only |- | 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002 |- | 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995 |- | 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers |- | 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer) |- | 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles |- | 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles |- | 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles |- | 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus |- | 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV |- | 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle |- | 1BL || Balko, Inc. |- | 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005 |- | 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012– |- | 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/291 || CX Automotive |- | 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus) |- | 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International |- | 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation |- | 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation) |- | 1CY || Crane Carrier Company |- | 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc. |- | 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009 |- | 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only |- | 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only |- | 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus |- | 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc. |- | 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre & Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus) |- | 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries) |- | 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle) |- | 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ |- | 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor |- | 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus) |- | 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford |- | 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle |- | 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 1FU || Freightliner (truck) |- | 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009) |- | 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC |- | 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. |- | 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes |- | 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp. |- | 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA |- | 1G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984 |- | 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017 |- | 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010 |- | 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle |- | 1G9/495 || Google & Waymo |- | 1GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles |- | 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck |- | 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles |- | 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 1GF || Flxible bus |- | 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM |- | 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986 |- | 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004 |- | 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020 |- | 1GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV |- | 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck |- | 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV |- | 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors |- | 1HD || Harley-Davidson & LiveWire |- | 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV |- | 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 1HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 1HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks & Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group |- | 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer) |- | 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JU || Marmon Motor Company |- | 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine) |- | 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer) |- | 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle |- | 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car |- | 1LV || Lectra Motors |- | 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers |- | 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine |- | 1L9/155 || LA Exotics |- | 1L9/234 || Laforza |- | 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co. |- | 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 1MR || Continental Mark VI & VII 1981–1985 & Continental sedan 1982–1985 |- | 1M0 || John Deere Gator |- | 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck) |- | 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider) |- | 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus) |- | 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus) |- | 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive |- | 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019 |- | 1N4 || Nissan car |- | 1N6 || Nissan truck |- | 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA |- | 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California) |- | 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus) |- | 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck) |- | 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles) |- | 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI |- | 1P3 || Plymouth car |- | 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV |- | 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp |- | 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles) |- | 1P9/213 || Panoz |- | 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer) |- | 1PY || John Deere USA |- | 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation |- | 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer) |- | 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles) |- | 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles) |- | 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck) |- | 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT) |- | 1S9/842 || Saleen S7 |- | 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC |- | 1S9/944 || SSC North America |- | 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer) |- | 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer) |- | 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer) |- | 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles |- | 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck) |- | 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA |- | 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper |- | 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC |- | 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation |- | 1UJ || Jayco, Inc. |- | 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General |- | 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 1VH || Orion Bus Industries |- | 1VW || Volkswagen car |- | 1V1 || Volkswagen truck |- | 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV |- | 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive |- | 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle) |- | 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck) |- | 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle) |- | 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider) |- | 1WT || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. |- | 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck) |- | 1WV || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] |- | 1WW || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class B Motorhome built on Renault chassis [Winnebago LeSharo, Centauri, Itasca Phasar] |- | 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle) |- | 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider) |- | 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer) |- | 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer) |- | 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars |- | 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 & later) |- | 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation |- | 1XK || Kenworth (truck) |- | 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987 |- | 1XP || Peterbilt (truck) |- | 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI |- | 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc. |- | 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider |- | 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]] |- | 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer) |- | 10R || E-Z-GO |- | 10T || Oshkosh Corporation |- | 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) |- | 12A || Avanti |- | 137 || AM General Hummer & Hummer H1 |- | 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer) |- | 15G || Gillig bus |- | 16C || Clenet Coachworks |- | 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010) |- | 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome |- | 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 2A3 || Imperial |- | 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only |- | 2AY 2AZ || Hino |- | 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2BP || Ski-Doo |- | 2BV || Can-Am & Bombardier ATV |- | 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV |- | 2BX || Can-Am Spyder |- | 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder |- | 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries |- | 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002 |- | 2B5 || Dodge "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002 |- | 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005 |- | 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager & Volkswagen Routan) 2012- |- | 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005 |- | 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors |- | 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles |- | 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only |- | 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only |- | 2CM || American Motors Corporation car |- | 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only |- | 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only |- | 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003 |- | 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003 |- | 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2DG || Ontario Drive & Gear |- | 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation |- | 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager) |- | 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle) |- | 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 2FU || Freightliner (truck) |- | 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle) |- | 2FY || New Flyer |- | 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada |- | 2G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 2G5 || GMC MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2G5 || Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023- |- | 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 2G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 2G8 || Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles |- | 2GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles |- | 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus & GM Classic series bus |- | 2GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 2GT || GMC truck |- | 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HM || Hyundai Canada |- | 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo |- | 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse |- | 2LM || Lincoln SUV |- | 2LN || Lincoln car |- | 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck) |- | 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider) |- | 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on) |- | 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle |- | 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV |- | 2M9/044 || Westward Industries |- | 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries |- | 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 2NV || Nova Bus |- | 2P3 || Plymouth car |- | 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000 |- | 2P5 || Plymouth "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983 |- | 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995 |- | 2PC || Prevost 1996- |- | 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited |- | 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC |- | 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2W9/044 || Westward Industries |- | 2WK || Western Star (truck) |- | 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2WM || Western Star (glider) |- | 2XK || Kenworth (truck) |- | 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2XP || Peterbilt (truck) |- | 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only |- | 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer) |- | 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck) |- | 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer) |- | 3AX || Scania Mexico |- | 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses) |- | 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BH || Western Star (truck) |- | 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993 |- | 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012– |- | 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662) |- | 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico |- | 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V. |- | 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009 |- | 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009 |- | 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011 |- | 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011 |- | 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer) |- | 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont) |- | 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford & IMMSA |- | 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico |- | 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck) |- | 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 & Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 3F6 || Sterling Bullet |- | 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico |- | 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011 |- | 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020 |- | 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV |- | 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV |- | 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico |- | 3GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 3GK || GMC SUV |- | 3GM || Holden Suburban |- | 3GN || Chevrolet SUV |- | 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM |- | 3GS || Saturn SUV |- | 3GT || GMC truck |- | 3GY || Cadillac SUV |- | 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV |- | 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers) |- | 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015 |- | 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016- |- | 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015 |- | 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016- |- | 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck) |- | 3HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 3HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV & Can-Am Ryker) |- | 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX |- | 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX |- | 3LN || Lincoln car |- | 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995) |- | 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2) |- | 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011) |- | 3MF || BMW M car |- | 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico |- | 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico) |- | 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30) |- | 3MW || BMW car |- | 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation |- | 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3) |- | 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car |- | 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck & Chevrolet City Express |- | 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV |- | 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV |- | 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV |- | 3P3 || Plymouth car |- | 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS |- | 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC |- | 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT |- | 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV |- | 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car |- | 3WK || Kenworth truck |- | 3WP || Peterbilt truck |- | 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck) |- | 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car |- | 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV |- | 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4B9/038 || BYD Coach & Bus LLC |- | 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer) |- | 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle) |- | 4C9/561 || Czinger |- | 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc. |- | 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus) |- | 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck) |- | 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer) |- | 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford |- | 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford |- | 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM |- | 4G5 || General Motors EV1 |- | 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM |- | 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra |- | 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle |- | 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM |- | 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV |- | 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer) |- | 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck) |- | 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM |- | 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM |- | 4KL || Isuzu N-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) built by GM |- | 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors] |- | 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV |- | 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division |- | 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company |- | 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford |- | 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM |- | 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA |- | 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994 |- | 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only |- | 4RK || Nova Bus & Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc. |- | 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive & 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA |- | 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car |- | 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV |- | 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles |- | 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer) |- | 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck |- | 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars) |- | 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.) |- | 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi) |- | 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI |- | 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive |- | 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc. |- | 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors |- | 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc. |- | 4US || BMW car |- | 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation & <br /> gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis & <br /> Thomas Built Buses FS-65 & Saf-T-Liner C2 |- | 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles) |- | 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995 |- | 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995 |- | 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995 |- | 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003 |- | 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003 |- | 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+ |- | 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle) 1996+ |- | 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider) |- | 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999 |- | 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999 |- | 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999 |- | 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999 |- | 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only) |- | 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales |- | 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC |- | 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM |- | 4XA || Polaris Inc. |- | 4X4 || Forest River |- | 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle) |- | 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc. |- | 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer) |- | 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck |- | 43C || Consulier |- | 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment) |- | 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle |- | 46J || Federal Motors Inc |- | 478 || Honda ATV |- | 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck) |- | 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011 |- | 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer) |- | 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc. |- | 5BP || Solectria |- | 5BZ || Nissan "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA) |- | 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck) |- | 5CX || Shelby Series 1 |- | 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC |- | 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer |- | 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle |- | 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer) |- | 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles) |- | 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FT || Feeling Trailers |- | 5FY || New Flyer |- | 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV |- | 5GD || Daewoo G2X |- | 5GN || Hummer H3T |- | 5GR || Hummer H2 |- | 5GT || Hummer H3 |- | 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV |- | 5G8 || Holden Volt |- | 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets |- | 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 5J5 || Club Car |- | 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck) |- | 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5KM || Vento Motorcycles |- | 5KT || Karavan Trailers |- | 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009) |- | 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle |- | 5LD || Ford & Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014) |- | 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV |- | 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck |- | 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets |- | 5N1 || Nissan & Infiniti SUV |- | 5N3 || Infiniti SUV |- | 5NH || Forest River |- | 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA |- | 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA |- | 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA |- | 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA |- | 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC |- | 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles |- | 5S3 || Saab 9-7X |- | 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV) |- | 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor) |- | 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI |- | 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV & Lexus TX made by TMMI |- | 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI |- | 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX |- | 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer) |- | 5UM || BMW M car |- | 5UX || BMW SUV |- | 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle |- | 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle) |- | 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer) |- | 5VP || Victory Motorcycles |- | 5V4 || Autocar truck |- | 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer) |- | 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck) |- | 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG |- | 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG |- | 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC) |- | 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS |- | 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021) |- | 5YM || BMW M SUV |- | 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc. |- | 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI |- | 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV) |- | 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles) |- | 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck) |- | 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan |- | 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car |- | 50G || Karma Automotive |- | 516 || Autocar truck |- | 51R || Brammo Motorcycles |- | 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle) |- | 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group) |- | 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc. |- | 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric |- | 538 || Zero Motorcycles |- | 53G || Coda Automotive |- | 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN |- | 546 || EBR Motorcycles |- | 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer |- | 54D || Isuzu & Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group |- | 54F || Rosenbauer Motors (incomplete vehicle) |- | 55S || Mercedes-Benz car |- | 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary) |- | 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer) |- | 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 57R || Oreion Motors |- | 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles) |- | 57W || Mobility Ventures |- | 57X || Polaris Slingshot |- | 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES) |- | 6AB || MAN Australia |- | 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs) |- | 6F1 || Ford |- | 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd. |- | 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia |- | 6F5 || Kenworth Australia |- | 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia |- | 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia |- | 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) & Chevrolet & Vauxhall Monaro & VXR8 |- | 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO & G8) |- | 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV & SS performance sedan 2014-2017 |- | 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002) |- | 6KT || BCI Bus |- | 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia |- | 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994 |- | 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia |- | 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia |- | 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia |- | 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand |- | 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia |- | 7AB || MAN New Zealand |- | 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009 |- | 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand |- | 7A3 || Honda New Zealand |- | 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand |- | 7A5 || Ford New Zealand |- | 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand |- | 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009 |- | 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand |- | 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 7FC || Rivian truck |- | 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. |- | 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors |- | 7G0 || Faraday Future |- | 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks & Texas-built Cybertruck) |- | 7H4 || Hino truck |- | 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle |- | 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV |- | 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car |- | 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on |- | 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer) |- | 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck |- | 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles |- | 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense |- | 7NY || Lordstown Motors |- | 7PD || Rivian SUV |- | 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions |- | 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y)) |- | 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group |- | 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX |- | 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022- |- | 7SY || Polestar SUV |- | 7TN || Canoo |- | 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV |- | 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer) |- | 7VV || Ree Automotive |- | 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV) |- | 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 7YA || Hyundai MPV/SUV made by HMGMA |- | 7Z0 || Zoox |- | 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty) |- | 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck & bus (Argentina) |- | 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America) |- | 8AD || Peugeot Argentina |- | 8AE || Peugeot van |- | 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina |- | 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina |- | 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina |- | 8AK || Suzuki Argentina |- | 8AN || Nissan Argentina |- | 8AP || Fiat Argentina |- | 8AT || Iveco Argentina |- | 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina |- | 8A1 || Renault Argentina |- | 8A3 || Scania Argentina |- | 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A. |- | 8BC || Citroën Argentina |- | 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | 8BR || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | 8CH || Honda motorcycle |- | 8C3 || Honda car/SUV |- | 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault |- | 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot |- | 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile |- | 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador |- | 8LF || Maresa (Mazda) |- | 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor & Kia) |- | 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto) |- | 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela |- | 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A. |- | 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A. |- | 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A. |- | 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia) |- | 9BD || Fiat Brazil & Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil |- | 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil |- | 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil |- | 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil |- | 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck & bus |- | 9BN || Mafersa |- | 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 9BS || Scania Brazil |- | 9BU ||Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct Brazilian automaker) |- | 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil |- | 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil |- | 9BY || Agrale S.A. |- | 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil |- | 9DF || Puma |- | 9DW || Kenworth & Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil |- | 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles |- | 92H || Origem Brazil |- | 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 935 || Citroën Brazil |- | 936 || Peugeot Brazil |- | 937 || Dodge Dakota |- | 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil) |- | 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV |- | 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil |- | 93P || Volare |- | 93S || Navistar International |- | 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006 |- | 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016 |- | 93V || Navistar International |- | 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny |- | 93Y || Renault Brazil |- | 93Z || Iveco |- | 94D || Nissan Brazil |- | 94N || RWM Brazil |- | 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais |- | 95P || CAOA Hyundai & CAOA Chery |- | 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) & Ducati, KTM, & MV Agusta assembled by Dafra |- | 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016 |- | 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 953 || VW Truck & Bus / MAN Truck & Bus |- | 96P || Kawasaki |- | 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. |- | 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant) |- | 98M || BMW car/SUV |- | 98P || DAF Trucks |- | 98R || Chery |- | 99A || Audi 2016- |- | 99H || Shineray |- | 99J || Jaguar Land Rover |- | 99K || Haojue & Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos |- | 99L || BYD |- | 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-) |- | 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa) |- | 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda) |- | 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.) |- | 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay) |- | 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay) |- | 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano) |- | 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy) |- | 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} sffbnq8psgms410df6wxlycz38pm724 0 218222 4640048 3144858 2026-06-13T10:17:50Z Andyfras 472504 Removed or updated dead links. 4640048 wikitext text/x-wiki Unfortunately, many Toppies have suffered with power supply unit (PSU) problems due to Topfield using cheaper electrolytic capacitors, not suitable for long-term operation in this type of circuit. Poor ventilation and not putting the Toppy into standby when not in use can greatly shorten the life of the PSU capacitors. As the capacitors deteriorate many strange behaviours and instability are possible, depending upon exactly what is happening to each of the many capacitors. Capacitors are fairly easy to diagnose and repair, but if the machine continues to be used, components such as a tuner or a hard drive may be damaged beyond economic repair. For that reason, if you suspect a PSU problem leave your Toppy unplugged until the voltages can be checked and necessary repairs carried out, even if it it works as a set-top box without being able to record. Some Toppies were affected as soon as 3 years after manufacture; all will be affected, according to use, as they age. The Topfield 5810 is also affected, although it has a different and simpler PSU; it may malfunction sooner as it generates more heat. If the cheap general-purpose capacitors are replaced by still inexpensive long-life low-ESR units, the repaired machine has the potential to give much longer service than it did originally. == Repairing the Topfield 5800 & 5810 Power Supply Units == Luckily, the replacement of the capacitors affected is relatively simple, and has successfully extended the working life of numerous Toppies. The parts cost well under £10, and constitute the total cost of the repair if you have access to a multimeter and a soldering iron. Even if you need to purchase the tools for the job, the cost is still far less than a new PSU or worse, such as a new HDD or a new tuner, or even scrap the PVR. Much of the information needed to undertake this repair can be found in the newer, from 2011, [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=19103 PSU Repair thread] on the Toppy.org.uk [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/index.php Forums]. There is an older thread which contains a number of links to other excellent websites with specific information, including photographs and diagrams. However, that thread is locked to new postings as it had reached 100 pages, making it difficult to find PSU repair information; also some of the older information can be misleading. The newer thread contains the latest knowledge and recommendations which have been gathered over the years. The objective of this guide, which exists thanks to the fine work undertaken by several people, is to provide key information in a single place. As the machines age, it has become advisable to change more capacitors than these. There is more up-to-date information available [https://sites.google.com/view/andy-fraser-electronics2/freeview-and-satellite-recorder-repair/topfield-pvr-faults on andyfras's website]. Checking voltages inside the PVR will indicate whether capacitors are a likely cause of trouble, as discussed below. However, by 2016 any TF58x0 that has seen moderate use is old enough for a fairly large-scale capacitor replacement to be desirable if there are any signs of trouble. A multimeter, and the circuit under test, can be damaged if the wrong range is used; unless you are familiar with its use, when checking voltages switch it only to DC voltage ranges (not current—A, mA, μA—or resistance—Ω, kΩ, MΩ—or other). Start at a high voltage range (e.g. 400V) with a non-autoranging meter, and decrease the range until you get a good reading. == Warning and Disclaimer == Before going any further, it is an unfortunate necessity that the following warnings and disclaimer are included in this guide. {{message box|image=stop_hand.png|alt=stop sign|backgroundcolor=yellow|heading=WARNING|message='''Although the replacement of the capacitors is a relatively straightforward repair, there are some risks.'''}} First and foremost, inside the Toppy are some components that are fully exposed once the cover has been removed that carry live electrical voltages that could potentially deliver a '''fatal shock''' if touched. Be particularly careful of the heat sinks, which will not only get hot enough to give you a nasty burn from the heat, but are also at a lethal 350 volts. Even after the Toppy has been unplugged, the Toppy will retain significant residual charges on the 240 volt side of the power supply circuit that are sufficient to '''injure or even kill'''. The residual charges will dissipate (except with some faults), but this will take a few moments. '''You have been warned.''' Secondly, there is always the risk of doing more harm than good, especially if the repair is carried out incorrectly. It is possible for carelessly-placed screwdrivers and tools to make destructive short-circuits if power is applied, or even unpowered if capacitors are still charged; this can cause irreparable damage. '''Disclaimer''' Although by 2016 warranties on the TF58x0 machines will have expired, any warranty will be voided by removing the cover of a Toppy. If you do not own the Toppy, you must get the owner's permission before you start. If you are under 18 years of age you must get an adult to supervise anything you do. While the information provided here has been provided in good faith and all possible due care has been taken to ensure it is accurate, the authors of this guide and any links referenced by it cannot be held responsible if anything goes wrong. To be clear, anyone who undertakes a repair does so at their own risk. If you fry your Toppy, burn your house down, or kill yourself, don't blame those who have provided information in this guide. By following this guide you are accepting this disclaimer and agree that the only person responsible for your actions is you. == Does the PSU need repairing? == Although a few owners have replaced the capacitors as an exercise in preventative maintenance, the majority only make this move after experiencing difficulties with their Toppy. The PSU supplies several voltages to the rest of the Toppy and each of these can vary somewhat independently with the result that the instability experienced by other components, such as the HDD or the tuners, will differ from Toppy to Toppy. Consequently, the range of symptoms that can indicate a failing PSU are many and varied, so it is very difficult to precisely determine that the PSU is at fault without removing the top and checking the voltages. Possible symptoms include: * Hard drive clicking / not spinning up (although a drive failure will cause similar problems) * Re-booting / locking up / not starting * (Extremely) sluggish response to the remote Before embarking upon a repair of the PSU, it is advisable to first see if any problems being experienced can be resolved without touching the PSU. Check that a good signal is being received, check the firmware is up to date, check there are no duplicate channels and check that no TAPs are the cause of your problems. The next step is to check the voltages provided by the PSU. Checking the voltages requires the cover to be removed so that you can access the internal components. You will also need a multi-meter, which you can obtain from most good electronics stores. The power supply problem is so common that some people routinely replace capacitors as soon as symptoms appear, without measuring voltages (this also avoids unnecessary running of a PSU which might be generating damaging voltages). When testing the voltages it is preferable to have the Toppy operating under load, which means the hard drive should be in use. The easy way to ensure this is to enable time shifting. It is also preferable to have a signal to the tuners, so the Toppy needs to be connected to an aerial. However, if the Toppy won't operate properly, this may indicate the voltages are incorrect even without the hard drive running, so it's still worth doing the tests even if you can't get the drive going. To remove the cover start by unplugging the Toppy from the mains. It is advisable to wait a few minutes to allow the charges to dissipate further - the voltage will discharge in approx 5 minutes with the mains plug disconnected but '''only on a fully working Toppy'''. Since you are attempting to check a suspect PSU, caution is advised. The cover is held on by five screws and once removed you can access the power supply. You can test the voltages using your multi-meter. Remember, the Toppy needs to be under load, so it needs to be turned on. This means the PSU is '''LIVE''' - please be careful when testing the voltages and as mentioned above be particularly careful of the heat sinks. Take a note of the voltages measured on each pin of the PSU connector and compare them with the reference voltages which are (from top to bottom) 5V, 12V, 30V, 22V, 17V, 8V, 5V, 3.3V and 15V. The key voltage is the 5V line. If this deviates by more than 5% (less than 4.75V or more than 5.25V) then the capacitors need replacing. The normal reading for the 22V is 24.5V and the normal reading for 8V is 7.5V, the 12V, 15V, 17V and 30V can also be up to 1V adrift. If in doubt, post your results in the Toppy.org.uk [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=19103 PSU Repair thread]. '''If the PSU does need repairing, you are strongly advised to unplug the Toppy and not use it until the repair has been completed, otherwise you risk a much more expensive repair if other components are damaged.''' == Repairing the PSU == Topfield power supplies mostly fail by aluminium electrolytic capacitors becoming degraded in ways which cause several voltages to change. The capacitors themselves degrade in ways not detectable by most instruments, but measurable changes in voltages implicate the capacitors as culprits. A multimeter with capacitance ranges will identify capacitors which are short-circuited or leaky, or have changed capacitance; but a capacitor with the usual problem of high equivalent series resistance (ESR) will measure as being in order; ESR cannot even be measured on a resistance range. Capacitors may bulge or leak, but very often go high-ESR with no visual sign. Only a specialised [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESR_meter ESR meter] will show that the ESR is much higher than normal. In cases of degraded capacitors repairing the Topfield, if caught before uncontrolled voltages have caused further damage, is a simple matter of replacing most or all of the electrolytic capacitors in the PSU. Obviously, the first step is to obtain replacement capacitors, de-soldering braid or solder sucker, solder and a soldering iron. The braid, solder and iron are fairly straightforward and can be obtained from any good electronics store. Examples of each can be found at [http://uk.farnell.com/jsp/search/productdetail.jsp?sku=146706 wire], [http://uk.farnell.com/jsp/search/productdetail.jsp?sku=876811 braid] and [http://uk.farnell.com/jsp/search/productdetail.jsp?sku=1568160 iron]. General-purpose capacitors of unspecified ESR from an electronic components shop, while initially restoring correct functioning, are not likely to be very durable. Low-ESR capacitors are not expensive; a distributor may supply them at a lower price than unsatisfactory capacitors from a shop. The choice of capacitors is the subject of some debate, but there is no disagreement that a straightforward replacement of capacitors by others of the same capacitance and voltage rating, but also of low ESR and with a maximum temperature rating of not less than 105°C, is an obvious option, for example [http://uk.farnell.com/1144692/passives/product.us0?sku=rubycon-16zl1000m10x20 these] or the Panasonic [http://uk.farnell.com/panasonic/eeufr1c102/capacitor-radial-16v-1000uf/dp/1800637 FR] (low ESR, extra-long life, 9000 h @ 105°C), [http://uk.farnell.com/1219463/passives/product.us0?sku=panasonic-eeufm1c102&_requestid=172812 FM] (low ESR), and FC (higher ESR than the others, but still low) series. Suppliers of suitable capacitors at reasonable price include [http://uk.farnell.com/ Farnell], [http://uk.rs-online.com/web/ RS], and [http://cpc.farnell.com/ CPC]. Toppy forum member [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&u=847 andyfras] can supply kits at a reasonable price to supply the correct capacitors and avoid minimum order restrictions with suppliers. If you have never soldered before, there are numerous websites with explanations and videos that can be found with an Internet search engine; look also for advice on desoldering and removing "through-hole" (as distinct from "surface-mount") components, electrolytic capacitors in particular. It can help to find a scrap circuit board to practice on without risk. If holes remain blocked with solder after removing components, clear with a wooden toothpick or stainless steel tool while the solder is molten, or tap the board on a table to knock the solder out. Once you have the tools and the parts, you need a workspace with good lighting and sensible ventilation. It is also advisable to protect the workspace from rogue solder with some cardboard. Unplug the Toppy, place it in your workspace and allow any residual charge to dissipate. You can then proceed with the actual repair. An alternative to all this is to send the power supply, or the complete PVR, to have its capacitors replaced professionally, at a cost of around £30. Toppy forum member [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/privmsg.php?mode=post&u=847 andyfras] can provide this service, if required. == TF5800 == For the replacement of the 6 main TF5800 capacitors which fail first, the procedure is well documented with photographs at [http://www.steggalls.co.uk/downloads/TF5800_Power_Supply_Repair.pdf]. However, by 2014 all are likely to need replacing. The capacitors which usually fail first are C17, C18, C19, C22, C23 and C25. From about 2013 it was advised for long-term reliability to replace the other capacitors too:- C26 & C27 (470μF 10V), C20 (470μF 16V), C13 (100μF 35V), C15 & C16 (100μF 25V), C9 (47μF 50V), C12 and C14 (470 μF @ 35V), C10 (470μF 50V) and C7 & C24 (1μF 50V). The big 150μF @ 400V capacitor rarely fails and would not cause the same symptoms. Any 5800 that has survived until 2014 will require the replacement of all 18 secondary electrolytic capacitors. These can be supplied as a kit by Toppy forum member [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/privmsg.php?mode=post&u=847 andyfras] for £9 inc. postage (2016). Capacitors : Essential features to look for are: * Capacitance **Main 6: 1000μF (C22 should be uprated to 1200μF; 2200μF @ 10V, is used in later 'Facelift' versions of the PSU). **Others: Same as originals. Slightly higher is OK if it fits in the space. * Voltage: As the original. Slightly higher is OK if it fits in the space. Lower only if suggested by experts (a few 16V capacitors are used where 10V is sufficient, probably to use standardised parts; a capacitor rated at too low a voltage will fail and may explode) * Case diameter: As the original (thinner is OK, but may mean lower ripple current capability; fatter only if there is room, many are closely spaced). Many are 10mm. * Case style: radial (both leads coming out of the bottom), with lead spacing 5mm for the larger capacitors. Spacing is fairly standard for smaller capacitors, and leads can be bent to fit if slightly different * Low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance), sometimes stated as "low impedance" * Max operating temperature: at least 105°C. Commonly available 85°C capacitors are not recommended * Tolerance: unimportant, so long as value may not be over 20% low — most commercially-available capacitors are ±20% or -20%/+100% Highly desirable features (if comparing several options) are: * Higher ripple current handling * Longer rated life (if at the same temperature) ** Note: rated life is at max ripple current, so 7000hrs with 2A max ripple is worse than 5000hrs with 3A max ripple (~5000x3²/2² at 2A) The Panasonic FR, FM and FC capacitors mentioned above fit easily in the space available with the exception of C10: the Panasonic EEUFM1H471 (470μF @ 50V, the same as the original) is a little fatter than the original, but can be fitted if the leads of the replacement for the adjacent C17 are a little longer and bent to fit. The tricky parts of the process are first of all identifying the correct capacitors to replace and then removing the old capacitors, which just takes some patience. Double check that each capacitor is fitted the correct way around - compare the stripes to the photo mentioned above. With the capacitor removed, the top of the PCB shows a circle where each capacitor is fitted, with an obviously thicker section corresponding to the negative lead (stripe). Once the repair has been completed, retest the voltages. Remember, the Toppy needs to be operational for this test. If all is well, put everything back together, pat yourself on the back and enjoy a working Toppy once again. === Problems with the 3.3V line === Some people have reported problems with the TF5800 3.3V line being too low even after replacing the first six capacitors (a good reason to replace all 18 capacitors). Since this powers the CPU, a low voltage on this line can cause all sorts of problems, including reboot loops, crashes, losing all the channels and failing to wake from standby. The solution is to replace capacitors C26 & C27, (470μF 10V). [http://uk.farnell.com/panasonic/eeufm1c471l/capacitor-radial-470uf-16v/dp/1219462 This] or [http://uk.farnell.com/rubycon/16zlg470m10x12-5/capacitor-470uf-16v/dp/1712583 this] one will do the job. These capacitors are included in the 18 capacitor kit mentioned above. Later 5800 PSUs with Samxon capacitors often fail with the 3.3V line going low and noisy before other voltage changes become apparent. This is due to the poor-quality green C25, which fails before the other black 1000μF 16V capacitors. == TF5810 == The 5810 PSU is much simpler than the 5800. It is possible to run a 5810 on a 5800 PSU, but probably not advisable on a long-term basis. It may be possible to run a 5800 on a 5810 PSU too. The mainboard connections are the same (note that 24V is not used on either mainboard). The main capacitors to replace are C8, C10, C11, C13, C14, C16; It is also advisable to replace C4, C9, C12, C15, C17, C18 & C19. The green Samxon capacitors used for C8, C10, C14, C13 and C16 often show 'doming' as they fail—the normally flat top bulges, and may show signs of leaking or opening. Recommended capacitor types (with Farnell order numbers). Voltages in parentheses are the lines regulated: * 1 x (1800622) - 1000μF 10V (C11 - 5V) * 2 x (1800624) - 1500μF 10V (C8 - 3.3V, C10 - 5V) * 2 x (1800649) - 390μF 25V † (C13 - 8V, C16 - 17V) * 3 x (1800648) - 330μF 25V (C9 - 3.3V, C15 - 12V, C17 - 17V) * 1 x (1800652) - 680μF 25V (C14 - 12V) * 3 x (9692401) - 33μF 50V (C4 - near large heatsink, C18, C19 - 30V) * 1 x (1902991) - 1μF 50V (C12) † <small>390μF 25V has been substituted for the original 330uF 25V for C13 and C16. A bit of extra capacitance should help stability in these critical positions.</small> These can be supplied as a kit by Toppy forum member [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/privmsg.php?mode=post&u=847 andyfras]. When repairing a 5810 PSU, it's advisable to change the front panel clock battery (2032) at the same time.{{BookCat}} 2yguzl7mjfsktzv8mq175e5tgmo8s1w 4640049 4640048 2026-06-13T10:19:54Z Andyfras 472504 Another missing link 4640049 wikitext text/x-wiki Unfortunately, many Toppies have suffered with power supply unit (PSU) problems due to Topfield using cheaper electrolytic capacitors, not suitable for long-term operation in this type of circuit. Poor ventilation and not putting the Toppy into standby when not in use can greatly shorten the life of the PSU capacitors. As the capacitors deteriorate many strange behaviours and instability are possible, depending upon exactly what is happening to each of the many capacitors. Capacitors are fairly easy to diagnose and repair, but if the machine continues to be used, components such as a tuner or a hard drive may be damaged beyond economic repair. For that reason, if you suspect a PSU problem leave your Toppy unplugged until the voltages can be checked and necessary repairs carried out, even if it it works as a set-top box without being able to record. Some Toppies were affected as soon as 3 years after manufacture; all will be affected, according to use, as they age. The Topfield 5810 is also affected, although it has a different and simpler PSU; it may malfunction sooner as it generates more heat. If the cheap general-purpose capacitors are replaced by still inexpensive long-life low-ESR units, the repaired machine has the potential to give much longer service than it did originally. == Repairing the Topfield 5800 & 5810 Power Supply Units == Luckily, the replacement of the capacitors affected is relatively simple, and has successfully extended the working life of numerous Toppies. The parts cost well under £10, and constitute the total cost of the repair if you have access to a multimeter and a soldering iron. Even if you need to purchase the tools for the job, the cost is still far less than a new PSU or worse, such as a new HDD or a new tuner, or even scrap the PVR. Much of the information needed to undertake this repair can be found in the newer, from 2011, [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=19103 PSU Repair thread] on the Toppy.org.uk [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/index.php Forums]. There is an older thread which contains a number of links to other excellent websites with specific information, including photographs and diagrams. However, that thread is locked to new postings as it had reached 100 pages, making it difficult to find PSU repair information; also some of the older information can be misleading. The newer thread contains the latest knowledge and recommendations which have been gathered over the years. The objective of this guide, which exists thanks to the fine work undertaken by several people, is to provide key information in a single place. As the machines age, it has become advisable to change more capacitors than these. There is more up-to-date information available [https://sites.google.com/view/andy-fraser-electronics2/freeview-and-satellite-recorder-repair/topfield-pvr-faults on andyfras's website]. Checking voltages inside the PVR will indicate whether capacitors are a likely cause of trouble, as discussed below. However, by 2016 any TF58x0 that has seen moderate use is old enough for a fairly large-scale capacitor replacement to be desirable if there are any signs of trouble. A multimeter, and the circuit under test, can be damaged if the wrong range is used; unless you are familiar with its use, when checking voltages switch it only to DC voltage ranges (not current—A, mA, μA—or resistance—Ω, kΩ, MΩ—or other). Start at a high voltage range (e.g. 400V) with a non-autoranging meter, and decrease the range until you get a good reading. == Warning and Disclaimer == Before going any further, it is an unfortunate necessity that the following warnings and disclaimer are included in this guide. First and foremost, inside the Toppy are some components that are fully exposed once the cover has been removed that carry live electrical voltages that could potentially deliver a '''fatal shock''' if touched. Be particularly careful of the heat sinks, which will not only get hot enough to give you a nasty burn from the heat, but are also at a lethal 350 volts. Even after the Toppy has been unplugged, the Toppy will retain significant residual charges on the 240 volt side of the power supply circuit that are sufficient to '''injure or even kill'''. The residual charges will dissipate (except with some faults), but this will take a few moments. '''You have been warned.''' Secondly, there is always the risk of doing more harm than good, especially if the repair is carried out incorrectly. It is possible for carelessly-placed screwdrivers and tools to make destructive short-circuits if power is applied, or even unpowered if capacitors are still charged; this can cause irreparable damage. '''Disclaimer''' Although by 2016 warranties on the TF58x0 machines will have expired, any warranty will be voided by removing the cover of a Toppy. If you do not own the Toppy, you must get the owner's permission before you start. If you are under 18 years of age you must get an adult to supervise anything you do. While the information provided here has been provided in good faith and all possible due care has been taken to ensure it is accurate, the authors of this guide and any links referenced by it cannot be held responsible if anything goes wrong. To be clear, anyone who undertakes a repair does so at their own risk. If you fry your Toppy, burn your house down, or kill yourself, don't blame those who have provided information in this guide. By following this guide you are accepting this disclaimer and agree that the only person responsible for your actions is you. == Does the PSU need repairing? == Although a few owners have replaced the capacitors as an exercise in preventative maintenance, the majority only make this move after experiencing difficulties with their Toppy. The PSU supplies several voltages to the rest of the Toppy and each of these can vary somewhat independently with the result that the instability experienced by other components, such as the HDD or the tuners, will differ from Toppy to Toppy. Consequently, the range of symptoms that can indicate a failing PSU are many and varied, so it is very difficult to precisely determine that the PSU is at fault without removing the top and checking the voltages. Possible symptoms include: * Hard drive clicking / not spinning up (although a drive failure will cause similar problems) * Re-booting / locking up / not starting * (Extremely) sluggish response to the remote Before embarking upon a repair of the PSU, it is advisable to first see if any problems being experienced can be resolved without touching the PSU. Check that a good signal is being received, check the firmware is up to date, check there are no duplicate channels and check that no TAPs are the cause of your problems. The next step is to check the voltages provided by the PSU. Checking the voltages requires the cover to be removed so that you can access the internal components. You will also need a multi-meter, which you can obtain from most good electronics stores. The power supply problem is so common that some people routinely replace capacitors as soon as symptoms appear, without measuring voltages (this also avoids unnecessary running of a PSU which might be generating damaging voltages). When testing the voltages it is preferable to have the Toppy operating under load, which means the hard drive should be in use. The easy way to ensure this is to enable time shifting. It is also preferable to have a signal to the tuners, so the Toppy needs to be connected to an aerial. However, if the Toppy won't operate properly, this may indicate the voltages are incorrect even without the hard drive running, so it's still worth doing the tests even if you can't get the drive going. To remove the cover start by unplugging the Toppy from the mains. It is advisable to wait a few minutes to allow the charges to dissipate further - the voltage will discharge in approx 5 minutes with the mains plug disconnected but '''only on a fully working Toppy'''. Since you are attempting to check a suspect PSU, caution is advised. The cover is held on by five screws and once removed you can access the power supply. You can test the voltages using your multi-meter. Remember, the Toppy needs to be under load, so it needs to be turned on. This means the PSU is '''LIVE''' - please be careful when testing the voltages and as mentioned above be particularly careful of the heat sinks. Take a note of the voltages measured on each pin of the PSU connector and compare them with the reference voltages which are (from top to bottom) 5V, 12V, 30V, 22V, 17V, 8V, 5V, 3.3V and 15V. The key voltage is the 5V line. If this deviates by more than 5% (less than 4.75V or more than 5.25V) then the capacitors need replacing. The normal reading for the 22V is 24.5V and the normal reading for 8V is 7.5V, the 12V, 15V, 17V and 30V can also be up to 1V adrift. If in doubt, post your results in the Toppy.org.uk [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=19103 PSU Repair thread]. '''If the PSU does need repairing, you are strongly advised to unplug the Toppy and not use it until the repair has been completed, otherwise you risk a much more expensive repair if other components are damaged.''' == Repairing the PSU == Topfield power supplies mostly fail by aluminium electrolytic capacitors becoming degraded in ways which cause several voltages to change. The capacitors themselves degrade in ways not detectable by most instruments, but measurable changes in voltages implicate the capacitors as culprits. A multimeter with capacitance ranges will identify capacitors which are short-circuited or leaky, or have changed capacitance; but a capacitor with the usual problem of high equivalent series resistance (ESR) will measure as being in order; ESR cannot even be measured on a resistance range. Capacitors may bulge or leak, but very often go high-ESR with no visual sign. Only a specialised [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESR_meter ESR meter] will show that the ESR is much higher than normal. In cases of degraded capacitors repairing the Topfield, if caught before uncontrolled voltages have caused further damage, is a simple matter of replacing most or all of the electrolytic capacitors in the PSU. Obviously, the first step is to obtain replacement capacitors, de-soldering braid or solder sucker, solder and a soldering iron. The braid, solder and iron are fairly straightforward and can be obtained from any good electronics store. Examples of each can be found at [http://uk.farnell.com/jsp/search/productdetail.jsp?sku=146706 wire], [http://uk.farnell.com/jsp/search/productdetail.jsp?sku=876811 braid] and [http://uk.farnell.com/jsp/search/productdetail.jsp?sku=1568160 iron]. General-purpose capacitors of unspecified ESR from an electronic components shop, while initially restoring correct functioning, are not likely to be very durable. Low-ESR capacitors are not expensive; a distributor may supply them at a lower price than unsatisfactory capacitors from a shop. The choice of capacitors is the subject of some debate, but there is no disagreement that a straightforward replacement of capacitors by others of the same capacitance and voltage rating, but also of low ESR and with a maximum temperature rating of not less than 105°C, is an obvious option, for example [http://uk.farnell.com/1144692/passives/product.us0?sku=rubycon-16zl1000m10x20 these] or the Panasonic [http://uk.farnell.com/panasonic/eeufr1c102/capacitor-radial-16v-1000uf/dp/1800637 FR] (low ESR, extra-long life, 9000 h @ 105°C), [http://uk.farnell.com/1219463/passives/product.us0?sku=panasonic-eeufm1c102&_requestid=172812 FM] (low ESR), and FC (higher ESR than the others, but still low) series. Suppliers of suitable capacitors at reasonable price include [http://uk.farnell.com/ Farnell], [http://uk.rs-online.com/web/ RS], and [http://cpc.farnell.com/ CPC]. Toppy forum member [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&u=847 andyfras] can supply kits at a reasonable price to supply the correct capacitors and avoid minimum order restrictions with suppliers. If you have never soldered before, there are numerous websites with explanations and videos that can be found with an Internet search engine; look also for advice on desoldering and removing "through-hole" (as distinct from "surface-mount") components, electrolytic capacitors in particular. It can help to find a scrap circuit board to practice on without risk. If holes remain blocked with solder after removing components, clear with a wooden toothpick or stainless steel tool while the solder is molten, or tap the board on a table to knock the solder out. Once you have the tools and the parts, you need a workspace with good lighting and sensible ventilation. It is also advisable to protect the workspace from rogue solder with some cardboard. Unplug the Toppy, place it in your workspace and allow any residual charge to dissipate. You can then proceed with the actual repair. An alternative to all this is to send the power supply, or the complete PVR, to have its capacitors replaced professionally, at a cost of around £30. Toppy forum member [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/privmsg.php?mode=post&u=847 andyfras] can provide this service, if required. == TF5800 == For the replacement of the 6 main TF5800 capacitors which fail first, the procedure is well documented with photographs at [http://www.steggalls.co.uk/downloads/TF5800_Power_Supply_Repair.pdf]. However, by 2014 all are likely to need replacing. The capacitors which usually fail first are C17, C18, C19, C22, C23 and C25. From about 2013 it was advised for long-term reliability to replace the other capacitors too:- C26 & C27 (470μF 10V), C20 (470μF 16V), C13 (100μF 35V), C15 & C16 (100μF 25V), C9 (47μF 50V), C12 and C14 (470 μF @ 35V), C10 (470μF 50V) and C7 & C24 (1μF 50V). The big 150μF @ 400V capacitor rarely fails and would not cause the same symptoms. Any 5800 that has survived until 2014 will require the replacement of all 18 secondary electrolytic capacitors. These can be supplied as a kit by Toppy forum member [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/privmsg.php?mode=post&u=847 andyfras] for £9 inc. postage (2016). Capacitors : Essential features to look for are: * Capacitance **Main 6: 1000μF (C22 should be uprated to 1200μF; 2200μF @ 10V, is used in later 'Facelift' versions of the PSU). **Others: Same as originals. Slightly higher is OK if it fits in the space. * Voltage: As the original. Slightly higher is OK if it fits in the space. Lower only if suggested by experts (a few 16V capacitors are used where 10V is sufficient, probably to use standardised parts; a capacitor rated at too low a voltage will fail and may explode) * Case diameter: As the original (thinner is OK, but may mean lower ripple current capability; fatter only if there is room, many are closely spaced). Many are 10mm. * Case style: radial (both leads coming out of the bottom), with lead spacing 5mm for the larger capacitors. Spacing is fairly standard for smaller capacitors, and leads can be bent to fit if slightly different * Low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance), sometimes stated as "low impedance" * Max operating temperature: at least 105°C. Commonly available 85°C capacitors are not recommended * Tolerance: unimportant, so long as value may not be over 20% low — most commercially-available capacitors are ±20% or -20%/+100% Highly desirable features (if comparing several options) are: * Higher ripple current handling * Longer rated life (if at the same temperature) ** Note: rated life is at max ripple current, so 7000hrs with 2A max ripple is worse than 5000hrs with 3A max ripple (~5000x3²/2² at 2A) The Panasonic FR, FM and FC capacitors mentioned above fit easily in the space available with the exception of C10: the Panasonic EEUFM1H471 (470μF @ 50V, the same as the original) is a little fatter than the original, but can be fitted if the leads of the replacement for the adjacent C17 are a little longer and bent to fit. The tricky parts of the process are first of all identifying the correct capacitors to replace and then removing the old capacitors, which just takes some patience. Double check that each capacitor is fitted the correct way around - compare the stripes to the photo mentioned above. With the capacitor removed, the top of the PCB shows a circle where each capacitor is fitted, with an obviously thicker section corresponding to the negative lead (stripe). Once the repair has been completed, retest the voltages. Remember, the Toppy needs to be operational for this test. If all is well, put everything back together, pat yourself on the back and enjoy a working Toppy once again. === Problems with the 3.3V line === Some people have reported problems with the TF5800 3.3V line being too low even after replacing the first six capacitors (a good reason to replace all 18 capacitors). Since this powers the CPU, a low voltage on this line can cause all sorts of problems, including reboot loops, crashes, losing all the channels and failing to wake from standby. The solution is to replace capacitors C26 & C27, (470μF 10V). [http://uk.farnell.com/panasonic/eeufm1c471l/capacitor-radial-470uf-16v/dp/1219462 This] or [http://uk.farnell.com/rubycon/16zlg470m10x12-5/capacitor-470uf-16v/dp/1712583 this] one will do the job. These capacitors are included in the 18 capacitor kit mentioned above. Later 5800 PSUs with Samxon capacitors often fail with the 3.3V line going low and noisy before other voltage changes become apparent. This is due to the poor-quality green C25, which fails before the other black 1000μF 16V capacitors. == TF5810 == The 5810 PSU is much simpler than the 5800. It is possible to run a 5810 on a 5800 PSU, but probably not advisable on a long-term basis. It may be possible to run a 5800 on a 5810 PSU too. The mainboard connections are the same (note that 24V is not used on either mainboard). The main capacitors to replace are C8, C10, C11, C13, C14, C16; It is also advisable to replace C4, C9, C12, C15, C17, C18 & C19. The green Samxon capacitors used for C8, C10, C14, C13 and C16 often show 'doming' as they fail—the normally flat top bulges, and may show signs of leaking or opening. Recommended capacitor types (with Farnell order numbers). Voltages in parentheses are the lines regulated: * 1 x (1800622) - 1000μF 10V (C11 - 5V) * 2 x (1800624) - 1500μF 10V (C8 - 3.3V, C10 - 5V) * 2 x (1800649) - 390μF 25V † (C13 - 8V, C16 - 17V) * 3 x (1800648) - 330μF 25V (C9 - 3.3V, C15 - 12V, C17 - 17V) * 1 x (1800652) - 680μF 25V (C14 - 12V) * 3 x (9692401) - 33μF 50V (C4 - near large heatsink, C18, C19 - 30V) * 1 x (1902991) - 1μF 50V (C12) † <small>390μF 25V has been substituted for the original 330uF 25V for C13 and C16. A bit of extra capacitance should help stability in these critical positions.</small> These can be supplied as a kit by Toppy forum member [http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/privmsg.php?mode=post&u=847 andyfras]. When repairing a 5810 PSU, it's advisable to change the front panel clock battery (2032) at the same time.{{BookCat}} 3ze3nw22l7d848cqc94af3lwzzos7um 0 228288 4640028 3229821 2026-06-12T23:19:36Z ~2026-34639-97 3605620 /* Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation, Perenyi Attack */ 4640028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Sicilian Defence, Perenyi Attack| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd|= | |pd| | | |pd|pd|pd|= |pd| | |pd|pd|nd| | |= | | | | | | | | |= | | | |nl|pl| |pl| |= | | |nl| |bl| | | |= |pl|pl|pl| | |pl| |pl|= |rl| | |ql|kl|bl| |rl|= || }} = Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation, Perenyi Attack = The Perenyi Attack is similar in idea to its cousin the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...e6/6. g4|Keres Attack]] of the standard Scheveningen Variation. White mounts an aggressive pawn storm on the kingside, castling long and supporting with Be3 and Qd2. However, it usually arises from a transposition from the Najdorf rather than the normal Scheveningen move order. Compared to the Keres, white has his bishop already developed to the e3 square while black has a pawn on a6 rather than a7. The differences are subtle but critical. Now, the standard line of the Perenyi attack follows with [[/7...e5|7...e5]]. This puts two attackers on the advanced g4 pawn (which only has the queen defending) and threatens the d4 knight. If this were the Keres, white could play Bb5+ Bd7 Bxd7+ Qxd7, which eliminates one attacker on g4. Then Nb3 moves the knight to safety. However, Bb5+ is not an option here because of the a6 pawn. Therefore, play usually continues 8.Nf5 (cutting off the bishop's attack on the g4 pawn and moving the knight away). Black then threatens the knight with 8...g6. At this point, play becomes very complex and sharp. White cannot move the knight away without losing the g4 pawn, and so usually chooses to sacrifice it. White can try to win back a knight with 9.g5 gxf5 10.gxf6, or sacrifice it with 9.g5 gxf5 10.exf5 Ng8 11.f6, boxing in black's kingside pieces. Alternatively, white can develop with 9.Bg2. This leads to a very complex line mostly found in top level chess: 9...gxf5 10.exf5 d5 11.Qe2 d4 12.O-O-O. {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Wikipedia|Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} oxb7klrd5j638blbdfiybrc49va61t0 0 250901 4640014 4196327 2026-06-12T14:23:09Z Rotideypoc41352 632906 updated per daughter's announcement on social media of Yolen's death 4640014 wikitext text/x-wiki == Biographical Information == Jane Yolen (1939 – 2026) was raised mainly in New York City. She was a first generation American . Her father immigrated to the U.S. from the Ukraine when he was only 4. Her mother's family immigrated from Lithuania when she was also a child. Her father fought in World War II and was sent home a hero due to an injury. A passion for writing was evident in Jane's family. Her father was a journalist, and her mother wrote short stories although they were never published. A gold star student, Jane wrote her first poem in preschool, which she still read to young students throughout her life. [https://www.adlit.org/authors/Yolen Click here] to hear her read this poem. In first grade she produced a class musical. She and her brother, Steve, even wrote a newspaper for their apartment building, which their mother helped them to type and distribute. Jane wrote throughout her school career, writing poetry in college that was published in small journals. Her first book, ''Pirates in Petticoats'', was published on her 22nd birthday. Jane brought many of her life experiences into her stories. Books such as ''Naming Liberty'', ''Honkers'', and ''Harvest Home'' clearly reflect Yolen's Jewish background as well as the immigration of her family to the U.S. Jane's husband, David, was often called "The man who knew everything" and was the inspiration behind her book ''My Father Knows the Names of Things''. ''Soft House'', a story about a sister and brother building a blanket fort, could very well be based off of the real relationship between Jane and her younger brother. The characters in ''Owl Moon'' are based off her daughter, Heidi, and her deceased husband, David. Jane wrote over 400 books including folktales, fairytales, science fiction, poetry, informational books, picture books, young adult novels, and more. Her writing has been honored in many different forms including: the Caldecott Medal, Nebula Awards, the Rhysling, an Asimov’s Magazine Reader’s Poll award, World Fantasy Award, a National Book Award nomination, three Mythopoeic Fantasy Awards, a Golden Kite Award, the Skylark Award, Jewish Book Award, two Christopher Medals, the Association of Jewish Libraries Award, the Charlotte Award, the Garden State Award, the Golden Sower Award, among many others. Jane's books are often referred to in Journals such as ''Adolescent and Adult Literacy'' and on "Reader's Choice" lists. Jane divided her time between Massachusetts and Scotland. When Yolen's husband, David, was on sabbatical in Scotland they fell in love with the country and ended up buying the house they were renting. Here are some pieces of advice that Jane Yolen wanted to give young readers and writers. "People--and often kids--make the mistake of thinking that once (a story's) on the page, it's done, but that's only the beginning. I constantly reshape and revision my work. I dream it again, imagine it again--that's the exciting part of writing." "Impossible events can become exciting fantasy stories." "We all have experiences that are strange, magical, and wondrous." You can learn more about Jane Yolen and her books at https://janeyolen.com/ ==Books of Interest== ''The Scarecrow's Dance'' Illustrated by [[Bagram Ibatoulline]] (2009) "An autumn eve, the moon was high. As yellow as a black cat's eye." Each page of this book contains two beautifully written poetic stanzas that tell a story of a scarecrow. The poetic use of language gives this story a musical quality. The words are carefully chosen in order to give each stanza a rhythm and rhyme, like a melody of a song. Beginning with the very first stanza, quoted above, Yolen paints a story with her words through the use of figurative language devices. The personification of the scarecrow dancing through the night and stopping to listen to the prayer of the young boy who lives on the farm, helps the reader connect to the character of the scarecrow. The use of simile to compare objects like "As yellow as the black cat's eye" and "He danced by barn as red as blood" provide the vivid details that make the amazing illustrations come to life. With this book Yolen creates a story that is musical to the ear, making it a fun story to both read aloud and listen to, while Bagram Ibatoulline creates images that are pleasing to the eye. These beautiful illustrations draw the reader into the story. Any reader would be instantly engaged. ''Soft House'' Illustrated by Wendy Anderson (2005) What do you like to do on a rainy day? In ''Soft House'', Yolen tells the story of a brother and sister who are trying to fight boredom on a rainy day. The relationship between the character, Alison Isabelle, and her younger brother, Davey, seems to be very true to life through the use of well-written dialogue that one may hear in any household between a brother and a sister. A back and forth argument such as "You can't count either. Can. Can't. Can!" The mother calling from the kitchen, "Alison Isabelle, what are you doing to your little brother?" Alison Isabelle responds with "NOTHING!" These interactions make the story come to life. Although the story is short, we also get to see Alison Isabelle learn something important about being an older sister. This unexpected insight comes when she realizes that "you can't be scared when you have a little brother to take care of." Anyone who has ever been young with nothing to do on a rainy day, or who has a younger brother or sister that they take care of, would engage and connect with this book. ''My Father Knows the Names of Things'' Illustrated by Stephane Jorisch (2010) "My father knows the names of things. Each bird that sings, their nicknames too. He knows the names of dogs and cheese and seven words that all mean blue." This excerpt from the book gives the reader a feel for the creative rhyme and rhythm that is created through the use of Yolen's simple but precise word choices. The use of poetry gives the story a musical feel while the dedication page is very touchingly dedicated to the memory of Yolen's deceased husband David Stemple "The man who knew everything." This is a loving and living memory of someone who is dear to the Yolen family and a poignant reminder, to any reader who has ever lost a loved one, that people live on in the memories of the people left behind. The musical language combined with the colorful illustrations by Stephanie Jorisch make this story very inviting and engaging for readers. ''Naming Liberty'' Illustrated by Jim Burke (2008) This is a story about the dream of freedom. It is both the story of a young Jewish girl who dreams of coming to America, and of a Frenchman who dreams of creating a symbol of freedom to give to the United States. Yolen does a magnificent job weaving together these two stories side by side on each page, making the ending of this story very powerful and moving. It is full of well- written dialogue that captures the dreams and hopes of immigrants coming to America to reconnect with loved ones who have already come before them. "Aron and Jakob say 'Write to us about pretty girls and dances and parties.' I whisper, 'Just write.'" Unexpected and often understated thoughts are also present throughout this story such as "But large dreams take time." Another example from the book being, "It is a long way from here to our liberty." This is not only a fictional story about immigration to America, it is the real story of the creation of the Statue of Liberty. The end of the book contains a page entitled "What is true about this book?" This page gives the true inspiration and details behind this heartfelt and moving story. This story is invigorating to all people who live in America because it is one of many stories about how and why many different people, from many different places, have come to live together in freedom. ''Encounter'' Illustrated by David Shannon (1992) In stark contrast to ''Naming Liberty'', Encounter is a story about immigration of European people to America as seen through the eyes of the Taino Natives' point of view. I cannot do justice to how well-written this book is without a few examples straight from the book such as "…and I watched how the sky strangers touched our golden nose rings and our golden armbands but not the flesh of our faces or arms. I watched their chief smile. It was a serpent’s smile – no lips and all teeth." This is a great example of the understated premises throughout the book. Columbus is referred to only as "their chief" and the desire for Columbus and his men to obtain the Taino's gold, is represented beautifully with the metaphor of Columbus' smile being that of a serpents "no lips and all teeth." Another example of an understated premise is the loss of Native American culture upon the arrival of European explorers, expressed in this excerpt, "So it was we lost our lands to the strangers from the sky. We gave our souls to their gods. We took their speech into our mouths, forgetting our own." With this powerful conclusion also comes the unexpected insight of how an entire culture of people lost their culture. With so many students in the United States coming from Latin America, this is a story that will capture their interest as well as some of their history. ''Briar Rose'' (2002) and ''The Devil's Arithmetic'' (1988) A review of Jane Yolen's work would not be complete without a reference to these two novels. The tragedies and horrors that Jewish people faced during the Holocaust is a topic that must have been meaningful to Yolen on a personal level as she was Jewish. In fact the research that went into writing these two novels was such an emotional experience for Yolen that she wanted to write no other books about the Holocaust. ''Briar Rose'' is a retelling of Sleeping Beauty. The comparison between the kingdom being put to sleep under a powerful spell in Sleeping Beauty and the Jewish people being "put to sleep" in the gas chambers of a real castle concentration camp, known as Chelmno is deeply moving. The use of this metaphor to tell the real life horror paralleled with a children's fairy tale is one of the many reasons why Yolen's writing is so great and this story is so incredible. A word of warning, Briar Rose is not a story for children; it was originally written as an adult novel and, therefore, contains adult content. It has appeared on many banned books lists. This is an indication of how important the issues are that Yolen addresses in this novel and is precisely why it would be so engaging and important for older students to read. Controversy is always intriguing and engaging. ''The Devil's Arithmetic'' was a novel intended for young adults. In fact, Yolen uses the apathetic nature of a teenager to tell a story of a young girl who travels back in time to realize the horrors of the Holocaust first hand. The vivid descriptions of concentration camps add historical accuracy, but can be very disturbing in some parts. The way that Yolen is also able to connect past events to the main characters current life delivers the important message that the past is important to honor and remember so that it is not repeated. Yolen's gift for writing was rewarded with this novel when she received the National Jewish Book Award. It was also nominated for the Nebula Award for both the book and movie version. It has clearly touched the hearts of the many people who have read it and I believe that it would do the same for those who have not read it yet. I am leaving out ''Owl Moon'' here for two reasons. First, it is one of her most popular books and I wanted to focus on books that are not as widely known. Second, it is an award winning book and is worth reading and drawing your own conclusions. ==Comparing and Contrasting Books== The books that I would like to spend a little more time comparing and contrasting are ''Encounter'' to ''Naming Liberty'' and ''Briar Rose'' to ''The Devil's Arithmetic''. I believe that reading these books in conjunction with each other was a great learning experience for me. They both told the story of America from two very different but equally important perspectives. In comparison, they both tell the story of Americans and the hardships that people have faced in the process. In contrast, these stories differ in many ways as well. In ''Naming Liberty,'' the story of immigration is about hope and gaining something: freedom. In ''Encounter,'' the story is about the loss of culture, and therefore, freedom. ''Naming Liberty'' is about immigrants who willingly came to America for a better life and ''Encounter'' is about what happened to the people who were already living in America when Europeans came. Both stories are about a better life that was found in America, but for only one group of people. The comparisons between ''Briar Rose'' and ''The Devil's Arithmetic'' are also easy to compare. They both are stories about the Holocaust. They both have women as the main characters. They both contain vivid and accurate details about the horrors of concentration camps. It is where these two stories differ that I believe is really what is important. ''Briar Rose'' is told through the use of a comparison to the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty. The women do not come out of this story alive. The theme of this story is purely about the tragedies that occurred during the Holocaust and the politics behind it. It does not only focus on the racism that the Jewish people faced, but also the way the homosexual people were subjected to the same cruel and deadly treatment. ''The Devil's Arithmetic'' contains a theme that is more about the importance of remembering and honoring history. It is about asking people to remember events that are not pleasant, but that are important. The main character in this story does survive, and returns to her own time with a better understanding of the horrors that people faced just like those told in ''Briar Rose''. ==Author's Style and Recurrent Themes== With so many different books that have been published for so many different audiences, it is hard to say what Jane Yolen's style is. It is her style to be both poetic and passionate in one story, while being completely silly and off the wall in another. It is her style to tell stories about real events and people, yet it is also her style to tell stories about animals. There will always be precise vocabulary in her well chosen words, and insights into life that anyone can identify with and relate to. Some of these common themes that are found in Yolen's books are: multicultural perspectives, relationships, growing-up, nature, historical events, religion, independent women, and music. No matter what she is writing or who she is writing it for, another thing that will also be found in Yolen's writing is a powerful lesson to be learned. ==References== "Young Adults Choices for 1998". ''Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy '' >.Vol. 42, No. 3, Nov., 1998. Page 232 "All About Adolescent Literacy." Retrieved on April 19, 2011 from: https://www.adlit.org/authors/Yolen "Biography." Retrieved on April 19, 2011 from: https://janeyolen.com "The Teacher Geek." Retrieved on April 20, 2011 from: https://theteachergeek.com/2010/10/12/mentor-text-monday-encounter/ "A Book Review and Discussion with Jane Yolen, Author." Retrieved on April 20, 2011 from: https://www.underdown.org/yolen.htm "Reading and Language." Retrieved on April 20, 2011 from: https://www.pbs.org/parents/readinglanguage/articles/authorfocus/janeyolen.html Yolen, Jane (2009). ''The Scarecrow's Dance'': New York, NY: Simon and Schuster Yolen, Jane (2005). ''Soft House'': Cambridge, Mass: Candlewick Press Yolen, Jane (2010): ''My Father Knows the Names of Things'': New York, NY: Simons and Schuster Yolen, Jane (2008): ''Naming Liberty'': New York, NY: Philomel Books Yolen, Jane (1992): ''Encounter'': Sandiego, CA: Harcourt Brace Yolen, Jane (1992): ''Briar Rose'': New York, NY: A Tor Book Yolen, Jane (1988): ''The Devil's Arithmetic'': New York, NY: Viking {{BookCat}} 4mzxupx7gx7puvosg4egmj45rbdbfwt 0 279582 4640031 4639892 2026-06-12T23:53:50Z Talantir 3604573 /* Caro-Kann Defence - Bayonet Attack */ 4640031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Bayonet Attack| |rd|nd| |qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= |pd|pd| | |pd|pd|pd|pd|= | | |pd| | | | | |= | | | |pd|pl|bd| | |= | | | |pl| | |pl| |= | | | | | | | | |= |pl|pl|pl| | |pl| |pl|= |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= |parent = [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5|Caro–Kann Defence: Advance Variation]] }} =Caro-Kann Defence - Bayonet Attack= This aggressive move forces Black to choose a retreat square for the bishop. While occasionally played for surprise value, the move weakens White's kingside and offers Black good chances. Black's best response is [[/4...Be4|Be4!]], inducing White to play f3 before retreating the bishop. Play might continue 4...Be4 5. f3 Bg6 6. e6! Qd6 7. exf7 Bxf7 8. Nc3 Nd7 9. f4, with rough equality.<ref name="tari">[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=2554059 Tari v Carlsen (2023) - Chessgames.com]</ref> {{Wikipedia|Caro–Kann Defence}} {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} 7ojhac3772fd8q6lqawbrkzeixfw2nw 0 396611 4640042 4637931 2026-06-13T04:07:20Z Y7at7Y 3582263 Reformatting. 4640042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Blackburne Shilling gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C50]] |parent=[[Chess/Italian Game|Italian Game]] }} == 4. Nxe5? == This move looks natural, but it is a bad move as there is a strong double attack. It turns out that Black's pawn on e5 wasn't free. After '''[[/4...Qg5|4...Qg5!]]''', both e5 and g2 are attacked by the queen. White is in a lot of trouble and has to give up a knight to have a playable game with either 5. Bxf7+ or 5. O-O, both with a better position for Black. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |links=1 |line1=4...Qg5! 5. Bxf7+ Kd8 6. O-O Qxe5 |eval1={{Chess/not|--}} |name1=Blackburne Shilling gambit |line2=4. ... ... 5. O-O Qxe5 6. c3 Nc6 7. d4 |eval2={{Chess/not|--}} |line3=4. ... ... 5. Nxf7?? Qxg2! 6. Rf1 Qxe4+ 7. Be2?? Nf3# |eval3=0-1 }} == References == === See also === {{Wikipedia|Blackburne Shilling Gambit}} {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} 4ew7see8s9nf6yjyssho7zxny9cya22 2 397633 4640012 4639332 2026-06-12T13:27:24Z Rcmcola 3394483 /* § 406, p. 156* */ 4640012 wikitext text/x-wiki This wikibook is an answer key to the revised 1918 edition of Collar's and Daniell's ''First Year Latin''. There are two copies of this edition in the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/collaranddaniel00jenkgoog] and [https://archive.org/details/collardaniellsfi00collrich another copy]). === About References === The references are to the paragraph numbers (§ ''N'') and the original page numbers (p. ''N'') of ''First Year Latin''. === Abbreviations === {| |- | ''acc'' || accusative |- | ''act'' || active voice |- | ''abl'' || the ablative case |- | ''dat'' || the dative case |- | ''gen'' || the genitive case |- | ''imp'' || the imperative mood |- | ''imperf'' || the imperfect tense |- | ''ind'' || the indicative mood |- | ''inf'' || the infinitive mood |- | ''nom'' || the nominative case |- | ''pass'' || the passive voice |- | ''perf'' || the perfect tense |- | ''pl'' || the plural |- | ''pluperf'' || the pluperfect tense |- | ''sg'' || the singular |- | ''subj'' || the subjunctive mood |} === About Prose Translations === All prose translations have been kept as literal as possible. This should not be taken as a model to emulate. Quite contrary, one should hardly ever aim at a literal translation instead of a fluent one. Answers marked with a * may be written with a little more liberty by a different pupil, though are still more-or-less literal translations. == Exercises == === § 30, p. 25 === # A sailor is singing. # Sailors are singing. # A farmer is working. # Farmers are working. # A girl swims. # Girls swim. # Cornelia draws near. # Are the girls drawing near? (In a boys-only school this might have stirred the pupils somewhat.) # Cornelia and the girls are singing. # Julia works and sings. # What is approaching? # Are the sailors swimming? # Who is walking? === § 31, p. 25 === # Nauta natat. # Puellae cantant. # Quis appropinquat? # Appropinguantne nautae? # Cantatne Cornēlia? # Cornēlia et Iūlia ambulant et cantant. # Puella cantat, et agricola labōrat. # Nautae et agricolae labōrant. === § 36, p. 27 === # Galba has a trumpet. # Does Galba have trumpets? # Girls praise Cornelia and Julia. # A sailor sees a letter. # Galba calls together the sailors. # Who sees Galba? # Whom Galba is seeing? # The farmer now calls the girls together. # Do the sailors see land? # Girls like Cornelia. === § 37, p. 27 === # Quis appropinquat? # Nauta et Galba appropinquant. # Quid agricola habet? # Agricola terram habet. # Laudatne Galba agricolae? # Puella aquam et terram videt. # Nautae agricolās convocant. # Iūlia litterās nunc habet. === § 41, p. 29 === # She walks, calls together, sings. # Are they calling together? Singing? Praising? # You (sg.) swim, work, walk. # We like, draw near, walk. # You (pl.) are calling together, are singing, are liking. # They like, she is giving, we are praising. # Whom are you looking at? # I praise the inhabitants. # You (pl.) often praise Julia. # But we are praising the letter. # What are you (pl.) giving now? === § 42, p. 29 === # Natō, natat, natō. # Labōrāsne/labōrātisne? cantāmus, laudatne? # Appropinquant, dant, ambulās/ambulātis. # Laudās/laudātis, natant, labōrat. # Incolās convocāmus, sed nautās convocātis. # Puellae aquam nunc spectant. === § 46, p. 31 === # She delights, we are routing, you set free. # We are waiting, they carry, you delight. # We delight, you (pl.) rout, they are setting free. # Is she freeing? I am freeing, we are carrying. # They are setting free the farmers' daughters. # The poet's fortune pleases the queen. # We are looking at the woman's daughters. (Quite possibly a true story from a boy school.) # Does Galba's ''daughter'' expect a letter? # Even the trumpets of the sailors put the inhabitants to flight. # Whose letter are you carrying? === § 47, p. 31 === # Nautās rēgīnae convocō. # Fīliae poetārum terram amant. # Cuius fīliam liberās/liberātis? # Laudantne fīliās Galbae? # Agricolās nunc expectāmus. # Quem fortūna agricolārum dēlectat? === § 52, p. 33 === # You have money. # I teach Julia. # You often advice the inhabitants. # Do they frighten the girls? # Whom are they seeing? # We advice and we teach. # What do we have? # I now see a booty. # You (pl.) see a trumpet. # Are you (pl.) warning ''the farmers''? # They have a letter. # Julia teaches the poet's daughters. # The pirates have even the farmers' money. # The daughters' fate pleases the woman. (Obviously they got married off to better men than the boys of this school became.) # Why do you warn Julia and Cornelia? # Whom do you teach and advice? # The women praise the girls because they work. (Hopefully nothing beyond the chaste exercise of weaving, though.) === § 53, p. 33 === # Monent. # Habent. # Moneō. # Terrēs/terrētis. # Vidēmus. # Puellāsne docet? # Pīrātamne Iūlia et Cornēlia spectant? # Cūr pīrātae incolās terrent? # Pecūniam et praedam habent. # Fēminam laudāmus quod puellās docet. # Quis vidēs/vidētis? Quid spectās/spectātis? === § 61, p. 35 === # A farmer shows the road to a woman. # Cornelia tells the story even to the girls. # We dwell on an island. # Who shows the island to the poets? # Why are the pirates remaining in the water? # To whom are you giving the money? # The sailors show the booty to the farmers. # The inhabitants are approaching on the road and they are looking at the queen. # They like the mistress because she tells stories. === § 62, p. 35 === # Cuī fēminam dēmonstrās/dēmonstrātis? # Iūliae letterās dēmonstrō. # Rēgīnae fābulās narrant. # Fīlia Galbae nautīs pecūniam dat. # Habitantne pīrātae in īnsulā? # Cuius fīliae in viam appropinquant? === § 66, p. 37 === # Why are the poets remaining in the woods? # To whom are you telling about the queen's victory? # I see Julia and Cornelia in the portal. # In Germany and Greece they often assemble the farmers. # Do they live in the province? # The sailors' victory frightens the farmers. # The girls' diligence pleases the woman. # In the fight we put to flight the pirates of Italy. # Galba tells about the flight of the pirates. === § 67, p. 37 === # In prōvinciā Graeciae incolō. # Silvae prōvinciārum poetīs dēlectant. # Fīliae Iūliae pecūniam dat. # Cuī aquam dās/dātis? # Cuius dīligentiam laudās/laudātis? # In viā exspectant et silvās spectant. === § 75, p. 41 === # I see a town. # We are seeing towns. # Is the master warning a slave? # The tribune is looking at a horse. # The masters' horses delight the slaves. # Marcus is narrating a story to a friend. # The masters give the spoils friends. # We often call together the friends in the town. # Slaves are approaching, and they are carrying grain and water. === § 76, p. 41 === # Quis equum tribūnī habet? # Servī dōna dominōrum nunc habent. # Amicōsne in hortō habēs/habētis? # Servus frūmentum tribūnī portat. # Cuius dōnum Marcō dēmonstrant? # Oppidum et hortōs oppidī vidēmus. === § 83, p. 43 === # We are looking at and also approving of the large horses. # The tribune gives a javelin to a good friend. # The sailor's welcome gift delights Julia. # A strong sailor has strong oars. # A girl sees good slaves. # Great winds do not frighten sailors. # Where do you see the strong farmers' grain? # They are carrying the grain in a large cart. # The pirates are frightening the farmers because they have javelins. === § 84, p. 43 === # Carrum magnum habeō. # Dominus bonus servum bonum habet. # Atque servō bonō dōnum grātum dat. # Probatne servus dōnum? # Magnō in oppidō Graeciae nōn habitant. # Nautās bonōs nōn convocat. # Ubi silvam magnam vidēs/vidētis? === § 91, p. 45 === # Galba is a farmer. # Galba is strong. # Julia and Cornelia are my daughters. # My daughter is small. # Is your town large? # Britain is an island of Europe. # Vesta was a Roman goddess. # The carts of the Romans were good and strong. # War is not welcome. # Wars aren't welcome. # Greece is a small country of Europe. # We are friends of the tribune. # In the large town we see wide roads. === § 92, p. 45 === # Viae oppidī sunt longae. # Viae Rōmae nōn erant lātae. # Viae Britanniae sunt lātae et longae. # Ubi es/estis? # Dōna nova tribūnī sunt grāta. # Deōs laudāmus quod dōna dant. # Rōmānī sumus sed in Britanniā habitāmus. === § 101, p. 49 === # The sons of the men are in Britain. # The men are allies. # I am a messenger of the allies. # We are waiting for the small boys, sons of the tribune. # The boys have Marcus' sword and javelin. # Who shows the way to the man? # The battle is long, and the allies are waiting for help. # A man and sons of the messenger are toiling in the field. # Why are you giving rewards to the men? === § 102, p. 49 === # Fīlius nūntī est puer parvus. # Gladium tuum vidēmus sed pilum tuum nōn habēmus. # Puerōs parvōs et fēminam terrent. # Virī sociōs fugant. # Ubi nūntiī habitant? # Gladium fīlī meī habeō. # Bella et proelia Rōmānōs dēlectant. === § 105, p. 50 === # I see horses in Marcus', friend's, field. # A wretched messenger is telling a miserable story of the allies' flight. # They are giving rewards to your friends. # Money, Cornelia's gift, is pleasing to our son. # We are free men in a free town. # The Greek goddesses were many. # Our associate is miserable because he has no sword. # They are subduing the Romans in a battle. # Are you calling your son? # A miserable slave prepares food for a master. A bonus question about the translation of 10. for the boys in the back row: Are all slaves miserable because they prepare food for their masters or is this particular slave miserable because he's preparing food for his master or is this particular slave miserable because he's preparing food for a master not his own? === § 106, p. 51 === # Amīcī nostrī, Mārcus et Galba, sunt miserī. # Multī carrī in viīs oppidī nostrī sunt. # Fīliōs miserōs nūntiōrum convocat. # Ubi equum tuum vides? # Ventī nautās nōn terrent. # Fīliī virōrum līberōrum sumus. # Pīlum dōnum āmicī habeō. === § 113, p. 53 === # She is, she was, she will be. # They are, they were, they will be. # We are, we were, we will be. # I am, I was, I will be. # You (sg.) are, you (sg.) were, you (sg.) will be. # You (pl.) are, you (pl.) were, you (pl.) will be. # Certainly we were hostile towards Marcus, your son. # Next to the town were many fields. # Injuries of the allies were many. # I see an island near to the (main)land. # The winds will not be pleasing to the sailors. # Farmers were not fit for a long war. # Meanwhile, we will be favourable to your sons. # Swords and javelins are suitable for a battle. === § 114, p. 53 === # Sum, sumus. # Ubi eramus? In oppidō eram. # Erō, erimus. # Estne tribūnus? Sociī sunt. # Interim vir līber eris. # Oppida nostra Graeciae propinqua sunt. # Virī in oppidīs nostrīs Rōmae inimīcī sunt. # Erit magnum proelium in Britanniā. # Librī Mārcō amicō meō grātī certē erunt. === § 124, p. 57 === # They were showing, she was preparing, you (pl.) were filling. # I was telling, you (sg.) were seeing, we were dwelling. # You (sg.) were overcoming, you (pl.) were having, she was approving. # You (sg.) were singing, I was freeing, you (pl.) were staying. # I was frightening, she was calling, you (pl). were delighting. # I was calling together the lieutenants. # Farmers were bringing grain and food in small carts. # Meanwhile they were fighting with swords in forests. # We were equipping our allies with shields. # I was calling the lieutenant, my friend. # They were subduing the tribune and the lieutenant in the fight with javelins. # Your gifts were pleasing to the gods. # The village was next to the sea. === § 125, p. 57 === # Ambulābam sed in agrō exspectābās. # Armābāmus, manēbant. # Appropinquābātis et pugnābant. # In vicō labōrābant. # Fābulīs et librīs docēbāmus. # Amicōs vestrōs gladiīs vestriīs liberābātis. # Cibus Helvetiīs dēfessīs grātus erat. # Virī pīlīs longīs pugnābant. # Lēgātus vīcum cibō et frūmentō complēbat. === § 130, p. 59 === # They will call, they will fill, they will hasten. # Is she arming? She will overcome, we will keep. # Will they stay? We will show, I will frighten. # You (sg.) will work, you (pl.) will teach, I will dwell. # Where to is the strong farmer hurrying? # A farmer and boys will hurry to the fields. # They toil in the fields with great zeal. # They will carry the grain into the village with care. # You (pl.) will build boats with great diligence. === § 131, p. 59 === # Aedificābis. # Properābit. # Quis nōn manēbit? # Tenēbitis. # Virōs aegrōs magnō cum cūrā portābimus. # Quō lēgātus properābit? # In Graeciam properābit atque incolās armābit. # Ubi amīcī nostrī cum studiō pugnābunt? # Virī nāvigia cum dīligentiā complēbant. === § 135, p. 61 === # Has she called? She has called together, she has subdued. # They have fought, they have expected, they have worked. # We have hastened, we have built, we have equipped. # Did I praise? You (sg.) have called, you (pl.) have hastened. # She has brought, she has delighted, she has given. === § 136, p. 61 === # Laudāvistī/-istis, dēmonstrāvistī/-istis, narrāvistī/-istis. # Dedī, portāvī, liberāvī. # Probāvērunt, cantāvērunt, natāvērunt. # Dedimus, habitāvimus, dēmonstrāvimus. === § 140, p. 62 === # She has warned, they have warned, she has taught. # They have taught, she has had, they have had. # You (sg.) have frightened, you (pl.) have frightened, have you (sg.) kept? # I have seen, have they seen? We have stayed. # She has kept, they have kept, they have frightened. === § 141, p. 62 === # Complēvī, vīdistī, tenuimus. # Terruit, habuit, complēvērunt. # Mānsit, docuī, monuistis. === § 145, p. 63 === # The boys have filled our cart with grain. # They have carried a sick girl with care. # I have seen the shields and swords of the captives in front of the gates. # The place was not suitable for a battle. # The lieutenant has hurried to Germany with many men. # He will show the cause of the war. # I have spent the winter in Greece with your friends. # With great risk they have stayed. === § 146, p. 63 === # Gladiī et pīla captivōs terruērunt. # Longō in bellō cum tribūnō pugnāvērunt. # Fēminae in Italiā hiemābant. # Quis causam bellī lēgātō narrābit? # Locum armīs complēvērunt. # Rōmānī cum sociīs prō Rōmā pugnāvērunt. === § 148/b, p. 64 === {| class="wikitable" |- | id dōnum || is nūntius || ea patria |- | eius dōnī || eius nūntiī || eius patriae |- | eī dōnō || eī nūntiō || eī patriae |- | id dōnum || eum nūntium || eam patriam |- | eō dōnō || eō nūntiō || eā patriā |- | ea dōna || iī nūntiī || eae patriae |- | eōrum dōnōrum || eōrum nūntiōrum || eārum patriārum |- | iīs dōnīs || iīs nūntiīs || iīs patriīs |- | ea dōna || eōs nūntiōs || eās patriās |- | iīs dōnīs || iīs nūntiīs || iīs patriīs |} === § 150, p. 65 === # I have seen that shield. # That sword is mine. # That battle was long. # I will fight with this sword. # She has given food for that prisoner. # That was yours. # He was showing the danger of those lieutenants. # We have been in Germany and in the land of the Helvetii. # Has your daughter been sick? # That slave's master was tired. # That victory has delighted the Romans. # I was hurrying to Britain with that friend. # Where were you (pl.)? === § 151, p. 65 === # Iīs armīs pīrātās in ōceanō superābimus. # Id auxilium Rōmānōs dēlectat. # In iīs silvīs saepe fuī. # Fīliōs eōrum agricolārum docuī. # Eōs sociōs vīdistī et laudāvistī quod cum studiō pugnāvērunt. # Quō properābatis cum eō puerō? # Causae eius bellī fuērunt multae. === § 155, p. 67 === # Who have built that temple? # Which lieutenants have armed those men? # What is in that field? # To whom does Marcus give that reward? # To which countries is Britain near? # Whom are you praising? # Which book Cornelia has praised? # With which sword have they injured the prisoner? # What risk are you reporting? === § 156, p. 67 === # Quis nūntius deōrum erat? # Quod dōnum eī puerō dedit? # Cuius scūtum is servus habuit? # Cui causās eius bellī dēmonstrāvērunt? # Quem superāvistī? # Quibus armīs Helvetiōs superāvērunt? # Quō in vicō habitāvērunt? === § 161, p. 68 === # She rules, she was ruling, she will rule. # I am buying, I was buying, I will buy. # They are leading, they will lead, she was leading. # She has ruled, they have ruled, she has led. # They have led, you (sg.) have bought, you (pl.) have bought. # I have sent, we have sent, she has sent. # We are sending, they are sending, they will send. # This farmer has many fields. # He will send grain into a big town with boats. # He will send grain into a village with strong horses. # Who will lead the horses on the way? # Sons of the farmer, Marcus and Galba, have led the horses, and they will lead (them) today. # Then they will buy new arms. # Formerly the Romans have ruled Italy well. === § 162, p. 69 === # Regunt, rēxērunt, regent. # Dūcit, dūcēbat, dūcet. # Ēmī, ēmimus, ēmērunt. # Mittō, mittam, mīsī. # Mittis, mittes, mīsistī. # Ōlim Rōmānī multās terrās habuērunt. # Eās terrās saepe nōn bene rēxērunt. # Tum sociī auxilium mīsērunt. # Quae puellae in Italiā hiemāvērunt? # Lēgātum cum iīs captīvīs in Italiam mittam. === § 171/d, p. 75 === === § 173, p. 75 === # Today I have seen the king and the general. # We have seen the heads of many foot soldiers. # Both kings and generals have led our soldiers. # Besides, the horsemen were fighting bravely for the king and the general. # They have overcome the allies with courage and zeal. # They have injured many farmers with stones and javelins. # Certainly the bravery of the horsemen and also the zeal of the foot soldiers will delight the legate. # Who will procure shields for these horsemen? # We have sent our soldiers in the forest too. === § 174, p. 75 === # Imperia rēgis fuerunt multa. # Imperia rēgum probābimus. # Helvetiōs virtūte eōrum mīlitum superābimus. # Cum duce hiemābō. # In oppidō rēgem vīdī. # Is rēx erat dux bonus et benē rēxit. # Cibum peditibus miserīs ēmit. # Et arma et frūmenta in id oppidum mīsit. === § 181, p. 77 === # She will take, she takes, they take. # I am hurling, I will hurl, I was hurling. # They have taken, she has thrown, we have thrown. # We have fled, we are fleeing, we have sent away. # They running out from the conference. # They will flee from (the vicinity of) the village into fields. # She has fled (down) from the town to the ocean. # Who have sent letters to the king? # They have hurled javelins down from the walls of this town. # He has sent the tired soldiers away from the battle. # Why are you fleeing from that place? # They will take our wagons. === § 182, p. 77 === # Iaciet, iacient, iaciunt. # Iacis, iaciēs, iēcistī. # Pedēs equitim vulnerāvērunt. # Ex Ītaliā in prōvinciam properābō. # Et fēminae et puellae ex agrīs fugiēbant. # Ā Germāniā in Ītaliam properāvērunt. # Lēgātum ad conloquium dūxit. === § 187, p. 79 === # For many reasons the Romans did not send help. # They have injured these men with stones and javelins. # They have many wounds in (their) heads and bodies. # Today the fathers of the sons will grieve because of the wounds. # Our general will praise the centurions because of the great victory. # The peril of the scouts has frightened the soldiers. # At that time you were not fleeing onto the walls of the town on the account of injuries. # For the lack of food we were in great danger. # The legate has led the horsemen and the foot soldiers to a conference. === § 188, p. 79 === # Vulneribus saepe dēfessī fuimus. # Mīlitēs nostrōs virtūte studiōque eōrum laudābo. # Patrēs nostrī diū pugnābunt et multam praedam capient. # Quis centuriō pīla dē mūrō iaciēbat? # Ob inopiam cibī aquaeque Marcus et Galba, centuriōnēs, nōn cum virtūte pugnāvērunt. # Soror mea dolet quod fēminae Britanniae miserae sunt. # Interim explōrātōrēs imperia ducis narrābant. === § 191, p. 81 === # The victory of enemies has frightened the citizens of the city of Rome. # I have not seen the hills and the mountains of Italy. # The scouts and centurions have fled out from the Sabines' territory. # The Romans have had many boats and ships on the sea. # Because of a great danger the citizens carry food and grain into the city. # We too will send cohorts, and we will overcome the enemies. # The town was near a mountain. # The citizens' bravery was pleasing to the general. === § 192, p. 81 === # Habēmusne multās navīs hodiē? # Ōlim in collīs montibusque incolēbant. # Fīnēs Rōmānōrum erant lātī. # Iī cīvēs nōn idōneī bellō sunt. # Quī pīla dē mūrīs urbium iaciunt? # Puerī ignīs magnōs in urbe vident. === § 197, p. 83 === # Our men have seen a centurion among the prisoners. # Neighbour(ing tribe)s lament account of that victory of the Romans. # Why the cohorts were fleeing through the woods to the town? # With care you (pl.) have taught your daughters with books. # The horsemen and the foot soldiers are in front of the gate. # We will stay in the city without danger. # And they even have carried out from that city many things. # She has led the scouts across a wide field. # He was in the province with many soldiers. === § 198, p. 83 === # Post id proelium nostrōs in Germāniam mittet. # Oppidum sine auxiliō cēpērunt. # Fīnitimī contrā hostīs fortiter pugnābant. # Ante oppidum erat collis. # Apud lēgātum nūntius exspectābat. # Per Ītaliam properābimus et apud eōs montīs hiemābimus. === § 210, p. 89 === # Caesar was a daring leader of the Romans. # The authority of this leader has been great. # All soldiers greatly liked Caesar because he has often overcome the enemy. # In a war the hardships of soldiers were often severe. # Enemies were many and brave, and they were throwing many javelins at the Romans. # But our cohorts did not flee from the public danger. # They have fought bravely for Rome. # That war was short. === § 211, p. 89 === # Gladius Rōmānōrum et brevis et gravis erat. # Pedes socium audācem habuit. # Nostrī multās gravīs portābant. # Dōna omnibus amīcīs meīs dabō. # Dux equitum ācrium propter multōs labōrēs dolēbat. # Omnīs trībūnōs ā colloquiō dīmīsit. === § 214, p. 90 === # I am hearing, I was hearing, I shall hear. # Does she hear? She was hearing, she will hear. # They are hearing, they were hearing, they will hear. # We are hearing, we have heard, you (pl.) will hear. # I have heard, you are hearing, they have heard. # You are coming, she is coming, you (sg.) did come. # She has come, we are coming, we have come. # Do you (sg.) find? You (pl.) have found, you (pl.) are finding. # I have found, she is finding, she has found. === § 215, p. 90 === # Repperit, repperērunt, vēnērunt. # Audīs/audītis, vēnistī/vēnistis, audīvit. # Audīvimus, reperiēbāmus, vēnimus. # Venis/venitis, reperiēbant, veniemus. # Audiam, audimus, audivērunt. # Vēnit, vēnit, audiunt. # Dēfendent, oppugnāvērunt, dēfendit. === § 220, p. 92 === # During the winter winds on the sea are violent. # In summer the farmers were toiling on the fields. # At daybreak they came to Caesar. # Caesar has waged war with strong enemies. # In a few years he has conquered all provinces. # At what time in the night did you (pl.) come into the city? # They capture ten scouts during the second hour of the battle. # At that time a messenger showed the document to a legate. === § 221, p. 92 === # Brevī tempore aestās grāta veniet. # Secundā hōrā noctis ea imperia audīvimus. # Decem vulnera in corpore peditis repperit. # Prīmā lūce Caesar eam cohortem inter collem montemque mīsit. # Prīmō annō bellī ā prōvinciā fūgērunt. # Cūr hieme bellum cum Rōmānōs nōn gessērunt? === § 225, p. 95 === # They will have bought, I had waged, you (pl.) had spent the winter. # They had shown, you (pl.) will have heard, we had subdued. # I shallhave kept, I had filled, you (sg.) had armed. # You (sg.) will have dwelt, she had called, I shall have stayed. # You (pl.) will have told, you (sg.) had sent, we shall have fled. # I had expected, I shall have suffered, she will have strenghthened. # She had kept in check, I had ruled, you (sg.) will have hastened. # Labienus had praised the chief for courage. # A strong man will have had friends many and brave. # Caesar had waged war not only in Gaul but also in Britain. # At what time of the night you (sg.) will have taken the arms? # The Gauls had defended the town with great bravery. # The Roman People had liberated the citizens of that state. === § 226, p. 95 === # Terruerimus, vēnerās, dīmīseritis. # Pugnāverit, cēperat, dēfenderant. # Dūxerāmus, vulnerāverint, iēcerit. # Aedificāveris, reppererāmus, portāverint. # Pōpulus Rōmānus longō temporē Gallōs sustinuerat. # Prīncipēs omnīs cīvitātēs convocāverant. # In eō locō Labiēnus multa tēpa reppererit. # Gallī auxilium exspectāverant. # Tandem eum collem oppugnāverāmus. === § 232, p. 97 === # The general has sent those horsemen and foot soldiers to Capua. # Finally, because of public danger, he has hurried out of Italy to Carthago. # These soldiers had come from Athens, and they were fighting in Gaul. # He sent a messenger to Corinth at the second hour of that night. # Those legates had carried the plunder to Rome. # In that island a bold people had dwelt. # I had been a friend of this centurio. # From this territory all chiefs had fled to Delphi, because at that time enemies were preparing for a war. === § 233, p. 97 === # Delphīs Athēnās vēnerant. # Domō frāter meus Corinthum properāvit. # Caesar nūntiōs per illās cīvitātēs mīserat. # Hīs annīs Gallī amīcī fuerant populī Rōmānī. # Hī hostēs magnā virtūte cum Caesar pugnāverint. # Hoc pīlum, ille gladius est. === § 240, p. 100 === # She loves, he is loved. # He was loving, she was loved. # She will love, he will be loved. # They love, they are loved. # They were loving, they were loved. # Will they love? Will they be loved? # We are loving, we are loved. # I advice, I am adviced. # I was advicing, I was being adviced. # I will warn, I will be warned. # You (pl.) will warn, you (pl.) will be warned. # You (sg.) warn, you (sg.) are warned. === § 241, p. 101 === # Laudās/laudātis, laudāris/laudāminī. # Laudābant, laudābantur. # Laudābis/laudābitis, laudāberis/laudābiminī. # Doceō, doceor. # Docēmus, docēmur. # Docēbimus, docēbimur. # Docent, docentur. === § 244, p. 101 === # This boy was praised by my brother. # This booty will be brought to Rome by Caesar. # By whom is power not loved? # Many stories about Britain will be told by these messengers. # The town is stormed by the soldiers. # In this fight ten men are wounded by the Gauls. # The grain will be brought with ships. === § 245, p. 101 === # Omnēs hī Gallī āb illīs equitibus sustinebuntur. # Frātrēs meī ab illō puerō laudābantur. # Auxilium ā hostibus expectātur. # Paucae cohortēs ā prīncipe vidēbantur. # Rōma āb omnīs Rōmānīs amābātur. === § 250, p. 103 === # That woman you see is Cornelia's mother. # The merchants are bringing many (things) into Germany. # The brave enemies by whom our native land is laid waste are Romans. # These men with whose bravery and determination the city was guarded will come home from war. # The towers which were built with care will be destroyed by the enemy. # The hostages, who are liberated by the Romans, will hurry to Athens. # The commander of legions whom Caesar sent across the river was Labienus. === § 251, p. 103 === # Arma, quae portāvimus, nōn bona sunt. # Eā aestāte cum Caesare, quī prōvinciam dēfendit, pugnābi(ti)s. # Cōnsilium, quō illud oppidum vastātur, laudābō. # Caesar decem legiōnēs in bellīs, quae cum Gallīs gessit, habuit. # Fēmina, cui viam dēmonstrāvī, māter huius obsidis miserī est. === § 258, p. 106 === # She rules, he's ruled. # She was ruling, he was ruled. # She will rule, he will be ruled. # They rule, they are ruled. # They will rule, they will be ruled. # You (sg.) rule, you (sg.) are ruled. # You (sg.) were ruling, you (sg.) were ruled. # You (sg.) will rule, you (sg.) will be ruled. # We are ruling, we are ruled. # You (pl.) rule, you (pl.) are ruled. # I shall rule, I shall be ruled. # They are seizing, they are captured. # She was seizing, he was being captured. # She will seize, he will be captured. # They will seize, they will be captured. # You (sg.) will seize, you (sg.) will be captured. # You (sg.) seize, you (sg.) are captured. # You (sg.) were seizing, you (sg.) were being captured. === § 259, p. 106 === # Dūcit, dūcitur. # Dūcent, dūcentur. # Dūcunt, dūcuntur. # Dūcis/dūcitis, dūceris/dūciminī. # Dūcēmus, dūcēmur. # Mittimus, mittimur. # Mittiturne? Mittunturne? # Mittet, mittētur. # Mitteris/mittiminī, mittēris/mittēminī. # Gerēbant, gerēbam. # Gerimus, gerēmus. # Iacimus, iacimur. # Iaciēbāmus, iaciēbāmur. # Quis recipit? Quis recipiēbatur? === § 261, p. 107 === # Ambassadors have come into consul's camp for peace. # At last these legates are led to the consul. # They will be received well by the consul. # No longer is the enemy's city defended. # The weapons which were thrown down from the walls wounded many. # The soldiers of the consul are not defeated often by the Gauls. # The peace will be welcome to the Roman people. === § 262, p. 107 === # Labiēnus paucīs cum cohortibus Rōmā in Galliam mittētur. # Illa oppida Galliae fortiter dēfendentur. # Legiō ex castrīs dūcuntur. # Hodiē multae cīvitātēs Galliae vincuntur. # Nova cōnsilia sociōrum nostrōrum fīnitimīs nūntiābantur. # Illī recipientur ā Caesare, quī Helvetiōs vīcit. === § 269, p. 109 === # His shield was heavy. # Their friends have been soldiers. # Their zeal is praised. # I will stay with you (pl.) because of the storm. # The war is waged against them. # Is Marcus with you (sg.)? # He was walking with her. # They will hurry to Athens without you (pl.). # We are miserable, you (pl.) are sick and exhausted. # All your (pl.) plans are acceptable to us. # His father and mother were received well by you (pl.) # The remaining chiefs, who were arming themselves, did not come to the meeting. # And thus he calls a centurion to himself and explains the plan to him. # Caesar led the foot soldiers out the camp daily. === § 270, p. 109 === # Māter eius et pater meus tē vīdērunt. # Nunc sunt cum mē. # Eī, eī, eīs praemia dabō. # Castra eōrum oppugnātur. # Egō in oppidum tēcum properābō. # Magnō cum labōre nōs līberāmus. # Ea sē gladiō eius patris vulnerāvit. # Reliquī sē interficient. # Ea aestāte oppida eōrum ā Gallīs vāstābuntur. === § 272, p. 110 === # She hears, she's being heard. # She was hearing, she was being heard. # She will hear, she will be heard. # We hear, we are being heard. # We will hear, we will be heard. # I shall hear, I shall be heard. # You (pl.) hear, you (pl.) are being heard. # You (pl.) will hear, you (pl.) will be heard. # You (sg.) hear, you (sg.) are being heard. # I was hearing, I was being heard. # They hear, they are being heard. # They were hearing, they were being heard. === § 273, p. 110 === # Impediō, impedior. # Impediēbam, impediēbar. # Impediam, impediar. # Impediunt, impediuntur. # Impedient, impedientur. # Reperit, reperītur. # Reperiēbat, reperiēbatur. # Reperiet, reperiētur. === § 284, p. 113 === # Caesar, however, sent his own soldiers across the river. # Caesar will find his (not his own) brother in the camp. # That sick man was deprived of water. # Afterwards that state was lacking food and grain. # He kept soldiers away from this people by buildings and money for a long time. # Because of want of arms the Germans left off from the battle. # Our (troops), who had hurried to the camp of the Germans, kept them away from weapons. # A river was cutting off our troops from the road. # At that time boats were being built near the river by the enemy. === § 285, p. 113 === # Amīcī nostrī pecūniam carēbat. # Hostēs sua aedificia dēfendent. # Nōs ā cūrā līberābis/līberābitis. # Caesar sua cōnsilia dē pāce suīs nūntiāvit. # Posteā ex omniā potestāte Germānōs prīvābunt. # Reliquī prīncipum ab suīs oppidīs interclūdēbantur. === § 287, p. 114 === # A man has been loved, a woman has been loved, a war has been loved. # The men have been loved, the women have been loved, the wars have been loved. # The soldiers had been warned, the boy will have been warned, the town had been warned. # A farmer has been captured, a city has been ruled, a province had been ruled. # I have been captured, I had been captured, I shall have been captured. # You (sg.) have been heard, you (sg.) had been heard, you (sg.) will have been heard. # We have been heard, we had been heard, we shall have been heard. === § 288, p. 115 === # Gallia monita est, Gallia monita erat, Gallia monita erit. # Aedificia capita sunt, aedificia capita erant, aedificia capita erunt. # Fīnēs ā Germānīs rectī erant. # Urbēs dēfensae erunt. # Itaque audītae erimus. === § 290, p. 115 === # Many towns in Italy have been built by the Romans. # Few Germans there have been killed with our javelins. # Your words will have been heard by me. # At that time the commander was cut off from the baggage and carts. # The war, which has been waged by Caesar, was long. # The soldiers, who were sent to Gaul by him, lacked grain. # The booty that had been captured by our commander has been carried to Rome without delay. # In a meeting Caesar said to his own (troops): "My plans have not been hampered by the enemy." === § 294, p. 117 === # The arrival of the legions delights us. # Our army, however, has cut off the Germans from supplies. # Between our (troops) and the enemy was a lake. # Consuls were commanders of Roman armies. # They had fought violently for a long time on the flanks. # Labienus' camp was protected with a swamp and a lake. # In the ports of Greece we have seen many ships during the winter. # We observed the armed force of the enemy. === § 295, p. 117 === # Et pedibus et cornibus pugnant. # Inter montīs multī lacūs āb eīs videntur. # Ab adventū mercātōrum dēlectātī erāmus. # Haec domus est mea, illa est tua. # Prīmā luce autem commeātūs ē castrīs ad portūs portāvērunt. # Statim Rōma ā manibus cīvium mūnita est. # Cūr domū properās/properātis? === § 299, p. 119 === # Which way is shorter? # Which way is the shortest? # Nevertheless, the cavalry had travelled through the neighbouring villages. # The Germans asked for peace from the Roman senate. # The friendship of the allies will be very pleasing to the Roman people. # Our army will make an attack upon the enemy. # This river is wide, but the sea is wider. # The Gauls certainly were very brave in the war. # Where have you seen more brave citizens? === § 300, p. 119 === # Domus tua novissima est. # Imperātōr equitātūs per iter longius mīsit. # Aestās in Brītanniā nōn brevissima est. # Hōc pīlum gravius est. # Pāx autem ab omnibus cīvitātibus Galliae petetur. # Impetum in turrem parvō cum studiō faciunt. # Excercitus per silvās palūdēsque iter faciēbat. === § 311, p. 123 === # A large part of the route is narrow but very easy. # At daybreak we saw a part of the enemy on the mountain. # That of all the roads of the city was shortest. # The men of Britain are different from the men of Italy. # Straightaway ten of the soldiers leave off from the battle. # On a beach the women were grieving because the road was difficult. # The enemy was fiercest and swiftest ff all the Gauls. # The most difficult is often very easy. # They will strengthen (their) friendship with the nearest tribes. === § 312, p. 123 === # Habemusne cōpiam armōrum? # Iter per montīs facile nōn erit. # Quinque ex amīcīs meīs in lītore mittentur ā mē per iter facilius. # Pars mīlitum ā reliquō excercitū interclūdēbātur. # Manus tua similis est meae (manuī). # Hōc est facillimum omnium itinerum per fīnīs Gallōrum. === § 323, p. 127 === # Six legions are led into the lower part of the province by Caesar. # The roads of ''our'' city are narrower by many feet. # A very large armed force of the enemy had been assembled, and they were preventing the Romans from march(ing). # They have thrown very many javelins down from the higher ground. # That tower is ten feet taller than the wall. # A smaller fort was defended by a hundred soldiers. # Your part of the work is larger than mine. # Occasionally our friends give us bad advice. # I see the top of the mountain. # The lower (southern) part of Italy was called "Great Greece" on account of many Greek cities (there); the upper (northern) part of Italy, because the Gauls dwelt there, was called "Cisalpine Gaul" or "the Nearer Gaul". === § 324, p. 127 === # Virī optimī interdum plūrimōs amīcōs nōn habent. # In itinere plūrimī (virī) interficiēbantur; reliquī in silvām magnam fūgērunt. # Cornēlia pede altior quam Iūlia erat. # Gallī plūrēs equitēs quam Rōmānī habēbant.* # Pars hostium in locīs superiōribus exspectābat. # Cōnsilium melius senātuī praebitum est.* # Urbēs maximae centum obsidēs Caesarī mīsērunt. * While the imperfect tense describes, the perfect tense advances a narrative. === § 329, p. 129 === # Fathers and mothers love very greatly their own children. # They give to them very good advice and work for them very diligently. # At that time we will send ahead a great number of foot soldiers in that large forest, which we see from here. # From this mountaintop I easily see six cities and a hundred roads. # In the lowest (southern) parts of the country rivers are very small. # Our troops have been hindered longer by the lake than the mountains. # Most of the soldiers have been left behind near the port; the remaining (soldiers) have suddenly attacked the enemy. # They will build walls with trees and stones. # This river is wider than that by a hundred feet. === § 330, p. 129 === # Interdum hostēs Caesaris multō fortius quam mīlitēs Rōmānī pugnāvērunt. # Sed mīlitēs eius ācerrimē audacissimēque pugnābant. # Diūtissimē cum Gallīs bella gerēbat. # Ampla praemia saepe centuriōnibus suīs deit quod multa praeda cēperant. # In urbe Rōmae ā suīs inimīcīs interfectus est. === § 335, p. 131 === # At first Caesar pitched the camp on the top of the mountain. # The camp has been pitched on the top of the mountain by Caesar. # From this place the enemy have been seen on the large plain. # Between this mountain and that plain was a river, which was hundred feet wide and five feet deep. # However, Caesar drew up the battle line and was waiting the enemy's attack. # For the larger part of the day his horsemen remained in the flanks. # But the enemy did not attack, because they had a small hope of victory. # At that time the young lacked corn for many days. # The hills behind our camp is higher by many feet. === § 336, p. 131 === # Caesar hanc rem ē plūrimīs nūntiīs audivit. # Eō diē fidēs Gallōrum parvissima erat. # Flūmen in eō locō decem pedem altum erat; itaque in lītore tota impedīmenta relīquērunt. # Hae rēs (mīlitēs) nostrī omnī spē prīvāvit. # In Italiā sex diēs manēbimus. === § 345, p. 135 === # He sends a messenger in order that she may warn the citizens. # A youth is being sent that the citizens may be warned. # The legion is sent lest the town will be captured by the enemy. # The legions are fighting bravely to capture the town. # The boy has come so that he will hear the story. # The boys have come so they may hear your words. # We are sending them to govern the province. # We send them in order that the province is ruled by them. # You hasten to Gaul in order to wage war. # We send ahead a hundred soldiers to fortify the camp. === § 346, p. 135 === # Mittitur ut pugnet. # Eōs mittīmus ut viam reperiant. # Mitteris nē in urbem hostēs impetum faciant. # Mīlitēs ē castrīs dūcentur ut aciēs īnstruātur. # Veniam tē mātremque (tuam) videam. # Pugnat ut sē dēfendat. === § 353, p. 137 === # They come that they may seek peace. # They came that they might seek peace. # They will come that they may seek peace. # They had come that they might have sought peace. # They were fighting bravely lest they might be overcome by the Gauls. # They had hurried across the river so they might storm the town. # The legions will be sent to cut off the enemy from supplies. # In order that they might defend the port our (troops) have been sent ahead. # The consul will speak very boldly to rouse the <s>rabble</s> Roman people. === § 354, p. 137 === # Labōrant ut laudent. # Labōrābant ut laudārent. # Labōrābunt ut laudent. # Labōrāvērant ut laudārent. # Dē locīs superiōribus pīla iaciēbant ut Rōmānōs impedīrent. # Prīncipēs convocāverat ut novum cōnsilium audīrent. # Dē proeliō dēsistent nē interficiantur. === § 360, p. 139 === # The boy acted in such a way that he was liked by everyone. # The city has been laid waste lest it would have been captured by the enemy. # We advice him lest he become a soldier. # He commanded them not to travel through our province. # So great is the lack of food that very many are sick. # The city has been defended so bravely that for ten days it was not captured. # The enemy have fled to the forests lest they be surrounded by our (troops). # First Caesar ordered them to give aid to our (troops). === § 361, p. 139 === # Paucī tam erant ut fugerent. # Erant tam fortitēs ut nōn fugerent. # Eum moneō ut fortior sit. # Lēgātus mīlitēs ē castrīs dūxit ut āciem īnstrueret. # Postulat ut castra in eō locō pōnant. # Pālus tantus est ut nostrī impediantur. === § 375, p. 145 === # She asks what they are doing, they have done. # She knew what the were doing, they had done. # I shall tell you why they were toiling, they have toiled. # They had heard whence the soldiers were coming, had come. # They asked why they were being praised, they had been praised. # She knows why they are staying, they had stayed. # She has told us what those boys had done. # I asked whether she had been often in Italy. # Do you know how many years the Romans held Britain? === § 376, p. 145 === # Tibi dīcam ubi fuissent et quid fēcerint. # Hī veniunt ut videant, illī ut videantur. # Dēfessī tam sunt ut hōdiē nōn labent. # Mē rogāvit ut cūr venissem. # Audīveram ut ubi fuisset. # Dūx rogāvit num (illī) omnēs venīrent. # Scīsne quot mīlitēs veniant? === § 383, p. 147 === # On the way two rivers, ten feed deep, will be found. # The memory of these events had roused the army. # They had marched three miles and (then) the first line of battle was drawn up. # Caesar ordered that on the right wing were arranged the third legion and the fourth legion on the left. # Of the three brothers Marcus was the bravest. # For desire of victory this one legion kept back the Gauls. # The heavy javelin of the Romans was six feet long. # The next day they marched eight miles (away) from that place. # The four scouts, whom had been sent ahead, fled because of fear of the enemy. === § 384, p. 147 === # Spēs praemī līberōs Marcī incitābat. # In eō colle decem mīlia peditēs et duo mīlia equitēs īnstructī sunt. # Impedīmentum excertitūs mīlia passuum ā lītore relictum est. # Imperātōr secundam legiōnem prō castra īnstruet. # Adventū duarum legiōnum hostēs ē sinistrō cornū dēcessērunt. # Timor Caesaris Rōmānōrumque ūnam cīvitātem impedeet. # Ūnus hominum erat mihi inimīcus. === § 388, p. 149* === # On one shore of the river there was a city, and on the other was a mountain. # Of the two men, one was a general, the other was a tribune. # By the courage of three legions alone the army was defended. # One legion was placed on the right wing, and the other was placed on the left wing by Caesar. # I will give neither of the captives food. # Which boy is your son? # During the summer there was not a ship in the sea. # Why are you encouraging both of them? === § 389, p. 149 === # Caesar virtūtem tōtīus legiōnis laudāverat. # Uter adulēscēns maiorem virtūtem dēmonstrāvit? # Caesar sine morā cum sōlā secundā legiōne iter faciet. # Aliī castra ponēbant, aliī aciēs īnstruēbant. # Nūllō in locō plūrimās arborēs repperimus. === § 396, p. 151* === # To come, to give, he is able to leave. # To be hindered, to be placed, they are able to be placed. # Receiving rewards is often pleasing. # Caesar has begun to lay waste to the remaining fields and towns of that state. # To hear your words is exceedingly difficult. # The Germans are not able to cut off supplies from the Romans. # At once the multitude began to beg for peace. # They ought to defend themselves. # Who of the entire army was so strong that he endured an enemy attack? # In the winter, days are five hours shorter than in the summer. === § 397, p. 151 === # Castra mūrō altō munīre erit facile. # Auxilium praebēre dēbēs/dēbētis. # Mīlitēs decimae legiōnis incitāre nōn potest. # Bellum gerere nōn saepe est optimum. # Fortēs bonīque esse dēbēmus. # Aliī pugnāre, aliī fugere coepērunt. === § 404, p. 154* === # By means of two scouts, Caesar knew that the enemies had marched six miles. # The allies respond that they will send aid to Caesar immediately. # The general said that he will give ample rewards to his own (men). # They all long to be children. # They all long for Italy to be free. # They all see the town being bravely defended. # Caesar ordered that the third line of battle be drawn up at once. # He knew the Gauls were coming to make an attack. === § 405, p. 154 === # Legātus suōs turrīs aedificāre iubēbit. # Sciō duās legiōnēs praemissās esse. # Per captīvōs cognōvit hostēs cibō carēre. # Eōs in illā cīvitāte hiemāre iussit. # Mercātōrēs respondērunt nūllum frūmentum in fīnibus Germānōrum esse. === § 413, p. 159* === # He can, he was able to, he shall be able to. # We have been able to, they had been able to, they were able to. # Do you know why these words of yours cannot be heard? # Identical were the difficulties of war that he could report to you all. # Labienus himself knew the causes of war were very many. # I reckon that I will purchase nothing today. # They no longer demand that the Roman people proffer ships. # The centurion who with eight scouts had been send to learn the way has reported that he had not been able to learn the way. # They all were hoping that Caesar would defeat the Gauls this summer. # The men themselves say that the weapons cannot be thrown. === § 414, p. 159* === # Potuimus, poterit, poteram. # Potuerat, potuerint, poterāmus # Līberī ipsī nōn iam pācem cupīvērunt. # Dīcunt sociōs nostrōs hodiē eōdem in periculō esse. # Putō mē duō diē cum istō amīcō manēre. # Mercātōrēs nūntiāvērunt multās manūs equitum in mōntēs missās esse. # Putō tē pugnāre posse. # Putāvistī mē venīre nōn posse. === § 421, p. 162* === # Two new rivers have been found by certain bold men. # I can no longer see any one in front of the house. # He demanded that the weapons be surrendered at once so that the citizens would be free from fear. # A certain captive has declared the same thing once again. # Each one shall be able to reply to some one. # Some women had not only been disturbed, but also had fled. # The legate demanded that everyone carry grain out of the region. # A certain legion was hastening to Delphi on account of a hope for victory. # This land of yours is like the island. === § 422, p. 163* === # Quisque dīcit Gallōs appropinquāre. # Quiddam nōn postulat. # Illa puella dextrā in manū aliquid habet. # Parte cuiusque aestātis apud montēs collīsque habitāmus. # Hodiē fābula nobīs ā aliquō narrābātur. # Simul quīdam in Caesarem vēniēbant ut auxilium postulārent. # Sciō quid quemque agere posse. === § 430, p. 165* === # One town of the allies had been attacked by the enemy for a long time, and fortifications were ravaged daily. # Because food and weapons have began to be lacking to the citizens, the allies have asked that Caesar send troops to help. # Therefore Caesar has placed Labienus in charge of one legion and has sent him as an aid to the citizens. # On the way Labienus ran into the enemy, who came from everywhere to capture the town. # The javelins were a hindrance to them, but the swords were a great advantage. # Our men have been superior to the enemy and have overcome them. # Labienus said that he would be a defense to the citizens. # Do you know who was at the head of the town? === § 431, p. 165* === # Virtūs Caesarī saepe nōn dēerat. # Virīs fortibus praefuit. # Praesidiō patriae suae erat. # Annōs multōs bellīs proximīs nōn superfuit. # Principibus Gallōrum Germānōrumque praestitit. # Lēgātōs cīvitātibus, quae victae erant, praefēcit. # Mare multīs pedibus altius est quam ille lacus. === § 436, p. 167* === # You all are willing, we are not willing, you are more willing # He did not trust the merchants. # To be unwilling, to have been more willing # They wish to persuade you all. # He is willing to favor me. # And they do not want to cause injury to you. # We prefer to be of help to you. # Why do you not want to help your mother? Lit. Why do you not want to be a help to your mother? # We reckon he want to rule over the cavalry. # At sunset the soldiers will capture the enemies' camp. # For few desire war from these people. # He commanded the soldiers that they bravely oppose the Gauls. # Neither the women nor the children were afraid. === § 437, p. 167* === # Volēbant, nōlam, mālet. # Auxiliō nostrīs nōlēbant. # Amīcīs tuīs placēre nōn poterant # Atque imperātōrī nōn persuāsērunt. # Eīs imperābit ut mulieribus nōn noceant. # Illō tempore neque Gallī neque Germānī bellō volēbant. === § 447, p. 171* === # Some of the soldiers were fleeing and have been captured. # Hindered by these things on this day, they did not make an attack. # The other centurion was wounded while fighting in the first line of battle. # Aid had been sent to our soldiers attacking the camp. # Certain women left in the town have determined to defend themselves. # Part of the enemy has been disturbed by the arrival of Caesar and has left at sunset. # He left the soldiers that were brought back in the winter quarters. # The multitude of slaves, having been frightened, were fleeing from the city. # The following day, the camp have moved. === § 448, p. 172* === # Quīdam vir resistēns ā hoste vulnerātus est. # Vulnerātī tam fortiter pugnavērunt ut captī esse nōn possent. # Commōtus difficultātibus itineris legiōnēs suōs rēdūcere cōnstituit. # Hī equitēs praemissī longē fortiterque Gallōs restitērunt. # Dē cōnsiliīs tuīs rogātus, nihil dīcam. # Ducēs captī in Italiam mittentur.   === § 457, p. 176* === # When the enemies had been defeated, he determined to march through the middle of the province. # With Caesar as consul, the war with the Gauls was long. # When a certain town had been taken by storm, a camp was placed on the very banks of this river. # The Helvetians, having been influenced by a lack of everything, sent ambassadors to Caesar concerning surrender. # With these things having been discovered, all were eager for war. # Although few were defending it, the Romans were not able to capture this town. # With the captives having been received into surrender, the general left behind three cohorts as relief for the camp. # These prisoners had been captured for the same reason while fighting quite bravely.   # Who put the horsemen who had been sent to aid the generals in command? # When the city had been fortified, the citizens were no longer frightened. === § 458, p. 177* === # Hīs verba audītibus, magnopere permōvit. # Urbe captī, mīlitēs captīvēs līberāvērunt. # Tōtum diem hostēs nostrōs resistēbant. # Labienō duce, exercitus noster hostibus nocēre potuerint. # Monte captī, Labienus nostrōs expectābat. # Ēruptiōne factī, prīmam aciem nostram appropinquāre nōn potuērunt. === § 464, p. 179* === # He goes, we go, they were going. # To go, having loved, they shall go. # They go, they had gone, he has gone. # He reported the difficulty of navigating. # This is the reason for sending. # He came for the purpose of sending letters. # Diligence in action [acting/doing] pleases the leader. # The opportunity was not given for fighting. # Caesar has stopped speaking. # The time for throwing javelins at the enemy was short. # They have come near to talk. # He shall go with you all to enquire about their names. # He wanted to know where they had been going. # Labienus ordered that the camp be fortified with a rampart. === § 465, p. 179* === # Īs, ībant, ierat. # Ībimus, ieris. # Quō iērunt? # Eīs īre persuādet. # Imperāvit ut eant. # Causā quaerendī pācem vēnērunt. # Spatium ōrandī nōn datum est. # Ad nāvigandum mare appropinquābant. # Eō diē tria mīllia passuum iērunt et occassū solis casta posuērunt.   === § 476, p. 183* === # He bears, we bear, they shall bear. # To bear, he shall bear, to have borne. # They are coming back to bring help. # They had borne, he had been carried. # In peace-seeking. # On account of desiring freedom.   # By increasing men. # Of bridge-making. # The legion prepares itself for waging war. # Many have come together to see the new city. # The sign had to be given. # With the signal given, the soldiers marched with the greatest swiftness. # Everything had been done at once. # We reckon that the war ought to be arranged. # He lacked time because of the javelin throwing. # Weapons are to be brought to the winter-quarters. === § 477, p. 183* === # Fers, ferunt, tulerat. # Tulistī, ferēbant, ferendō. # Auxilium ferēbatur. # Dīxērunt scūta ferenda esse. # Oppidī videndī. # Causā aciēī īnstruendī. # Bellō gerendō. # In acrīs vāstandīs. # Vīs sociōrum cotīdiē auget. # Vīs hostium ferenda est. # Cohors celeritāte redūcenda est. # Lēgātus hīs cōpiīs praesentus erat. === § 485, p. 187 === === § 486, p. 187 === === § 491, p. 189 === === § 492, p. 189 === === § 499, p. 193 === === § 500, p. 193 === === § 504, p. 195 === === § 505, p. 195 === == Reading Lessons == Translations for the reading lessons are kept as literal as possible. These should not be taken as an example neither for translation nor reading. === § 96, p. 46-7 === Cornelia and Julia are small girls. Where do they dwell? They dwell not in Greece but in a renowned town of Italy. They are inhabitants of Rome. Italy is the native country of the Romans. Rome has wide roads and large temples. The Romans like and approve of war. <br> Cornelia is a poet's daughter. The poet often walks in wide gardens. He also sings about the long war and the flight of the Germans because he approves the victory of the Romans. <br> Julia is a farmer's daughter. The farmer has horses and new carts. The farmer's horses carry food and grain. The farmer's slaves give water to the horses. Julia likes the horses and praises the slaves. The farmer is a good master. <br> Marcus and Galba, tribunes, are friends of the girls. Marcus is a friend of the poet's and tells pleasing stories to Cornelia. Galba shows forests and islands of the sea to Julia. (During the modern times this could, and probably would, end up being understood horribly wrong, and the whole affair would end badly for both Marcus and Galba.) <br> A good woman teaches the girls. Cornelia's diligence delights the woman. She calls together the girls in the poet's garden, and she tells stories. The stories of war frighten the small girls. <br> They (= presumably the girls and the woman) often prepare gifts for Vesta. Who is Vesta? Vesta is a Roman goddess, and she has a temple. The girls often walk on Roman roads and behold the booty of Germany and Britain. === § 138, p. 61 === Romulus has built Rome, the renowned city of Italy. The Romans were strong men, and they loved their fatherland. They were fighting often for their fatherland, and with arms they subdued often the Sabines in battle. The Sabines had fine arms, and they fought with great zeal for a long time with long javelins. But the Romans put the Sabines in flight, and they wounded many men with (their) swords. === § 158, p. 67 === Mars, ancestor of the Romans, was fond of arms, battles and wars. Romulus and Remus, sons of the god of arms, have built Rome. And so, battles and wars delighted the minds of the Romans. The Romans worshipped Mercury, Neptune, and Vesta. Mercury, a messenger of the gods, related commands of the gods to inhabitants of the Earth. Sailors worshipped Neptune, the god of water and sea. Women worshipped Vesta, the goddess of hearth, and they prepared many offerings for the goddess. === § 169, p. 72 === ''Marcus'': My friend told me a good story today. ''Julia'': About what did your friend tell? ''Marcus'': (He told) about Icarus, son of Daedalus, an unfortunate boy. ''Julia'': Where did Icarus live? In Britain? ''Marcus'': He did not live in Britain, but in Crete, a large and famous island. Daedalus conceived and prepared wings for (his) son. These wings he put on Icarus using wax with great care. The wings were pleasing to Daedalus. The he taught Daedalus, the boy, to fly, but Icarus flew too high. An so the sun melted the wax, and the wings fell off. ''Julia'': And what about Icarus? ''Marcus'': Icarus too fell down into the sea. ''Julia'': [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alack Alack], poor Icarus! === § 170, p. 73 === '''The Romans fight for (their) allies''' Because injuries have been many, our allies ask for succour. And accordingly, the Romans have sent a legate with men into the land of Helvetians. Presently this legate has called men together in a town. He has bought food and carts, and he has armed the men with swords and shields. Meanwhile the allies have prepared grain. Today the legate will strengthen the spirits of the men. Then he will lead the men in neighbouring lands and will wait for a battle. The spot of that battle is near to the Helvetians('s troops). Our men will fight with great zeal for the allies, and they will subdue the Helvetians. They will lead many prisoners into the town. Those prisoners will pass the winter in our villages. === § 200, p. 84 === Porsena, an enemy of the Romans, was a famous king. Once he was besieging the city, Rome. Terror of the Romans was great, because Porsena had many soldiers. Frightened women were supplicating the gods in temples. But the bravery of a strong man protected Rome. For with a few comrades Horatius kept back the enemy in front of the Sublician bridge. Meanwhile the citizens dismantled and broke down the bridge in the rear. Then Horatius sent away (his) comrades, and he (alone) defended the bridge against the enemy. Finally the bridge fell down, and among the javelins of the enemy Horatius leapt down into the Tiber and swam to his comrades. This example of bravery saved Rome. Today we praise the deeds of Horatius. === § 202, p. 85 === Spain, Gaul, and Germany were countries of Europe. Nearest to the Strait of Gibraltar (= [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules the Pillars of Hercules]) was Spain. The Gauls lived between Spain and Germany, and Germans dwelled on the other side of Rhine. The Germans had a few villages in Gaul too. Because these nations were enemies (of the Romans), the Romans have fought with the Spaniards, the Gauls, and the Germans often. Between Gaul and the (mediterranean) sea was a new province of Rome. For a long time the inhabitants of that province warded off violence of the Gauls. Finally they requested help from the Romans; for they were greatly afraid of the neighbouring Helvetians. The Helvetians were hostile not only to the province but also to the Germans, and they were fighting the Germans with almost daily battles. === § 216, p. 91 === M: Today I heard the story about Porsena and Horatius. I: Who was Porsena? Was he a Roman? M: Porsena, a noble king, was an enemy of the Romans. With daring soldiers he came into the territories of the Romans, and he attacked the city of Rome. I: Did the Romans flee because of the danger? M: Great was the danger of the city and of the citizens, because the enemies were brave and eager, but the Romans did not flee. I: Did Porsena capture Rome? M: He did not capture the city, because the bravery of a strong man was protecting the citizens. With few allies, Horatius was bravely fighting for the city. I: Did Horatius withstand the enemies for a long time? M: Not for a long time, because the enemies were many, and they were hurling many javelins. But he swam across the river to allies. The Romans praised Horatius on account of his courage. === § 222, p. 93 === # Once a friend asked a Spartan: "Why does Spart not have walls?" The Spartan responded: "Our city has the very best walls, the courage of the strong inhabitants." # Once the Spartan king said: "My citizens have never asked, 'How many are the enemies?' but 'Where are they?'" # Before battle with a Spartan, an enemy said, 'You will not see the sun on account of a multitude of javelins and arrows." "In shade, therefore, we will fight," responded the Spartan. === § 234, p. 98 === In Gaul, the citizens were many and strong. The chiefs of these citizens feared the power and commands of the Romans. Therefore, they had called together many soldiers and among the mountains and hills they were waiting for the Romans. In the first year of the war, the Roman people sent Caesar against the Gauls. This leader, with Labienus and foot soldiers and a few horsemen, hasetened out of Italy in the summer and without peril came into the territories of the Gauls. In these places the scouts of Caesar found enemies. At dawn, the Roman soldiers attacked the Gauls. Intense was the battle. The Gauls were defending the place with stones and heavy weapons. Our men were throwing javelins, and with swords they were withstanding the enemeis. Finally the weary Gauls, on account of a lack of weapons and wounds, fled across the river. For ten years Caesar waged many wars in Gaul and he sent many captives to Rome. === § 236, p. 99 === Because the Britons had often sent aid to the Gauls, Caesar sailed to the Britain island. Although frightened by a great number of ships and men, the strong Britains fought with great courage in defense of the homeland. Yet finally they fled from shore. After this battle, the Romans had laid waste to the fields of the enemies, and had seized villages, and had captured much booty. Cassivellaunus, chief of the Britons, sent envoys to Caesar. Caesar demanded hostages. With these hostages and many captives, he came out of Britain into Gaul. On account of this victory, great was the power of the Romans in Britain. === § 275, p. 111 === At one time, the cities of Rome were rendered a great danger from the Volscians, who were bold enemies of the Roman people. The Volscians were stirred and led by Coriolanus, a Roman. At last, many buildings in the fields were laid waste by the enemies. The citizens armed themselves. The city was supplied food by the consul. In vain the enemies were hindered. Then, because of the great danger, the Romans sent the mother of Coriolanus to him regarding peace, because she was greatly loved by her son. Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus, came into the camp to her son. She found him in the camp. Coriolanus saw her and said, 'My country have conquered me and my allies.' At once he fled from the city with the enemies. === § 277, p. 111 === Many stories concerning Perseus are told by poets. Perseus was the son of Jupiter, king of the gods. His grandfather was Acrisius. He was wishing to kill Perseus; for on account of the power of the gods, he feared the boy. Therefore, he captured him while he was still a baby, and placed him with his mother in a chest. Then he cast the chest into the sea. Danae, the mother of Perseus, was fearing greatly, for a great storm was disturbing the sea. However, Perseus was sleeping in the arms of his mother. === § 291, p. 115 === Then Jupiter saw all of this, and he determined to save his son. Therefore he made the sea calm, and he drew the chest to the island of Seraphim. Polydectus was the king of this island at that time. After the ark was drawn to the shore, Danae was sleeping on the sand. After a short time she was found by a man, and she was led to the king. He received well the mother and son, and offered to them a safe dwelling in his territories. === § 314, p. 124 === Scipio and Hannibal were famous generals. The former was a Roman, who won great victories; the latter was a Carthaginian, who conquered the Romans in many battles. Hannibal, when a boy, was brought to the altar by his father. There he swore hatred against the Romans. The young man captured many towns in Spain, then he passed over the Alp mountains and often defeated the Romans in Italy. Scipio, near the Ticinus River, courageously saved the life of his father, and afterwards, near Cannae, showed himself brave against Hannibal. War was carried across into Africa, and there Scipio defeated Hannibal near Zama. He is called by the Romans, 'Africanus.' === § 316, p. 125 === Perseus, as a young man, withdrew from the island Seriphus, and, after he came to the mainland, sought Medusa. For a long time, in vain, he was seeking her for he was ignorant of the nature of the location. After a while, Mercury and Minerva showed to him the road. First unto the Graeae, the sisters of Medusa, he came. With their help he received winged shoes and a magic helmet. Mercury and Minerva gave to him a sword and mirror. Then, after he put on his feet the winged shoes, he ascended into the air. For a long time he flew through the air; finally, however, to that place where Medusa was living with the other Gorgons he came. The Gorgons were monsters whose heads were wholly covered with snakes. But their hands were made from bronze. === § 337, p. 132 === If you are doing well, it is good; I am also doing well. This letter I am gladly writing to you. By the advice of my doctor I am wintering in Italy with my parents. With you snow covers everything, but with us here we rarely see snow. The air is mild; the heavens smile. Sometimes I walk on the shore or I wander in the spacious gardens, for the grass and trees are green there. From here I see Mt. Vesuvius, from here nearly the entire city, from here the beautiful islands situated in the sea. === § 339, p. 133 === === § 368, p. 142 === === § 370, p. 143 === === § 391, p. 149 === === § 406, p. 156* === After this battle, Caesar spoke to his soldiers in a meeting thus: they had fought bravely; and so the enemy has been defeated everywhere and has fled to the mountains and the marshes; he [Caesar] would give the booty to them; he [Caesar] knew that they were tired on account of the long war and that he would send them to Italy at once; he [Caesar] wanted to remain in Gaul through the winter, but the following summer he [Caesar] would lead his own (men) to the Germans; many captives had been sent to Rome, and the Roman people were delighted by their victory. === § 408, p. 156-7* === When Perseus saw this, he took out his sword, and, after donning his magic boots, flew through the air. Then he suddenly attacked the monster from above, and gravely wounded its neck with his sword. When the monster felt the wound, it let out a horrible noise and without delay submerged its entire body in the water. As Perseus flew around the shore, he awaited its return. But meanwhile, the sea was being tainted everywhere with blood. After a short time the beast exposed its head again; nevertheless it was soon wounded by Perseus with a more severe strike. Then it again submerged itself in the waves, and thereafter was never seen again. After Perseus descended to the shore, he first removed his magic boots; then came to the cliff where Andromeda was bound. But she had put away all hope of salvation, and when Perseus arrived, she had nearly died of fear. The former loosened her bonds at once and returned the girl to her father. Cepheus was affected with great joy on account of this action. And so he gave Andromeda to Perseus in matrimony. Perseus lived with his wife in this region for a few years, and existed in great honor among all Ethiopians. === § 423, p. 163* === [From Caesar's ''Commentāriī De Bellō Gallicō'' Book I.I] All of Gaul is divided in three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, and the third those who are called Gauls. Of all of these the bravest are the Belgae because they are neither near the Roman provinces nor do traders come to them often; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who live across the Rhine, and with whom they wage war. For this reason the Helvetians are also braver than the rest of Gaul. They struggle on account of nearly daily battles with the Germans, when they restrain them from their own territories or they themselves wage war in the Germans' territories. This part that the Gauls occupy begins at the river Rhone; and is stopped at the river Garonne, the ocean, and the Belgian territories. === § 438, p. 168* === Certain mice had a meeting once, for they greatly feared a cat. Plans that were put forward was not pleasing to all. Finally one mouse spoke thus: "We ought to tie a tinnabulum to the cat's tail. Thus truly on account of his sound we shall be warned and shall be able to flee. Who of us wishes to do this?" But none of the companions was persuaded to tie the tintinnabulum to the cat, and he himself was unwilling. This story teaches that very many are bold in offering advice but are afraid of the very risk [of doing so]. === § 439, p. 168* === One time, Nasica came to the house of the poet Ennis and asked about him. The slave-girl responded that Ennius was not at home. But Nasica felt that that girl said this on account of the master's command and that Ennius was home. A few days later Ennius came to Nasica's house. She exclaims to him that Nasica is not at home. Then Ennius said, "What? Do I not know your voice?" Hereupon Nasica replied, "You are a shameless man. I believed your slave-girl; you do not believe me myself?" === § 440, p. 168-9* === [From Caesar's ''Commentāriī De Bellō Gallicō'' Book I.II] Oregetorix was the most famous of the Helvetians for a long time. He was led by desire for the kingship and created a conspiracy of the nobility. Then he persuaded the state to hasten from their own land with all of their troops. It was easy to persuade them because the Helvetians are enclosed on all sides by the nature of the place: on one side the river Rhine, the broadest and deepest, which divided the land of the Helvetians from the Germans; on the other side by the very high Jura mountain, which is between the Sequani and the Helvetians; on the third side by lake Lemannus [Geneva] and the river Rhine, which divides our province from the Helvetians. On account of the multitude of men and the glory of war they reckoned themselves to have a small territory, which extended 240 miles in length and 180 miles in breadth. === § 449, p. 173* === # Lacaenus said to his son while hastening to battle, "either on a shield or with a shield." (A Greek saying based on the fact that slain warriors would be carried home upon their shields.) # Leonidas said to the soldiers, "The enemies are near us," to which he responded, "Now we are near the enemy." # Thales, having been asked, "What is common to men?" responded, "Hope; for truly now they have this who have nothing at all." # A Corinthian spectator asked, "You make strong and high walls. Which women inhabit this city?" # A certain man asked Aristotle, "What is friendship?" Aristotle replied, "One soul in two bodies." # Cicero said, "The one that cannot tame an army is the general who cannot tame himself."   === § 451, p. 173-4* === The Helvetians, influenced by these things and having been agitated by the authority of Orgetorix, determined to buy the maximum number of carts, prepare a supply of grain, and strengthen peace and friendship with neighboring nations. Meanwhile Orgetorix assumed the position of ambassador towards the nations. During this quest he persuaded Casticus, a Sequani, whose father had possessed the Sequani kingdom for many years and had been named friend of the Roman people by the Senate, to seize the kingdom in his own nation. He persuaded this man to do the same for the other chiefs. Influenced by Orgetorix's speech, these chiefs offered hostages amongst themselves, and they hoped to be able to occupy the entirety of Gaul by themselves. The Helvetians however did not approve of this meeting. Therefore they gathered together a multitude of men from the fields to avert Orgetorix's plans. But at this time Orgetorix suddenly died.    === § 479, p. 184-5 === === § 494, p. 190-1 === == Reviews == === § 68, p. 38 === === § 69, p. 38 === === § 70, p. 39 === === § 71, p. 39 === === § 72, p. 39 === # Rule: The subject of a sentence is in the nominative case.<br>''Equus natat.'' # Rule: A verb agrees with its subject in number and person.<br>''Equī natant.'' # Rule: The object of a verb is in the accusative case.<br>''Puella equum exspectat.'' # Rule: The word enoting the owner or possessor is in the genitive case.<br>''Equus puellae natat.'' # Rule: The cause of and action may be expressed by a dependent clause introduced by ''quod''.<br>''Equus natat quod puella equum exspectat.'' # Rule: The indirect object of a verb is in the dative case.<br>''Rēgīna puellae equum dat.'' # Rule: Plase where is commonly expressed by a phrase consisting of a preposition, usually ''in'', with the ablative case.<br>''Puella in agrō equum spectat.'' # Rule: -.<br>''Quis puellae equum dat?''<br>''Rēgīnane puellae equum dat?''<br>''Cuius equum rēgīna puellae dat?'' === § 115, p. 54 === === § 116, p. 54 === === § 117, p. 55 === === § 118, p. 55 === === § 119, p. 55 === # Rule: Adjectives agree with their nouns in case, gender, and number. <br>''Ea puella equum bonum et parvam habet.'' # Rule: A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. <br>''Cornēlia est puella.'' # Rule: A predicate adjective agrees in case, gender, and number with the subject of the verb. <br>''Iūlia et Cornēlia sunt amīcae.'' # Rule: An appositive agrees in case with the noun it explains. <br>''Cornēlia puella equum probat.'' # Rule: Certain adjectives meaning near, fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites may be accompanied by a dative to show the person or the thin toward which the quality of the adjective is directed. <br>''Equus Cornēliae grātus est.'' === § 163, p. 70 === === § 164, p. 70 === === § 165, p. 70 === === § 166, p. 71 === === § 167, p. 71 === # Rule: The means by which an action is accomplished is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.<br>''Sociōs vulnerōs scutīs portāvērunt.'' # Rule: The ablative with cum is used with abstract nouns to denote the manner of an action; but cum may be omitted if an adjective modifies the noun of the phrase.<br>''In eō locō cum studīo pugnāvērunt; sed prō eō vīcō magnā cūrā pugnāvērunt.'' # Rule: The ablative with cum is used to show accompaniment.<br>''Is lēgātus in Italiam cum sociīs properāvit.'' === § 203, p. 86 === === § 204, p. 86 === === § 205, p. 87 === === § 206, p. 87 === === § 207, p. 87 === # Rule: Place from which is expressed by the ablative with ''ā'' (''ab''), ''dē'' or ''ē'' (''ex'').<br>''Ab urbē Horātius properat.''<br>''Dē pontē Horātius desiluit.''<br>''Ē portā Horātius properāvit.'' # Rule: The place to which is expressed by the accusative with ''ad'' or ''in''.<br>''Ad pontem Horātius cucurrit.''<br>''In flūmen Horātius desilit.'' # Rule: The ablative without a preposition is used to express cause.<br>''Multīs vulneribus mīlitēs dēfessī sunt.'' # Rule: Cause may also be expressed by a prepositional phrase consisting of ''ob'' or ''propter'' with the accusative, or of ''dē'' or ''ex'' with the ablative.<br>''Ob virtūtem Horātiī eum laudāmus.''<br>''Rōmānī multīs dē iniūrīs cum Helvetiīs pugnāverunt.'' # Rule: -<br>''Ad pontem contrā hostīs Horātius properat.''<br>''Ante pontem inter sociōs Horātius apud hostīs pugnāvit.''<br>''Ob iniūriās per urbem et trāns pontem Horātius, et post Horātium cīvēs, properāvērunt.'' # Rule: -<br>''Ab urbe et ē portās cum sociīs prō Rōmā Horātius, sine terrōre, properat.'' # Rule: -<br>''Nostrī dēfessī sunt.''<br>''Dux dēfessōs ā proeliō dīmīsit.'' === § 252, p. 104 === === § 253, p. 104 === === § 254, p. 104 === === § 255, p. 105 === === § 256, p. 105 === === § 301, p. 120 === === § 302, p. 120 === === § 303, p. 121 === === § 304, p. 121 === === § 305, p. 121 === === § 362, p. 140 === === § 363, p. 140 === === § 364, p. 141 === === § 365, p. 141 === === § 366, p. 141 === === § 415, p. 160 === === § 416, p. 160 === === § 417, p. 161 === === § 418, p. 161 === === § 419, p. 161 === === § 466, p. 180 === === § 467, p. 180 === === § 468, p. 181 === === § 469, p. 181 === === § 470, p. 181 === === § 506, p. 196 === === § 507, p. 196 === === § 508, p. 197 === === § 509, p. 197 === === § 510, p. 197 === === § 511, p. 197 === q21p9es6grj1wpvboxinygw6f79lul4 0 447776 4640043 4084118 2026-06-13T04:26:56Z Y7at7Y 3582263 Reformatted + added 5. O-O. 4640043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Blackburne Shilling gambit |parent=[[Chess/Italian Game|Italian Game]]}} == 4...Qg5! == Accepting the gambit was a mistake, as Black now shows with the accurate 4...Qg5. Attempting to hold on to the knight with [[/5. Nxf7|'''5. Nxf7??''']] will result in 5...Qxg2!, in which White will lose either the rook, attempt to hold on to the rook and lose the queen with 6. Rf1 Qxe4+, or get checkmated by attempting to keep both the rook and the queen with 7. Be2 Nf3#. Better for White is [[/5. Bxf7|'''5. Bxf7+''']], which loses a piece for two pawns but keeps White in the game. '''[[/5. O-O/]]''' is another possible option. White castles and defends g2 while giving away the e5 knight to try and get development as compensation for the lost knight. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |links=1 |line1=5. Bxf7+ Kd8 6. O-O Qxe5 7. c3 Nc6 8. d4 |eval1={{Chess/not|unclear}} |name1=Blackburne Shilling gambit |line2=5. ... ... 6. Ng4?! Nh6! |eval2={{Chess/not|--}} |line3=5. ... Ke7? 6. O-O! Qxe5 7. Bxg8! Rxg8 8. c3 |eval3={{Chess/not|+}} |line4=5. O-O Qxe5 6. c3 Nc6 7. d4 Qe7 8. e5 |eval4={{Chess/not|unclear}} |line5=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. ... Qxe4?? 8. Re1! |eval5=+- |line6=5. Nxf7?? Qxg2! 6. Rf1 Qxe4+ 7. Qe2 Nxe2 |eval6=-+ |line7=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. Be2?? Nf3# |eval7=0-1 }} == References == === See also === {{Wikipedia|Blackburne Shilling Gambit}} {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} g248mcq1ki5cxk2yy6nacoiizzectkc 0 462276 4640036 4622698 2026-06-13T00:33:25Z Alexlatham96 377450 See talk page 4640036 wikitext text/x-wiki * Code page 111 is identical to the old version of Code Page 737. * [[/Code page 112|Code page 112]] * [[/Code page 113|Code page 113]] * [[/Code page 161|Code page 161]] * [[/Code page 162|Code page 162]] * [[/Code page 163|Code page 163]] * [[/Code page 164|Code page 164]] * Code page 190 is identical to Code Page 437. * Code page 210 is identical to Code Page 737. * [[/Code page 220|Code page 220]] * [[/Code page 668|Code page 668]] * [[/Code page 708|Code page 708]] * [[/Code page 720|Code page 720]] * [[/Code page 770|Code page 770]] * [[/Code page 773|Code page 773]] * [[/Code page 775|Code page 775]] * [[/Code page 776|Code page 776]] * [[/Code page 777|Code page 777]] * [[/Code page 778|Code page 778]] * [[/Code page 851|Code page 851]] * [[/Code page 852|Code page 852]] * [[/Code page 853|Code page 853]] * Code page 854 is probably a lost DOS Latin-4 code page, a the Spain use seems like a typo. * [[/Code page 855|Code page 855]] * [[/Code page 856|Code page 856]] * [[/Code page 857|Code page 857]] * [[/Code page 859|Code page 859]] * [[/Code page 860|Code page 860]] <!-- * [[/Code page 861|Code page 861]] * [[/Code page 862|Code page 862]] * [[/Code page 863|Code page 863]] * [[/Code page 864|Code page 864]] * [[/Code page 865|Code page 865]] * [[/Code page 866|Code page 866]] * [[/Code page 867|Code page 867]] * [[/Code page 868|Code page 868]] * [[/Code page 869|Code page 869]] --> * [[/Code page 876|Code page 876]] * [[/Code page 877|Code page 877]] * [[/Code page 898|Code page 898]] <!-- * [[/Code page 899|Code page 899]] --> * [[/Code page 906|Code page 906]] * [[/Code page 972|Code page 972]] * [[/Code page 1034|Code page 1034]] * [[/Code page 1044|Code page 1044]] <!-- * [[/Code page 1046|Code page 1046]] * [[/Code page 1098|Code page 1098]] --> * [[/Code page 1108|Code page 1108]] * [[/Code page 1109|Code page 1109]] <!-- * [[/Code page 1115|Code page 1115]] * [[/Code page 1116|Code page 1116]] * [[/Code page 1117|Code page 1117]] * [[/Code page 1118|Code page 1118]] * [[/Code page 1119|Code page 1119]] * [[/Code page 1127|Code page 1127]] --> * [[/Code page 3846|Code page 3846]] ==Code Pages with FreeDOS numbers== * [[/Code page 58152|Code page 58152]] * [[/Code page 58210|Code page 58210]] * [[/Code page 58335|Code page 58335]] * [[/Code page 59234|Code page 59234]] * [[/Code page 59829|Code page 59829]] * [[/Code page 60258|Code page 60258]] * [[/Code page 60853|Code page 60853]] * [[/Code page 62306|Code page 62306]] ==User-defined FreeDOS Code Pages== * [[/Code page 30000|Code page 30000]] * [[/Code page 30001|Code page 30001]] * [[/Code page 30002|Code page 30002]] * [[/Code page 30003|Code page 30003]] * [[/Code page 30004|Code page 30004]] * [[/Code page 30005|Code page 30005]] * Code page 30006 is [[wikipedia:VISCII|VISCII]]. * [[/Code page 30007|Code page 30007]] * [[/Code page 30008|Code page 30008]] * [[/Code page 30009|Code page 30009]] * [[/Code page 30010|Code page 30010]] * [[/Code page 30011|Code page 30011]] * [[/Code page 30012|Code page 30012]] * [[/Code page 30013|Code page 30013]] * [[/Code page 30014|Code page 30014]] * [[/Code page 30015|Code page 30015]] * [[/Code page 30016|Code page 30016]] * [[/Code page 30017|Code page 30017]] * [[/Code page 30018|Code page 30018]] * [[/Code page 30019|Code page 30019]] * [[/Code page 30020|Code page 30020]] * [[/Code page 30021|Code page 30021]] * [[/Code page 30022|Code page 30022]] * [[/Code page 30023|Code page 30023]] * [[/Code page 30024|Code page 30024]] * [[/Code page 30025|Code page 30025]] * [[/Code page 30026|Code page 30026]] * [[/Code page 30027|Code page 30027]] * [[/Code page 30028|Code page 30028]] * [[/Code page 30029|Code page 30029]] * [[/Code page 30030|Code page 30030]] * [[/Code page 30031|Code page 30031]] * [[/Code page 30032|Code page 30032]] * [[/Code page 30033|Code page 30033]] * [[/Code page 30034|Code page 30034]] * Code page 30039= 1125 with Hryvnia * Code page 30040= 866 with Hryvnia {{BookCat}} ox58jpawl448gt7j0fge95ok5pt863w 4640037 4640036 2026-06-13T00:33:38Z Alexlatham96 377450 4640037 wikitext text/x-wiki * Code page 111 is identical to the old version of Code Page 737. * [[/Code page 112|Code page 112]] * [[/Code page 113|Code page 113]] * [[/Code page 161|Code page 161]] * [[/Code page 162|Code page 162]] * [[/Code page 163|Code page 163]] * [[/Code page 164|Code page 164]] * Code page 190 is identical to Code Page 437. * Code page 210 is identical to Code Page 737. * [[/Code page 220|Code page 220]] * [[/Code page 668|Code page 668]] * [[/Code page 708|Code page 708]] * [[/Code page 720|Code page 720]] * [[/Code page 770|Code page 770]] * [[/Code page 773|Code page 773]] * [[/Code page 775|Code page 775]] * [[/Code page 776|Code page 776]] * [[/Code page 777|Code page 777]] * [[/Code page 778|Code page 778]] * [[/Code page 851|Code page 851]] * [[/Code page 852|Code page 852]] * [[/Code page 853|Code page 853]] * Code page 854 is probably a lost DOS Latin-4 code page. * [[/Code page 855|Code page 855]] * [[/Code page 856|Code page 856]] * [[/Code page 857|Code page 857]] * [[/Code page 859|Code page 859]] * [[/Code page 860|Code page 860]] <!-- * [[/Code page 861|Code page 861]] * [[/Code page 862|Code page 862]] * [[/Code page 863|Code page 863]] * [[/Code page 864|Code page 864]] * [[/Code page 865|Code page 865]] * [[/Code page 866|Code page 866]] * [[/Code page 867|Code page 867]] * [[/Code page 868|Code page 868]] * [[/Code page 869|Code page 869]] --> * [[/Code page 876|Code page 876]] * [[/Code page 877|Code page 877]] * [[/Code page 898|Code page 898]] <!-- * [[/Code page 899|Code page 899]] --> * [[/Code page 906|Code page 906]] * [[/Code page 972|Code page 972]] * [[/Code page 1034|Code page 1034]] * [[/Code page 1044|Code page 1044]] <!-- * [[/Code page 1046|Code page 1046]] * [[/Code page 1098|Code page 1098]] --> * [[/Code page 1108|Code page 1108]] * [[/Code page 1109|Code page 1109]] <!-- * [[/Code page 1115|Code page 1115]] * [[/Code page 1116|Code page 1116]] * [[/Code page 1117|Code page 1117]] * [[/Code page 1118|Code page 1118]] * [[/Code page 1119|Code page 1119]] * [[/Code page 1127|Code page 1127]] --> * [[/Code page 3846|Code page 3846]] ==Code Pages with FreeDOS numbers== * [[/Code page 58152|Code page 58152]] * [[/Code page 58210|Code page 58210]] * [[/Code page 58335|Code page 58335]] * [[/Code page 59234|Code page 59234]] * [[/Code page 59829|Code page 59829]] * [[/Code page 60258|Code page 60258]] * [[/Code page 60853|Code page 60853]] * [[/Code page 62306|Code page 62306]] ==User-defined FreeDOS Code Pages== * [[/Code page 30000|Code page 30000]] * [[/Code page 30001|Code page 30001]] * [[/Code page 30002|Code page 30002]] * [[/Code page 30003|Code page 30003]] * [[/Code page 30004|Code page 30004]] * [[/Code page 30005|Code page 30005]] * Code page 30006 is [[wikipedia:VISCII|VISCII]]. * [[/Code page 30007|Code page 30007]] * [[/Code page 30008|Code page 30008]] * [[/Code page 30009|Code page 30009]] * [[/Code page 30010|Code page 30010]] * [[/Code page 30011|Code page 30011]] * [[/Code page 30012|Code page 30012]] * [[/Code page 30013|Code page 30013]] * [[/Code page 30014|Code page 30014]] * [[/Code page 30015|Code page 30015]] * [[/Code page 30016|Code page 30016]] * [[/Code page 30017|Code page 30017]] * [[/Code page 30018|Code page 30018]] * [[/Code page 30019|Code page 30019]] * [[/Code page 30020|Code page 30020]] * [[/Code page 30021|Code page 30021]] * [[/Code page 30022|Code page 30022]] * [[/Code page 30023|Code page 30023]] * [[/Code page 30024|Code page 30024]] * [[/Code page 30025|Code page 30025]] * [[/Code page 30026|Code page 30026]] * [[/Code page 30027|Code page 30027]] * [[/Code page 30028|Code page 30028]] * [[/Code page 30029|Code page 30029]] * [[/Code page 30030|Code page 30030]] * [[/Code page 30031|Code page 30031]] * [[/Code page 30032|Code page 30032]] * [[/Code page 30033|Code page 30033]] * [[/Code page 30034|Code page 30034]] * Code page 30039= 1125 with Hryvnia * Code page 30040= 866 with Hryvnia {{BookCat}} by41xrxqek7f1jwcktwtusho08pgaez 4640039 4640037 2026-06-13T00:35:26Z Alexlatham96 377450 4640039 wikitext text/x-wiki * Code page 111 is identical to the old version of Code Page 737. * [[/Code page 112|Code page 112]] * [[/Code page 113|Code page 113]] * [[/Code page 161|Code page 161]] * [[/Code page 162|Code page 162]] * [[/Code page 163|Code page 163]] * [[/Code page 164|Code page 164]] * Code page 190 is identical to Code Page 437. * Code page 210 is identical to Code Page 737. * [[/Code page 220|Code page 220]] * [[/Code page 668|Code page 668]] * [[/Code page 708|Code page 708]] * [[/Code page 720|Code page 720]] * [[/Code page 770|Code page 770]] * [[/Code page 773|Code page 773]] * [[/Code page 775|Code page 775]] * [[/Code page 776|Code page 776]] * [[/Code page 777|Code page 777]] * [[/Code page 778|Code page 778]] * [[/Code page 851|Code page 851]] * [[/Code page 852|Code page 852]] * [[/Code page 853|Code page 853]] * Code page 854 was intended to be a Latin-4 code page, but may be the real number for code page 220. * [[/Code page 855|Code page 855]] * [[/Code page 856|Code page 856]] * [[/Code page 857|Code page 857]] * [[/Code page 859|Code page 859]] * [[/Code page 860|Code page 860]] <!-- * [[/Code page 861|Code page 861]] * [[/Code page 862|Code page 862]] * [[/Code page 863|Code page 863]] * [[/Code page 864|Code page 864]] * [[/Code page 865|Code page 865]] * [[/Code page 866|Code page 866]] * [[/Code page 867|Code page 867]] * [[/Code page 868|Code page 868]] * [[/Code page 869|Code page 869]] --> * [[/Code page 876|Code page 876]] * [[/Code page 877|Code page 877]] * [[/Code page 898|Code page 898]] <!-- * [[/Code page 899|Code page 899]] --> * [[/Code page 906|Code page 906]] * [[/Code page 972|Code page 972]] * [[/Code page 1034|Code page 1034]] * [[/Code page 1044|Code page 1044]] <!-- * [[/Code page 1046|Code page 1046]] * [[/Code page 1098|Code page 1098]] --> * [[/Code page 1108|Code page 1108]] * [[/Code page 1109|Code page 1109]] <!-- * [[/Code page 1115|Code page 1115]] * [[/Code page 1116|Code page 1116]] * [[/Code page 1117|Code page 1117]] * [[/Code page 1118|Code page 1118]] * [[/Code page 1119|Code page 1119]] * [[/Code page 1127|Code page 1127]] --> * [[/Code page 3846|Code page 3846]] ==Code Pages with FreeDOS numbers== * [[/Code page 58152|Code page 58152]] * [[/Code page 58210|Code page 58210]] * [[/Code page 58335|Code page 58335]] * [[/Code page 59234|Code page 59234]] * [[/Code page 59829|Code page 59829]] * [[/Code page 60258|Code page 60258]] * [[/Code page 60853|Code page 60853]] * [[/Code page 62306|Code page 62306]] ==User-defined FreeDOS Code Pages== * [[/Code page 30000|Code page 30000]] * [[/Code page 30001|Code page 30001]] * [[/Code page 30002|Code page 30002]] * [[/Code page 30003|Code page 30003]] * [[/Code page 30004|Code page 30004]] * [[/Code page 30005|Code page 30005]] * Code page 30006 is [[wikipedia:VISCII|VISCII]]. * [[/Code page 30007|Code page 30007]] * [[/Code page 30008|Code page 30008]] * [[/Code page 30009|Code page 30009]] * [[/Code page 30010|Code page 30010]] * [[/Code page 30011|Code page 30011]] * [[/Code page 30012|Code page 30012]] * [[/Code page 30013|Code page 30013]] * [[/Code page 30014|Code page 30014]] * [[/Code page 30015|Code page 30015]] * [[/Code page 30016|Code page 30016]] * [[/Code page 30017|Code page 30017]] * [[/Code page 30018|Code page 30018]] * [[/Code page 30019|Code page 30019]] * [[/Code page 30020|Code page 30020]] * [[/Code page 30021|Code page 30021]] * [[/Code page 30022|Code page 30022]] * [[/Code page 30023|Code page 30023]] * [[/Code page 30024|Code page 30024]] * [[/Code page 30025|Code page 30025]] * [[/Code page 30026|Code page 30026]] * [[/Code page 30027|Code page 30027]] * [[/Code page 30028|Code page 30028]] * [[/Code page 30029|Code page 30029]] * [[/Code page 30030|Code page 30030]] * [[/Code page 30031|Code page 30031]] * [[/Code page 30032|Code page 30032]] * [[/Code page 30033|Code page 30033]] * [[/Code page 30034|Code page 30034]] * Code page 30039= 1125 with Hryvnia * Code page 30040= 866 with Hryvnia {{BookCat}} f74scpbnolh7yrub73upasp497yw9k0 0 463322 4640045 4628314 2026-06-13T07:37:59Z ~2026-34826-07 3605621 footer + theory table 4640045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position|Grob's Attack, Symmetrical Variation|moves=1. g4 g5|eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A00]]|parent=[[../|Grob's Attack]]|responses=<br> * [[/2. f4|2. f4 - Coca-Cola Gambit]]| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |pd| | | | | | | |pl| | | | | | | | | |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl}} =Grob's Opening, Symmetrical Variation= Alternatively known as the Double Grob. === 1...g5!? === The Symmetrical Variation is a rare response to Grob's Opening (1. g4), due to the fact that it copies White's moves and gets a draw more often instead of capitalising on White's structural disadvantages, and that most players view g4 (g5 for Black) as detrimental due to losing the ability to castle kingside safely. But, this opening may be well-known because of the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4|Coca-Cola Gambit]] which comes after 2. f4. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |links=1 |line1=2. d4 d5 3. h3 h6 4. Bg2 Nc6 |eval1== |name1=Double Grob |line2=2. f4? exf4 3. d4 e5! 4. h4 d6 |eval2={{Chess/not|--}} |name2=Coca-Cola Gambit |line3=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. dxe5? Qh4+! 5. Kd2 d6 |eval3=-+ }} {{ChessFooter}} {{bookcat}} gdja2uxe7wn7sse5tet7hua3fretg4o 1 466912 4640038 4622691 2026-06-13T00:34:20Z Alexlatham96 377450 /* Code page 854 */ 4640038 wikitext text/x-wiki FreeDOS Code Pages source: [https://home.mnet-online.de/willybilly/fdhelp-dos/en/hhstndrd/base/cpidos.htm] and [https://github.com/FDOS/cpi].[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 04:31, 1 May 2024 (UTC) *Any info on these code pages? I don't know if my computer has enough memory to install FreeDOS. Edit:I found info on another site; if you saw me ping you, ignore it. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 May 2024 (UTC) ===Code page 854=== MS-DOS Latin 4, unfortunately lost, but would be something like [[User:Alexlatham96/Code_page_854|this]]. Update: Could also be the real number for Code page 220 (but could be a typo); not sure if an official DOS Latin-4 code page was ever made. == Code pages in DOSBox Staging == Just to let you know - there is quite some information about FreeDOS code pages, often collected by hand (or partially by hand) in the DOSBox Staging source code - but it might require verification: - https://github.com/dosbox-staging/dosbox-staging/tree/main/contrib/resources/mapping - https://github.com/dosbox-staging/dosbox-staging/tree/main/contrib/resources/mapping-freedos.org - https://github.com/dosbox-staging/dosbox-staging/tree/main/contrib/resources/mapping-wikipedia.org The Unicode engine development is ongoing, more definitions are being added. [[Special:Contributions/89.77.145.202|89.77.145.202]] ([[User talk:89.77.145.202|discuss]]) 20:08, 25 December 2024 (UTC) *I've added more and corrected the one for Code page 1111: https://github.com/aelatham/mappings [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:29, 14 March 2026 (UTC) oclgrfsmkakd5j515idl547f331nqvw 0 469002 4640029 4427745 2026-06-12T23:20:49Z ~2026-34826-07 3605621 templates + theory table 4640029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Alessi Gambit}} == 1...f5 • Alessi Gambit == This offbeat, dubious gambit attacks the g4 pawn immediately, but allows White to take the pawn with [[/2._gxf5|2. gxf5]]. === Advantages of 1...f5: === * Puts opponent off their comfort zone. * Unknown, relatively surprising. * Confuses lots of players. * Can be tricky. * Goes out of known theory. === Disadvantages of 1...f5: === * Weakens kingside. * Sacrifices pawn for no apparent reason. * White can get a good position if they know that they are doing. * Does not contribute to development. * Even if we develop (Nf6, Bg7, Qe7, O-O, Bf5, Nc6, O-O-O), White can keep up and consolidate their one pawn advantage. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |links=1 |line1=2. gxf5 Nf6 3. e4! d6 4. Nc3 e6 |eval1={{Chess/not|++}} |name1=Alessi gambit |line2=2. ... ... 3. ... Nxe4?? 4. Qh5+! g6 5. fxg6 |eval2=+- }} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}} oufve0utpjhlikkf4e3v98hfh3c937o 4640030 4640029 2026-06-12T23:21:34Z ~2026-34826-07 3605621 minor edit 4640030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Alessi Gambit}} == 1...f5 · Alessi Gambit == This offbeat, dubious gambit attacks the g4 pawn immediately, but allows White to take the pawn with [[/2._gxf5|2. gxf5]]. === Advantages of 1...f5: === * Puts opponent off their comfort zone. * Unknown, relatively surprising. * Confuses lots of players. * Can be tricky. * Goes out of known theory. === Disadvantages of 1...f5: === * Weakens kingside. * Sacrifices pawn for no apparent reason. * White can get a good position if they know that they are doing. * Does not contribute to development. * Even if we develop (Nf6, Bg7, Qe7, O-O, Bf5, Nc6, O-O-O), White can keep up and consolidate their one pawn advantage. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |links=1 |line1=2. gxf5 Nf6 3. e4! d6 4. Nc3 e6 |eval1={{Chess/not|++}} |name1=Alessi gambit |line2=2. ... ... 3. ... Nxe4?? 4. Qh5+! g6 5. fxg6 |eval2=+- }} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}} c00wx4r3enl2hiochnyy6dvliaj239s 0 469009 4640046 4490989 2026-06-13T07:44:21Z ~2026-34826-07 3605621 footer + theory table 4640046 wikitext text/x-wiki = Grob's Attack, 1...b5!? = {{Chess Position|= |Grob's Attack, 1...b5!?| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= |pd| |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|= | | | | | | | | |= | |pd| | | | | | |= | | | | | | |pl| |= | | | | | | | | |= |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|= |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= |moves=1.g4 b5 |eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A00]] |parent=[[../|Grob's Attack]] }} This really is a very good idea. White can just play 2. Bg2 but Black can play 2...d5! and White cannot play c4. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |links=1 |line1=2. Bg2 d5! 3. g5 e5 4. d3 h6 |eval1={{Chess/not|unclear}} |line2=2. e4 Bb7 3. Bg2 e6 4. d4 d5 |eval2== |line3=2. ... ... 3. ... Nf6 4. d3 h6 |eval3={{Chess/not|unclear}} }} {{ChessFooter}} {{bookcat}} je3fpwh0jrp3ctkznc22usxjfbgebz0 3 470632 4640041 4639784 2026-06-13T00:43:58Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Cookbook edits */ Reply 4640041 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cookbook editing == Hi @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]], and welcome to the Cookbook! Going forward, please make sure that future edits and additions conform with the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] as per Cookbook policy. Additionally, please note that [[Cookbook:Adalu (food)]] is currently considered incomplete. Let me know if you have any questions! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:49, 26 November 2024 (UTC) :Following up on this. Please note the fixes I made to [[Cookbook:Groundnut Soup]]. Thanks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 2 December 2024 (UTC) ::Additionally, [[Cookbook:Omoebe (leave) soup]] is currently incomplete due to missing quantities with insufficient guidance to compensate. If left incomplete, it may be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 2 December 2024 (UTC) :::Hi @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]]—could you please complete your existing recipes before adding new recipes? Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks. Please what remain? [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 07:13, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::As I wrote above, [[Cookbook:Omoebe (leave) soup]] is still incomplete for the stated reasons. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:00, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see also that [[Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]] is also incomplete and will need to be fixed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:09, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ==[[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Bembety, "[[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)|Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]]" is currently incomplete.'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed this work. The reasons for its incompleteness are listed [[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)|on the recipe page]]. Please complete the recipe as indicated, or it is liable to be speedily deleted as abandoned material. Let me know if you have any questions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 24 July 2025 (UTC)}} == Cookbook edits == @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] thank you for your latest edits in the cookbook. I notice you are adding some material in a way that does not match the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]]. For example, there should not be a standalone section for preparation time. Additionally, if you are adding optional ingredients, you should include the quantities and the instructions on how to use them. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:11, 16 May 2026 (UTC) :i will improve in my next edit. Thanks [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 23:20, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] I've noticed that your most recent recipes have incorrect categories—could you please fix these? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:58, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] because you are mass adding incomplete recipes without responding to requests for improvement, I have temporarily restricted your ability to create new pages in the Cookbook. You are welcome to continue editing the recipes you have already added to make them complete. Let me know if you have any questions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:30, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ::::Thank you for the feedback. I understand the restriction and will concentrate on improving the recipes I have already created. I appreciate the opportunity to correct and complete them. Please let me know if there are particular pages that should be prioritized. [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 21:23, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ::::You have restricted my editing privileges. How am I supposed to fix and improve the articles if I am unable to work on them? [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 22:05, 4 June 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] to confirm—are you unable to edit the Cookbook pages you already created? That was not my intention, and I can make adjustments if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 5 June 2026 (UTC) ::::::Yes, I am still able to edit the Cookbook pages I created. I will try and work on improving and completing them as requested [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 00:45, 5 June 2026 (UTC) ::::::I have been trying to work on the articles, but this is what I am seeing: (You are currently unable to perform this action on Wikibooks). [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 13:56, 6 June 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] I have removed the block—please do not add new recipes while the previous ones are incomplete. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:50, 7 June 2026 (UTC) ::::::::I won't be doing that. I will be working on the categories and other areas of my incomplete article to ensure it is complete. Thanks [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 15:38, 7 June 2026 (UTC) :::::::::[[Cookbook:Kachumbari|https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Kachumbari]] I’ve made some corrections to this article. Please let me know your opinion before I proceed with correcting the others. Thanks. [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 14:31, 10 June 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] this is an improvement—thank you! Some more corrections needed to be made, and you can see them [[special:diff/4640040|here]] and [[special:diff/4640033|here]]. When you correct the remaining recipes, you can use that as guidance. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:43, 13 June 2026 (UTC) == Copied text == @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] I see that you are copying text from Wikipedia word-for word without attribution—please do not do this, as it's against policy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:24, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :I copied it because it describes the recipe and helps readers understand what the dish is about. 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Thus, in a sense, their creed gives birth to a kind of literature, whether oral or written, which, in turn, adds to or subtracts from the number of believers in any given historical period—theology begetting literature, as it were, and the subsequent literature siring further theological discussion. <!--Paragraph 2--> This phenomenon of literature begotten by the spirit of the times (modern critical theories notwithstanding) is more evident in some historical periods than in others, and in none so much as in the English Renaissance. Many writers of the age chose subjects with a theological bent—whether their genre of choice was tract, sermon, sonnet, epic poem, Biblical exegesis, religious polemic, proselytizing pamphlet, or any other literary form—perhaps because the time itself was so fraught with religious and political upheaval. This, in turn, produced in their works an aura of struggle or of self-inflicted soul-wrenching needful for final conciliation with God. Without fretting over autobiographical details, such a small poem, for example, as Donne's "Batter my heart" is full of this sense of violence; witness the poem's startling ending which equates freedom with being held in or reduced to slavery and chastity with a rape or physical violation by God. And the so-called mild and gentle George Herbert, who made many tortuous wrestlings seem mellifluous, sees the act of prayer itself as an "Engine against th'Almighty," a siege-weapon with which to coerce God. Writers of the seventeenth century harvested the fruits of the religious revolution and the bitter religious conflicts of the sixteenth century. It is, in fact, difficult to consider much of the literature of the time apart from its religious implications. <!--Paragraph 3--> This was a theological age that believed both religion and literature were of enormous importance. Human events were delineated against a background of divine providence, daily grace, eternal salvation, and inevitable mortality, with sin and its consequences universally assumed. Sacred echoes were used to empower the secular, the passionate, or the political. With persecution—even execution—perhaps waiting only for the accession of the next monarch, such obsessive interest in things spiritual is easily understood. Devotional writing obviously emerges from religious feeling and from the judgements made under the influence of faith and moral action. To know anything of that world, or of the literature that it fostered, we need to recall the Anglican temper, with its distinctive ethos and its familiar threefold appeal to Scripture, to tradition, and to reason. <!--Paragraph 4--> While the present collection of essays honouring Paul Grant Stanwood does not purport to follow any theory of his as a thesis, they do present some considerations of various writers from his favourite period of English literature. Most reflect the conflict of the volume's title, though one or two deal only with literary themes, and others demonstrate conflict of a secular rather than a spiritual nature. The two concluding essays delineate some of the influence of this period discernible in writers of the Romantic and the Victorian eras. <!--Paragraph 5--> The work begins with a dedicatory sonnet by X. J. Kennedy, an early colleague, who sees in a simple gesture of the young Stanwood traits of the scholar and teacher he was to become. It is a touching tribute from a friend of long standing. <!--Paragraph 6--> The first essay in the volume is by Louis Martz who, unafraid as always, leaps into the volume's topic with "the worm of controversy," using illustrations in the works of Donne and Herbert. Here we have a lucid discussion of the literature and the political / theological situation with particular emphasis on two of its leading writers. Martz points out the personal controversy within the Herbert family where George is "caught in a cross-fire from his relatives." He notes the slowly rising tide of anti-Calvinism, particularly as personified in the work of Donne, who did not shrink from addressing confirmed Calvinists with his idea of the clergy's need to be free of Calvinist domination. <!--Paragraph 7--> John Shawcross defines, in a specific way, the "wrestling" of the title in terms of the virtue and discipline of engaging in such activity with God. The opposition between godward thought and action and one's own ambitions for and understanding of oneself constitute the "wrestling." The "virtue" of the essay's title consists of moral excellence, meritorious action, manly courage and strength, while the "discipline," to Shawcross, consists of training to achieve moral behaviour. To illustrate his definitions he compares several poems by Lord Herbert of Cherbury and Henry Vaughan, concluding that Vaughan's work is an obvious example of simple devotional poetry, while Lord Herbert of Cherbury's poems exemplify meditative poetry beneath what Shawcross sees as the "dissimulation" which Cherbury adopted to conceal his inner struggle. <!--Paragraph 8--> The third essay deals with expressions of devotion ''par excellence'' for its subject is ''The Book of Common Prayer'', which John Booty calls the "core" of Elizabethan spirituality. There is no element of struggle in this work where troublesome doctrinal issues fade and become indistinct. Booty sees it as the fundamental expression of and formative agent in the religion not only of Elizabeth's day but into the seventeenth century and beyond, in the lives of those who endorsed the work and made use of it in the years that followed its first appearance. If disorder can be read as a sign of "wrestling," then perhaps this work can assist in bringing order to the effects of human sin and pride. Booty makes particular reference to the work of Richard Hooker in defending and interpreting the ideas contained in ''The Book of Common Prayer'', concluding that Christ's death illuminates the human condition of disorder and brings about our deliverance from it. <!--Paragraph 9--> A layman struggling with theological problems is the subject of Graham Parry's essay. Although relatively unknown today, William Austin's work, according to Parry, deserves a place of honour in the devotional writings of seventeenth-century England. Austin wrote devotions for the liturgical year including its fasts as well as its feasts, basing his works on biblical texts. Since he took Lancelot Andrewes as his model, the works often sound like sermons. Austin was well known to Donne, Thomas Campion, Michael Drayton, Henry Peacham, and Ben Jonson. His works exhibit the private devotional customs of a pious gentleman of the time, inculcating love of family, friends, the arts, and God. Austin's devotions demonstrate that the devout layman can sound almost like a learned minister of long professional experience. <!--Paragraph 10--> A new use for the English elegy engages Claude Summers in his study of two examples of this literary form from the period: an effort to make it serve as a vehicle to explore large philosophical and religious issues. Two elegies are studied, one by Donne and the other by W. S., supposed by some to be William Shakespeare. Summers chooses to ignore the problem of authorial identity and concentrates on the poems themselves. He judges Donne's purpose as trying to discover some transcendental meaning for death; here is "wrestling" with God on a very specific topic indeed. Both poets contrast earthly and heavenly perspectives; but Donne seems intent on transforming the elegy into a medium for expressing religious and philosophical speculation. <!--Paragraph 11--> Another study in contrast is found in Ted-Larry Pebworth's essay comparing two sets of Lamentations, one by Donne and the other by Christopher Fetherstone. Pebworth makes a good case for Fetherstone's influence on Donne, although Fetherstone demonstrates an attraction for Calvin's teachings (which Donne eschews). Fetherstone actually disclaimed authorship of the work and declared that they were written by a friend. <!--Paragraph 12--> William Blissett's essay moves away from religious combat to the struggles of two young men, a year apart in age, intent, in their salad days, on achieving status and recognition in a court whose corruptions were not unknown to them, as witness Donne's ''Satyre IV'' and Jonson's ''Cynthia's Revels, or the Fountain of Self-Love''. These are the chief works Blissett presents, for in them he finds evidence of each author's concern with the decline of morals in the court. Blissett sees Jonson portraying the courtiers (in his allegorical comedy) as full of self-love and punished sufficiently by being unmasked, and Donne as drawing attention to court degeneracy in his satirical poems. <!--Paragraph 13--> Another of Donne's satiric poems is discussed by Wyman Herendeen in his essay on ''The Progresse of the Soule''. While he does not deny its satiric and mock epic characteristics, he prefers to make a case for this work as a causeway leading to the ''La Corona'' poems which, in turn, lead to the ''Holy Sonnets''. He notes firm textual links and thematic parallels which give coherence to the satire as preparation for the two subsequent groups of poems. He envisions the focus of the first work as the journey of the disenfranchised soul, that of the second as salvation, while the third provides a kind of overview of mankind's progress through time, including struggles between spirit and body, faith and despair, in terms more ambiguous and dramatic than the views provided by the first two works. All three, he suggests, are examples of Donne's self-division between the extremes of the sacred and the profane. <!--Paragraph 14--> John Donne's ''Biathanatos'' is the subject of R. G. Siemens' essay, a work he sees as doubly conflicted: there is, first, the question of suicide, and, second, the identity of the speaker. Siemens maintains that to see ''Biathanatos'' as a suicide note is to over-state the biographical context's importance. Although the decision about suicide indicates a rather special episode of "wrestling," Siemens contends that there is also a wrestling on the part of the critic as to what the author's purpose might be in writing such a piece. Whether autobiographical or not—and Siemens remains not uncommitted—he judges the work as a rewarding one for the study of Donne's personal situation. <!--Paragraph 15--> The entire series of ''Holy Sonnets'' is the concern of Diana Benet who hears in these poems the unique of Donne himself, ringing with wit, energy, and drama rather than exuding feeble piety. Eschewing the traditional determination of critics to avoid the biographical angle in the study of poetry in general and of Donne's work in particular, she makes a strong case for Donne's use of a biographical persona which she terms the "Pauline striver." <!--Paragraph 16--> Richmond Bridge chooses a specific one of the ''Holy Sonnets'' for his study of Donne—the poem that has been called the Doomsday sonnet. He relates the ideas contained in the poem to similar ones expressed by Donne in his ''Sermons'' and ''Devotions'', and thus sees this sonnet as somewhat autobiographical, although he does note a difference in volume between the octave voice, which he finds public and loud, and the sestet voice, which he deems softer and remarkably personal. Although this poem does not delineate much individual inner struggle, there is considerable upheaval evident in the contrast between its dread-inspiring vivid details of the Day of Judgement and the poem's gentler closing sestet seeking the grace of repentance. <!--Paragraph 17--> Another essay dealing with the whole range of ''Holy Sonnets'' is Bryan Gooch's discussion of the manner in which Benjamin Britten composed musical settings for Donne's poems. Gooch sees the music and the poems as being not only about death but also about love and faith, sin and guilt, redemption and transfiguration, and he judges that Britten tried to accomplish in his music what Donne did in his poetry. He recognizes not only the poet wrestling with God, himself, and his world, but the composer wrestling with the problem of faith in a tortured world with its own death and misery. Britten, Gooch argues, seems to have resolved Donne's struggle by means of music. <!--Paragraph 18--> Leaving Donne behind, the essays move on to Milton. Ken Simpson writes of Milton and ''Paradise Regained''. He evinces Milton's part in a revolution in ritual theory that profoundly changed public forms of worship both inside and outside the Protestant church. He maintains that ''Paradise Regained'' illustrates the semiotic crisis that underlies many ritual experiments in the seventeenth century. His interpretation of Milton's work shows that what is essential for true worship is reading and writing with the Holy Spirit and that external worship is insufficient without inner worship and good works inspired by the Holy Spirit and revealed in free choice guided by Scripture and reason. <!--Paragraph 19--> The two concluding essays, by Lee M. Johnson and Kathleen Grant Jaeger, move beyond the actual century of Donne and Milton, into the romantic and Victorian eras. Johnson provides a new perspective on how poets wrestle, if not with God, then certainly with their great poetic precursors, as Coleridge and Wordsworth confront Milton and forge emblematic and symbolic forms of metaphysical significance. Jaeger, on the other hand, examines some opinions about Catholic persecution voiced in the Victorian period and spread abroad particularly in the novels of the time. Victorians dismissed the idea that Elizabethan Catholics had been persecuted in spite of harsh laws which were enacted whose enforcement became more rigorous as events subsequent to the excommunication of Elizabeth unfolded. Before she moves into the fiction of the time (Scott, Thackeray, Kingsley, ''et al.''), she interestingly compares the non-fiction works of John Lingard, who sought to undermine popular prejudices, and James Froude, who strove to reinforce them. <!--Paragraph 20--> These essays are presented in admiration and respect to Paul Grant Stanwood on his retirement after a long and influential career as a teacher of the literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The theological aspect of literature has engrossed Stanwood throughout his career, not only in a professional way but in his personal devotional life as well. In his study of devotional writings, of whatever period, he has sought meditative empathy rather than innovation for its own sake, concentrating particularly upon the devotional writers of the early Stuart reigns with what prescriptions and proscriptions these authors deemed necessary for a moral existence. So we find him editing the devotional works of John Cosin as well as Jeremy Taylor's precepts for holy living and dying, Donne's use of theological language, some of Hooker's interpretations of ecclesiastical law, up to his latest article on the correspondence of Isaac Basire, an English divine who served under Cosin. <!--Paragraph 21--> In focusing on theological writers and writings, Stanwood is certainly in tune with the way the seventeenth century viewed itself. Theology was the queen of the sciences, the focus of the university intellectual life. Other struggles, however, were in place as well, and so were new beginnings. This was the time when attitudes toward politics (Hobbes' argument for absolute monarchy and strict materialism), religion (the Cambridge Platonists and their rebellion against the materialism of Hobbes), science (the origin of modern scientific method in Bacon's systematic observation and experiment), religion and science combined (Browne's erudite confessions of a faith at once religious and scientific), and psychology (Burton's work on the symptoms, causes, and cures for melancholy), were just beginning to blossom; a time, too, when the strenuous political debates erupted eventually into the Civil War. How fortunate, then, that it was also a time of the remarkable flowering of an inner life of meditation, lyric poetry, and devotional writing of all kinds, and that this aspect of the time eventually came to engross a twentieth-century scholar such as Paul Stanwood. <!--Paragraph 22--> It is eminently appropriate, also, that this ''festschrift'' should premiere in the ''EMLS'' journal, for Stanwood has been closely involved with this scholarly electronic periodical almost from its inception. He was the strongest and most active supporter of ''EMLS'' in its infancy and through its first difficult stages, demonstrating in that support the qualities which have earned him such a strong and positive reputation in his department and in his field. <!--Paragraph 23--> A number of years ago an occasion arose when some of Stanwood's former students proffered critiques on the quality of his teaching. They spoke of the breadth of his scholarship and his profound knowledge of the period, the inspirational value of his genuine love of the seventeenth century and all its works, his commitment to teaching reflected in his patience and availability for discussion. Little fanfare has surrounded who this man is and what he does, but his sharing with countless undergraduate and graduate students his passion for the prose and poetry of the English Renaissance in his own inimitable manner has led many to the same conclusion: Professor Stanwood ''is'' what he teaches, exhibiting deep sympathy for the issues that define the religious temper of the early seventeenth century. == Paul Stanwood's Bread == ''Ann Arbor, 1956'' X. J. Kennedy<ref>This sonnet is inspired by memory of a time when I first knew Paul when we were both graduate students and teaching fellows at the University of Michigan. It is quite literally true. One day Paul sounded off about the low quality of the bread to be had in local shops; moreover, he then did something about it! But it seems to me that that small protest was characteristic of him, and in a curious way, indicative of the work he was later to do as a scholar and teacher.</ref> <poem> "In all this town you can't find honest bread!" Paul Stanwood thundered. And, to cure that lack, Bought flour and yeast, stoked oven, rolled up sleeves, Briefly set down his pen to wield instead A mixing spoon, his studies on the back Burner. Soon prodigious loaves, ingrained With ripe wheat, fraught with sweetness, stood like sheaves In golden rows. Friends feasted and remained His friends for life. Such is Paul Stanwood's way In scholarship, in teaching: an intense Resistance to a culture's disarray, Impatient with the spurious or shoddy, Devoted to a quest for excellence And nourishment for spirit, mind, and body. </poem> {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 6vc1hgbjrhbqn6c75w35f53i8q3e2lh 0 483550 4640013 4639958 2026-06-12T14:22:03Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4640013 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Maxima Namespace == The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers: * '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, <code>foo</code>, <code>Foo</code>, and <code>FOO</code> are treated as distinct identifiers. * '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., <code>sin</code>, <code>cos</code>) and constants (e.g., <code>%e</code>, <code>%pi</code>) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing <code>SIN(x)</code> or <code>Sin(x)</code> causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function. * '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the <code>kill</code><code>()</code> command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables. However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants: * '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., <code>sin</code>, <code>cos</code>, <code>log</code>) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., <code>SIN</code>, <code>COS</code>), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. * '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., <code>%e</code>, <code>%pi</code>, <code>%i</code>, <code>%gamma</code>) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. * '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the <code>%</code> prefix and are case-sensitive. Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators. The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification: '''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. For instance, a loop variable <code>i</code> in a global context might be overwritten by a function using <code>i</code> if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the <code>'''block''' '''( )'''</code> and <code>'''local''' '''( )'''</code> operators for information related to the scope of identifiers. '''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed. '''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''': * <code>kill(symbol)</code>: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier. * <code>remvalue(symbol)</code>: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact. * <code>kill(all)</code>: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator <code>reset</code> is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global "flags" or option variables to their defaults. == Identifiers == Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. The term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows: # A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or # A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b and a is not a are true) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */ (%o1) y (%i2) y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression */ (y) f(x) (%i3) y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */ (%o3) f(x) </syntaxhighlight>This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used. === Reserved Words === The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':<blockquote>"There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error."</blockquote> integrate next from diff in at limit sum for and elseif then else do or if unless product while thru step Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers. === <u>Identifier Composition Rules</u>: === Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules: * '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (<code>A-Z</code>, <code>a-z</code>), digits (<code>0-9</code>), and the underscore (<code>_</code>). * '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (<code>\</code>). For example, <code>a\+b</code> is a valid single identifier. * '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., <code>\1st_var</code>). * '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''. * '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The <code>declare (''character'', alphabetic)</code> operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic. It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers. Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( <code>\</code> ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the <code>\</code> must be entered for each reference to the identifier. A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash. The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function <code>ALPHA-CHAR-P</code> returns <code>true</code>. Characters may be declared alphabetic by the <code>declare (''character'', alphabetic)</code> operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the <code>declare (''character'', alphabetic)</code> operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all. === <u>Atoms and Symbols</u> === The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, <code>atom()</code> and <code>symbolp()</code> serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. * <code>atom(v)</code> returns true if <code>v</code> is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and <code>nil</code>. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, <code>atom(5)</code> is <code>true</code>, <code>atom(x)</code> is <code>true</code>, but <code>atom(x+1)</code> is <code>false</code> because it is an expression with the operator <code>+</code>. * <code>symbolp(v)</code> returns true only if <code>v</code> is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, <code>symbolp(x)</code> is <code>true</code>, but <code>symbolp(5)</code> is <code>false</code>. The key difference is that <code>atom()</code> is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while <code>symbolp()</code> is specific to symbolic names. ==== Examples: ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* Atom checks */ (%i4) atom(7); /* true: 7 is an atomic number */ (%o4) true (%i5) atom(x); /* true: x is an atomic symbol */ (%o5) true (%i6) atom("hello there"); /* true: "hello there" is an atomic string */ (%o6) true (%i7) atom(x+1); /* false: x+1 is an expression */ (%o7) false (%i8) symbolp(7); /* false: 7 is not a symbol */ (%o8) false (%i9) symbolp(\7); /* true: 7 is now a symbol */ (%o9) true (%i10) symbolp(x); /* true: x is a symbol */ (%o10) true (%i11) symbolp(x+1); /* false: x+1 is a not a symbol */ (%o11) false (%i12) symbolp(x\+1); /* true: x\+1 is a symbol */ (%o12) true (%i13) symbolp("hello there"); /* false: "hello there" is not a symbol */ (%o13) false (%i14) symbolp(hello\ there); /* true: hello\ there is now a symbol */ (%o14) true </syntaxhighlight> ==== Summary Table: ==== {| class="wikitable" |Operator |Returns <code>true</code> for... |Returns <code>false</code> for... |- |<code>atom()</code> |Numbers, Identifiers, Strings, <code>nil</code> |Expressions (e.g., <code>x+1</code>, <code>sin(x)</code>) |- |<code>symbolp()</code> |Symbols (Identifiers, Names) |Numbers, Strings, Expressions, <code>nil</code> |} Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or identifiers (symbols). Use <code>atom()</code> to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and <code>symbolp()</code> to specifically identify symbolic names. In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confusing sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity and simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names and symbols in the broadest practical sense. ==== Unicode Support: ==== As was mentioned previously, versions of Maxima, and specifically the ''wxMaxima'' GUI, support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without the need to be escaped, provided the underlying Lisp implementation and font support them. This support extends the set of characters available for use in composing identifiers. This support can be useful in using Greek letters and other mathematical symbols. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i5) Θ(s,r):= s/r; (%o5) Θ(s,r):=s/r (%i6) Θ(%pi/2,4); /* radians as a function of arc length and radius */ (%o6) %pi/8 </syntaxhighlight>Unicode can also be used in other ways in expressions:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) declare(ℝ, feature); /* make ℝ a feature */ (%o7) done /* define a function to test identifiers for feature ℝ */ (%i8) ℝ(x):= block( [q], if not symbolp(x) then q:sconcat(x," is not an indentifier") elseif featurep(x, ℝ) then q:concat(x, " ∈ ℝ") else q:concat(x, " ∉ ℝ"), return (q) )$ (%i9) declare(x,ℝ); /* make ℝ a feature of identifier x */ (%o9) done (%i10) ℝ(x); /* check x for feature ℝ */ (%o10) x ∈ ℝ (%i11) ℝ(w); /* check w for feature ℝ */ (%o11) w ∉ ℝ (%i12) ℝ(3); /* check 3 for feature ℝ */ (%o12) 3 is not an indentifier </syntaxhighlight>Users should be aware of some aspects of using Unicode in the context of Maxima. First, apart from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI, using Unicode characters is likely to be a "cut-and-paste" operation using a character map of some kind. ''wxMaxima'' has built-in Unicode support which makes using these characters simple. Second, there can be some anomalous behavior. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) ℃; /* This Unicode character ℃ (2103) is an acceptable symbol */ (%o14) ℃ (%i15) symbolp(℃); /* Maxima likes ℃ */ (%o15) true /* This Unicode character ℉ (2109) is an acceptable symbol */ (%i16) symbolp(℉); (%o16) true /* This Unicode character ° (00B0) is an acceptable symbol */ (%i17) symbolp(°) (%o17) true /* Maxima does not like this ° (00B0) character with another one */ (%i18) symbolp(°R); incorrect syntax: R is not an infix operator symbolp(°R) ^ /* Maxima likes this ° (00B0) character if escaped */ (%i19) symbolp(\°R); (%o19) true </syntaxhighlight> ==== Features: ==== The foregoing example demonstrates that '''''features''''' can be associated with identifiers.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i10) features; (%o10) [integer,noninteger,even,odd,rational,irrational,real, imaginary,complex,analytic,increasing,decreasing,oddfun evenfun,posfun,constant,commutative,lassociative, rassociative,symmetric,antisymmetric,integervalued,ℝ]</syntaxhighlight>All of these features are built-in to Maxima except the last one – ℝ. ℝ is a user-defined feature. Maxima recognizes certain mathematical properties of functions and identifiers. These properties are called "''features''". The operator <code>declare(<var>x</var>,<var>foo</var>)</code> associates the feature <var><code>foo</code></var> with the function or identifier <var>x</var>. The operator <code>declare(<var>foo</var>, feature)</code> declares a new feature <var><code>foo</code></var>. For example, <code>declare(ℝ, feature)</code> declares <code>ℝ</code> as a user-defined feature. The predicate operator <code>featurep(<var>x</var>, ℝ</code> returns <code>true</code> if <var>x</var> has the ℝ feature, and <code>false</code> otherwise. ==== Properties: ==== In addition to features, '''''properties''''' can be attributed to identifiers using the <code>put <var>(atom, value, indicator)</var></code> operator or the <code>qput <var>(atom, value, indicator)</var></code> operator. The terminology used with these operators can be confusing. These operators attribute a ''property'' using the argument named <code>indicator</code> and assign a value to the indicator using the argument named <code>value</code> to that indicator. The difference between these two operators is that <code>put</code> evaluates arguments and <code>qput</code> does not. The Maxima documentation explains as follows:<blockquote> ; '''put''' <var>(atom, value, indicator)</var> Assigns <var>value</var> to the property (specified by <var>indicator</var>) of <var>atom</var>.  <var>indicator</var> may be the name of any property, not just a system-defined property. <code>rem</code> reverses the effect of <code>put</code>. <code>put</code> evaluates its arguments. <code>put</code> returns <var>value</var>. ; ; '''qput''' <var>(atom, value, indicator)</var> : Assigns <var>value</var> to the property (specified by <var>indicator</var>) of <var>atom</var>. This is the same as <code>put</code>, except that the arguments are quoted. </blockquote>What "quoted" means in this context is that the evaluation of the arguments is suppressed. The operator <code>get<var>(a</var><var>tom, indicator)</var></code> returns the property indicated by <code>indicator</code> associated with the identifier (<code>atom</code>) or returns <code>false</code> if <code>atom</code> doesn’t have the property <code>indicator</code>. The operator <code>get</code> evaluates its arguments. The fog of this word salad can be lifted by way of an example. The following from the Maxima documentation exemplifies the use of the <code>put</code> and <code>get</code> operators:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) put (%e, 'transcendental, 'type); (%o11) transcendental (%12) put (%pi, 'transcendental, 'type); (%o12) transcendental (%i13) put (%i, 'algebraic, 'type); (%o13) algebraic (%i14) typeof (expr) := block ([q], if numberp (expr) then return ('algebraic), if not atom (expr) then return (maplist ('typeof, expr)), q: get (expr, 'type), if q=false then errcatch (error(expr,"is not numeric.")) else q)$ (%i15) typeof (2*%e + x*%pi); x is not numeric. (%o15) [[transcendental,[]],[algebraic,transcendental]] (%i16) typeof (2*%e + %pi); (%o16) [transcendental,[algebraic,transcendental]]</syntaxhighlight>These expressions provide examples of the use of <code>put</code> and <code>get</code> operators. The indicator for the property used is quoted ( <code>'type</code> ) presumably to prevent its evaluation in order to prevent a possible clash with a Maxima system identifier with the same name. An identifier can have multiple attributed properties. The same property can be attributed to different identifiers with different values. This example also demonstrates the recursive use of the user-defined function <code>typeof</code>. ==== Maxima System Constants: ==== Maxima provides built-in identifiers used to reference some frequently used constants. Among these are <code>%e</code>, <code>%i</code>, <code>%gamma</code>, and <code>%phi</code>, as well as others. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the full list of built-in constants and the related technical details. ==== Maxima System Labels: ==== The following table summarizes the built-in identifier labels for input and output expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Input and Output Labels !Label !Value ! ! |- |% |last output expression | | |- |%in |input expression as labeled | | |- |%on |output expression as labeled | | |} The value of <code>n</code> within these labels is generated automatically and sequentially by Maxima. The values of <code>n</code> are numerals for the natural numbers starting at <code>1</code>. These labels can serve as a sort of handy shorthand as identifiers for referencing expressions. However, users should be aware that reliance on these labels in certain cases can result in unexpected and unwanted side-effects, as well as a negative effect on the readability of saved expressions. The system labels <code>%z7</code> and <code>%z9</code> represent any arbitrary integer value. These labels also are automatically generated by Maxima, and typically appear in the output of equation-solving functions (such as <code>solve</code>) when the solution involves periodic or multi-valued mathematical expressions, such as complex logarithms or roots. They serve as integer parameters to indicate that the solution is valid for any integer value assigned to them. ==== Maxima System Flags: ==== There are built-in Maxima system identifiers that serve special purposes. These identifiers may be referred to as '''''flags'''''. Frequently, these flags have the value of <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> , with one or the other as the default value. These flags are relatively many in number, and too numerous to exemplify here. One flag that can serve as an example is <code>simp</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i17) simp; /* The default value of simp is true */ (%o17) true (%i18) 3+4; /* simplification is active */ (%o18) 7 (%i19) 21/7; /* simplification is active */ (%o19) 3 (%i20) simp:false; /* the value of simp is assigned false */ (simp) false (%i21 3+4; /* simplification is not active */ (%o21) 3+4 (%i22) 21/7; /* simplification is not active */ (%o22) 21/7 </syntaxhighlight> It may be a counter-intuitive recognition that calculations like these simple examples are a matter of simplification and not evaluation, but that is the case even if more complex expressions are involved.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) x:3; /* identifier x is assigned the value of 3 */ (x) 3 (%i24) x; /* the value of x is 3 by evaluation */ (%o24) 3 (%i25) x+4; /* this expression is evaluated but not simplified */ (%o25) 3+4 </syntaxhighlight>Assigning the <code>simp</code> flag to <code>true</code> allows simplification to occur:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) simp:true; /* the simp flag is assigned true */ (simp) true (%i27) x+4; /* this expression is evaluated and now simplified */ (%o27) 7 </syntaxhighlight>{{BookCat}} 5fvzk3knhp7gqb2ymlf9ai7kz76n3qi 0 483652 4640018 4639957 2026-06-12T17:48:21Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Eurovan ('01-'03), Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('95-'96) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93), GTI VR6 (Gen 3), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) ('95), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('09) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} fb641eq413dec85m5h714mac49811vx 4640020 4640018 2026-06-12T18:27:36Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Eurovan ('01-'03), Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('95-'96) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93), GTI VR6 (Gen 3), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) ('95), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('09) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} kzv68x0m9ykv5jpej6ygnaknuna2mtr 4640021 4640020 2026-06-12T18:33:35Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 11, Production Plant: */ 4640021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Eurovan ('01-'03), Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('95-'96) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93), GTI VR6 (Gen 3), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) ('95), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('09) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' '''Select VW equipment codes:''' *X9A - Equipment Options for USA market *X9B - Equipment Options for Canadian market {{BookCat}} j56ekca2ejhp2zxw316hn17b46o8lkn 4640022 4640021 2026-06-12T18:38:51Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Eurovan ('01-'03), Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('95-'96) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93), GTI VR6 (Gen 3), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) ('95), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('09) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' '''Select VW equipment codes:''' *X9A - Equipment Options for USA market *X9B - Equipment Options for Canadian market {{BookCat}} 2rgxeb9wld2v6s9fft18ilaj97f0id0 4640023 4640022 2026-06-12T20:23:36Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Eurovan ('01-'03), Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('95-'96) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93), GTI VR6 (Gen 3), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) ('95), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta TDI ('97-'00) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. VW EA189 engine. VW Jetta sedan Mk5 [1K] TDI ('09), Jetta Sportwagen ('09) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('09) |- | P || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta TDI ('01-'03) |- | R || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk4 [9M] TDI ('04-'05) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | T || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk5 [1K] TDI (Mid '05-'06) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' '''Select VW equipment codes:''' *X9A - Equipment Options for USA market *X9B - Equipment Options for Canadian market {{BookCat}} oktbuvgu174aolqsb2vmj72o8mvz2pg 4640024 4640023 2026-06-12T20:26:04Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Eurovan ('01-'03), Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('95-'96) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93), GTI VR6 (Gen 3), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) ('95), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta TDI ('97-'00) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Jetta sedan Mk5 [1K] TDI ('09), Jetta Sportwagen ('09) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('09) |- | P || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta TDI ('01-'03) |- | R || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk4 [9M] TDI ('04-'05) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | T || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk5 [1K] TDI (Mid '05-'06) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' '''Select VW equipment codes:''' *X9A - Equipment Options for USA market *X9B - Equipment Options for Canadian market {{BookCat}} 3e50ombeakt4dt8minalth5j20szy4b 4640025 4640024 2026-06-12T21:05:08Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Eurovan ('01-'03), Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('95-'96) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93), GTI VR6 (Gen 3), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) ('95), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta TDI ('97-'00) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Jetta sedan Mk5 [1K] TDI ('09-'10), Jetta Sportwagen ('09-'10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('09) |- | P || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta TDI ('01-'03) |- | R || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk4 [9M] TDI ('04-'05) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | T || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk5 [1K] TDI (Mid '05-'06) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' '''Select VW equipment codes:''' *X9A - Equipment Options for USA market *X9B - Equipment Options for Canadian market {{BookCat}} sm0f706ouy3s0uonfnwmu45ynzstkun 4640026 4640025 2026-06-12T22:04:05Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. SCR. VW EA288 engine.<br> VW Jetta sedan Mk6 TDI ('15) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Eurovan ('01-'03), Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('95-'96) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93), GTI VR6 (Gen 3), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) ('95), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) ('95) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta TDI ('97-'00) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Jetta sedan Mk5 [1K] TDI ('09-'10), Jetta Sportwagen ('09-'14), Jetta sedan Mk6 TDI ('11-'14) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. VW Touareg ('09) |- | P || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta TDI ('01-'03) |- | R || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk4 [9M] TDI ('04-'05) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | T || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk5 [1K] TDI (Mid '05-'06) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |} SCR=Selective Catalytic Reduction ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' '''Select VW equipment codes:''' *X9A - Equipment Options for USA market *X9B - Equipment Options for Canadian market {{BookCat}} l8s7lvf6nnzk4jghae54yy8nfksg6yp 102 483723 4640033 4639783 2026-06-13T00:24:08Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 − 5 categories; +[[Category:Recipes using lime]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4640033 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary|category=Salad recipes|servings=4|time=15 minutes|difficulty=2}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}} {{recipe}} [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Uganda|Uganda]] |[[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|India]]| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania|Tanzania]] | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat]] | [[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]] = Kachumbari = '''Kachumbari''' is a fresh East African [[Cookbook:salad|salad]] made from tomatoes, [[Cookbook:onions|onions]], and chili peppers, often served as a side dish with grilled [[Cookbook:meat|meats]], [[Cookbook:rice|rice]], or [[Cookbook:stews|stews]]. == Ingredients == * 4 large ripe [[Cookbook:Tomatoes with Cheese Stuffing|tomatoes]], [[Cookbook:dice|diced]] * 1 large red onion, thinly sliced * 1 [[Cookbook:cucumber|cucumber]], diced (optional) * 1–2 fresh green chilies, finely chopped (optional) * 2 tablespoons fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped * [[Cookbook:Juice|Juice]] of 1 [[Cookbook:lemon|lemon]] or lime * ½ [[Cookbook:tablespoon|tablespoons]] [[Cookbook:salt|salt]] * ¼ tablespoons black [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]] (optional) == Procedure == # Wash all [[Cookbook:vegetables|vegetables]] thoroughly. # Dice the tomatoes into small pieces. # Thinly slice the onion. # If using cucumber, peel and dice it. # Finely chop the chilies and coriander. # Place all ingredients into a mixing bowl. # Add the lemon or lime juice. # Season with salt and black pepper. # Toss gently until well combined. # Allow the salad to rest for 5–10 minutes before serving. # Serve fresh. == Serving == Kachumbari is traditionally served with: * Pilau * [[Cookbook:Biryani]] * Nyama choma (grilled meat) * Grilled fish * [[Cookbook:Ugali (Maize Porridge)|Ugali]] * [[Cookbook:Chapati|Chapati]] == Variations == * [[Cookbook:Avocado|Avocado]] kachumbari * Cucumber kachumbari * [[Cookbook:Mango|Mango]] kachumbari * Kachumbari with bell peppers * Spicy kachumbari with extra chilies == Tips == * Use ripe but firm tomatoes for the best texture. * Soaking sliced onions in cold water for a few minutes reduces their sharpness. * Prepare kachumbari shortly before serving to keep it fresh and crisp. * Fresh lemon or lime juice gives a brighter flavor than bottled juice. * For extra richness, add diced avocado just before serving. * Do not refrigerate for long periods, as the tomatoes may become watery. == Notes == * Kachumbari is similar to pico de gallo and Indian kachumber, although regional ingredients and preparation methods vary. * The salad is usually served immediately after preparation to maintain freshness. == See also == * Pilau * [[Cookbook:Biryani]] * [[Cookbook:Ugali]] * [[Cookbook:Chapati]] [[Category:Cookbook]] [[Category:Indian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Inexpensive recipes]] [[Category:Vegetarian recipes]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using coriander]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using tomato]] [[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]] [[Category:Recipes using cucumber]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using juice]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using lime]] t603kz3vxqqgaonaaao4hi1i9k3hqg9 4640034 4640033 2026-06-13T00:24:44Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 added [[Category:Recipes using chile]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4640034 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary|category=Salad recipes|servings=4|time=15 minutes|difficulty=2}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}} {{recipe}} [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Uganda|Uganda]] |[[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|India]]| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania|Tanzania]] | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat]] | [[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]] = Kachumbari = '''Kachumbari''' is a fresh East African [[Cookbook:salad|salad]] made from tomatoes, [[Cookbook:onions|onions]], and chili peppers, often served as a side dish with grilled [[Cookbook:meat|meats]], [[Cookbook:rice|rice]], or [[Cookbook:stews|stews]]. == Ingredients == * 4 large ripe [[Cookbook:Tomatoes with Cheese Stuffing|tomatoes]], [[Cookbook:dice|diced]] * 1 large red onion, thinly sliced * 1 [[Cookbook:cucumber|cucumber]], diced (optional) * 1–2 fresh green chilies, finely chopped (optional) * 2 tablespoons fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped * [[Cookbook:Juice|Juice]] of 1 [[Cookbook:lemon|lemon]] or lime * ½ [[Cookbook:tablespoon|tablespoons]] [[Cookbook:salt|salt]] * ¼ tablespoons black [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]] (optional) == Procedure == # Wash all [[Cookbook:vegetables|vegetables]] thoroughly. # Dice the tomatoes into small pieces. # Thinly slice the onion. # If using cucumber, peel and dice it. # Finely chop the chilies and coriander. # Place all ingredients into a mixing bowl. # Add the lemon or lime juice. # Season with salt and black pepper. # Toss gently until well combined. # Allow the salad to rest for 5–10 minutes before serving. # Serve fresh. == Serving == Kachumbari is traditionally served with: * Pilau * [[Cookbook:Biryani]] * Nyama choma (grilled meat) * Grilled fish * [[Cookbook:Ugali (Maize Porridge)|Ugali]] * [[Cookbook:Chapati|Chapati]] == Variations == * [[Cookbook:Avocado|Avocado]] kachumbari * Cucumber kachumbari * [[Cookbook:Mango|Mango]] kachumbari * Kachumbari with bell peppers * Spicy kachumbari with extra chilies == Tips == * Use ripe but firm tomatoes for the best texture. * Soaking sliced onions in cold water for a few minutes reduces their sharpness. * Prepare kachumbari shortly before serving to keep it fresh and crisp. * Fresh lemon or lime juice gives a brighter flavor than bottled juice. * For extra richness, add diced avocado just before serving. * Do not refrigerate for long periods, as the tomatoes may become watery. == Notes == * Kachumbari is similar to pico de gallo and Indian kachumber, although regional ingredients and preparation methods vary. * The salad is usually served immediately after preparation to maintain freshness. == See also == * Pilau * [[Cookbook:Biryani]] * [[Cookbook:Ugali]] * [[Cookbook:Chapati]] [[Category:Cookbook]] [[Category:Indian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Inexpensive recipes]] [[Category:Vegetarian recipes]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using coriander]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using tomato]] [[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]] [[Category:Recipes using cucumber]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using juice]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using lime]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] fecf3uo9fvrdtkebeejr0eib1q1fjfh 4640035 4640034 2026-06-13T00:25:04Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 removed [[Category:Recipes using coriander]]; added [[Category:Recipes using cilantro]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4640035 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary|category=Salad recipes|servings=4|time=15 minutes|difficulty=2}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}} {{recipe}} [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Uganda|Uganda]] |[[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|India]]| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania|Tanzania]] | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat]] | [[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]] = Kachumbari = '''Kachumbari''' is a fresh East African [[Cookbook:salad|salad]] made from tomatoes, [[Cookbook:onions|onions]], and chili peppers, often served as a side dish with grilled [[Cookbook:meat|meats]], [[Cookbook:rice|rice]], or [[Cookbook:stews|stews]]. == Ingredients == * 4 large ripe [[Cookbook:Tomatoes with Cheese Stuffing|tomatoes]], [[Cookbook:dice|diced]] * 1 large red onion, thinly sliced * 1 [[Cookbook:cucumber|cucumber]], diced (optional) * 1–2 fresh green chilies, finely chopped (optional) * 2 tablespoons fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped * [[Cookbook:Juice|Juice]] of 1 [[Cookbook:lemon|lemon]] or lime * ½ [[Cookbook:tablespoon|tablespoons]] [[Cookbook:salt|salt]] * ¼ tablespoons black [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]] (optional) == Procedure == # Wash all [[Cookbook:vegetables|vegetables]] thoroughly. # Dice the tomatoes into small pieces. # Thinly slice the onion. # If using cucumber, peel and dice it. # Finely chop the chilies and coriander. # Place all ingredients into a mixing bowl. # Add the lemon or lime juice. # Season with salt and black pepper. # Toss gently until well combined. # Allow the salad to rest for 5–10 minutes before serving. # Serve fresh. == Serving == Kachumbari is traditionally served with: * Pilau * [[Cookbook:Biryani]] * Nyama choma (grilled meat) * Grilled fish * [[Cookbook:Ugali (Maize Porridge)|Ugali]] * [[Cookbook:Chapati|Chapati]] == Variations == * [[Cookbook:Avocado|Avocado]] kachumbari * Cucumber kachumbari * [[Cookbook:Mango|Mango]] kachumbari * Kachumbari with bell peppers * Spicy kachumbari with extra chilies == Tips == * Use ripe but firm tomatoes for the best texture. * Soaking sliced onions in cold water for a few minutes reduces their sharpness. * Prepare kachumbari shortly before serving to keep it fresh and crisp. * Fresh lemon or lime juice gives a brighter flavor than bottled juice. * For extra richness, add diced avocado just before serving. * Do not refrigerate for long periods, as the tomatoes may become watery. == Notes == * Kachumbari is similar to pico de gallo and Indian kachumber, although regional ingredients and preparation methods vary. * The salad is usually served immediately after preparation to maintain freshness. == See also == * Pilau * [[Cookbook:Biryani]] * [[Cookbook:Ugali]] * [[Cookbook:Chapati]] [[Category:Cookbook]] [[Category:Indian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Inexpensive recipes]] [[Category:Vegetarian recipes]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using cilantro]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using tomato]] [[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]] [[Category:Recipes using cucumber]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using juice]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using lime]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] hqa2s9a3f5z4k8et79nrwe8zlzmpw2g 4640040 4640035 2026-06-13T00:40:52Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 style, format, language, links 4640040 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary|category=Salad recipes|servings=4|time=15 minutes|difficulty=2}}{{recipe}} '''Kachumbari''' is a fresh East African [[Cookbook:salad|salad]] made from tomatoes, onions, and chile peppers, often served as a side dish with grilled [[Cookbook:meat|meats]], [[Cookbook:rice|rice]] dishes, bread, or [[Cookbook:stews|stews]]. The dish is similar to pico de gallo and Indian kachumber, although regional ingredients and preparation methods vary. == Ingredients == * 4 large ripe [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]], [[Cookbook:dice|diced]] * 1 large red [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]], thinly [[Cookbook:Slicing|sliced]] * 1 [[Cookbook:cucumber|cucumber]] (optional), peeled and diced * 1–2 fresh green [[Cookbook:Chiles|chiles]] (optional), finely [[Cookbook:Chop|chopped]] * 2 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoons]] chopped fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro) * [[Cookbook:Juice|Juice]] of 1 [[Cookbook:lemon|lemon]] or [[Cookbook:Lime|lime]] * ½ tablespoons [[Cookbook:salt|salt]] * ¼ tablespoons black [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]] (optional) == Procedure == # Gently toss together all the ingredients in a mixing bowl until well-distributed. # Allow the salad to rest for 5–10 minutes. # Taste the salad and adjust the seasoning as needed. # Serve fresh. == Notes, tips, and variations == * If desired, additional ingredients such as avocado, mango, or bell pepper can be added. * The quantity of chiles can be adjusted to taste, depending on spice preference. Fresh lemon or lime juice gives a brighter flavor than bottled juice. * Select tomatoes that are fully ripe but still firm. * To reduce the sharp flavor of the onions, try soaking them for a few minutes in cold water before draining and incorporating them into the salad. * Prepare kachumbari shortly before serving to keep it fresh and crisp. Do not refrigerate for long periods, as the tomatoes may become watery. [[Category:Cookbook]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Inexpensive recipes]] [[Category:Vegetarian recipes]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using cilantro]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using tomato]] [[Category:Recipes using cucumber]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using juice]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using lime]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for salad]] at2t04kdsm5do4z5nywt1zw4u9u92aa 10 483900 4640006 4639975 2026-06-12T12:14:40Z Rainmonger 122366 4640006 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Warning|'''This is not a template.''' Please do not use it as such.}} This is the root page for various templates used in the ''[[Fundamentals of Mechanics]]'' text. As of this time (12:14, 12 June 2026 (UTC)), '''this page should not be used itself'''. It exists as a "subnamespace" of sorts for the ''FoM'' text. == ''FoM'' Templates == * {{Tl|FoM/Eqn}} -- used for displayed and numbered equations * {{Tl|FoM/Eqref}} -- used to link back to numbered equations * {{Tl|FoM/Ex}} -- used for Exercise/Solution blocks * {{Tl|FoM/Nav}} -- used for top nav * {{Tl|FoM/Vec}} -- used to display single vectors in appropriate notation </noinclude> nq96ctappva3hv1sjw1mfmm7bl3mb92 0 483909 4640007 4639993 2026-06-12T12:27:20Z Jeff1138 301139 4640007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== Work started on [https://github.com/jens-maus/amissl AmiSSL v5] aka port of [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3 OpenSSL 3.6] which contains developer files and example programs which should make it possible to add AmiSSL support to client and server applications interested in providing SSL/TLS functionality to end users. This SDK release provides include files for GCC and vbcc for OS3/m68k and OS4/PPC. Also, SAS/C is supported, but please see Issues for important information. The information given here is mostly AmiSSL specific and does not cover OpenSSL For more information on OpenSSL programming, check the [https://www.openssl.org/ OpenSSL documentation and examples] The AmiSSL v5 API is slightly different from previous versions and has been simplified like the below pseudo-code <pre> #include <proto/amisslmaster.h> #include <proto/amissl.h> #include <libraries/amisslmaster.h> #include <libraries/amissl.h> #include <amissl/amissl.h> if((AmiSSLMasterBase = OpenLibrary("amisslmaster.library", AMISSLMASTER_MIN_VERSION)) { #if defined(__amigaos4__) if(IAmiSSLMaster = (struct AmiSSLMasterIFace *) GetInterface((struct Library *)AmiSSLMasterBase, "main", 1, NULL)) { if(OpenAmiSSLTags(AMISSL_CURRENT_VERSION, AmiSSL_UsesOpenSSLStructs, TRUE or FALSE, AmiSSL_GetIAmiSSL, &IAmiSSL, AmiSSL_ISocket, ISocket, AmiSSL_ErrNoPtr, &errno, ..., TAG_DONE) == 0) { CloseAmiSSL(); } else printf("ERROR: Couldn't open AmiSSL!"); DropInterface((struct Interface *)IAmiSSLMaster); } else printf("ERROR: Couldn't obtain AmiSSLMaster interface!"); #else if(OpenAmiSSLTags(AMISSL_CURRENT_VERSION, AmiSSL_UsesOpenSSLStructs, TRUE or FALSE, AmiSSL_GetAmiSSLBase, &AmiSSLBase, AmiSSL_GetAmiSSLExtBase, &AmiSSLExtBase, AmiSSL_SocketBase, SocketBase, AmiSSL_ErrNoPtr, &errno, ..., TAG_DONE) == 0) { CloseAmiSSL(); } else printf("ERROR: Couldn't open AmiSSL!"); #endif CloseLibrary(AmiSSLMasterBase); } else printf("ERROR: Couldn't open amisslmaster.library!"); </pre> The first step is to open amisslmaster.library requesting at least AMISSLMASTER_MIN_VERSION version (and, for OS4, call GetInterface() to get the "main" interface and later DropInterface() in the cleanup phase). Then amisslmaster.library/OpenAmiSSLTags() has to be called specifying which API version the program was compiled for and whether it uses OpenSSL structures in some way (ie. if it accesses some of the fields directly and not through AmiSSL API or if it includes OpenSSL structures in its own structures - if unsure, specify TRUE). It will return zero on success or a non-zero value on failure. See the autodocs for amisslmaster.library/OpenAmiSSLTags() and amissl.library/InitAmiSSL() for currently available tags. If you need to compile a program specifically for f. ex. OpenSSL 0.9.7g API, you need to use the SDK in which AMISSL_CURRENT_VERSION is AMISSL_V097g. If you are, however, always using the latest AmiSSL SDK version you can keep using AMISSL_CURRENT_VERSION. The use of amisslmaster.library makes it possible to have multiple versions of amissl.library with incompatible APIs installed keeping the programs compiled with an older amissl.library working. This is necessary since OpenSSL API changes from time to time. Also, when a new version of AmiSSL is released with amissl.library API that is backwards compatible to some previous version, a program requesting the old version of amissl.library will automatically get the new version and the old version can be deleted. 3. Subprocesses --------------- Note, that unlike in AmiSSL v1, AmiSSLBase can be shared between different subprocesses. Furthermore, this is encouraged since it allows the cache of server certificates to be used by all subprocesses that share the same AmiSSL base resulting in speed increase. Each subprocess must call InitAmiSSL() with appropriate arguments before using any other amissl.library calls and CleanupAmiSSL() before it exits. AmiSSL then ensures due to its baserel-based environment that any opener receives an own baserel based library base. ==Examples== The provided example, httpget.c, is an example of how to use the new OpenSSL 3.x built-in HTTP client functions. It shows how to retrieve a document from a "http://" or "https://" server, with or without a password and how you can also use the URL parsing functions from OpenSSL 3.x. <pre> /*************************************************************************** AmiSSL - OpenSSL wrapper for AmigaOS-based systems Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Andrija Antonijevic, Stefan Burstroem. Copyright (c) 2006-2022 AmiSSL Open Source Team. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. AmiSSL Official Support Site: https://github.com/jens-maus/amissl ***************************************************************************/ /* * This example program demonstrates how to use the HTTP client function * OSSL_HTTP_get() and URL parsing function OSSL_HTTP_parse_url(), which * were newly introduced in OpenSSL 3.0 and AmiSSL v5. * * These allow any application to load http or https URLs completely * within AmiSSL v5, without the need for any other external libraries, * such as libcurl, or custom code. OSSL_HTTP_get() is the highest level * function provided by the HTTP client, but you can have more control by * using the lower level HTTP functions described in the OpenSSL manual at * https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/OSSL_HTTP_get.html */ #if defined(__amigaos4__) && !defined(__USE_INLINE__) # define __USE_INLINE__ #endif #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <proto/exec.h> #include <proto/dos.h> #include <proto/amissl.h> #include <proto/amisslmaster.h> #include <amissl/amissl.h> #include <libraries/amisslmaster.h> #include <libraries/amissl.h> #if !defined(__amigaos4__) # include <SDI_compiler.h> #endif const char stack_size[] = "$STACK:8192"; static SSL_CTX *Init(void); static void Cleanup(SSL_CTX *ctx); /* Check if URL is valid and extract any username/password */ BOOL IsSupportedURL(char *url, char **userinfo) { int ssl, portnum; char *host, *port, *path, *query, *fragment; /* You may wish to make use of OSSL_parse_url() which can be * used to parse non-http(s) URLs too */ return OSSL_HTTP_parse_url(url, &ssl, userinfo, &host, &port, &portnum, &path, &query, &fragment); } /* Required callback to enable HTTPS connection, when necessary */ SAVEDS STDARGS BIO *HTTP_TLS_cb(BIO *bio, void *arg, int connect, int detail) { if (connect && detail) { /* Connect with TLS */ BIO *sbio = BIO_new_ssl((SSL_CTX *)arg, 1); bio = (sbio != NULL) ? BIO_push(sbio, bio) : NULL; } return bio; } /* Stub function used when freeing our stack of headers */ SAVEDS STDARGS void stub_X509V3_conf_free(CONF_VALUE *val) { X509V3_conf_free(val); } /* Read content from URL and dump to Output() */ BOOL GetURL(char *url, char *userinfo, SSL_CTX *sslctx) { STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *headers = NULL; BIO *bio, *bio_err; /* Add our own HTTP headers */ X509V3_add_value("User-Agent", "AmiSSL/5.1", &headers); X509V3_add_value("Referer", "GetURL()", &headers); if (userinfo) { /* Optionally specify username:password */ char auth[256] = "Basic "; /* Base64 encode */ EVP_EncodeBlock((unsigned char *)&auth[6], (unsigned char *)userinfo, strlen(userinfo)); X509V3_add_value("Authorization", auth, &headers); } /* Initiate the request (supports redirection) */ if ((bio = OSSL_HTTP_get(url, NULL /* proxy */, NULL /* no_proxy */, NULL /* bio */, NULL /* rbio */, (BIO *(*)(BIO *, void *, int, int))HTTP_TLS_cb, sslctx, 0 /* buf_size */, headers, NULL /* expected_content_type */, 0 /* expect_asn1 */, 0 /* max_resp_len */, 0 /* timeout */)) != NULL) { /* HTTP request succeeded */ char buffer[2048]; /* should really move this off the stack */ int length; while ((length = BIO_read(bio, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) { FWrite(Output(), buffer, 1, length); } BIO_free(bio); } else if((bio_err = BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) != NULL) { /* HTTP request failed - try to show why */ BIO_set_fp_amiga(bio_err, Output(), BIO_NOCLOSE | BIO_FP_TEXT); ERR_print_errors(bio_err); BIO_free(bio_err); } /* Free our custom headers */ sk_CONF_VALUE_pop_free(headers,(void (*)(CONF_VALUE *))stub_X509V3_conf_free); return (bio != NULL); } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { BOOL is_ok = FALSE; SSL_CTX *sslctx = NULL; char *userinfo = NULL; if (argc > 1) { /* Open required OS libraries and initialize AmiSSL */ if ((sslctx = Init()) != NULL) { /* First check if URL is valid (optional) */ if (IsSupportedURL(argv[1], &userinfo)) { /* Open the URL and dump the response to Output() */ is_ok = GetURL(argv[1], userinfo, sslctx); } else Printf("Not a valid http or https URL\n"); } /* Free resources */ Cleanup(sslctx); } else Printf("Usage: %s [url] (http:// and https:// supported)\n", argv[0]); return(is_ok ? RETURN_OK : RETURN_ERROR); } #if defined(USE_AUTOINIT) /* Link with -lamisslauto */ LONG UsesOpenSSLStructs = FALSE; static SSL_CTX *Init(void) { SSL_CTX *ctx; if (!(ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_client_method()))) Printf("Couldn't create SSL context!\n"); return ctx; } static void Cleanup(SSL_CTX *ctx) { SSL_CTX_free(ctx); } #else struct Library *AmiSSLMasterBase, *SocketBase; # if defined(__amigaos4__) struct AmiSSLMasterIFace *IAmiSSLMaster; struct AmiSSLIFace *IAmiSSL; struct SocketIFace *ISocket; # define GETINTERFACE(iface, base) (iface = (APTR)GetInterface((struct Library *)(base), "main", 1L, NULL)) # define DROPINTERFACE(iface) (DropInterface((struct Interface *)iface), iface = NULL) # else struct Library *AmiSSLBase, *AmiSSLExtBase; # define GETINTERFACE(iface, base) TRUE # define DROPINTERFACE(iface) # endif # define XMKSTR(x) #x # define MKSTR(x) XMKSTR(x) /* Open and initialize AmiSSL */ static SSL_CTX *Init(void) { SSL_CTX *ctx = NULL; if (!(SocketBase = OpenLibrary("bsdsocket.library", 4))) Printf("Couldn't open bsdsocket.library v4!\n"); else if (!GETINTERFACE(ISocket, SocketBase)) Printf("Couldn't get Socket interface!\n"); else if (!(AmiSSLMasterBase = OpenLibrary("amisslmaster.library", AMISSLMASTER_MIN_VERSION))) Printf("Couldn't open amisslmaster.library v" MKSTR(AMISSLMASTER_MIN_VERSION) "!\n"); else if (!GETINTERFACE(IAmiSSLMaster, AmiSSLMasterBase)) Printf("Couldn't get AmiSSLMaster interface!\n"); # if defined(__amigaos4__) else if (OpenAmiSSLTags(AMISSL_CURRENT_VERSION, AmiSSL_UsesOpenSSLStructs, FALSE, AmiSSL_GetIAmiSSL, &IAmiSSL, AmiSSL_ISocket, ISocket, AmiSSL_ErrNoPtr, &errno, TAG_DONE) != 0) # else else if (OpenAmiSSLTags(AMISSL_CURRENT_VERSION, AmiSSL_UsesOpenSSLStructs, FALSE, AmiSSL_GetAmiSSLBase, &AmiSSLBase, AmiSSL_GetAmiSSLExtBase, &AmiSSLExtBase, AmiSSL_SocketBase, SocketBase, AmiSSL_ErrNoPtr, &errno, TAG_DONE) != 0) # endif Printf("Couldn't open and initialize AmiSSL!\n"); else if (!(ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_client_method()))) Printf("Couldn't create SSL context!\n"); return ctx; } /* Close AmiSSL */ static void Cleanup(SSL_CTX *ctx) { # if defined(__amigaos4__) if (IAmiSSL) # else if (AmiSSLBase) # endif { SSL_CTX_free(ctx); CloseAmiSSL(); } DROPINTERFACE(IAmiSSLMaster); CloseLibrary(AmiSSLMasterBase); DROPINTERFACE(ISocket); CloseLibrary(SocketBase); } #endif /* !USE_AUTOINIT */ </pre> Another example, https.c, is a very simple client. It shows how to retrieve a document from a "https://" server, at a lower level, by connecting directly to the site, and also by connecting through a proxy server (SSL tunneling). <pre> /*************************************************************************** AmiSSL - OpenSSL wrapper for AmigaOS-based systems Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Andrija Antonijevic, Stefan Burstroem. Copyright (c) 2006-2022 AmiSSL Open Source Team. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. AmiSSL Official Support Site: https://github.com/jens-maus/amissl ***************************************************************************/ #if defined(__amigaos4__) # ifndef __USE_INLINE__ # define __USE_INLINE__ # endif # if defined(__VBCC__) && !defined(__USE_OLD_TIMEVAL__) # define __USE_OLD_TIMEVAL__ # endif #endif #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netdb.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <proto/exec.h> #include <proto/dos.h> #define __NOLIBBASE__ #include <proto/utility.h> #undef __NOLIBBASE__ #include <proto/amissl.h> #include <proto/amisslmaster.h> #include <proto/socket.h> #include <clib/alib_protos.h> #include <utility/utility.h> #include <amissl/amissl.h> #include <libraries/amisslmaster.h> #include <libraries/amissl.h> const char stack_size[] = "$STACK:8192"; static BOOL Init(void); static void Cleanup(void); static void GenerateRandomSeed(char *buffer, int size); static int ConnectToServer(char *, short, char *, short); static int verify_cb(int preverify_ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx); struct Library *AmiSSLMasterBase, *AmiSSLBase, *SocketBase, *UtilityBase; BOOL AmiSSLInitialized; #if defined(__amigaos4__) struct AmiSSLMasterIFace *IAmiSSLMaster; struct AmiSSLIFace *IAmiSSL; struct SocketIFace *ISocket; struct UtilityIFace *IUtility; #else static BPTR ErrorOutput(void) { return(((struct Process *)FindTask(NULL))->pr_CES); } #define FFlush(x) Flush(x) #endif /* !__amigaos4__ */ static BPTR GetStdErr(void) { BPTR err = ErrorOutput(); return(err ? err : Output()); } /* Usage: https <host> <port> [proxyhost] [proxyport] * * host: name of host (default: "localhost") * port: port to connect to (default: 443) * proxyhost: name of proxy (optional) * proxyport: name of proxy (optional) * * If any proxy parameter is omitted, the program will * connect directly to the host. */ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char buffer[4096]; /* This should be dynamically allocated */ BOOL is_ok = FALSE; X509 *server_cert; SSL_CTX *ctx; BIO *bio_err; SSL *ssl; if (Init()) /* Open required OS libraries and initialize AmiSSL */ { /* Basic intialization. Next few steps (up to SSL_new()) need * to be done only once per AmiSSL opener. */ OPENSSL_init_ssl(OPENSSL_INIT_SSL_DEFAULT | OPENSSL_INIT_ADD_ALL_CIPHERS | OPENSSL_INIT_ADD_ALL_DIGESTS, NULL); /* Seed the entropy engine */ GenerateRandomSeed(buffer, 128); RAND_seed(buffer, 128); /* Note: BIO writing routines are prepared for NULL BIO handle */ if((bio_err = BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) != NULL) BIO_set_fp_amiga(bio_err, GetStdErr(), BIO_NOCLOSE | BIO_FP_TEXT); /* Get a new SSL context */ if((ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_client_method())) != NULL) { /* Basic certificate handling. OpenSSL documentation has more * information on this. */ SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_paths(ctx); SSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER | SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT, verify_cb); /* The following needs to be done once per socket */ if((ssl = SSL_new(ctx)) != NULL) { int sock; int port, pport; char *host, *proxy; /* Connect to the HTTPS server, directly or through a proxy */ host = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : (char *)"localhost"; port = (argc > 2) ? atol(argv[2]) : 443; proxy = (argc > 3) ? argv[3] : NULL; pport = (argc > 4) ? atol(argv[4]) : 0; sock = ConnectToServer(host, port, proxy, pport); /* Check if connection was established */ if (sock >= 0) { int ssl_err = 0; /* Associate the socket with the ssl structure */ SSL_set_fd(ssl, sock); /* Set up SNI (Server Name Indication) */ SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(ssl, host); /* Perform SSL handshake */ if((ssl_err = SSL_connect(ssl)) >= 0) { Printf("SSL connection using %s\n", SSL_get_cipher(ssl)); /* Certificate checking. This example is *very* basic */ if((server_cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl))) { char *str; Printf("Server certificate:\n"); if((str = X509_NAME_oneline(X509_get_subject_name(server_cert), 0, 0))) { Printf("\tSubject: %s\n", str); OPENSSL_free(str); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Warning: couldn't read subject name in certificate!\n"); if((str = X509_NAME_oneline(X509_get_issuer_name(server_cert), 0, 0)) != NULL) { Printf("\tIssuer: %s\n", str); OPENSSL_free(str); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Warning: couldn't read issuer name in certificate!\n"); X509_free(server_cert); /* Send a HTTP request. Again, this is just * a very basic example. */ sprintf(buffer,"GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n",host); if ((ssl_err = SSL_write(ssl, buffer, strlen(buffer))) > 0) { /* Dump everything to output */ while ((ssl_err = SSL_read(ssl, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1)) > 0) FWrite(Output(), buffer, ssl_err, 1); FFlush(Output()); /* This is not entirely true, check * the SSL_read documentation */ is_ok = ssl_err == 0; } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't write request!\n"); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't get server certificate!\n"); /* Send SSL close notification */ SSL_shutdown(ssl); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't establish SSL connection!\n"); /* If there were errors, print them */ if (ssl_err < 0) ERR_print_errors(bio_err); /* Close the socket */ CloseSocket(sock); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't connect to host!\n"); FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "before SSL_free()\n"); SSL_free(ssl); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't create new SSL handle!\n"); FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "before SSL_CTX_free()\n"); SSL_CTX_free(ctx); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't create new context!\n"); BIO_free(bio_err); FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "before Cleanup()\n"); Cleanup(); } FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "before end of main()\n"); return(is_ok ? RETURN_OK : RETURN_ERROR); } #define XMKSTR(x) #x #define MKSTR(x) XMKSTR(x) #if defined(__amigaos4__) #define GETINTERFACE(iface, base) (iface = (APTR)GetInterface((struct Library *)(base), "main", 1L, NULL)) #define DROPINTERFACE(iface) (DropInterface((struct Interface *)iface), iface = NULL) #else #define GETINTERFACE(iface, base) TRUE #define DROPINTERFACE(iface) #endif /* Open and initialize AmiSSL */ static BOOL Init(void) { AmiSSLInitialized = FALSE; if (!(UtilityBase = OpenLibrary("utility.library", 0))) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't open utility.library!\n"); else if (!GETINTERFACE(IUtility, UtilityBase)) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't get Socket interface!\n"); else if (!(SocketBase = OpenLibrary("bsdsocket.library", 4))) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't open bsdsocket.library v4!\n"); else if (!GETINTERFACE(ISocket, SocketBase)) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't get Socket interface!\n"); else if (!(AmiSSLMasterBase = OpenLibrary("amisslmaster.library", AMISSLMASTER_MIN_VERSION))) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't open amisslmaster.library v" MKSTR(AMISSLMASTER_MIN_VERSION) "!\n"); else if (!GETINTERFACE(IAmiSSLMaster, AmiSSLMasterBase)) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't get AmiSSLMaster interface!\n"); else if (!InitAmiSSLMaster(AMISSL_CURRENT_VERSION, TRUE)) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "AmiSSL version is too old!\n"); else if (!(AmiSSLBase = OpenAmiSSL())) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't open AmiSSL!\n"); else if (!GETINTERFACE(IAmiSSL, AmiSSLBase)) FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't get AmiSSL interface!\n"); #if defined(__amigaos4__) else if (InitAmiSSL(AmiSSL_ErrNoPtr, &errno, AmiSSL_ISocket, ISocket, TAG_DONE) != 0) #else else if (InitAmiSSL(AmiSSL_ErrNoPtr, &errno, AmiSSL_SocketBase, SocketBase, TAG_DONE) != 0) #endif FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't initialize AmiSSL!\n"); else AmiSSLInitialized = TRUE; if (!AmiSSLInitialized) Cleanup(); /* This is safe to call even if something failed above */ return(AmiSSLInitialized); } static void Cleanup(void) { if (AmiSSLInitialized) { /* Must always call after successful InitAmiSSL() */ CleanupAmiSSLA(NULL); } if (AmiSSLBase) { DROPINTERFACE(IAmiSSL); CloseAmiSSL(); AmiSSLBase = NULL; } DROPINTERFACE(IAmiSSLMaster); CloseLibrary(AmiSSLMasterBase); AmiSSLMasterBase = NULL; DROPINTERFACE(ISocket); CloseLibrary(SocketBase); SocketBase = NULL; DROPINTERFACE(IUtility); CloseLibrary(UtilityBase); UtilityBase = NULL; } /* Get some suitable random seed data */ static void GenerateRandomSeed(char *buffer, int size) { int i; #ifdef __amigaos4__ struct RandomState rs; rs.rs_Low = clock(); rs.rs_High = time(NULL); for(i = 0; i < size/4; i++) { ((LONG *)buffer)[i] = Random(&rs); } #else for(i = 0; i < size/2; i++) { ((UWORD *)buffer)[i] = RangeRand(65535); } #endif } /* This callback is called everytime OpenSSL verifies a certificate * in the chain during a connection, indicating success or failure. */ static int verify_cb(int preverify_ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx) { if (!preverify_ok) { /* Here, you could ask the user whether to ignore the failure, * displaying information from the certificate, for example. */ FPrintf(GetStdErr(),"Certificate verification failed (%s)\n", X509_verify_cert_error_string(X509_STORE_CTX_get_error(ctx))); } else { FPrintf(GetStdErr(),"Certificate verification successful (hash %08lx)\n", X509_issuer_and_serial_hash(X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(ctx))); } return preverify_ok; } /* Connect to the specified server, either directly or through the specified * proxy using HTTP CONNECT method. */ static int ConnectToServer(char *host, short port, char *proxy, short pport) { struct sockaddr_in addr; struct hostent *hostent; char buffer[1024]; /* This should be dynamically alocated */ BOOL is_ok = FALSE; char *s1, *s2; int sock = -1; /* Lookup hostname */ if ((hostent = gethostbyname((proxy && pport) ? proxy : host)) != NULL) { memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr)); addr.sin_family = AF_INET; addr.sin_port = htons((proxy && pport) ? pport : port); addr.sin_len = hostent->h_length;; memcpy(&addr.sin_addr,hostent->h_addr,hostent->h_length); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Host lookup failed\n"); /* Create a socket and connect to the server */ if (hostent && ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) >= 0)) { if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr)) >= 0) { /* For proxy connection, use SSL tunneling. First issue a HTTP CONNECT * request and then proceed as with direct HTTPS connection. */ if (proxy && pport) { /* This should be done with snprintf to prevent buffer * overflows, but some compilers don't have it and * handling that would be an overkill for this example */ sprintf(buffer, "CONNECT %s:%ld HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n", host, (long)port); /* In a real application, it would be necessary to loop * until everything is sent or an error occurrs, but here we * hope that everything gets sent at once. */ if (send(sock, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) >= 0) { int len; /* Again, some optimistic behaviour: HTTP response might not be * received with only one recv */ if ((len = recv(sock, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, 0)) >= 0) { /* Assuming it was received, find the end of * the line and cut it off */ if ((s1 = strchr(buffer, '\r')) || (s1 = strchr(buffer, '\n'))) *s1 = '\0'; else buffer[len] = '\0'; Printf("Proxy returned: %s\n", buffer); /* Check if HTTP response makes sense */ if (strncmp(buffer, "HTTP/", 4) == 0 && (s1 = strchr(buffer, ' ')) && (s2 = strchr(++s1, ' ')) && (s2 - s1 == 3)) { /* Only accept HTTP 200 OK response */ if (atol(s1) == 200) is_ok = TRUE; else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Proxy responce indicates error!\n"); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Amibigous proxy responce!\n"); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't get proxy response!\n"); } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't send request to proxy!\n"); } else is_ok = TRUE; } else FPrintf(GetStdErr(), "Couldn't connect to server\n"); if (!is_ok) { CloseSocket(sock); sock = -1; } } return(sock); } </pre> ==Reference== 5. Link libraries ----------------- The following optional link libraries are supplied, for GCC on OS3/OS4 and vbcc on OS4: - libamisslauto.a (link with -lamisslauto) As per the standard libauto, automatically open and set up AmiSSL, without having to worry about the initialisation code yourself. You may also compile your own link library for a different compiler from lib/autoinit_amissl_main.c which can be compiled with VBCC, SAS/C and GCC. - libamisslstubs.a (link with -lamisslstubs) Some OpenSSL functions take a pointer to another OpenSSL function as a parameter. This becomes a problem when using standard AmigaOS library inlines, usually causing undefined reference errors (e.g. X509_free) when linking. You can either create your own stub functions to resolve this, which simply call the AmiSSL functions, but for convenience you can instead link with this library which contains stubs for all OpenSSL functions. If you wish to create this library for a different compiler, the stubs source code can be created on OS4 using "idltool -L amissl.xml" or on OS3 from the sfd file using tools such as sfdc, sfd or fd2pragma. 6. Migration from AmiSSL v4 --------------------------- AmiSSL v4 is OpenSSL 1.1.x based, whilst AmiSSL v5 uses OpenSSL 3.x, but fortunately you will not usually need to make any changes to your code, as most things are actually backwards compatible (most functions that have been removed or changed will be replaced by macros in the OpenSSL header files). However, we encourage developers to use the new OpenAmiSSLTags() function, in place of InitAmiSSLMaster(), OpenAmiSSL() and InitAmiSSL() (these functions will still continue to operate as before). Details of OpenSSL changes are available at https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man7/migration_guide.html and with GCC you will receive warnings if you use any deprecated functions. Due to the shear amount of OpenSSL 3.x API functions available, we had to split them across two library bases on OS3 which meant the addition of AmiSSLExtBase. AmiSSLExtBase can be obtained using the AmiSSL_GetAmiSSLExtBase tag in OpenAmiSSLTags() (or alternatively, in InitAmiSSL() if you wish to keep using the old functions). This does not apply to OS4, where there is one single interface as before. The procedure for subprocesses remains unchanged - they must continue to call InitAmiSSL() and CleanupAmiSSL() if sharing the AmiSSL instance from the parent task where OpenAmiSSLTags() was called. 7. Migration from AmiSSL v3 --------------------------- AmiSSL v3 is OpenSSL 0.9.x based and there were many fundamental changes in AmiSSL v4 due to the switch to OpenSSL 1.1.x. Although there were no changes in the AmiSSL API itself, there were lots of important changes in the OpenSSL API. Rather than simply recompiling, depending on how heavy your OpenSSL usage is, you may well need to make changes to your code. For example, many public structures that were defined in the header files have now been made private. Rather than allocating them yourself, or putting them on the stack, you will need to use the provided new functions to obtain, access and modify these structures. We also dropped SSLv2/v3 methods completely, so you will need to switch to TLS. 8. Differences to OpenSSL ------------------------- AmiSSL provides essentially the same functionality as OpenSSL, but there are a few differences as a result of the Amiga shared library model and necessity to support different compilers. Unlike AmiSSL v1, AmiSSL v3/v4/v5 uses "#include <openssl/xxx.h>" scheme instead of "#include <amissl/xxx.h>" scheme. This and some other changes should make it possible to compile most OpenSSL programs out of the box. The functions, e.g., BIO_set_fp(), BIO_get_fp() and BIO_new_fp() are not available since they require a FILE * argument which is C runtime library specific. However, there are replacement functions which have _amiga added to their name and take a BPTR instead of FILE * argument. For example, BIO_set_fp(bio_out, stdout, BIO_NOCLOSE) can be replaced by BIO_set_fp_amiga(bio_out, Output(), BIO_NOCLOSE); Also, all other stdio functions that have a FILE * argument are not available. However, all these functions have an equivalent that accepts BIO * instead of FILE * so these functions can be used instead. The simple sequence <pre> fp = fopen(file, mode); openssl_func_fp(fp, ...); fclose(fp) </pre> sequence can be replaced with the following: <pre> bio = BIO_new_file(file, mode); openssl_func(bio, ...); BIO_free(bio); </pre> In addition, AmiSSL adds several functions which deal with OpenSSL ciphers: <pre> const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_mac(SSL_CIPHER *cipher); const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_encryption(SSL_CIPHER *cipher); const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_authentication(SSL_CIPHER *cipher); const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_key_exchange(SSL_CIPHER *cipher); const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_export(SSL_CIPHER *cipher); </pre> These will return textual representation of requested cipher data. For example, SSL_CIPHER_get_encryption() will return "AES(256)" when 256-bit AES cipher is used. 9. Callback functions --------------------- Some OpenSSL functions require you to pass your own callback function in as a parameter. These functions will be called using default calling conventions on OS3 and OS4. On OS3 this means AmiSSL will call your function with the function arguments placed on the stack, whilst on OS4 they will be placed in registers, as usual. If you have set your compiler to use a different convention, be sure to define your callback function correctly. For example: STDARGS SAVEDS int verify_cb(int preverify_ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx) { return preverify_ok; } SSL_CTX_set_verify(sslctx,SSL_VERIFY_PEER,verify_cb); 10. Stub functions ------------------ Sometimes it is necessary to pass an AmiSSL function as a function pointer argument. Since AmiSSL functions are inside the library, it is not possible directly. See the section about the libamisslstubs.a link library which aims to solve this issue. However, if not using the link library, it is possible to write your own stub function: void NOSTACKCHECK /* STDARGS */ SAVEDS (ASN1_OBJECT_free)(ASN1_OBJECT *a) { ASN1_OBJECT_free(a); } In newly written code it is better to use a different name for the function, but when working with already existing code it might be easier to use the same name than to change many occurrences of f. ex. ASN1_OBJECT_free to f. ex. ASN1_OBJECT_free_stub whenever ASN1_OBJECT_free is passed as a function pointer. ==Issues== 11. VBCC issues --------------- The OpenSSL header files rely on using and declaring static inline helper functions. This means that lots of functions will be declared in every module that you include the OpenSSL headers and probably most of them you will not use or need. Most compilers remove these unused functions by default and sometimes even with the optimiser completely disabled. Unfortunately, VBCC is different and will only remove these functions if you use -O3 when compiling. -O1 and -O2 will leave all the unused functions in your code. If for some reason you do not wish to use -O3, you could try -O=17375 or -O=17407. These are the equivalent of -O1 and -O2 respectively, but with the required optimiser bit added to enable removal of the unused functions. Alternatively, you may compile with -DAMISSL_NO_STATIC_FUNCTIONS, which will stop all the affected functions from being declared in the first place, but obviously you can only use this if your code is not using any of these functions otherwise you will get errors when compiling. 12. SAS/C issues ---------------- You will need to add "PreprocessorBuffer=32768 IdentifierLength=80" to your SC command line and have to take special care where 64-bit integers are concerned. In particular, OPENSSL_init_ssl(), which you mignt not even be calling directly, but is ultimately the end result of many of the macros for older legacy SSL initialisation functions. Remember that for 64-bit parameters, the high 32-bits are placed in D0 and the low 32-bits in D1. So, you might want to use a workaround similar to this: <pre> #define OPENSSL_init_ssl_32(opts, settings) \ (putreg(REG_D1,opts), OPENSSL_init_ssl(0, settings)) </pre> <pre> #ifndef LIBRARIES_AMISSL_H #define LIBRARIES_AMISSL_H /*************************************************************************** AmiSSL - OpenSSL wrapper for AmigaOS-based systems Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Andrija Antonijevic, Stefan Burstroem. Copyright (c) 2006-2022 AmiSSL Open Source Team. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. AmiSSL Official Support Site: https://github.com/jens-maus/amissl ***************************************************************************/ #define CIPHER_BLOWFISH 0x01 #define CIPHER_CAST 0x02 #define CIPHER_DES 0x03 #define CIPHER_DH 0x04 #define CIPHER_DSA 0x05 #define CIPHER_IDEA 0x06 #define CIPHER_MD2 0x07 #define CIPHER_MD4 0x08 #define CIPHER_MD5 0x09 #define CIPHER_MDC2 0x0a #define CIPHER_RC2 0x0b #define CIPHER_RC4 0x0c #define CIPHER_RC5 0x0d #define CIPHER_RIPEMD 0x0e #define CIPHER_RSA 0x0f #define CIPHER_SHA 0x10 #define CIPHER_AES 0x11 #define CIPHER_BlowFish CIPHER_BLOWFISH #endif /* !LIBRARIES_AMISSL_H */ </pre> <pre> TABLE OF CONTENTS amissl.library/--background-- amissl.library/CleanupAmiSSLA amissl.library/InitAmiSSLA amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_authentication amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_encryption amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_key_exchange amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_mac amissl.library/--background-- amissl.library/--background-- PURPOSE The amissl.library contains the public OpenSSL API functions. There are too many to list and document here, but you can find documentation on the OpenSSL API at https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3. Instead, only the AmiSSL specific functions are documented here. Since AmiSSL v2, you must not open this library directly. In AmiSSL v5 you should use use amisslmaster.library/OpenAmiSSLTags() instead. In AmiSSL v2/v3/v4, use amisslmaster.library/OpenAmiSSL() and then call InitAmiSSL() before you can start using OpenSSL functions. This is because multiple versions of AmiSSL can be installed at the same time with the libraries named of the form amissl_v<version>.library. Since AmiSSL v2, each opener gets their own unique baserel based AmiSSLBase. This can be shared between different subprocesses. Furthermore, this is encouraged since it allows the cache of server certificates to be used by all subprocesses that share the same AmiSSLBase resulting in speed increase. Each subprocess MUST call InitAmiSSL() with appropriate arguments before using any other amissl.library calls and CleanupAmiSSL() before it exits. amissl.library/CleanupAmiSSLA amissl.library/CleanupAmiSSLA NAME CleanupAmiSSLA -- cleanup the AmiSSL library (V1) CleanupAmiSSL -- varargs stub for CleanupAmiSSLA() (V1) SYNOPSIS error = CleanupAmiSSLA( tagList ) LONG CleanupAmiSSLA( struct TagItem * ) error = CleanupAmiSSL( tag, ... ) LONG CleanupAmiSSL( Tag, ... ); FUNCTION If using amisslmaster.library/OpenSSLTags() and the AmiSSL_InitAmiSSL tag to initialise AmiSSL, you must not use this function, as amisslmaster.library/CloseAmiSSL() will call it for you. However, for each process using AmiSSL, where you made a successful InitAmiSSLA() call, you must pair it with a call to this function to cleanup and process related resources. Failure to do so can cause AmiSSL to crash. Once this function has been called, you must not use any OpenSSL functions. INPUTS tagList - pointer to an array of tags providing optional extra parameters, or NULL. TAGS RESULTS error - returns 0 on success or non-zero on failure. SEE ALSO InitAmiSSLA() amissl.library/InitAmiSSLA amissl.library/InitAmiSSLA NAME InitAmiSSLA -- initialise the AmiSSL library (V1) InitAmiSSL -- varargs stub for InitAmiSSLA() (V1) SYNOPSIS error = InitAmiSSLA( tagList ) LONG InitAmiSSLA( struct TagItem * ) error = InitAmiSSL( tag, ... ) LONG InitAmiSSL( Tag, ... ); FUNCTION Usually, you will be using amisslmaster.library/OpenSSLTags() to initialise AmiSSL, so you should not need to use this function in simple applications. If you have decided delay the initialisation, this function must be called to initialise AmiSSL, once opened, before you can use any of the available OpenSSL functions. Furthermore, if you would like to use AmiSSL in your application's subprocesses, it is recommended that you share the AmiSSL instance opened from your main process and have each process simply call InitAmiSSLA() instead of wasting resources and opening AmiSSL for every process. INPUTS tagList - pointer to an array of tags providing optional extra parameters, or NULL. TAGS AmiSSL_GetAmiSSLBase - (struct Library **) Pointer to your AmiSSLExtBase variable for AmigaOS 3.x. Because of the sheer number of available public functions in OpenSSL, AmiSSL v5 spans two library bases. If successful, this function will set this to the opened library. DO NOT call CloseLibrary() on this as CloseAmiSSL() takes care of it. Not needed in AmigaOS 4.x applications. (V5) AmiSSL_SocketBase - (struct Library *) Pointer to the socket base. If the caller doesn't need any networking functionality, or if using AmiSSL_ISocket / AmiSSL_ISocketPtr for AmigaOS 4.x, this can be omitted. (defaults to NULL). (V1) AmiSSL_ISocket - (struct SocketIFace *) Pointer to the socket library interface for AmigaOS 4.x. If the caller doesn't need any networking functionality, this can be omitted, likewise if AmiSSL_ISocketPtr or AmiSSL_SocketBase has been specified instead. (V3) AmiSSL_ISocketPtr - (struct SocketIFace **) Pointer to your ISocket variable for AmigaOS 4.x. If the caller doesn't need networking functionality, this can be omitted, likewise if AmiSSL_ISocket or AmiSSL_SocketBase has been specified instead. This generally doesn't need to be used, but may be useful if you need to open ISocket after initiliasing AmiSSL. (V3) AmiSSL_ErrNoPtr - (int *)Pointer to the errno variable to set when some of the C or socket library functions called by AmiSSL return an error. You should always specify this tag or errno error detection in your program will not work reliably. AmiSSL will always instruct the network library to use a certain errno pointer (ie. it will specify SBTM_SETVAL(SBTC_ERRNOLONGPTR) in SocketBaseTags() for bsdsocket.library and similarly for other networking packages) possibly overriding the errno pointer you specified to the networking library yourself. If AmiSSL_ErrNoPtr is specified, AmiSSL will use it for SBTM_SETVAL(SBTC_ERRNOLONGPTR) or equivalent calls, otherwise it will use an internal errno pointer and thus errno changes will not be propagated to your application. (V2) AmiSSL_TimerPort - (struct MsgPort *) Provide an optional dedicated message port to be used for all timer related functions, instead of the port that AmiSSL usually allocates itself. It must belong to the calling process and remain valid until after CleanupAmiSSL() has been executed, after which the application is responsible for freeing the port. (V5.27) AmiSSL_TimerSignal - (LONG) The signal bit to be used by the message port which AmiSSL allocates for all timer related functions. It must remain valid until CleanupAmiSSL() has been executed, after which the application is responsible for freeing the signal, when necessary. This tag is only implemented for AmigaOS 4.x, and will be ignored if AmiSSL_TimerPort has also been specified. (defaults to -1, allocate a new signal). (V5.27) AmiSSL_SocketBaseBrand - (LONG) useful only if you are using MultiTCP linker library by Stefan Burstroem, you can ignore it otherwise. (defaults to TCPIP_AmiTCP). (V2) AmiSSL_MLinkLock - useful only if you are using MultiTCP linker library by Stefan Burstroem, you can ignore it otherwise. (V2) AmiSSL_Version - OBSOLETE - Used for AmiSSL v1 only AmiSSL_Revision - OBSOLETE - Used for AmiSSL v1 only AmiSSL_Version_Override - OBSOLETE - Used for AmiSSL v1 only AmiSSL_TCPStack - OBSOLETE - Used for AmiSSL v2 only AmiSSL_SSLVersionApp - OBSOLETE - Used for AmiSSL v2/v3 only RESULTS error - returns 0 on success or non-zero on failure. SEE ALSO CleanupAmiSSLA() amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_authentication amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_authentication NAME SSL_CIPHER_get_authentication -- get the name of a cipher's authentication algorithm (V3) SYNOPSIS name = SSL_CIPHER_get_authentication( cipher ) const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_authentication( SSL_CIPHER * ); FUNCTION Return the textual representation of a cipher's authentication algorithm. INPUTS cipher - pointer to a SSL cipher. RESULTS name - returns the cipher authentication name or "unknown". amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_encryption amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_encryption NAME SSL_CIPHER_get_encryption -- get the name of a cipher's encryption algorithm (V3) SYNOPSIS name = SSL_CIPHER_get_encryption( cipher ) const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_encryption( SSL_CIPHER * ); FUNCTION Return the textual representation of a cipher's encryption algorithm. INPUTS cipher - pointer to a SSL cipher. RESULTS name - returns the cipher encryption name or "unknown". amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_export amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_export NAME SSL_CIPHER_get_key_exchange -- get the name of a cipher's key exchange algorithm (V3) SYNOPSIS name = SSL_CIPHER_get_key_exchange( cipher ) const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_key_exchange( SSL_CIPHER * ); FUNCTION Return the textual representation of a cipher's key exchange algorithm. INPUTS cipher - pointer to a SSL cipher. RESULTS name - returns the cipher key exchange name or "unknown". amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_mac amissl.library/SSL_CIPHER_get_mac NAME SSL_CIPHER_get_mac -- get the name of a cipher's mac algorithm (V3) SYNOPSIS name = SSL_CIPHER_get_mac( cipher ) const char *SSL_CIPHER_get_mac( SSL_CIPHER * ); FUNCTION Return the textual representation of a cipher's mac algorithm. INPUTS cipher - pointer to a SSL cipher. RESULTS name - returns the cipher mac name or "unknown". </pre> so9i5qqkxw92soc57eathdgqf2dhx8o 10 483915 4640008 4639985 2026-06-12T13:02:28Z Rainmonger 122366 4640008 sanitized-css text/css div.eqn.fom { width: stretch; text-align: center; } div.eqn.fom > div.right { float: right; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; } 92zpuyxc0ibyx0nh9f1onjk71oi7xwk 4640009 4640008 2026-06-12T13:05:58Z Rainmonger 122366 4640009 sanitized-css text/css div.eqn.fom { width: stretch; height: 100%; text-align: center; } div.eqn.fom > div.right { float: right; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; } ip2c7marajk3duyi1mk1hnzukltnpz6 4640010 4640009 2026-06-12T13:09:22Z Rainmonger 122366 4640010 sanitized-css text/css div.eqn.fom { width: stretch; text-align: center; } div.eqn.fom:first-child { height: 100%; } div.eqn.fom > div.right { float: right; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; } eartocmflho7wnaj020fxfy0150999j 0 483916 4640027 4639987 2026-06-12T23:09:41Z Rainmonger 122366 4640027 wikitext text/x-wiki There are two ways to add vectors, geometrically and algebraically. Here, we will discuss the geometric method, which is useful for solving problems without using a coordinate system. The algebraic method will be discussed later. To add two vectors {{FoM/Vec|A}} and {{FoM/Vec|B}} using the geometric method, place the head of {{FoM/Vec|A}} at the tail of {{FoM/Vec|B}} and draw a vector from the tail of {{FoM/Vec|A}} to the head of {{FoM/Vec|B}} as shown in {{Nowrap|[[#fig 1.3|Fig. 1.3]].}} This method is known as the triangle method. An extension to sum up more than two vectors is shown in {{Nowrap|[[#fig 1.4|Fig. 1.4]].}} An alternative procedure of vector addition using the geometric method is shown in {{Nowrap|[[#fig 1.5|Fig. 1.5]].}} This is known as the parallelogram method, where {{FoM/Vec|C}} is the diagonal of a parallelogram with sides {{FoM/Vec|A}} and {{FoM/Vec|B}}. To find {{FoM/Vec|C}} analytically (see {{Nowrap|[[#fig 1.6|Fig. 1.6]]),}} we can extend the base of the parallelogram to {{Nowrap|point {{Mvar|F}}}} and draw a perpendicular side from {{Nowrap|point {{Mvar|F}}}} to {{Nowrap|point {{Mvar|G}}}}. This creates right triangle {{Mvar|DFG}}; using trigonometry, we know the following three equations hold. {{FoM/Eqn|<math display="inline">(DG)^{2} = (DF)^{2} + (FG)^{2}</math>|1.1}} {{FoM/Eqn|<math display="inline">DF = DE + EF = A + B\ \cos{\theta}</math>|1.2}} {{FoM/Eqn|<math display="inline">FG = B\ \sin{\theta}</math>|1.3}} Substituting Eqs. {{FoM/Eqref|1.2}} and {{FoM/Eqref|1.3}} into Eq. {{FoM/Eqref|1.1}} and using the trigonometric identity <math display="inline">\sin^{2}{\theta} + \cos^{2}{\theta} = 1</math> gives the following. {{FoM/Eqn|<math display="inline">C^{2} = \left(A + B\ \cos{\theta}\right)^{2} + \left(B\ \sin{\theta}\right)^{2} = A^{2} + B^{2} + 2AB\ \cos{\theta}</math>|1.4}} Taking the square root of both sides of Eq. {{FoM/Eqref|1.4}} gives the magnitude of {{FoM/Vec|C}}. {{FoM/Eqn|<math display="inline">C = \sqrt{A^{2} + B^{2} + 2AB\ \cos{\theta}}</math>|1.5}} The direction of {{FoM/Vec|C}} can be found as follows. {{FoM/Eqn|<math display="inline">\tan{\beta} = \dfrac{GF}{DF} = \dfrac{GF}{DE + EF} = \dfrac{B\ \sin{\theta}}{A + B\ \sin{\theta}}</math>|1.6}} Note that only when {{FoM/Vec|A}} and {{FoM/Vec|B}} are parallel is the magnitude of their vector sum equal to <math display="inline">A + B</math>. Unlike the addition of scalar quantities, which has one and only one possible value for any two given scalars, the magnitude of the sum of two vectors can vary between <math display="inline">|A - B|</math> and <math display="inline">A + B</math>. {{FoM/Ex | 1.4 | A jogger runs from her home a distance of {{Value|0.500|u=km}} due south and then {{Value|1.00|u=km}} to the west. Find the magnitude and direction of her resultant displacement. |From [[#fig 1.7|Fig. 1.7]], we can see that the magnitude of the resultant displacement is given by the following. <math display="block">R = \sqrt{(0.500 \text{ km})^{2} + (1.00 \text{ km})^{2}} = 1.12 \text{ km}</math> The direction of {{FoM/Vec|R}} is as follows. <math display="block">\theta = \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{0.500 \text{ m}}{1.00 \text{ m}}\right) = 26.6^{\circ}</math> }} cihf55s34xn5ficaapx7cdj1elf019m 10 483920 4640005 2026-06-12T12:11:35Z Rainmonger 122366 Created page with "[[#eqn {{{1}}}|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}]]" 4640005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[#eqn {{{1}}}|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}]] 1eozh4yz97yl4aubyorr76zbduokcel