Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 82 4640677 4437571 2026-06-19T08:52:25Z Meno25 43227 rm iw 4640677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured book}} __NOTOC__ {{book title|''Linear Algebra''|An Introduction to Mathematical Discourse}} <!-- removed per talk discussion after 7 mos., 31 Jul 2013 {{Outdated}} --> {{ambox |type=notice |style=float:right;margin-left:10px;margin-right:0px; |textstyle=padding:5px;font-size:120%;line-height:120%; |small=left |text=This book requires that you are familiar with calculus. This subject is covered by the wikibook [[Calculus]].}} {{Book search}} {{collection}} {{mbox-side|type=growth|image=Printer.svg|text=A printable version of [[Linear Algebra]] is available in two parts. [[Linear Algebra/Print version/Part 1|Part&nbsp;1]]^{[{{fullurl:Linear Algebra/Print version/Part 1|action=edit}} edit]} contains everything from the beginning of the book through Chapter II. [[Linear Algebra/Print version/Part 2|Part&nbsp;2]]^{[{{fullurl:Linear Algebra/Print version/Part 2|action=edit}} edit]} contains everything from Chapter III through the end of the book.}} This book discusses <em>proof-based</em> linear algebra. The book was designed specifically for students who have not previously been exposed to mathematics as mathematicians view it: that is, as a subject whose goal is to ''rigorously'' prove theorems starting from clear consistent definitions. This book attempts to build students up from a background where mathematics is simply a tool that provides useful calculations to the point where the students have a grasp of the clear and precise nature of mathematics. A more detailed discussion of the prerequisites and goal of this book is given in the introduction. Because of the proof-based nature of this book, readers are recommended to be familiar with mathematical proof before reading this book (although this is not a prerequisite, strictly speaking), so that their reading experiences can be smoother. To gain familiarity with mathematical proof and also some basic mathematical concepts, readers may read the wikibook [[Mathematical Proof]]. For a milder introduction to linear algebra that is not too <em>proof-based</em>, see the wikibook [[Introductory Linear Algebra]]. == Table of Contents == {{Algebra}} *[[Linear Algebra/Cover|Cover]] *[[Linear Algebra/Notation|Notation]] *[[Linear Algebra/Introduction|Introduction]] === Linear Systems === <ol type=I> <li>[[Linear Algebra/Solving Linear Systems|Solving Linear Systems]]{{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Gauss' Method|Gauss' Method]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Describing the Solution Set|Describing the Solution Set]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/General = Particular + Homogeneous|General = Particular + Homogeneous]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Comparing Set Descriptions|Comparing Set Descriptions]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Automation|Automation]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Linear Geometry of n-Space|Linear Geometry of ''n''-Space]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Vectors in Space|Vectors in Space]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Length and Angle Measures|Length and Angle Measures]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Reduced Echelon Form|Reduced Echelon Form]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Gauss-Jordan Reduction|Gauss-Jordan Reduction]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Row Equivalence|Row Equivalence]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Computer Algebra Systems|Topic: Computer Algebra Systems]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Input-Output Analysis|Topic: Input-Output Analysis]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Input-Output Analysis M File|Input-Output Analysis M File]] {{stage|100%|Mar 24 2008}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Accuracy of Computations|Topic: Accuracy of Computations]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Analyzing Networks|Topic: Analyzing Networks]] {{stage|100%|Jul 13, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Speed of Gauss' Method|Topic: Speed of Gauss' Method]] {{stage|50%|Mar 24, 2008}} </ol> === [[Linear Algebra/Vector Spaces|Vector Spaces]] {{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} === <ol type=I> <li>[[Linear Algebra/Definition of Vector Space|Definition of Vector Space]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Definition and Examples of Vector Spaces|Definition and Examples]]{{stage|100%|Jun 18, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Subspaces and Spanning sets|Subspaces and Spanning sets]]{{stage|100%|Jun 18, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Linear Independence|Linear Independence]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Definition and Examples of Linear Independence|Definition and Examples]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Basis and Dimension|Basis and Dimension]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Basis|Basis]]{{stage|100%|Jun 18, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Dimension|Dimension]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Vector Spaces and Linear Systems|Vector Spaces and Linear Systems]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Combining Subspaces|Combining Subspaces]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Fields|Topic: Fields]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Crystals|Topic: Crystals]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Voting Paradoxes|Topic: Voting Paradoxes]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Dimensional Analysis|Topic: Dimensional Analysis]]{{stage|100%|Apr 17, 2009}} </ol> === Maps Between Spaces === <ol type="I"> <li>[[Linear Algebra/Isomorphisms|Isomorphisms]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Definition and Examples of Isomorphisms|Definition and Examples]]{{stage|100%|July 19, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Dimension Characterizes Isomorphism|Dimension Characterizes Isomorphism]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Homomorphisms|Homomorphisms]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Definition of Homomorphism|Definition of Homomorphism]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Rangespace and Nullspace|Rangespace and Nullspace]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Computing Linear Maps|Computing Linear Maps]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Representing Linear Maps with Matrices|Representing Linear Maps with Matrices]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Any Matrix Represents a Linear Map|Any Matrix Represents a Linear Map]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Matrix Operations|Matrix Operations]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Sums and Scalar Products|Sums and Scalar Products]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Matrix Multiplication|Matrix Multiplication]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Mechanics of Matrix Multiplication|Mechanics of Matrix Multiplication]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Inverses|Inverses]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Change of Basis|Change of Basis]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Changing Representations of Vectors|Changing Representations of Vectors]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Changing Map Representations|Changing Map Representations]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Projection|Projection]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Orthogonal Projection Onto a Line|Orthogonal Projection Onto a Line]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization|Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Projection Onto a Subspace|Projection Onto a Subspace]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Line of Best Fit|Topic: Line of Best Fit]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Geometry of Linear Maps|Topic: Geometry of Linear Maps]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Markov Chains|Topic: Markov Chains]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Orthonormal Matrices|Topic: Orthonormal Matrices]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} </ol> === [[Linear Algebra/Determinants|Determinants]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} === <ol type="I"> <li>[[Linear Algebra/Definition of Determinant|Definition]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Exploration|Exploration]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Properties of Determinants|Properties of Determinants]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/The Permutation Expansion|The Permutation Expansion]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Determinants Exist|Determinants Exist]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Geometry of Determinants|Geometry of Determinants]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Determinants as Size Functions|Determinants as Size Functions]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Other Formulas for Determinants|Other Formulas for Determinants]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Laplace's Expansion|Laplace's Expansion]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Cramer's Rule|Topic: Cramer's Rule]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Speed of Calculating Determinants|Topic: Speed of Calculating Determinants]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Projective Geometry|Topic: Projective Geometry]]{{stage|100%|Jun 21, 2009}} </ol> === [[Linear Algebra/Introduction to Similarity|Similarity]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} === <ol type="I"> <li>[[Linear Algebra/Complex Vector Spaces|Complex Vector Spaces]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Factoring and Complex Numbers: A Review|Factoring and Complex Numbers: A Review]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Complex Representations|Complex Representations]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} <li>Similarity # [[Linear Algebra/Definition and Examples of Similarity|Definition and Examples]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Diagonalizability|Diagonalizability]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors|Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Nilpotence|Nilpotence]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Self-Composition|Self-Composition]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Strings|Strings]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Jordan Form|Jordan Form]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Polynomials of Maps and Matrices|Polynomials of Maps and Matrices]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} #[[Linear Algebra/Jordan Canonical Form|Jordan Canonical Form]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Geometry of Eigenvalues|Topic: Geometry of Eigenvalues]]{{stage|50%|Jun 24, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: The Method of Powers|Topic: The Method of Powers]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Stable Populations|Topic: Stable Populations]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Topic: Linear Recurrences|Topic: Linear Recurrences]]{{stage|100%|Jun 24, 2009}} </ol> === Unitary Transformations === <ol type="I"> <li>[[Linear Algebra/Inner product spaces|Inner product spaces]]{{stage|75%}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Unitary and Hermitian matrices|Unitary and Hermitian matrices]]{{stage|75%}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Singular Value Decomposition|Singular Value Decomposition]]{{stage|75%}} <li>[[Linear Algebra/Spectral Theorem|Spectral Theorem]]{{stage|75%}} </ol> === [[Linear Algebra/Appendix|Appendix]] === The following is a brief overview of some basic concepts in mathematics. For more details, reader can read the wikibook [[Mathematical Proof]]. *[[Linear Algebra/Propositions|Propositions]] *[[Linear Algebra/Quantifiers|Quantifiers]] *[[Linear Algebra/Techniques of Proof|Techniques of Proof]] *[[Linear Algebra/Sets, Functions, Relations|Sets, Functions, Relations]] === Resources and Licensing === *[[Linear Algebra/Licensing And History|Licensing And History]] *[[Linear Algebra/Resources|Resources]] *[[Linear Algebra/Bibliography|Bibliography]] (see individual pages for references) *[[Linear Algebra/Index|Index]]{{stage|100%|Apr 22, 2010}} {{Shelves|Algebra|University level mathematics books}} <noinclude> {{alphabetical|L}} {{status|100%}} [[Category:Books with print version]] {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Linear Algebra''}} </noinclude> my1l1la12gep2yeoug9vlod4edv3729 0 8715 4640689 3669452 2026-06-19T09:16:58Z Meno25 43227 rm iw 4640689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GeneralChemTOC}} ==Useful Physical/Chemical Constants== {| cellpadding="3px" |- ! Constant ! Value |- | Avogadro's Number | <i>N_A</i> = 6.022 14 &times; 10²³ mol^-1 |- | Faraday Constant | <i>F</i> = 96 485.33 C mol^-1 |- | Atomic Mass Constant | 1 amu = 1.660 538 &times; 10^-27 kg |- | Molar Gas Constant | <i>R</i> = 8.314 4 J mol^-1 K^-1 |- | Molar Gas Constant | <i>R</i> = 0.082 057 46 L atm K^-1 mol^-1 |- | Coulomb's Constant | <i>k_e</i> = 8.987 551 &times; 10⁹ N m² C^-2 |- | Speed of Light (Vacuum) | <i>c</i> = 299 792 458 m s^-1 |- | Boltzmann Constant | <i>k_b</i> = 1.380 65 &times; 10^-23 J K^-1 |- | Charge on a Proton/Electron | <i>e</i> = 1.602 176 &times; 10^-19 C |- | Standard acceleration of gravity | <i>g</i> = 9.806 65 m s^-2 |- | Rydberg constant | <i>R_∞</i> = 1.0973 731 568 539 &times; 10⁷ m^-1 |- | Planck's Constant | <i>h</i> = 6.62607004 × 10^-34 J s |- | Specific heat capacity of liquid water | <i>c</i> = 4.18 kJ kg^-1°C^-1 |} These constants were obtained from [http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty]. {{BookCat}} hgqfwmv1uvvzp75bluna8lgq854ur5n 2 15928 4640669 4614352 2026-06-19T04:14:36Z Panic2k4 2865 4640669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[User:Panic2k4/Sandbox/RapidEdit|*]] - [[User:Panic2k4/Sandbox/Embedded C++|+]]- [[User:Panic2k4/Sandbox/ShareMemory|&]] - '''Tools:[http://tools.wikimedia.de/~dapete/catgraph/ Catgraph] - [[Special:Collection|Collections]] - [[Special:PrefixIndex|PrefixIndex]] - [http://tools.wmflabs.org/meta/crossactivity/ Cross Activity] - [http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/EN/Wikibooks_EN.htm Statistics per Wikibook]<br>[https://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/adminstats/?project=enwikibooks Sysops' statistics & Yet Another Edit Counter]''' ---- {| cellspacing="3" |- valign="top" |width="75%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #c0c0c0;| <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> ;'''Wikibooks''': To me a Wikibook is like a sand castle. Imagine it as constructing a sand castle on a communal sand box, participation is welcomed, but not required and as all people contribute some sand, there is plenty of sand for all, there is no need to fight over it or how the castle should be built, and when the castle is built, it still is only sand, it will be used again. What is important is that the sand will continue to be added and people come to build new and improved castles with it. ---- ;'''Like''': [[Subject:C++ programming language|Programming, C/C++]], All things SiFi (including literature), Japanese cinema portraying medieval times ([[w:Samurai cinema|Samurai cinema]], [[w:Zatoichi|Zatoichi]], etc.), very few TV Shows (Game of Thrones), [[Dogs]], Meerkat (Suricata suricatta), Dolphins... ---- ;'''Dislike''': War, organized religion, organized and professional sports, Reality TV, Microsoft (and most big or multinational corporations), Software patents, .Net (and VM languages in general), Pepsi (I avoid non-natural drinks in general but I really dislike it), Kiwi (as food), Cephalopods (as food, except fried or heavy grilled), Cats (as companion animal)... ---- ;'''Life Philosophy''': I consider myself a [[w:Tao|Tao]] [[w:Pantheism|Pantheist]], and believe in Buddhism interpretation of [[w:Karma|Karma]] in the sense that every action creates a reaction as in [[w:Chaos theory|chaos theory]]. ---- ;'''Social order''': My favorite social order is [[w:Anarchist communism|Anarcho Communism]]. ---- '''At this moment I'm mostly interested in C++, P2P, the ending of IP, fighting DRM and ...'''<br> {{small/top}} The Salticidid Portia [http://www.ontariosciencecentre.ca/scizone/question/default.asp?teaserIdEN=384 “Perilous Portia”], [http://lemonodor.com/archives/001409.html “...when we look into Portia's dark, bulging eyes, the lights are on, somebody's at home, and a lot more than an eight-legged automaton is staring back.”]<small><small>(can't find a decent link)</small></small> [[w:Epigenetics|Epigenetics]] and Human Genetics, regarding non-negative mutations [ [http://www.disaboomlive.com/Blogs/saydrah/archive/2009/04/03/super-toddler-liam-hoekstra-age-3-his-rare-genetic-condition-makes-him-uniquely-gifted.aspx Liam Hoekstra], [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/beijing/swimming/2008-07-31-phelps_N.htm Michael Phelps], [[w:Brooke Greenberg|Brooke Greenberg]] ] Non-obvious Physics [ [[w:Zero-point energy|Zero-point energy]], [[w:Sonoluminescence|Sonoluminescence]], [[w:Emdrive|Emdrive]], thought and emotions effect on environment ("water memory", plants etc.) ] Lost Technologies/Historic Conundrums [ [[w:Terra preta|Terra preta]], [[w:Antikythera mechanism|Antikythera mechanism]], [[w:Baghdad Battery|Baghdad Battery]], [[w:Starlite|Starlite]] ] Sustainable Technologies [ [[w:Permaculture|Permaculture]] ] {{small/end}} ---- ;'''Wikimedia projects''' I'm registered on the main projects (except Wikipedia), but I rarely log onto other projects and don't particularly fallow what is happening in relation to Wikimedia software and other project's policies... ---- '''Other Cool Wikibooks projects'''<small><small> by order of subject relevance to me</small></small><br> <small>[[More C++ Idioms]] - [[Algorithm Implementation]] - [[Reverse Engineering]] - [[x86 Disassembly]] - [[Data Compression]] - [[Cryptography]] - [[Linux Applications Debugging Techniques]] - [[Data Structures]] - [[Colonizing Outer Space]] - [[Self Interest and Social Behavior]] - [[Space Transport and Engineering Methods]] - [[Python Programming]] - [[Getting Started as an Entrepreneur]] - [[Fundamentals of Transportation]] - [[Climate Change]] - [[Science Fiction Literature]] - [[Mythology]] - [[C Programming]] - [[Computer programming]] - [[Operations Research]] - [[Nanotechnology]] - [[Movie Making Manual]] - [[Rhetoric and Composition]] - [[Elements of Political Communication‎‎]] - [[Communication Theory]] - [[Basic Writing]] - [[Control Systems]] - [[Compiler Construction]] - [[The Voynich Manuscript]] - [[X86 Assembly]] - [[Practical Electronics]] - [[Signals and Systems]]- [[Java Programming]] - [[Windows Programming]] - [[The Cold War]] - [[Editing Wikitext]] - [[Learning the vi Editor]] - [[Lucid Dreaming]]</small> </div> |width="30%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; color: #000; background-color: #ffc0c0"| <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <h1>Me, Myself and I...</h1> <small> [http://www.bibsonomy.org/user/panic My WEB (Urls/Booksmarks) at BibSonomy]</small> <center>I have also customized Google Co-op to use my del.icio.us pages and other personal preferences to provide a more useful search results you can see it here [http://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&lr=&client=google-coop&cof=BGC%3A%23FFFFFF%3BT%3A%23000000%3BLC%3A%230000CC%3BVLC%3A%230000CC%3BALC%3A%230000CC%3BGALT%3A%23008000%3BGFNT%3A%23000000%3BGIMP%3A%23000000%3BDIV%3A%230000CC%3BLBGC%3A%23FFFFFF%3BAH%3Acenter%3BCX%3APanic%2527s%2520Pages%3B&q=&btnG=Search&cx=015397482836322967076%3A_zhaog5negg Panic's KB @ Google Co-op]</center> ---- <h2>What I know about...</h2> <CENTER> {| WIDTH="100%" | style="background-color: #ffc20f; border: solid 1px #ffeaa5; padding: 1em;" valign=top|'''Programming & Languages''' ASM (PIC, z80, MC68000-060 and others) BASIC (many tastes GWBasic - VB6) PASCAL (too many incarnations + DELPHI) Lisp UML [[w:Smalltalk|Smalltalk]] C/C++ (POSIX,WIN32,MFC,STL) Java (J2EE) ,Javascript, ASP and PHP HTML, XML, CSS P/SQL |} {| WIDTH="100%" | style="background-color: #f0ad00; border: solid 1px #ffeaa5; padding: 1em;" valign=top|'''Operating Systems''' Amiga OS, Be OS, UNIX & Linux and all flavors of Windows minus Windows CE and Vista. |} </CENTER></div> <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> '''Books I'm an author at Wikibooks'''<br> #[[C++ Programming]] #[[The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)|Peer-to-Peer (P2P)]] #[[Hypnosis]] #[[On spies and stratagems]] #[[Understanding Global Trade Policy]] #[[Remembering the Templars]] #[[Video Game Design]] '''Other books I will attempt to provide content at Wikibooks'''<br> [[FLTK]], [[When It Hits the Fan]], [[House Construction]], [[History of Computers]], [[Science Fiction Literature]], [[Dogs]] and any of the other ones on my favorite list... ---- <small>I will keep this lists here since they may have some useful to others than myself, and I would like to know other Wikibookians that have similar resources especially if they exclude any commercial interests around the lists.<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Books Read|SF & Fantasy Books I've read]]<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Podcasts and Audiobooks|Podcasts and Audiobooks I've listen to]]<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Videos|Technical or Cultural Videos I've seen and liked]]<br> [[User:Panic2k4/TV, movies and documentaries|TV shows, movies and documentaries]]</small> </div> | |- |colspan="2" width="100%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; color: #000; background-color: #c0ffc0"| = <small><small><small>Public Announcement Postings [[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Panic2k4/Archive Archive]]</small></small></small> = <center> ---- </center> {{Userpage}} |} o2ajx4rfqxk0jcngh0ifg6g6wewndmh 0 21120 4640678 4083874 2026-06-19T08:57:32Z Meno25 43227 rm iw 4640678 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[File:Gambas 3 logo.svg|center|200px|Gambas 3 logo, featuring a blue shrimp mascot.]] {{Book title|{{BOOKNAME}}|A guide to the free programming language}} ==Contents== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} ===Starting=== * [[/Preface/]] * [[/Introduction/]] * [[/Installation/]] * [[/First/|First Steps]] * [[/Helpful/]] * [[/Comments/]] * [[/Assignments/]] * [[/Hello World/]] ===Applications=== * [[/Maths/|Mathematics and Statistics]] * [[/Graphics/|Graphics in Gambas]] * [[/Colours/|Colours used in Gambas]] * [[/Mouse/|Programming the Mouse]] * [[/Output/]] * [[/Text/|Textwork in Gambas]] * [[/Clipboard/]] * [[/Time/|Time and Date]] * [[/Sound/|Sound in Gambas]] * [[/Toolbox/|The Gambas toolbox]] * [[/Grid/|Gridview]] * [[/Dialogue/|Standard dialogues]] * [[/Examples/|Comments on the Gambas built in Examples]] * [[/TextEditor/|Build a simple text editor]] ===Coding=== * [[/Array/|Arrays]] * [[/Arithmetic/|Basic Arithmetic Operations]] * [[/Branch/|Branches: If then , Select case]] * [[/Constant/|Constants]] * [[/Loop/|Loops: For to , For each , do until]] * [[/Subroutine/|Subroutines]] * [[/String Manipulation/|String manipulation&mdash;Concatenation, string search and replace]] * [[/Environment/|Environment variables and command line parameters]] * [[/Files/|File handling]] * [[/Exist/|Checks and returns True or False if a File or Dir exists]] * [[/Object Oriented Programming/|Object Oriented Programming in Gambas]] * [[/Operators/|Operators]] * [[/Variable/|Variable declarations, Dimensioning]] ===References=== * [[/Concept Index/]] * [[/Function Reference/]] * [[/Useful Modules/]] * [[/Reference Cards|Quick reference cards]] * [[/Websites/]] ===Supplements=== * [[/Constants/|Predefined Constants in Gambas]] * [[/Commands/|List of Gambas Commands]] * [[/Components/|Add new Components to Gambas]] * [[/VB/|Differences between Gambas and VB]] * [[/Error/|Error Messages]] * [[/Difficult/|Difficulties learning Gambas]] * [[/FAQ/|Frequently Asked Questions]] * [[/Links/|Links to Gambas]] {{Shelves|BASIC programming language|Open source software}} {{Alphabetical|G}} {{status|25%}} 90dv5nn6qz7rpkmlcjb844jzijt82z1 0 22745 4640609 4082603 2026-06-18T14:29:32Z Antimundo 812108 Add a fun image that makes this commands easy to remember 4640609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Guide to Unix/Commands}} [[File:Head-cat-tail.svg|thumb|Just like the parts of a cat, <code>head</code> outputs the beginning of a file, <code>tail</code> outputs the end, and <code>cat</code> displays the entire contents from start to finish. ]] ===cat=== '''cat''' displays the contents of a file to screen. It can also display multiple files con''cat''enated together, and using the shell, its standard output can be redirected from the screen to the file. Some useful options are: -n line numbering -s squeeze sequences of blank lines into one -v show non-printing characters ''Examples'' $ '''cat example.txt''' The contents of the file example.txt are now displayed. $ '''cat -n example.txt''' 1 The contents of the file 2 example.txt are now 3 displayed. Concatenating multiple files (in this example, the same file twice): $ '''cat example.txt example.txt''' The contents of the file example.txt are now displayed. The contents of the file example.txt are now displayed. Concatenate the files, but use the shell to redirect the result to a new file. $ '''cat example.txt example.txt > double.txt''' We can concatenate binary files, too. Some programs limit downloads to 2 GB; this is bad for larger files like some DVD images. Suppose a web site helpfully divides the file "sodalinux.dvd" into three parts, 2 GB or less, for downloading and later concatentation. We combine the files, and use the > shell redirection output to put the DVD image in a file: $ '''cat sodalinux.dvd1 sodalinux.dvd2 sodalinux.dvd3 > sodalinux.dvd''' If we want to type less, then most shells also allow this: $ '''cat sodalinux.dvd{1,2,3} > sodalinux.dvd''' The -v option is useful for viewing control characters embedded mostly in text. In this example, the file "/usr/share/man/cat1/pax.0" is mostly text but contains control characters which the pagers "less" and "more" use to make text bold. Using cat -v we can see the control characters. Here are the first four lines: $ '''cat -v /usr/share/man/cat1/pax.0 | head -4''' PAX(1) OpenBSD Reference Manual PAX(1) N^HNA^HAM^HME^HE p^Hpa^Hax^Hx - read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies Using "cat" with no arguments makes it copy standard input to standard output. Combined with shell redirection, this makes it easy to write a very short text file. All one needs to know is to press Control-D (^D) to indicate end of input, finish the file, and return to the shell. Here is how to write "example.txt": $ '''cat > example.txt''' The contents of the file example.txt are now displayed. '''^D''' $ If you put "cat" with no arguments in a pipe, it only copies standard input to standard output. This might seem useless. For example, the following two pipes have the same function: $ '''dmesg | less''' $ '''dmesg | cat | less''' However, "cat" can be used as insulation to make programs think that they are not running on terminals. In the next example, GNU bc does not print its copyright message on startup. We enter one calculation ("3 + 9") and then quit (^D): $ '''bc | cat''' 3 + 9 12 ^D Links: * [http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/cat.html cat], opengroup.org * [http://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/1/cat cat man page], man.cat-v.org * [https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/cat-invocation.html 3.1 cat] in GNU Coreutils manual, gnu.org ===tac=== '''tac''' (<tt>cat</tt> spelled backwards) works like <tt>cat</tt>, but reverse the order of the lines (last line is written out first). It does not seem to be part of traditional Unix. When multiple files are given, they are printed out in the order they appear. $ '''tac foo''' Third Line Second Line First Line Links: * [https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils.html#tac-invocation 3.2 tac: Concatenate and write files in reverse] in GNU Coreutils manual, gnu.org ===more=== '''more''' paginates output. The problem with "cat" is that if a file is too long, then it falls beyond the top of the screen. The job of "more" is to stop and wait when it fills the screen. Most users find it easier to use "less", but on some systems "more" has all of the features of "less". ''Keys:'' *''return'' read next line *''space bar'' read next screen *''q'' quit ''Examples:'' The pager will act like "cat" if the file is short enough. $ '''more hello.txt''' Hello World Links: * [http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/more.html more], opengroup.org ===less=== '''less''' paginates output. The program is called "less" because of the joke that "less is more", "less" actually has several features which "more" lacks. ''Keys:'' *''h'' read help. You might forget the other commands, but remember this one! *''j'' go down one line. The down-arrow key might also work. *''k'' go up one line. The up-arrow key might also work. *''d'' go down one-half screen. *''u'' go up one-half screen. *''f'' go forward one screen. *''b'' go back one screen. *''p'' return to the top of the file. *''q'' quit the pager. ''Number arguments:'' *''0'' through ''9'': type a number. The number will be used as the argument N to the next command. *''j'' go down N lines. *''k'' go up N lines. *''p'' jump to the N% position, where 0% is the first line and 100% the last line of the file. ''Examples:'' Read some file: $ '''less example.txt''' Pipe "dmesg" into "less" so that the dmesg does not scroll off the screen: $ '''dmesg | less''' Links: * [http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/ less home page], greenwoodsoftware.com * [https://developer.apple.com/legacy/library/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/less.1.html less(1) OS X Manual Page] at developer.apple.com * [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=less&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&arch=default&format=html less man page], freebsd.org * [https://www.gnu.org/software/less/ GNU less pages] at gnu.org; no user manual apparent * [[Wikipedia:less (Unix)]] ===od=== Lets you view binary files by outputting octal representation, hexadecimal representation and more. See also [[Od]]. ''Examples:'' View a file in octal format: $ '''od wordlist.dat''' 0000000 064506 071562 006564 051412 061545 067157 006544 040412 0000020 070160 062554 005015 072522 061155 062554 005015 061501 View a file in hex format: $ '''od -x wordlist.dat''' 0000000 6946 7372 0d74 530a 6365 6e6f 0d64 410a 0000020 7070 656c 0a0d 7552 626d 656c 0a0d 6341 View a file in character format: $ '''od -c wordlist.dat''' 0000000 F i r s t \r \n S e c o n d \r \n A 0000020 p p l e \r \n R u m b l e \r \n Links: * [http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/od.html od], opengroup.org * [http://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/1/od od man page], man.cat-v.org * [https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/od-invocation.html#od-invocation 3.4 od] in GNU Coreutils manual, gnu.org ===head=== Outputs 10 lines or other count of lines from the head (top) of a file, files or standard input. See also [[#tail|tail]], outputting last lines. Examples: * head wordlist.dat ** Outputs first 10 lines of the file. * head -n 2 wordlist.dat ** Outputs first 2 lines of the file. * head -2 wordlist.dat ** Outputs first 2 lines of the file. A legacy option no longer supported by POSIX, still supported by GNU head. * seq 10 | head -n -2 ** In GNU head, outputs all but the last 2 lines of the input stream, in this case of 1 ... 10. A GNU extension not supported by POSIX. * seq 10 | sed 2q ** A sed alternative that avoids head, outputting the first two lines. Links: * [http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/head.html head], opengroup.org * [https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/head-invocation.html 5.1 head] in GNU Coreutils manual, gnu.org * [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=head&sektion=0 head], freebsd.org * {{W|head (Unix)}}, wikipedia.org ===hexdump=== Hexdump is a command-line tool used to show the raw bytes of a file in various ways including hexadecimal, available on Linux, FreeBDS, OS X, and other platforms. Hexdump is not part of traditional Unix systems or GNU commands, and does not seem to be covered by POSIX. A similar tool is [[#od]] (POSIX covered) and [[#xxd]]. Examples of hexdump use: * hexdump myfile ** Outputs hexadecimal of the file content, with no ASCII. Seems to default to outputting 16-bit chunks separated by space, 16 bytes per line. * hexdump -C myfile ** Outputs bytes in hexadecimal, each byte separated by a space, together with ASCII at a right column. * hexdump -v -e '"" 1/1 "%02X" " "' myfile ** Outputs the bytes in hexadecimal using capitalized letters, each byte separated by a space. The first "" specifies and empty prefix, while the last " " specifies a single-space suffix. Links: * [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/hexdump.1.html hexdump], man7.org - from util-linux * [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hexdump hexdump] at freebsd.org * [https://opensource.apple.com/source/shell_cmds/shell_cmds-216.60.1/hexdump/ hexdump], opensource.apple.com * {{W|Hex dump}}, wikipedia.org ===xxd=== Outputs hexadecimal content of a file or standard input, or creates a file based on a hex dump. Not covered by POSIX and not part of GNU tools; seems to be part of Vim project, distributed with it. Examples: * xxd myfile ** Outputs hexadecimal output together with ASCII at a right column; the default seems to be to output 16-bit space-separated chunks. Does not seem to respect the endianness of the platform in these 16-bit chunks. * xxd -g 1 myfile ** As above but separating each byte by a space. * xxd -b myfile. ** Outputs binary output. Links: * [https://linux.die.net/man/1/xxd xxd], linux.die.net * [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hexdump xxd] at freebsd.org * {{W|Hex dump}}, wikipedia.org * [https://github.com/vim/vim/blob/master/src/xxd/xxd.c xxd.c] in vim, github.com ===tail=== Outputs last 10 lines or other specified number of lines or bytes of the file, files or standard input. Its counterpart is [[#head]]. Whether POSIX allows multiple input files is unclear. Examples: * tail wordlist.dat ** Outputs last 10 lines. * tail -n 2 wordlist.dat ** Outputs last 2 lines. * tail -2 wordlist.dat ** Outputs last 2 lines. A legacy option no longer supported by POSIX, still supported by GNU tail. * printf hello | tail -c 2 ** Outputs two last bytes/characters of the input, and thus, "lo". * tail file1.txt file2.txt ** In GNU tail, processes multiple files, introducing the output for each file with a header. The -f option displays the tail, then waits for and displays any new options to the file. This is normally used to watch log files. (The next example has only three lines from tail, but the 80-column terminal was too narrow, so the lines were broken into five lines.) $ '''tail -f /var/log/messages''' Apr 14 00:05:33 redserver sshd[1575]: Accepted password for rumbear from 24.52.1 45.23 port 33372 ssh2 Apr 14 00:05:34 redserver sshd[1594]: subsystem request for sftp Apr 14 00:06:35 redserver sshd[1594]: Received disconnect from 242.122.35.47: 11 : Disconnect requested by Windows SSH Client. Links: * [http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/tail.html tail], opengroup.org * [http://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/1/tail tail man page], man.cat-v.org * [https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/tail-invocation.html 5.2 tail] in GNU Coreutils manual, gnu.org * [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tail&sektion=1 tail], freebsd.org * {{W|tail (Unix)}}, wikipedia.org n809pd7bci6jpu6slxm74k2j70f64kz 0 28404 4640666 4612160 2026-06-19T03:52:39Z Panic2k4 2865 BOMwiki is the free bill-of-materials encyclopedia. https://bomwiki.com/ 4640666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TODO|Mine [http://opensourceecology.org/gvcs.php Global Village Construction Set (GVCS)] set of 50+ industrial machines that are required to build and maintain a small, sustainable civilization. The open source aspect covers designs, instructions, schematics, budgets — everything anyone needs to know to build their own machines. Wiki and portable material available.}} == Basic Assumptions == {{TOC right}} [[File:Backpack Contents for 188 days (6192964557).jpg|thumb|Backpack Contents for 188 days]] This section was created as to permit the analysis of hypothetical situations that one, and possibly an indeterminate number of people, may face when faced with general survival situation, in a somewhat insulated set-up. Stranded in a what may be an uninhabited remote place (e.g. an island, new unexplored landmass, specific will covered to provided for any plausible alternative) that has may have edible vegetation and possibly animal life. Do not automatically assume that access exist to any man-made objects other than (perhaps) the clothes on ones back, a common objects most people carry around in daily life. As we covered in previous sections, it may make note of small advantages given by items and knowledge that you may and should have on your person (such as pens, paper, keys, the contents of your wallet and so on), but will not require these elements. When standing next to a wreck (plane, car, ship or bus), consider it a major bonus and a source of useful material. ==Immediate Survival== ===Your safety first=== Before anything else, make sure you are safe and well. That means making sure the ground is stable and that nothing is about to fall on you, that you are physically well and that any situation-specific hazards have been taken care of (e.g. the boat is not about to capsize, the plane that you may have crashed in is not on fire or that you are not in it). ====Others==== {{SAMPLE|sampletext= "Coming together is a beginning, staying together is progress, and working together is success."|caption=—Henry Ford}} If you were injured, assess the gravity of the situation and call for help, don't move unless you are forced to, don't make demands of others or be hysteric, if it hurts scream, consider that others will only help you if you are indeed in need of help. As others can be useful to you, you are also useful to others. If among strangers take in consideration that this will be your first impression on them. For those who are conscious, obtain name, current physical/emotional state and any important information (medical conditions, allergies, etc.). Keep track of this information for future reference. Write it down if you can, this information will be useful for future relations and decision making. Avoid adding in writing any personal remarks or negative observations, if you need to do it in a short-form code that you understand by that others reading it will not take offense or use it against you at a later date. Keeping a log of events is extremely useful not only to keep one's sanity but for future rescuers, at times it can even serve as a distraction from an asher reality. It can even be the basis for a best selling book, plenty of examples abound. Other survivors are a resource, sharing the same goal, but also rely on the few resources available. So after you attend to your personal safety you should determine how many people are with you (naturally, if you are still doing [[wikipedia:Triage|triage]] you may want to hold off on the headcount, as you may have less people later if adequate medical attention cannot be provided), and if they need immediate help. Don't put yourself at risk of injuries, at this point you are on your own, no social structure exists, be as helpful as you can without entering in conflicts and becoming emotional, the other survivors are strangers to you, assess priorities according to how useful others will be to you later on. Don't give orders, but request help and work in tandem by joining efforts with other fit survivors to bring safety to all. ====Shelter==== Finding or making shelter is important because it allows a person to stay protected from the elements, and even wildlife. Depending on the environment shelter may be the number one priority. There are however two major possibilities where the threat of the environment may not be readily apparent: # Warm or arid environment. # Contaminated or radiated environment. A warm climate may feel relatively comfortable and will not be an immediate problem, but it may also cause you to lose a lot of body fluid - if water is not nearby this could be dangerous and shade would be a good idea. Consider risk of searching for water against the level of dehydration (time of day, dry wind etc). If the environment is partially dangerous be careful with the food and water you take in even if it means going hungry and watch the wildlife for signs something is wrong. If a place makes you feel even slightly bad leave it for a vastly different kind of place, for instance you might go from low grounds to higher grounds or the other side of a mountain. Consider also the fast cyclic environments, that may surprise you with storms or vastly different conditions during day and night or summer and winter. However you may find warning hints to this in the environment itself - if dead leaves cover the ground its because cold winter comes around every year or if the air is not very moist it can mean rapid changes in temperature come nightfall or dawn etc.. The next priority after finding shelter is water. ====Water==== It is your most critical resource as a human may potentially survive only hours without water, but easily days or a month without food. The length of survival mostly depends upon climate conditions and physical exertion. Water may usually be obtained from places of condensation like mountain tops and glaciers, vegetation or deep from the ground through wells. Procuring resources may also help elevate you to a position of leadership through your obvious contribution and the trust it creates or through the raw power the resources give you. From this position you can then continue to help the group. If the weather is harsh for instance because of arid conditions consider sleeping in the shadow in the day and working and traveling only at night. If the water may be contaminated fresh but potentially poisonous fluid may be obtained from plants and animals, water may be filtered through old and flayed clothes or water may be boiled for 10 minutes. ====Food==== Food is also essential for survival. This is especially important during winter, as one has higher calorie-burning needs. After a while food begins to claim your attention. You want to be ready before that if possible since it may take time to grow crops or find the non-poisonous fruits. Remember that finding one nut is not the same as feeding the entire group for an extended period of time. You need to find and secure a large area for foraging or a slightly smaller area for growing foods. For longterm survival you will need to get to know the area and environment, in the short-term you may be able to hunt or gather plants for feeding. Plants may be poisonous, to test this use the look, rub, taste and eat procedure: # Look at the plant - does it look fresh and are other animals willing to eat it? If not do not eat it. ## a Bright warning colors may also indicate a poisonous plant. # Rub a small amount of sample on your skin. ## a Observe the patch for minimum 3 hours, if there is any discomfort or rash do not eat it. # Now you may taste a small piece of the plant, do not eat or swallow. ## If the plant tastes foul, bitter or just a little strongly - do not eat it. # You may now eat a small bit of the plant. ## Wait 8 hours minimum and if there is no discomfort you may try larger portions. Do not let the group eat the same unknown plants, if you must get yourselves poisoned by your ignorance there is still no reason to kill or discomfort everybody at the same time - although it surely would seem hilarious in those last flower induced death. ====Other resources==== ===== Moral ===== It should not be overlooked what the will to live means in a life and death situation. Stories of heroic feats of survival by regular people with little or no training are not uncommon. Even with a strong understanding of the way we may be mentally affected, even a trained survival expert may feel the crushing effects of psychological strain during duress. Understanding the effects of stress will reveal that while it may not always seem like it, stress is a necessary evil and belongs not only for malice but for good as well. It serves as a measuring stick for our success, it presents one with challenges, and it is a good way to show us how far we can bend and not break. Reality sometimes has a nice way of pointing out that things could indeed be much worse. On the flip side of the coin too much stress can be a awful thing. The carnage that stress can breed within a human being is almost without limits. Too much stress can lead to forgetfulness, increased propensity to making mistakes, lessened energy, outbursts of rage, and carelessness. Emotions are hard wired into our brains. Survival situations are bound to invoke strong emotional reactions from anyone involved. There are a few emotions that most often accompany this type of event. They drastically lessen our ability to combat the situation. It is not something that initially comes to mind when thinking of surviving but they are as important as any other survival skill. There are 6 emotions that must be overcome to allow a chance at survival and have a good time, in general. ;Fear : Once placed into a survival situation one of the initial reactions for anyone is fear. It is a perfectly normal reaction, however fear is the enemy. It drastically lessens our ability to make clear decisions, which ultimately will lessen the chance for survival. In an effort to minimize our fears, we can train in realistic situations to condition ourselves to have the mentality needed to increase our confidence and more effectively manage fear. ;Anxiety : Typically anxiety and fear run hand in hand with one another. It may start as a uneasy feeling in the pit of our stomach but by the time the mind is added into the situation it may quickly spiral out of control. Anxiety will oftentimes take over the mind and quickly make it difficult to make decisions with any clarity. Anxiety must be fought through in order to focus on the tasks at hand. Typically once some of the critical survival needs have been met, anxiety will be easier to keep at bay. ;Anger : It is inevitable that in a survival situation there are going to be problems. With the endless possibilities of things that can go wrong and probably will, to imagine that tempers may flair should not come as a surprise. Anger can sap one’s drive necessary to want to survive. Finding other ways to channel this emotion will prove more useful than losing ones temper. ;Depression : An overall sense of malaise is not uncommon in wilderness. Being alone in the wilderness trying to survive is almost certainly bound to bring about a depressed state. Overwhelming depression can lead to the body shutting down and not unlike anxiety can also cause a human being to give up hope. Staying positive can allow one to combat this. ;Guilt : Often accompanying a survival situation is loss of life. The guilt may not even come from someone taking responsibility for the person’s death, rather a sense of guilt as they are alive and the other person is dead. ;Boredom (and Loneliness) : An often unanticipated side effect of being in a survival situation. Boredom and loneliness can both contribute to lowering morale. It is important to be able to keep your mind busy and your spirits up. It may be one of the most critical skills to survive. ==The first steps of building a social structure== ===The Roster === For future reference, and in case of an emergency, you need to find out who your "go-to" guys/girls are. You will need to figure out who are your fighters, who your nature boys and girls are, and the smart guys/girls. Considering your position you may be one of the above mentioned three. '''A fighter''' would be a person who is skilled in some kind of combat, any kind of weapon (if you have any such weapons) or is just a relatively strong/able person. You'll need him/her to help keep watch over the camp at night, scout the island, and just handle any kind of danger to the rest of the population. '''A nature boy/girl''' is a person who understands nature and is used to working in the wild. The nature boy/girl should have knowledge of animal behavior, plants, and wilderness survival. You'll need him/her to find food, help organize the camp site and in many cases the nature people can be just as useful for the camp's defense as the fighter. '''The smart boy/girl''' is necessary to the group just as the mind is necessary to the body. The smart person or persons should have a vast knowledge in engineering and technology, and can design and build just about anything the group needs. You'll need the smart people to help build the camp as well as to eventually find a way to get back home (if that appears to be possible - this manual does not guarantee such an occurrence). Although less important, it may be helpful for future reference to know who does not have any any of the above three traits. '''The unskilled laborer''' is anyone with no specialized survival skills for this situation, at least in the early days of rebuilding civilization, such as an accountant, lawyer, or nuclear physicist (at least until complicated finances, complex law, and nuclear power plants are rebuilt). These are common, and you are likely to have a couple in your group of survivors. To keep them busy and to free up time for those with more important skills, these laborers should be used in tasks which are easy to teach but time consuming. Primarily, they should be used for gathering firewood, gathering building materials, and testing edible plants (as explained in the Food section), after given specific instructions on how to acomplish these tasks, by those with knowledge regarding those subjects. ===Scouting the Area=== After the incident is over (the plane crash, shipwreck, etc...) and all the injured are being taken care of, the first thing you need to do as leader is to put together scout team(s) to gather knowledge of the area, to find ways to gather things in the area such as food (fruit, vegetables, edible animals, etc.), water, possible building materials for the future and to look for any nearby dangers. If you have a useful skill or trait (like being able to identify plants or being relatively strong), you may want to join the scout team. The scout team may also find something important that may or may not be beneficial to the group: like an aggressive tribe or a hidden hatch, either way it is important to mark all things of that nature. It may be useful to mark the path you take (trailblazing), so that the scouting party can find the base camp again (rather than getting lost further and further away from base camp, or getting stuck going around and around a big circle). Also, if you find something useful that cannot immediately be carried back to camp by the scout team, the trail marks can help you find it again. Reminder: Always use the [[wikipedia:Buddy system|buddy system]] when leaving the camp, and tell others where you are going and (if possible) roughly when you plan to return. ===Setting Up the Base Camp=== While the scouts are looking for food and materials, those left at the camp should start by trying to create a camp fire. The fire is needed: to keep the camp illuminated at night, (depending on where one is) to keep warm when it gets cold, also to ward away aggressive animals. As an added bonus it will create a large amount of smoke that could get the attention of nearby ships and planes. If you are fortunate the ship/plane you came in on may have some dry matches left behind. If the wreck you came in on is extremely serious you may want to use the broken parts as fire burning material however you may want to leave the plane/ship alone on the off chance you can repair it later (Note: this assumes that you have access to a ship/plane wreck. This manual does not guarantee that.). If your skill sets involve building or cooking then you may want to stay to set up camp. Rather than have the one person who knows how to tie knots do all the knot-tying from now on, encourage that person to teach everyone the more useful knots. Another idea, once the camp is established and the immediate necessities taken care of. A base perimeter should be made. Think of this as a safe zone from animals, who may try to steal your food, or other predators (man or animal). Find the highest ground available, and set-up a signal fire, ready to be set a blaze at the first sign of rescue. You may also use that mirror from the make-up compact now to reflect light at the cockpit of the vessel you see. ===Organizing Supplies=== That is, stockpiling weapons and ammunition you may have, storing spare parts and such (canteens, backpacks, paper, books, writing utensils, eating utensils, etc.), and so on. Part of this may include requisitioning supplies. DON'T FORCIBLY TAKE POSSESSIONS. People should contribute for the good of the group. Doing otherwise will not help you make friends and influence people. And having friends in this situation could save your life. A better way to put this is to take a an inventory. Your wife's mirror in her make-up compact has now just become a signal mirror and 1/2 of a periscope. Nothing is insignificant, and when there is no WalMart nearby, nothing should be wasted. This may be better served being done immediately after taking a health assessment of the group. As stated before, all contributions should be voluntary, while explaining that there is power in numbers and sharing resources, rather than "strking out" on one's own to fend as an individual. Those who choose to remain independent and not share are simply nailing their own coffins shut. Their choice is their own, remind them. Lighters, pocket knives, keys, leather belts, strong prescription vision glasses, all now have alternate uses for survival. == Later Days and Secondary Projects == After having a basic campsite built with roofed shelters, a campfire going (with the necessary fuel to maintain it), water security (even storage) and there is an organized method of collecting or hunting for food, you may notice that there is a large increase in down time. Although it is good for your fellow castaways to get their rest, too much downtime can lead to depression, boredom, hopelessness and possibly a dangerous amount of unrest. It may sound mean but the leader must keep the castaways busy to reduce the problems mentioned above. A wise man once said “if you can give a man one thing give him something to love, if you can't do that give him something to hope for, and if you can't even give him that, give him something to do” this saying can mean a lot in this kind of situation. {{TODO|Fantastic resource on what is require for building what [https://bomwiki.com/ BOMwiki is the free bill-of-materials encyclopedia]}} The effort and planing may depend on the situation, specific project and resources, consider the urgency and expenditures before selecting a new task. === Extended Exploration === After things have settled down, you may wish to conduct extended exploratory trips to gain information about your surroundings. This could mean, but does not necessary implies a travel by sea, week-long hiking trips, and so forth. === Governance === Governance is about establishing and maintaining a lasting leadership structure. Even if you have a fairly small group of people (say, less than 10), you may need a form of official government. This goes especially if the group is anything but close friends. Its tempting to think we are evolved enough to do everything by consensus and there is no need for the rigidity of formal structures. Keep in mind that once people settle into a habit they develop a certain resistance to any change so while getting that water may seem really important right now, this issue is no less immediate. Leadership is absolutely essential for survival (short-term and longterm), without it there won't be any rebuilding of civilization as much as there will be back to scratch. Leadership, mind you, does not mean that a guy is in command; if you end up putting the emotionally charged but charismatic/strong fool in the seat you might as well have anarchy. Giving power to the alpha males and/or females of the group means the quieter voices don't get a fair say. Structure does not have to mean hierarchy. Of course democracy creates politics but until we are all in perfect harmony it is the best system possible. The "leader" doesn't have to have dictatorial powers though, but he may be the guy who is told to think on a plan while the rest scouts and take responsibility for the outcome. One should try not to get too much status from the function and think of it as a necessary duty, even sacrifice for maintaining social order and moral in face of failure. Governance is a *hard problem* as proved by the struggle so many countries, communities and societies have with it. Democracy has however evolved and there are some good new styles of democracy which would work well in a community. Most people know only two kinds of system, the one where the strongest are in command or the one with the more popular guy (democracy) - considering your situation the prevalent system structure may have proved to be catastrophically flawed, maybe you should adopt a new one. One such style is Direct democracy which comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein all citizens can directly participate in the decision-making process. Direct democracy in its traditional form is rule by the people through referendum. The people are given the right to pass laws, veto laws and withdraw support from a representative (if the system has representatives) at any time. The main objection to Direct Democracy is that deciding all or most matters of public importance by direct referendum is slow and expensive, and can result in public apathy and voter fatigue. The solution to this is Delegated Democracy. In delegated democracy all people have a vote on all issues as with direct democracy but they can delegate their vote in any area to any other person. If I vote on a topic my vote is counted if I do not bother to vote and I have delegated votes in that field to someone else then my vote is added to their tally. Some examples: - Nina is a great cook and nutritionist and I trust her with regards to running the kitchen and feeding us. Therefore I delegate my votes on food buying and cooking to Nina thus if there is ever the need to vote in this area Nina will cast my vote on my behalf. - My friend Naoise knows a lot about money and is trustworthy and I think has a good balance between investing and being too cautions. I would delegate my investment votes to him in most instances. - If friends decided to delegate their votes to me on certain areas where I feel confident (community, governance :-), education) I would be honored to vote on their behalf. Remember you can always still vote yourself and you can always move your vote from one person if you feel they no longer adequately represent you. Inventing a new system (one that has not been tested so far) is a very hard preposition but making a point may be required, to do so use science, when the group has time to spare organize two equal teams with each their command structure/command rules and see who wins at at a friendly game - work from there. Indeed more importantly the system you begin now may stand for the next hundred years, think of your responsibility to the future and the precedence you set for it. == Communal Living == Living communally was the first social structure that emerged from human social interactions, it can be beautiful but it has its costs in terms of restriction to individual freedoms. In a fully participated community the good of the many will always surpass the good of the few. Yet the alternative of each of us living alone and alienated is just as unsatisfactory. For tens of thousands of years humans lived together in tribes. Mimicking small scale biologic evolution, from single cell to multiple cell animals these social structures arose from the benefits to the survival of individuals in a hostile environment, permitting large gains and opening the door to specialization and the conquering of the environment. The cornerstone of any organisms is reproduction, an extension of the biologic imperative for the survivability of the gene-pool. Even today the basic social unit is still the family. The sixties and seventies with the a sexual revolution and civil freedoms saw the first wave of experimental modern communes, a rediscovering of the tribal life. Many of these failed as individuals had become acculturated to a different set of priorities and appealing ideologies that had started to arise from in the 20's (World War 1) that were only possible in a industrialized and consumerist society. The reasons for failure in this attempt to revive more closely netted social structures are many. Competition with the outside, the legal frameworks had evolved toward a different structure permitting and empowering complex politic power games, endangering established hierarchies and ownership structures. Living communally is more efficient in all regards, the imperative to share, save and to think ahead to needs of future generations emerges as part of the mutual preservation spirit, something that has been lost in the present mainstream social setup that is mostly about the selfish self to a point that it is putting our Planet's at risk, especially in face of the demographic pressures created by industrialized lifestyles that have lost any contact with the natural world. In a community an appliance can be shared among many people - do 20 people really need 20 dishwashers. We can share cooking, cleaning, childcare and can create together. === Ownership === After watching many communes go down the tubes and seeing past effort go to waste many are understandably reluctant to commit energy and money to something without a clear idea of what might happen to it. This is what makes communal ownership so important. If the commune is incorporated as a Limited Liability Partnership all those involved in it can legally have a share of it. That way if one wishes to leave one can sell out or if it does not work and needs to be wound up any assets will be shared out among those who contributed. ==Suggested Projects== === [[/Plant crops/|Plant crops]] === === Shifting cultivation === Shifting cultivation here means the cultivation of hominids and crops for human consumption on freshly burned vegetation area or forest within a fewer number of years than the time that area is left to natural regeneration.<Ref>Conklin H.C. 1961, The Study of Shifting Cultivation If Current Anthropology, vol. 2, no. 1, Chicago.</Ref> This is the oldest form of food production as proto humans have developed it over millions of years. During this long span of time, shifting cultivation developed into a complex process, requiring the coordinated interaction of larger groups of people. This way of life can be traced back to Africa and / or China, where the forerunners of Homo erectus (the erect man) had a nascent rise more than five million years ago. Later they spread out across the world, including northern Europe, less than one million years ago. But it is much less than one million years ago that Homo sapiens (the man who knows and can) came from Africa to Eurasia. They were knowledgeable and experienced people already. Shifting cultivation is highly community-forming. The smallest unit was the clan – the cultivation team – and often several clans would cooperate with one another. The manager, or Kuningas, had many functions. It was not only practical, but also political and religious. Cultivation was mobile; the clan moved to new forests to burn and grow food crops. They had no monumental construction. It is therefore difficult to trace them archaeologically, even from the study of Terra Preta (charcoal-rich soil). The swidden ranged from single ones onsite to periodic settlements, punctuated by moderately long abandonment. This rest period was required for necessary forest regrowth. Surveys of mountain caves and other natural settlements have revealed many cultural layers upon one another with natural forest regrowth in between. This stratigraphy indicates cultural development. Here in random order I will mention a few such places: Catalhöyük in Turkey, Altamira in northern Spain, Jericho in Israel, Kostenki Voronezh in Russia, Skara Brea on Orkeney, and the cave Vistehola at Jæren in Norway. Nowadays we are accustomed to excess in stationary conditions. We are trained and raised in the European tradition, which considered shifting cultivation as a simple, primitive form of life without significant cultural organization. This attitude is probably the reason why researchers have thoroughly investigated shifting cultivation. There are many characterizing features of shifting cultivation that are widely considered “primitive” and “self-taught”. They were nomads who want to have a few things to carry, for their skill and knowledge was not a heavy load. '''Shifting cultivation is the foundation of today's society: our values, customs, ideas, and conventions.''' Arable farming is too young to have influenced the development of mankind's history to any significant degree, yet we still feel its effects in our daily lives. The declining tropical rainforest is the site of most of today’s shifting cultivation practices. “The oldest of all farming methods is shifting cultivation. It has been in Sweden since old times and it seems to permeate every subject the further back in time we go. It is the oldest of all cultivation systems, at least in forested areas” ref>Arenander E.O. 1923, Germanemas jordbrukskultur ornkring KristifØdelse // Berattelse over Det Nordiska Arkeologmotet i Stockholm 1922, Stockholm. </ref> "Kauran Karjalan ahoille, Rukeheni Ruotsin maalle, -Vehnät viskoan Virohon - Kylvän ohrat Suomen maalle - Hernehet Hämehen maalle - Jost Vilja virtoavi - Vilja vierahan kätehen" <ref> Kaukonen V. 1984, Elias Lonnrotin Kanteletar, SKS, Helsinki.110</ref>; Oats in Karelia svedjer - Rye on Swedish land - Hveat returns Estonia – Barley grows on Suomi fields - peas on Hämä fields, - Here the grain flows, - The grain is always next. The extended family was the normal social structure of the Vikings, <ref>Sjovold T. 1979, The Viking Ships in Oslo, Oslo. .</ref> but has since become uncommon in most parts of the Nordic countries <ref>Winberg C. 1975, Folkøkning och proletarisering, Gøteborg. Wikipedia, oppslagsverk på intemett.</ref> It has since remained where shifting cultivation was still the dominant means for nourishment, some still exist in some remote places in Karelia. <ref>Tornberg M. 1972, Storfamiljinstitusjonen i Finland II Nord-Nytt</ref> (Eastern part of Finland where the Finns kicked out the Soviets communists, who tried to invade Finland, before the 2.WW.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S7LTbJ-ErQ === Solar Fridge === === Make Paper === === Solar Furnace === === Multipurpose Center === If you are going to set up a village-type camp, it may prove beneficial to construct (or designate, in the case of a cave or natural open area) a large multipurpose center. This can be used for "camp" meetings, spirituality and organized sports and recreation activities (such as soccer or dancing). {{BookCat}} == References: == {{reflist}} http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S7LTbJ-ErQ. See also https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Slash_and_burn 4de8j4ilr7dsit80jwpyb0redej7j6u 0 40592 4640617 4318246 2026-06-18T14:58:32Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Additional Resources for solving linear circuits */ 4640617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} After drawing the electro-mechanical analogy of a mechanical system, it is always safe to check the circuit. There are two methods to accomplish this: ==Review of Circuit Solving Methods== '''Kirchkoff's Voltage law''' "The sum of the potential drops around a loop must equal zero." [[Image:KVL.png‎]] <math>v_1 + v_2 + v_3 + v_4 = 0 \displaystyle</math> '''Kirchkoff's Current Law''' "The Sum of the currents at a node (junction of more than two elements) must be zero" [[Image:KCL.png‎]] <math> -i_1+i_2+i_3-i_4 = 0 \displaystyle</math> '''Hints for solving circuits:''' Remember that certain elements can be combined to simplify the circuit (the combination of like elements in series and parallel) If solving a circuit that involves steady-state sources, use impedances. Any circuit can eventually be combined into a single impedance using the following identities: Impedances in series: <math>Z_\mathrm{eq} = Z_1 + Z_2 + \,\cdots\, + Z_n.</math> Impedances in parallel: <math>\frac{1}{Z_\mathrm{eq}} = \frac{1}{Z_1} + \frac{1}{Z_2} + \,\cdots\, + \frac{1}{Z_n} .</math> == Dot Method: (Valid only for planar network) == This method helps obtain the dual analog (one analog is the dual of the other). The steps for the dot product are as follows:<br> 1) Place one dot within each loop and one outside all the loops. <br> 2) Connect the dots. Make sure that there is only one line through each element and that no lines cross more than one element.<br> 3) Draw in each line that crosses an element its dual element, including the source. <br> 4) The circuit obtained should have an equivalent behavior as the dual analog of the original electro-mechanical circuit. '''Example:''' [[Image:Dotmethod.PNG]] The parallel RLC Circuit above is equivalent to a series RLC driven by an ideal current source == Low-Frequency Limits == This method looks at the behavior of the system for very large or very small values of the parameters and compares them with the expected behavior of the mechanical system. For instance, you can compare the mobility circuit behavior of a near-infinite inductance with the mechanical system behavior of a near-infinite stiffness spring. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Very High Value ! Very Low Value |- | '''Capacitor''' | Short Circuit | Open Circuit |- | '''Inductor''' | Open Circuit | Closed Circuit |- | '''Resistor''' | Open Circuit | Short Circuit |} ==Additional Resources for solving linear circuits== Thomas & Rosa, "The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits", Wiley, 2001 Hayt, Kemmerly & Durbin, "Engineering Circuit Analysis", 6th ed., McGraw Hill, 2002 [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics Back to Main page] bq0lqyhqbr8w7rv7f2euhruebbcp2d0 0 40633 4640619 4239698 2026-06-18T15:00:05Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Example of Electro-Mechanical Analogies== [[Image:Electromechanical_analogy_example.PNG‎]] Note: The crank indicates an ideal velocity generator, with an amplitude of <math>u_0</math> rotating at <math>\omega</math> rad/s. ==Impedance Analog Solution== [[Image:Impedance_example.PNG|600px|]] ==Mobility Analog Solution== [[Image:Mobility_example.PNG|800px|]] [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics Back to Main page] ibo8djm1ushnwawmxdnrlvog1jqguk8 0 42104 4640620 3232758 2026-06-18T15:02:35Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Acoustic transducer== The purpose of an acoustic transducer is to convert electrical energy into acoustic energy. Many variations of acoustic transducers exist, such as electrostatic, balanced armature and moving-coil loudspeakers. This article focuses on moving-coil loudspeakers since they are the most commonly used type of acoustic transducer. First, the physical construction and principle of a typical moving coil transducer are discussed briefly. Second, electro-mechano-acoustical modeling of each element composing the loudspeaker is presented in a tutorial way to reinforce and supplement the theory on [[Engineering Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies|electro-mechanical analogies]] and [[Engineering Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies|electro-acoustic analogies]] previously seen in other sections. Third, the equivalent circuit is analyzed to introduce the theory behind Thiele-Small parameters, which are very useful when designing loudspeaker enclosures. A method to experimentally determine Thiele-Small parameters is also included. ==Moving-coil loudspeaker construction and principle== The classic moving-coil loudspeaker driver can be divided into three key components: 1) The magnet motor drive system, comprising the permanent magnet, the center pole and the voice coil acting together to produce a mechanical force on the diaphragm from an electrical current. 2) The loudspeaker cone system, comprising the diaphragm and dust cap, permitting mechanical force to be translated into acoustic pressure; 3) The loudspeaker suspension, comprising the spider and surround, preventing the diaphragm from breaking due to over excursion, allowing only translational movement and tending to bring the diaphragm back to its rest position. The following illustration shows a cut-away view of a typical moving coil-permanent magnet loudspeaker. A coil is mechanically coupled to a diaphragm, also called cone, and rests in a fixed magnetic field produced by a magnet. When an electrical current flows through the coil, a corresponding magnetic field is emitted, interacting with the fixed field of the magnet and thus applying a force to the coil, pushing it away or towards the magnet. Since the cone is mechanically coupled to the coil, it will push or pull the air it is facing, causing pressure changes and emitting a sound wave. <center> [[Image:MovingCoilLoudspeaker.png|800px]]</center> <center>Figure 1: A cross-sectional view of a typical moving-coil loudspeaker </center> An equivalent circuit can be obtained to model the loudspeaker as a lumped system. This circuit can be used to drive the design of a complete loudspeaker system, including an enclosure and sometimes even an amplifier that is matched to the properties of the driver. The following section shows how such an equivalent circuit can be obtained. ==Electro-mechano-acoustical equivalent circuit== Electro-mechanico-acoustical systems such as loudspeakers can be modeled as equivalent electrical circuits as long as each element moves as a whole. This is usually the case at low frequencies or at frequencies where the dimensions of the system are small compared to the wavelength of interest. To obtain a complete model of the loudspeaker, the interactions and properties of electrical, mechanical, and acoustical subsystems composing the loudspeaker driver must each be modeled. The following sections detail how the circuit may be obtained starting with the amplifier and ending with the acoustical load presented by air. A similar development can be found in [1] or [2]. ===Electrical subsystem=== The electrical part of the system is composed of a driving amplifier and a voice coil. Most amplifiers can be approximated as a perfect voltage source in series with the amplifier output impedance. The voice coil exhibits an inductance and a resistance that may be directly modeled as a circuit. <center> [[Image:ElectricalSubsystemLoudspeaker.png|400px]]</center> <center>Figure 2: The amplifier and loudspeaker electrical elements modeled as a circuit </center> ===Electrical to mechanical subsystem=== When the loudspeaker is fed an electrical signal, the voice coil and magnet convert current to force. Similarly, voltage is related to the velocity. This relationship between the electrical side and the mechanical side can be modeled by a transformer. <math> \tilde{f_c} = Bl \tilde{i} </math>; <math> \tilde{u_c} = \dfrac{\tilde{e}}{Bl} </math> <center> [[Image: ElectricalToMechanicalLoudspeaker.png]]</center> <center>Figure 3: A transformer modeling transduction from the electrical impedance to mechanical mobility analogy </center> ===Mechanical subsystem=== In a first approximation, a moving coil loudspeaker may be thought of as a mass-spring system where the diaphragm and the voice coil constitute the mass and the spider and surround constitute the spring element. Losses in the suspension can be modeled as a resistor. <center> [[Image:MechanicalSubsystemModelingLoudspeaker.png|1000px]]</center> <center> Figure 4: Mass spring system and associated circuit analogies of the impedance and mobility type.</center> The equation of motion gives us : <center><math> \tilde{f_c} = R_m \tilde{u_c} + \dfrac{\tilde{u_c}}{ j \omega C_{MS}} + j \omega M_{MD} \tilde{u_c} </math></center> <center><math> \dfrac{\tilde{f_c} }{\tilde{u_c}}= R_m+\dfrac{1}{ j \omega C_{MS}}+ j\omega M_{MD} </math></center> Which yields the mechanical impedance type analogy in the form of a series RLC circuit. A parallel RLC circuit may also be obtained to get the mobility analog following mathematical manipulation: <center><math> \dfrac{\tilde{u_c} }{\tilde{f_c}}= \dfrac{1}{R_m+\dfrac{1}{ j \omega C_{MS}}+ j\omega M_{MD} }</math></center> <center><math> \dfrac{\tilde{u_c} }{\tilde{f_c}}= \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{G_m}+\dfrac{1}{ j \omega C_{MS}} + \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{j \omega M_{MD}}}} </math></center> Which expresses the mechanical mobility type analogy in the form of a parallel RLC circuit where the denominator elements are respectively a parallel conductance, inductance, and compliance. ===Mechanical to acoustical subsystem=== A loudspeaker’s diaphragm may be thought of as a piston that pushes and pulls on the air facing it, converting mechanical force and velocity into acoustic pressure and volume velocity. The equations are as follow: <math> \tilde{P_d} = \dfrac{\tilde{f_c}}{\tilde{S_D}} </math>; <math> \tilde{U_c} = \tilde{u_c}{S_D}</math> These equations can be modeled by a transformer. <center> [[Image:MechanicalToAcousticalLoudspeaker.png]]</center> <center>Figure 5: A transformer modeling the transduction from mechanical mobility to acoustical mobility analogy performed by a loudspeaker's diaphragm </center> ===Acoustical subsystem=== The impedance presented by the air load on the loudspeaker's diaphragm is both resistive due to sound radiation and reactive due to the air mass that is being pushed radially but does not contribute to sound radiation to the far field. The air load on the diaphragm can be modeled as an impedance or an admittance. Specific values and approximations can be found in [1], [2] or [3]. Note that the air load depends on the mounting conditions of the loudspeaker. If the loudspeaker is mounted in a baffle, the air load will be the same on each side of the diaphragm. Then, if the air load on one side is <math> Y_{AR} </math> in the admittance analogy, then the total air load is <math> Y_{AR}/2 </math> as both loads are in parallel. ===Complete electro-mechano-acoustical equivalent circuit=== Using electrical impedance, mechanical mobility and acoustical admittance yield the following equivalent circuit, modeling the entire loudspeaker drive unit. <center> [[Image: LoudspeakerEquivalentCircuit.png|1000px]]</center> <center>Figure 6: A complete electro-mechano-acoustical equivalent circuit of a loudspeaker drive unit</center> This circuit can be reduced by substituting the transformers and connected loads by an equivalent loading that would present the same impedance as the loaded transformer. An example of this is shown on figure 7, where acoustical and electrical loads and sources have been "brought over" to the mechanical side. <center>[[Image:LoudspeakerEquivalentCircuitMechanical.png|900px]]</center> <center>Figure 7: Mechanical equivalent circuit modeling of a loudspeaker drive unit</center> The advantage of doing such manipulations is that we can then directly relate electrical measurements with elements in the circuit. This will later allow us to obtain values for the different components of the model and match this model to real loudspeaker drivers. We can further simplify this circuit by using Norton's theorem and converting the series electrical components and voltage source into an equivalent current source and parallel electrical components. Then, using a technique called the Dot method, presented in section [[Engineering Acoustics/Solution Methods: Electro-Mechanical Analogies|Solution Methods: Electro-Mechanical Analogies]], we can obtain a single loop series circuit which is the dual of the parallel circuit previously obtained with Norton's theorem. If we are mainly interested in the low frequency behavior of the loudspeaker, as should be the case when using lumped element modeling, we can neglect the effect of the voice coil inductance, which has an effect only at high frequencies. Furthermore, the air load impedance at low frequencies is mass-like and can be modeled by a simple inductance <math>M_{M1}</math>. This results in a simplified low frequency model equivalent circuit, shown of figure 8, which is easier to manipulate than the circuit of figure 7. Note that the analogy used for this circuit is of the impedance type. <center> [[Image:LowFrequencyLoudspeakerEquivalentCircuitMechanical.png|800px]]</center> <center>Figure 8: Low frequency approximation mechanical equivalent circuit of a loudspeaker drive unit</center> Where <math>M_{M1} = 2.67 a^3 \rho </math> if <math> a </math> is the radius of the loudspeaker and <math> \rho </math>, the density of air. Mass elements, in this case the mass of the diaphragm and voice coil <math>M_{MS}</math> and the air mass loading the diaphragm <math>2M_{M1}</math> can be regrouped in a single element: <center><math> M_{MS} = M_{MD}+2M_{M1}</math></center> ==Thiele-Small Parameters== ===Theory=== The complete low frequency behavior of a loudspeaker drive unit can be modeled with just six parameters, called Thiele-Small parameters. Most of these parameters result from algebraic manipulation of the equations of the circuit of figure 8. Loudspeaker driver manufacturers seldom provide electro-mechano-acoustical parameters directly and rather provide Thiele-Small parameters in datasheets, but conversion from one to the other is quite simple. The Thiele-Small parameters are as follow: 1. <math> R_e </math>, the voice coil DC resistance; 2. <math> Q_{ES} </math>, the electrical Q factor; 3. <math> Q_{MS} </math>, the mechanical Q factor; 4. <math> f_s </math>, the loudspeaker resonance frequency; 5. <math> S_D </math>, the effective surface area of the diaphragm; 6. <math> V_{AS} </math>, the equivalent suspension volume: the volume of air that has the same acoustic compliance as the suspension of the loudspeaker driver. These parameters can be related directly from the low frequency approximation circuit of figure 8, with <math> R_e </math> and <math> S_D </math> being explicit. <math> Q_{MS} = \dfrac{1}{R_{MS}} \sqrt{\dfrac{M_{MS}}{C_{MS}}} </math>; <math> Q_{ES} = \dfrac{R_g + R_e }{(Bl)^2} \sqrt{\dfrac{M_{MS}}{C_{MS}}} </math> ; <math>f_s= \dfrac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{M_{MS}C_{MS}}}</math>; <math>V_{AS}= C_{MS}S_D^2\rho c^2</math> Where <math>\rho c^2</math> is the Bulk modulus of air. It follows that, if given Thiele-Small parameters, one can extract the values of each component of the circuit of figure 8 using the following equations : <math> C_{MS} = \dfrac{V_{AS}}{S_D^2 \rho c^2} </math>; <math>M_{MS}= \dfrac{1}{(2 \pi f_s)^2 C_{MS}}</math>; <math>R_{MS} = \dfrac{1}{Q_{MS}}\sqrt{\dfrac{M_{MS}}{C_{MS}}}</math>; <math>Bl = \sqrt{\dfrac{R_e}{2 \pi f_s Q_{ES} C_{MS} } }</math>; <math>M_{MD}= M_{MS}-2M_{M1}</math>; ===Measurement=== Many methods can be used to measure Thiele-Small parameters of drivers. Measurement of Thiele-Small parameters is sometimes necessary if a manufacturer does not provide them. Also, the actual Thiele-Small parameters of a given loudspeaker can differ from nominal values significantly. The method described in this section comes from [2]. Note that for this method, the loudspeaker is considered to be mounted in an infinite baffle. In practice, a baffle with a diameter of four times that of the loudspeaker is sufficient. Measurements without a baffle are also possible: the air mass loading will simply be halved and can be easily accounted for. The setup for this method includes an FFT analyzer or a mean to obtain an impedance curve. A signal generator of variable frequency and an AC meter can also be used. <center> [[Image:Setup to measure impedance of loudspeakers.png |300px]]</center> <center>Figure 9: Simple experimental setup to measure the impedance of a loudspeaker drive unit</center> <center><math> Z_{spk}= R\dfrac{V_{spk}}{V_s \left( 1-\dfrac{V_{spk}}{V_s} \right)} </math></center> <center> [[Image:ImpedanceCurveLoudspeaker.png |600px]]</center> <center>Figure 10: A typical loudspeaker drive unit impedance curve</center> Once the impedance curve of the loudspeaker is measured, <math> R_e </math> and <math> f_s </math> can be directly identified by looking at the low frequency asymptote of the impedance value and the center frequency of the resonance peak. If the frequencies where <math>Z_{spk}=\sqrt{R_e R_c}</math> are identified as <math>f_l</math> and <math>f_h</math>, Q factors can be calculated. <center><math> Q_{MS}= \dfrac{f_s}{f_h-f_l} \sqrt{\dfrac{R_c}{R_e}} </math></center> <center><math> Q_{ES} = \dfrac{Q_{MS}}{\dfrac{R_c}{R_e}-1} </math></center> <math>S_D</math> can simply be approximated by <math>\pi a^2 </math>, where <math> a </math> is the radius of the loudspeaker driver. The last remaining Thiele-Small parameter, <math>V_{AS}</math> is slightly trickier to measure. The idea is to either increase mass or reduce compliance of the loudspeaker drive unit and note the shift in resonance frequency. If a known mass <math>M_x</math> is added to the loudspeaker diaphragm, the new resonance frequency will be: <center><math>f^'_s= \dfrac{1}{2 \pi \sqrt{(M_{MS} + M_x) C_{MS} } }</math></center> And the equivalent suspension volume may be obtained with: <center><math>V_{AS} = \left( 1- \dfrac{f^{'2}_s}{f_s^2} \right) \dfrac{S_D^2 \rho c^2}{(2 \pi f^'_s)^2 M_x}</math></center> Hence, all Thiele-Small parameters modeling the low frequency behavior of the loudspeaker drive unit can be obtained from a fairly simple setup. These parameters are of tremendous help in loudspeaker enclosure design. ===Numerical example=== This section presents a numerical example of obtaining Thiele-Small parameters from impedance curves. The impedance curves presented in this section have been obtained from simulations using nominal Thiele-Small parameters of a real woofer loudspeaker. Firsy, these Thiele-Small parameters have been transformed into an electro-mechano-acoustical circuit using the equation presented before. Second, the circuit was treated as a black box and the method to extract Thiele-Small parameters was used. The purpose of this simulation is to present the method, step by step, using realistic values so that the reader can get more familiar with the process, the magnitude of the values and with what to expect when performing such measurements. For this simulation, a loudspeaker of radius <math>a=6.55cm</math> is mounted on a baffle sufficiently large to act as an infinite baffle. Its impedance is obtained and plotted in figure 11, where important cursors have already been placed. <center> [[Image:SimulatedImpedanceWoofer.png |1000px]]</center> <center>Figure 11: Simulated measurement of an impedance curve for a woofer loudspeaker</center> The low frequency asymptote is immediately identified as <math>Re=6.6\Omega</math>. The resonance is clear and centered at <math>fs=33Hz</math>. The value of the impedance at this frequency is about <math>66\Omega</math>. This yields <math>\sqrt{R_eR_c}=20.8\Omega</math>, which occurs at <math>f_l=19.5 Hz</math> and <math>f_h= 52.5 Hz</math>. With this information, we can compute some of the Thiele-Small parameters. <center><math> Q_{MS}= \dfrac{f_s}{f_h-f_l}\sqrt{\dfrac{R_c}{R_e}}=\dfrac{33}{52.5-19.5}*\sqrt{\dfrac{66}{6.6}}= 3.1 </math></center> <center><math> Q_{ES} = \dfrac{Q_{MS}}{\dfrac{R_c}{R_e}-1} = \dfrac{3.1}{\dfrac{66}{6.6}-1} = 0.35</math></center> As a next step, a mass of <math>M_x=10g</math> is fixed to the loudspeaker diaphragm. This shifts the resonance frequency and yields a new impedance curve, as shown on figure 12. <center> [[Image:SimulatedImpedanceWooferAddedMass.png |1000px]]</center> <center>Figure 12: Simulated measurement of an impedance curve for a woofer loudspeaker</center> <center><math>S_{D} = \pi a^2 = 0.0135 m^2</math></center> <center><math>V_{AS} = \left( 1- \dfrac{27.5^2}{33^2} \right) \dfrac{0.0135^2*1.18*344^2}{(2 \pi 27.5)^2*0.01}= 0.0272 m^3</math></center> Once all six Thiele-Small parameters have been obtained, it is possible to calculate values for the electro-mechano-acoustical circuit modeling elements of figure 6 or 7. From then, the design of an enclosure can start. This is discussed in application sections [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed box subwoofer design]] and [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design|Bass reflex enclosure design]]. =References= [1] Kleiner, Mendel. Electroacoustics. CRC Press, 2013. [2] Beranek, Leo L., and Tim Mellow. Acoustics: sound fields and transducers. Academic Press, 2012. [3] Kinsler, Lawrence E., et al. Fundamentals of Acoustics, 4th Edition. Wiley-VCH, 1999. [4] Small, Richard H. "Direct radiator loudspeaker system analysis." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 20.5 (1972): 383-395. e9jzqy2vpi8beahpp4qpsmpcmaneqip 4640621 4640620 2026-06-18T15:03:13Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* References */ 4640621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Acoustic transducer== The purpose of an acoustic transducer is to convert electrical energy into acoustic energy. Many variations of acoustic transducers exist, such as electrostatic, balanced armature and moving-coil loudspeakers. This article focuses on moving-coil loudspeakers since they are the most commonly used type of acoustic transducer. First, the physical construction and principle of a typical moving coil transducer are discussed briefly. Second, electro-mechano-acoustical modeling of each element composing the loudspeaker is presented in a tutorial way to reinforce and supplement the theory on [[Engineering Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies|electro-mechanical analogies]] and [[Engineering Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies|electro-acoustic analogies]] previously seen in other sections. Third, the equivalent circuit is analyzed to introduce the theory behind Thiele-Small parameters, which are very useful when designing loudspeaker enclosures. A method to experimentally determine Thiele-Small parameters is also included. ==Moving-coil loudspeaker construction and principle== The classic moving-coil loudspeaker driver can be divided into three key components: 1) The magnet motor drive system, comprising the permanent magnet, the center pole and the voice coil acting together to produce a mechanical force on the diaphragm from an electrical current. 2) The loudspeaker cone system, comprising the diaphragm and dust cap, permitting mechanical force to be translated into acoustic pressure; 3) The loudspeaker suspension, comprising the spider and surround, preventing the diaphragm from breaking due to over excursion, allowing only translational movement and tending to bring the diaphragm back to its rest position. The following illustration shows a cut-away view of a typical moving coil-permanent magnet loudspeaker. A coil is mechanically coupled to a diaphragm, also called cone, and rests in a fixed magnetic field produced by a magnet. When an electrical current flows through the coil, a corresponding magnetic field is emitted, interacting with the fixed field of the magnet and thus applying a force to the coil, pushing it away or towards the magnet. Since the cone is mechanically coupled to the coil, it will push or pull the air it is facing, causing pressure changes and emitting a sound wave. <center> [[Image:MovingCoilLoudspeaker.png|800px]]</center> <center>Figure 1: A cross-sectional view of a typical moving-coil loudspeaker </center> An equivalent circuit can be obtained to model the loudspeaker as a lumped system. This circuit can be used to drive the design of a complete loudspeaker system, including an enclosure and sometimes even an amplifier that is matched to the properties of the driver. The following section shows how such an equivalent circuit can be obtained. ==Electro-mechano-acoustical equivalent circuit== Electro-mechanico-acoustical systems such as loudspeakers can be modeled as equivalent electrical circuits as long as each element moves as a whole. This is usually the case at low frequencies or at frequencies where the dimensions of the system are small compared to the wavelength of interest. To obtain a complete model of the loudspeaker, the interactions and properties of electrical, mechanical, and acoustical subsystems composing the loudspeaker driver must each be modeled. The following sections detail how the circuit may be obtained starting with the amplifier and ending with the acoustical load presented by air. A similar development can be found in [1] or [2]. ===Electrical subsystem=== The electrical part of the system is composed of a driving amplifier and a voice coil. Most amplifiers can be approximated as a perfect voltage source in series with the amplifier output impedance. The voice coil exhibits an inductance and a resistance that may be directly modeled as a circuit. <center> [[Image:ElectricalSubsystemLoudspeaker.png|400px]]</center> <center>Figure 2: The amplifier and loudspeaker electrical elements modeled as a circuit </center> ===Electrical to mechanical subsystem=== When the loudspeaker is fed an electrical signal, the voice coil and magnet convert current to force. Similarly, voltage is related to the velocity. This relationship between the electrical side and the mechanical side can be modeled by a transformer. <math> \tilde{f_c} = Bl \tilde{i} </math>; <math> \tilde{u_c} = \dfrac{\tilde{e}}{Bl} </math> <center> [[Image: ElectricalToMechanicalLoudspeaker.png]]</center> <center>Figure 3: A transformer modeling transduction from the electrical impedance to mechanical mobility analogy </center> ===Mechanical subsystem=== In a first approximation, a moving coil loudspeaker may be thought of as a mass-spring system where the diaphragm and the voice coil constitute the mass and the spider and surround constitute the spring element. Losses in the suspension can be modeled as a resistor. <center> [[Image:MechanicalSubsystemModelingLoudspeaker.png|1000px]]</center> <center> Figure 4: Mass spring system and associated circuit analogies of the impedance and mobility type.</center> The equation of motion gives us : <center><math> \tilde{f_c} = R_m \tilde{u_c} + \dfrac{\tilde{u_c}}{ j \omega C_{MS}} + j \omega M_{MD} \tilde{u_c} </math></center> <center><math> \dfrac{\tilde{f_c} }{\tilde{u_c}}= R_m+\dfrac{1}{ j \omega C_{MS}}+ j\omega M_{MD} </math></center> Which yields the mechanical impedance type analogy in the form of a series RLC circuit. A parallel RLC circuit may also be obtained to get the mobility analog following mathematical manipulation: <center><math> \dfrac{\tilde{u_c} }{\tilde{f_c}}= \dfrac{1}{R_m+\dfrac{1}{ j \omega C_{MS}}+ j\omega M_{MD} }</math></center> <center><math> \dfrac{\tilde{u_c} }{\tilde{f_c}}= \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{G_m}+\dfrac{1}{ j \omega C_{MS}} + \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{j \omega M_{MD}}}} </math></center> Which expresses the mechanical mobility type analogy in the form of a parallel RLC circuit where the denominator elements are respectively a parallel conductance, inductance, and compliance. ===Mechanical to acoustical subsystem=== A loudspeaker’s diaphragm may be thought of as a piston that pushes and pulls on the air facing it, converting mechanical force and velocity into acoustic pressure and volume velocity. The equations are as follow: <math> \tilde{P_d} = \dfrac{\tilde{f_c}}{\tilde{S_D}} </math>; <math> \tilde{U_c} = \tilde{u_c}{S_D}</math> These equations can be modeled by a transformer. <center> [[Image:MechanicalToAcousticalLoudspeaker.png]]</center> <center>Figure 5: A transformer modeling the transduction from mechanical mobility to acoustical mobility analogy performed by a loudspeaker's diaphragm </center> ===Acoustical subsystem=== The impedance presented by the air load on the loudspeaker's diaphragm is both resistive due to sound radiation and reactive due to the air mass that is being pushed radially but does not contribute to sound radiation to the far field. The air load on the diaphragm can be modeled as an impedance or an admittance. Specific values and approximations can be found in [1], [2] or [3]. Note that the air load depends on the mounting conditions of the loudspeaker. If the loudspeaker is mounted in a baffle, the air load will be the same on each side of the diaphragm. Then, if the air load on one side is <math> Y_{AR} </math> in the admittance analogy, then the total air load is <math> Y_{AR}/2 </math> as both loads are in parallel. ===Complete electro-mechano-acoustical equivalent circuit=== Using electrical impedance, mechanical mobility and acoustical admittance yield the following equivalent circuit, modeling the entire loudspeaker drive unit. <center> [[Image: LoudspeakerEquivalentCircuit.png|1000px]]</center> <center>Figure 6: A complete electro-mechano-acoustical equivalent circuit of a loudspeaker drive unit</center> This circuit can be reduced by substituting the transformers and connected loads by an equivalent loading that would present the same impedance as the loaded transformer. An example of this is shown on figure 7, where acoustical and electrical loads and sources have been "brought over" to the mechanical side. <center>[[Image:LoudspeakerEquivalentCircuitMechanical.png|900px]]</center> <center>Figure 7: Mechanical equivalent circuit modeling of a loudspeaker drive unit</center> The advantage of doing such manipulations is that we can then directly relate electrical measurements with elements in the circuit. This will later allow us to obtain values for the different components of the model and match this model to real loudspeaker drivers. We can further simplify this circuit by using Norton's theorem and converting the series electrical components and voltage source into an equivalent current source and parallel electrical components. Then, using a technique called the Dot method, presented in section [[Engineering Acoustics/Solution Methods: Electro-Mechanical Analogies|Solution Methods: Electro-Mechanical Analogies]], we can obtain a single loop series circuit which is the dual of the parallel circuit previously obtained with Norton's theorem. If we are mainly interested in the low frequency behavior of the loudspeaker, as should be the case when using lumped element modeling, we can neglect the effect of the voice coil inductance, which has an effect only at high frequencies. Furthermore, the air load impedance at low frequencies is mass-like and can be modeled by a simple inductance <math>M_{M1}</math>. This results in a simplified low frequency model equivalent circuit, shown of figure 8, which is easier to manipulate than the circuit of figure 7. Note that the analogy used for this circuit is of the impedance type. <center> [[Image:LowFrequencyLoudspeakerEquivalentCircuitMechanical.png|800px]]</center> <center>Figure 8: Low frequency approximation mechanical equivalent circuit of a loudspeaker drive unit</center> Where <math>M_{M1} = 2.67 a^3 \rho </math> if <math> a </math> is the radius of the loudspeaker and <math> \rho </math>, the density of air. Mass elements, in this case the mass of the diaphragm and voice coil <math>M_{MS}</math> and the air mass loading the diaphragm <math>2M_{M1}</math> can be regrouped in a single element: <center><math> M_{MS} = M_{MD}+2M_{M1}</math></center> ==Thiele-Small Parameters== ===Theory=== The complete low frequency behavior of a loudspeaker drive unit can be modeled with just six parameters, called Thiele-Small parameters. Most of these parameters result from algebraic manipulation of the equations of the circuit of figure 8. Loudspeaker driver manufacturers seldom provide electro-mechano-acoustical parameters directly and rather provide Thiele-Small parameters in datasheets, but conversion from one to the other is quite simple. The Thiele-Small parameters are as follow: 1. <math> R_e </math>, the voice coil DC resistance; 2. <math> Q_{ES} </math>, the electrical Q factor; 3. <math> Q_{MS} </math>, the mechanical Q factor; 4. <math> f_s </math>, the loudspeaker resonance frequency; 5. <math> S_D </math>, the effective surface area of the diaphragm; 6. <math> V_{AS} </math>, the equivalent suspension volume: the volume of air that has the same acoustic compliance as the suspension of the loudspeaker driver. These parameters can be related directly from the low frequency approximation circuit of figure 8, with <math> R_e </math> and <math> S_D </math> being explicit. <math> Q_{MS} = \dfrac{1}{R_{MS}} \sqrt{\dfrac{M_{MS}}{C_{MS}}} </math>; <math> Q_{ES} = \dfrac{R_g + R_e }{(Bl)^2} \sqrt{\dfrac{M_{MS}}{C_{MS}}} </math> ; <math>f_s= \dfrac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{M_{MS}C_{MS}}}</math>; <math>V_{AS}= C_{MS}S_D^2\rho c^2</math> Where <math>\rho c^2</math> is the Bulk modulus of air. It follows that, if given Thiele-Small parameters, one can extract the values of each component of the circuit of figure 8 using the following equations : <math> C_{MS} = \dfrac{V_{AS}}{S_D^2 \rho c^2} </math>; <math>M_{MS}= \dfrac{1}{(2 \pi f_s)^2 C_{MS}}</math>; <math>R_{MS} = \dfrac{1}{Q_{MS}}\sqrt{\dfrac{M_{MS}}{C_{MS}}}</math>; <math>Bl = \sqrt{\dfrac{R_e}{2 \pi f_s Q_{ES} C_{MS} } }</math>; <math>M_{MD}= M_{MS}-2M_{M1}</math>; ===Measurement=== Many methods can be used to measure Thiele-Small parameters of drivers. Measurement of Thiele-Small parameters is sometimes necessary if a manufacturer does not provide them. Also, the actual Thiele-Small parameters of a given loudspeaker can differ from nominal values significantly. The method described in this section comes from [2]. Note that for this method, the loudspeaker is considered to be mounted in an infinite baffle. In practice, a baffle with a diameter of four times that of the loudspeaker is sufficient. Measurements without a baffle are also possible: the air mass loading will simply be halved and can be easily accounted for. The setup for this method includes an FFT analyzer or a mean to obtain an impedance curve. A signal generator of variable frequency and an AC meter can also be used. <center> [[Image:Setup to measure impedance of loudspeakers.png |300px]]</center> <center>Figure 9: Simple experimental setup to measure the impedance of a loudspeaker drive unit</center> <center><math> Z_{spk}= R\dfrac{V_{spk}}{V_s \left( 1-\dfrac{V_{spk}}{V_s} \right)} </math></center> <center> [[Image:ImpedanceCurveLoudspeaker.png |600px]]</center> <center>Figure 10: A typical loudspeaker drive unit impedance curve</center> Once the impedance curve of the loudspeaker is measured, <math> R_e </math> and <math> f_s </math> can be directly identified by looking at the low frequency asymptote of the impedance value and the center frequency of the resonance peak. If the frequencies where <math>Z_{spk}=\sqrt{R_e R_c}</math> are identified as <math>f_l</math> and <math>f_h</math>, Q factors can be calculated. <center><math> Q_{MS}= \dfrac{f_s}{f_h-f_l} \sqrt{\dfrac{R_c}{R_e}} </math></center> <center><math> Q_{ES} = \dfrac{Q_{MS}}{\dfrac{R_c}{R_e}-1} </math></center> <math>S_D</math> can simply be approximated by <math>\pi a^2 </math>, where <math> a </math> is the radius of the loudspeaker driver. The last remaining Thiele-Small parameter, <math>V_{AS}</math> is slightly trickier to measure. The idea is to either increase mass or reduce compliance of the loudspeaker drive unit and note the shift in resonance frequency. If a known mass <math>M_x</math> is added to the loudspeaker diaphragm, the new resonance frequency will be: <center><math>f^'_s= \dfrac{1}{2 \pi \sqrt{(M_{MS} + M_x) C_{MS} } }</math></center> And the equivalent suspension volume may be obtained with: <center><math>V_{AS} = \left( 1- \dfrac{f^{'2}_s}{f_s^2} \right) \dfrac{S_D^2 \rho c^2}{(2 \pi f^'_s)^2 M_x}</math></center> Hence, all Thiele-Small parameters modeling the low frequency behavior of the loudspeaker drive unit can be obtained from a fairly simple setup. These parameters are of tremendous help in loudspeaker enclosure design. ===Numerical example=== This section presents a numerical example of obtaining Thiele-Small parameters from impedance curves. The impedance curves presented in this section have been obtained from simulations using nominal Thiele-Small parameters of a real woofer loudspeaker. Firsy, these Thiele-Small parameters have been transformed into an electro-mechano-acoustical circuit using the equation presented before. Second, the circuit was treated as a black box and the method to extract Thiele-Small parameters was used. The purpose of this simulation is to present the method, step by step, using realistic values so that the reader can get more familiar with the process, the magnitude of the values and with what to expect when performing such measurements. For this simulation, a loudspeaker of radius <math>a=6.55cm</math> is mounted on a baffle sufficiently large to act as an infinite baffle. Its impedance is obtained and plotted in figure 11, where important cursors have already been placed. <center> [[Image:SimulatedImpedanceWoofer.png |1000px]]</center> <center>Figure 11: Simulated measurement of an impedance curve for a woofer loudspeaker</center> The low frequency asymptote is immediately identified as <math>Re=6.6\Omega</math>. The resonance is clear and centered at <math>fs=33Hz</math>. The value of the impedance at this frequency is about <math>66\Omega</math>. This yields <math>\sqrt{R_eR_c}=20.8\Omega</math>, which occurs at <math>f_l=19.5 Hz</math> and <math>f_h= 52.5 Hz</math>. With this information, we can compute some of the Thiele-Small parameters. <center><math> Q_{MS}= \dfrac{f_s}{f_h-f_l}\sqrt{\dfrac{R_c}{R_e}}=\dfrac{33}{52.5-19.5}*\sqrt{\dfrac{66}{6.6}}= 3.1 </math></center> <center><math> Q_{ES} = \dfrac{Q_{MS}}{\dfrac{R_c}{R_e}-1} = \dfrac{3.1}{\dfrac{66}{6.6}-1} = 0.35</math></center> As a next step, a mass of <math>M_x=10g</math> is fixed to the loudspeaker diaphragm. This shifts the resonance frequency and yields a new impedance curve, as shown on figure 12. <center> [[Image:SimulatedImpedanceWooferAddedMass.png |1000px]]</center> <center>Figure 12: Simulated measurement of an impedance curve for a woofer loudspeaker</center> <center><math>S_{D} = \pi a^2 = 0.0135 m^2</math></center> <center><math>V_{AS} = \left( 1- \dfrac{27.5^2}{33^2} \right) \dfrac{0.0135^2*1.18*344^2}{(2 \pi 27.5)^2*0.01}= 0.0272 m^3</math></center> Once all six Thiele-Small parameters have been obtained, it is possible to calculate values for the electro-mechano-acoustical circuit modeling elements of figure 6 or 7. From then, the design of an enclosure can start. This is discussed in application sections [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed box subwoofer design]] and [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design|Bass reflex enclosure design]]. ==References== [1] Kleiner, Mendel. Electroacoustics. CRC Press, 2013. [2] Beranek, Leo L., and Tim Mellow. Acoustics: sound fields and transducers. Academic Press, 2012. [3] Kinsler, Lawrence E., et al. Fundamentals of Acoustics, 4th Edition. Wiley-VCH, 1999. [4] Small, Richard H. "Direct radiator loudspeaker system analysis." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 20.5 (1972): 383-395. m3mrdxl2smevvibjfdz42fpeehhni26 0 45714 4640687 4499624 2026-06-19T09:13:21Z Meno25 43227 rm iw 4640687 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width=800px align="center" style="border: transparent 0px solid; background-color: transparent" | width=65% valign="top" align="center" | [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|border|x80px|Iran]]&nbsp; <br /> [[File:Azadi Square & Azadi Tower, aerial view 1971.jpg|x100px]] [[File:Persepolis recreated.jpg|x100px]] [[File:Hafez-8.JPG|x100px]]<br /> [[File:Imam reza shrine in Mashhad.jpg|x100px]] [[File:Naghshe Jahan Square Isfahan modified.jpg|x100px]] [[File:Si-o-se-Pol.jpg|x100px]] | width=35% align="right" valign="top" | {{InterWiki|code=fa|edition=Persian}} {{wikipedia|Persian}} {{wiktionary|Category:Persian language}} {{Print version|Persian/Print_version}} <div style="float:right">{{Category 3}}</div> |} __NOTOC__ == Contents == * [[Persian|Cover]] * [[/Introduction|Introduction]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 24, 2005}} — <small>Background to learning Persian</small> === Lessons === * The Alphabet: ** [[/Lesson 1|Lesson 1 ( <big>۱</big> )]] {{stage short|100%|Nov 4, 2005}} — <small>Introduction to the Persian alphabet</small> (ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ) ** [[/Lesson 2|Lesson 2 ( <big>۲</big> )]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 24, 2005}} — <small>The alphabet (continued)</small> (د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ) ** [[/Lesson 3|Lesson 3 ( <big>۳</big> )]] {{stage short|100%|Jan 24, 2005}} — <small>The alphabet (continued)</small> (ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن) ** [[/Lesson 4|Lesson 4 ( <big>۴</big> )]] {{stage short|75%|Jan 24, 2005}} — <small>The alphabet (continued), ligatures, diacritics</small> (و ه ی) * Level 1 grammar: ** [[/Lesson 5|Lesson 5 ( <big>۵</big> )]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Introduction to verbs</small> (هستم ،هست، ...، است، ...) ** [[/Lesson 6|Lesson 6 ( <big>۶</big> )]] {{stage short|25%|Jan 24, 2005}} — <small>Noun phrases, ''ezâfe'', demonstrative adjectives</small> ** [[/Lesson 7|Lesson 7 ( <big>۷</big> )]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Simple past tense, plurality and formality/deference</small> ** [[/Lesson 8|Lesson 8 ( <big>۸</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Negation, negative copula</small> (بیستم، بیست، ...) ** [[/Lesson 9|Lesson 9 ( <big>۹</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Plural nouns, Arabic plurals, singular verbs with plural inanimate nouns</small> ** [[/Lesson 10|Lesson 10 ( <big>۱۰</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Indefinite clitic ی, homographs </small> ** [[/Lesson 11|Lesson 11 ( <big>۱۱</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small> Direct objects, prepositions</small> بودن ، داشتن، ** [[/Lesson 12|Lesson 12 ( <big>۱۲</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Present tense, negative present, literary present imperfective</small> ** [[/Lesson 13|Lesson 13 ( <big>۱۳</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small> Personal enclitics for possession or direct object</small> ** [[/Lesson 14|Lesson 14 ( <big>۱۴</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Light verbs, causative with کردن vs. suffix انیدن or اندن. Passive with شدن</small> ** [[/Lesson 15|Lesson 15 ( <big>۱۵</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small> Questions: Formal and informal, interrogative adverbs and pronouns</small> * Level 2 grammar: ** [[/Lesson 16|Lesson 16 ( <big>۱۶</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small> Perfective aspect </small> ** [[/Lesson 17|Lesson 17 ( <big>۱۷</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Comparative and superlative adjectives</small> ** [[/Lesson 18|Lesson 18 ( <big>۱۸</big> )]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 4, 2010}} — <small>Imperative, subjunctive, conditional</small> ** Future in colloquial and literary Persian === Appendices === * [[/Alphabet|Alphabet]] {{stage short|100%|oct 23, 2005}} — <small>The alphabet and transcription</small> * [[/Grammar|Grammar]] * [[/Glossary|Glossary]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 4, 2010}} * [[/Further_Reading|Further Reading]] * [[/Websites|Selected Websites]] {{stage short|25%|Jan 24, 2005}} * [[/Persian_Computing|Persian Computing]] * [[/Persian_Handwriting|Persian Handwriting]] * [[/Phrasebook|Persian Phrases Wikibook]] == Resources == * [[wikt:Category:Persian language|Persian - English Wiktionary]] == Contribute to this Wikibook == This is a '''''Wiki'''book''. Feel free to edit, enhance, correct, and add to it, in any way that will make it a better learning resource. Contribute to this book to make it a good way for new learners to learn Farsi! * [[/Contribute|How to Contribute]] * [[/Planning|Planning]] {{Persian/bottom|Persian/Introduction|Introduction to the Persian language course}} {{Shelves|Languages of Asia}} <noinclude> {{alphabetical|P}} {{status|25%}} jjslhd0na1y700p008s6hb4sja14jio 0 46602 4640592 4533839 2026-06-18T13:06:33Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters */ 4640592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align=center width=50% cellpadding=10> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align=center> <tr> <td valign=center rowspan=2><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td colspan=2><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align=center> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align=center cellpadding=5> <tr align=center> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align=center> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align=center> <td colspan=2><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align=center> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align=center> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align=center> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align=center> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align=center> <td colspan=2><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> gosthifskdz1ne1t1fjhtu99ph6l56b 4640593 4640592 2026-06-18T13:07:34Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas */ 4640593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align=center width=50% cellpadding=10> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align=center> <tr> <td valign=center rowspan=2><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td colspan=2><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align=center> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align=center> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan=2><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> 05jy8o01afkeh2fvbfm9k5jwv5e63v1 4640599 4640593 2026-06-18T13:56:41Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters */ 4640599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align=center width=50% cellpadding=10> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align=center> <tr> <td valign=center rowspan=2><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td colspan=2><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align=center> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan=2><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> iupemk42iqyl6dlpj7b8samsu3bhlxk 4640600 4640599 2026-06-18T13:57:40Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas */ 4640600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align=center width=50% cellpadding=10> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align=center> <tr> <td valign=center rowspan=2><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td colspan=2><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan=2><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> 5ejxlcbmoywwhxda5qze7gxrtg1oqrx 4640602 4640600 2026-06-18T14:00:02Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas */ 4640602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align=center width=50% cellpadding=10> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align=center> <tr> <td valign=center rowspan=2><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td colspan=2><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> ditva38rkzn7s28fdfv7q0zwya2odlh 4640603 4640602 2026-06-18T14:00:53Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Chebyshev Alignment */ 4640603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align=center width=50% cellpadding=10> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align=center> <tr> <td valign=center rowspan=2><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> njmbi4zmgdrfhsv0unj5eoq0rubsnxy 4640604 4640603 2026-06-18T14:01:46Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Chebyshev Alignment */ 4640604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align=center width=50% cellpadding=10> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align=center> <tr> <td valign=center rowspan=2><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> m9s1kil5zcaq94zmxw3fd3oed4vd3j0 4640606 4640604 2026-06-18T14:03:39Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Chebyshev Alignment */ 4640606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align=center width=50% cellpadding=10> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align="center"> <tr> <td valign="center" rowspan="2"><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> cyuwtgy0khjgarh1nxtlyt59k71gd7q 4640630 4640606 2026-06-18T16:22:07Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure */ 4640630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align="center" width="50%" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align=center width=40%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align=center width=25%> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align=center width=45%> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align=center width=70%> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align="center"> <tr> <td valign="center" rowspan="2"><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> 47wpvo7340big36z8o39sf31gf36x3o 4640631 4640630 2026-06-18T16:23:07Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure */ 4640631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align="center" width="50%" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align="center" width="40%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align="center" width="25%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align="center" width="45%"> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align="center" width="70%"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align="center"> <tr> <td valign="center" rowspan="2"><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> 38hxub1xd107zfst0v1x8gs05uva5nu 4640633 4640631 2026-06-18T16:30:44Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Chebyshev Alignment */ 4640633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align="center" width="50%" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align="center" width="40%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align="center" width="25%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align="center" width="45%"> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align="center" width="70%"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align=center cellspacing=20> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align="center"> <tr> <td valign="center" rowspan="2"><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> hnrdtfc33d0553odz0fwonjrb1p51rr 4640634 4640633 2026-06-18T16:33:55Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Butterworth Alignment */ 4640634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align="center" width="50%" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align="center" width="40%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align="center" width="25%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align="center" width="45%"> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align="center" width="70%"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align="center" cellspacing="20"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align="center"> <tr> <td valign="center" rowspan="2"><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> 95nk0vt94ycdyunsllr5obfvenmqwfm 4640635 4640634 2026-06-18T16:34:12Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Quasi-Butterworth Alignment */ 4640635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align="center" width="50%" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align="center" width="40%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align="center" width="25%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align="center" width="45%"> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align="center" width="70%"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align="center" cellspacing="20"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align="center"> <tr> <td valign="center" rowspan="2"><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> of87evyzf20bg6xk26equ4nu56vjplw 4640636 4640635 2026-06-18T16:34:36Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Quasi-Butterworth Alignment */ 4640636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align="center" width="50%" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align="center" width="40%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align="center" width="25%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align="center" width="45%"> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align="center" width="70%"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align=center cellpadding=15> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align="center" cellspacing="20"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align="center"> <tr> <td valign="center" rowspan="2"><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> rdtluj48c50bw5yx3kn6yv68talosfz 4640637 4640636 2026-06-18T16:35:09Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response */ 4640637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:Bassreflex-Gehäuse_(enclosure).png]]</div> Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker here]. ==Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response== Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the [[Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] page. <center> ''Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form. <center> [[Image:Vented_box_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 2. Bass-reflex enclosure acoustic circuit.'' </center> In this figure, <math>Z_{RAD}</math> represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math>, <math>C_{AB}</math>, and <math>R_{AL}</math>. A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with <math>M_{AP}</math>, but for now it is ignored. Finally, <math>M_{AB}</math>, the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas|Appendix B]]. It is important to note the parallel combination of <math>M_{AP}</math> and <math>C_{AB}</math>. This forms a Helmholtz resonator ([[Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics of pipes, enclosures, and cavities at low frequency#Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies|click here for more information]]). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, <math>f_{B}</math>. At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to <math>1/Z</math>, thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, <math>f_B</math> was found to be about 40&nbsp;Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. <center> [[Image: Za0_Zvc_plots.gif]]<br> ''Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil.'' </center> ==Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure== The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, <math>\it{L_E}</math>, can be ignored as long as <math>\omega \ll R_E/L_E</math>. In a typical loudspeaker, <math>\it{L_E}</math> is of the order of 1 mH, while <math>\it{R_E}</math> is typically 8<math>\Omega</math>, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1&nbsp;kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest. Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, <math>\it{Z_{RAD}}</math>. It can be shown [1] that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms): <center> <math>Z_{RAD} = \frac{\rho_0c}{\pi a^2}\left[\left(1 - \frac{J_1(2ka)}{ka}\right) + j\frac{H_1(2ka)}{ka}\right]</math> </center> Where <math>J_1(x)</math> and <math>H_1(x)</math> are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ''ka'', <table align="center" width="50%" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td><math>J_1(2ka) \approx ka</math></td> <td>and</td> <td><math>H_1(2ka) \approx \frac{8(ka)^2}{3\pi}</math></td> <td><math>\Rightarrow Z_{RAD} \approx j\frac{8\rho_0\omega}{3\pi^2a} = jM_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass <math>M_{A1}</math> [1]. For a simple analysis, <math>R_E</math>, <math>M_{MD}</math>, <math>C_{MS}</math>, and <math>R_{MS}</math> (the transducer parameters, or ''Thiele-Small'' parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in [[Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design#Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters|Appendix A]]. Then, the series masses, <math>M_{AD}</math>, <math>M_{A1}</math>, and <math>M_{AB}</math>, are lumped together to create <math>M_{AC}</math>. This new circuit is shown below. <center> [[Image:VB_LF_ckt.gif]]<br> ''Figure 4. Low-Frequency Equivalent Acoustic Circuit'' </center> Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, <math>U_D</math>, is not analyzed but rather <math>U_0 = U_D + U_P + U_L</math>. This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>. This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing ''into'' the enclosure, <math>U_B = -U_0</math>, compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, <math>V_{IN}</math> to <math>U_0</math> may be computed. In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, <math>\omega_B</math> and <math>\omega_S</math>, the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are: <table align="center" width="40%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_B = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AP}C_{AB}}}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_S = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M_{AC}C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters <math>\omega_0</math> and ''h'', the Helmholtz tuning ratio: <table align="center" width="25%"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \sqrt{\omega_B\omega_S}</math></td> <td><math>h = \frac{\omega_B}{\omega_S}</math></td> </tr> </table> A parameter known as the ''compliance ratio'' or ''volume ratio'', <math>\alpha</math>, is given by: <center> <math>\alpha = \frac{C_{AS}}{C_{AB}} = \frac{V_{AS}}{V_{AB}}</math> </center> Other parameters are combined to form what are known as ''quality factors'': <table align="center" width="45%"> <tr> <td><math>Q_L = R_{AL}\sqrt{\frac{C_{AB}}{M_{AP}}}</math></td> <td><math>Q_{TS} = \frac{1}{R_{AE}+R_{AS}}\sqrt{\frac{M_{AC}}{C_{AS}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function [1]: <center> <math>\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = G(s) = \frac{(s^3/\omega_0^4)}{(s/\omega_0)^4+a_3(s/\omega_0)^3+a_2(s/\omega_0)^2+a_1(s/\omega_0)+1}</math> </center> where <table align="center" width="70%"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{1}{Q_L\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{\alpha+1}{h}+h+\frac{1}{Q_L Q_{TS}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{1}{Q_{TS}\sqrt{h}}+\frac{\sqrt{h}}{Q_L}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response== It can be shown [2] that for <math>ka < 1/2</math>, a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, ''a'' represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150&nbsp;Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores <math>L_E</math>, and is consistent with the limit that models <math>Z_{RAD}</math> by <math>M_{A1}</math>. Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity <math>U_0</math>, the far-field pressure is given by [1]: <center> <math>p(r) \simeq j\omega\rho_0 U_0 \frac{e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r}</math> </center> It is possible to simply let <math>r = 1</math> for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by [1]: <center> <math>\frac{p}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0s}{4\pi}\frac{U_0}{V_{IN}} = \frac{\rho_0Bl}{4\pi S_DR_EM_AS}H(s)</math> </center> Where <math>H(s) = sG(s)</math>. In the following sections, design methods will focus on <math>|H(s)|^2</math> rather than <math>H(s)</math>, which is given by: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>|H(s)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + \left(a^2_3 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^6 + \left(a^2_2 + 2 - 2a_1a_3\right)\Omega^4 + \left(a^2_1 - 2a_2\right)\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_0}</math></td> </tr> </table> This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of <math>|H(s)|</math> since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve. ==Alignments== A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of <math>|H(s)|^2</math> to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria. There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of <math>|H(s)|^2</math>. In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at ''s'' = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the <math>s \rightarrow 1/s</math> transformation produces <math>s^8</math> in the numerator. More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including [5]. ==Butterworth Alignment== The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a ''maximally flat'' pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at ''s'' = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering. Often, it is better to examine what is called the ''loss function''. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus <center> <math>|\hat{H}(s)|^2 = \frac{1}{|H(s)|^2}</math> </center> The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function. Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at ''s'' = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if [3] <center> <math>|\hat{H}(\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \Omega^8 \Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \Omega^8}</math> </center> With the high-pass transformation <math>\Omega \rightarrow 1/\Omega</math>, <center> <math>|H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\Omega^8}{\Omega^8 + 1}</math> </center> It is convenient to define <math>\Omega = \omega/\omega_{3dB}</math>, since <math>\Omega = 1 \Rightarrow |H(s)|^2 = 0.5</math> or -3&nbsp;dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the <math>|H(s)|^2</math> describing the loudspeaker response when <math>\omega_{3dB} = \omega_0</math>. From this matching, the following design equations are obtained [1]: <table align="center" cellspacing="20"> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = a_3 = \sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = 2+\sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Quasi-Butterworth Alignment== The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below. <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>\left|H_{QB3}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + B^2(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^2 + 1}</math></td> <td><math>\left|H_{B4}(\omega)\right|^2 = \frac{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8}{(\omega/\omega_{3dB})^8 + 1}</math></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the case <math>B = 0</math> is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as ''B'' increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5. <center> [[Image:QB3_gradient.GIF]]<br> ''Figure 5: 3rd-Order Quasi-Butterworth Response for ''<math>0.1 \leq B \leq 3</math> </center> Equating the system response <math>|H(s)|^2</math> with <math>|H_{QB3}(s)|^2</math>, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>B^2 = a^2_1 - 2a_2</math></td> <td><math>a_2^2 + 2 = 2a_1a_3</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \sqrt{2a_2}</math></td> <td><math>a_2 > 2 + \sqrt{2}</math></td> </tr> </table> ==Chebyshev Alignment== The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ''ripple'', or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5&nbsp;dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same <math>\omega_{3dB}</math> is shown below. <center> [[Image:Butt_vs_Cheb_HP.gif]]<br> ''Figure 6: Chebyshev vs. Butterworth High-Pass Response.'' </center> The Chebyshev response is defined by [4]: <center> <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2 = 1 + \epsilon^2C^2_n(\Omega)</math><br> </center> <math>C_n(\Omega)</math> is called the ''Chebyshev polynomial'' and is defined by [4]: <table align="center"> <tr> <td valign="center" rowspan="2"><math>C_n(\Omega) = \big\lbrace</math></td> <td><math>\rm{cos}[\it{n}\rm{cos}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| < 1</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\rm{cosh}[\it{n}\rm{cosh}^{-1}(\Omega)]</math></td> <td><math>|\Omega| > 1</math></td> </tr> </table> Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula [4]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <td><math>C_0(x) = 1</math></td> <td><math>C_1(x) = x</math></td> <td><math>C_n(x) = 2xC_{n-1} - C_{n-2}</math></td> </table> For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChebyshevPolynomialoftheFirstKind.html Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials] page. When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of <math>|\hat{H}(j\Omega)|^2</math>, the desired response has the form [1]: <center> <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2C^2_4(1/\Omega)}</math> </center> The parameter <math>\epsilon</math> determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is <math>10\rm{log}[1+\epsilon^2]</math> dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to ''B'' in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for <math>C_n(x)</math>, <center> <math>C_4\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right) = 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^4 - 8\left(\frac{1}{\Omega}\right)^2 + 1</math><br> </center> Applying this equation to <math>|H(j\Omega)|^2</math> [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><math>\Rightarrow |H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8}{\frac{1 + \epsilon^2}{64\epsilon^2}\Omega^8 + \frac{1}{4}\Omega^6 + \frac{5}{4}\Omega^4 - 2\Omega^2 + 1}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>\Omega = \frac{\omega}{\omega_n}</math></td> <td><math>\omega_n = \frac{\omega_{3dB}}{2}\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + 2\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}}}}</math></td> </tr> </table> Thus, the design equations become [1]: <table align="center" cellpadding="15"> <tr> <td><math>\omega_0 = \omega_n\sqrt[8]{\frac{64\epsilon^2}{1+\epsilon^2}}</math></td> <td><math>k = \rm{tanh}\left[\frac{1}{4}\rm{sinh}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right]</math> <td><math>D = \frac{k^4 + 6k^2 + 1}{8}</math></td> </tr> <tr> <td><math>a_1 = \frac{k\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt[4]{D}},</math></td> <td><math>a_2 = \frac{1 + k^2(1+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{D}}</math></td> <td><math>a_3 = \frac{a_1}{\sqrt{D}}\left[1 - \frac{1 - k^2}{2\sqrt{2}}\right]</math></td> </tr> </table> == Choosing the Correct Alignment == With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed. The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on <math>Q_L</math> and <math>Q_{TS}</math>. Since the three coefficients <math>a_1</math>, <math>a_2</math>, and <math>a_3</math> are a function of <math>Q_L</math>, <math>Q_{TS}</math>, ''h'', and <math>\alpha</math>, fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, <math>Q_{TS}</math> is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then <math>Q_L</math> is a better starting point. In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when <math>Q_{TS}</math> is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, ''B'', allows more flexibility in the design. For <math>Q_{TS}</math> values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed. In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed [6]; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example [7] applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies [8]. [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to Engineering Acoustics]] ==References== [1] Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. ''Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design''. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001. [2] Beranek, L. L. ''Acoustics''. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. [3] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [4] DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004. [5] VanValkenburg, M. E. ''Analog Filter Design''. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982. [6] Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994. [7] Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985. [8] Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999. == Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters == <table align="center" border="2"> <tr align="center"> <th>Name</th> <th>Electrical Equivalent</th> <th>Mechanical Equivalent</th> <th>Acoustical Equivalent</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Voice-Coil Resistance</th> <td><math>R_E</math></td> <td><math>R_{ME} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_E}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AE} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_ES^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Mass</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AD} = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CES} = (Bl)^2C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AS} = S^2_DC_{MS}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance</th> <td><math>R_{ES} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{R_{MS}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{MS}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AS} = \frac{R_{MS}}{S^2_D}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Compliance</th> <td><math>L_{CEB} = \frac{(Bl)^2C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{MB} = \frac{C_{AB}}{S^2_D}</math></td> <td><math>C_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Air-Leak Losses</th> <td><math>R_{EL} = \frac{(Bl)^2}{S^2_DR_{AL}}</math></td> <td><math>R_{ML} = S^2_DR_{AL}</math></td> <td><math>R_{AL}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Acoustic Mass of Port</th> <td><math>C_{MEP} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AP}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MP} = S^2_DM_{AP}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AP}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Enclosure Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load</th> <td>See <math>C_{MEC}</math></td> <td>See <math>M_{MC}</math></td> <td><math>M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Combination Mass Load</th> <td><math>C_{MEC} = \frac{S^2_DM_{AC}}{(Bl)^2}</math><br><math> = \frac{S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}}{(Bl)^2}</math></td> <td><math>M_{MC} = S^2_D(M_{AB} + M_{A1}) + M_{MD}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AC} = M_{AD} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math><br><math> = \frac{M_{MD}}{S^2_D} + M_{AB} + M_{A1}</math></td> </tr> </table> == Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas == <center> [[Image: Vented_enclosure.gif]]<br> ''Figure 7: Important dimensions of bass-reflex enclosure.'' </center> Based on these dimensions [1], <table align="center" cellpadding="5"> <tr align="center"> <td><math>C_{AB} = \frac{V_{AB}}{\rho_0c^2_0}</math></td> <td><math>M_{AB} = \frac{B\rho_{eff}}{\pi a}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>B = \frac{d}{3}\left(\frac{S_D}{S_B}\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{S_D}} + \frac{8}{3\pi}\left[1 - \frac{S_D}{S_B}\right]</math></td> <td><math>\rho_0 \leq \rho_{eff} \leq \rho_0\left(1 - \frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right) + \rho_{fill}\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>V_{AB} = V_B\left[1-\frac{V_{fill}}{V_B}\right]\left[1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{1 + \gamma\left(\frac{V_B}{V_{fill}} - 1\right)\frac{\rho_0c_{air}}{\rho_{fill}c_{fill}}}\right]</math></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>V_B= hwd</math> (inside enclosure gross volume)</td> <td><math>S_B = wh</math> (baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on) </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>c_{air} = </math>specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about <math> 0.718 \frac{\rm kJ}{\rm kg.K}</math> at 300 K) </td> <td><math>c_{fill} = </math>specific heat of filling at constant volume (<math>V_{filling}</math>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\rho_0 = </math>mean density of air (about <math>1.3 \frac{\rm kg}{\rm m^3}</math> at 300 K) <td><math>\rho_{fill} = </math> density of filling</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><math>\gamma = </math> ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)</td> <td><math>c_0 = </math> speed of sound in air (about 344&nbsp;m/s) </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><math>\rho_{eff}</math> = effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures), <math>\rho_{eff} \approx \rho_0</math></td> </tr> </table> pohc3ou279j8ng71og2haz5psju95oo 0 46995 4640614 3327032 2026-06-18T14:54:04Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Abstract== In class, we have begun to discuss the solutions of multidimensional wave equations. A particularly interesting aspect of these multidimensional solutions are those of Bessel functions for circular boundary conditions. The practical application of these solutions is the kettledrum. This page will explore in qualitative and quantitative terms how the of the kettledrum works. More specifically, the kettledrum will be introduced as a circular membrane and its solution will be discussed in visual (e.g. visualization of Bessel functions, video of kettledrums and audio forms (wav files of kettledrums playing. In addition, links to more information about this material, including references, will be included. ==What is a kettledrum== A kettledrum is a percussion instrument with a circular drumhead mounted on a "kettle-like" enclosure. When one strikes the drumhead with a mallet, it vibrates which produces its sound. The pitch of this sound is determined by the tension of the drumhead, which is precisely tuned before playing. The sound of the kettldrum (called the Timpani in classical music) is present in many forms of music from many difference places of the world. [[Image:myKettledrum.jpeg]] ==The math behind the kettledrum:the brief version== When one looks at how a kettledrum produces sound, one should look no farther than the drumhead. The vibration of this circular membrane (and the air in the drum enclosure) is what produces the sound in this instrument. The mathematics behind this vibrating drum are relatively simple. If one looks at a small element of the drum head, it looks exactly like the situation for the vibrating string (see:). The only difference is that there are two dimensions where there are forces on the element, the two dimensions that are planar to the drum. As this is the same situation, we have the same equation, except with another spatial term in the other planar dimension. This allows us to model the drumhead using a helmholtz equation. The next step (solved in detail below) is to assume that the displacement of the drumhead (in polar coordinates) is a product of two separate functions for theta and r. This allows us to turn the PDE into two ODES which are readily solved and applied to the situation of the kettledrum head. For more info, see below. ==The math behind the kettledrum:the derivation== So starting with the trusty general Helmholtz equation: <math>\nabla^2\Psi+k^2\Psi=0</math> Where k is the wave number, the frequency of the forced oscillations divided by the speed of sound in the membrane. Since we are dealing with a circular object, it make sense to work in polar coordinates (in terms of radius and angle) instead of rectangular coordinates. For polar coordinates the Laplacian term of the Helmholtz relation (<math>\nabla^2</math>) becomes <math>\partial^2 \Psi/ \partial r^2 + 1/r \partial^2\Psi/ \partial r +1/r^2 \partial^2 \Psi /\partial \theta^2</math> Now lets assume that:<math>\Psi (r,\theta) = R(r) \Theta(\theta)</math> This assumption follows the method of separation of variables. (see Reference 3 for more info) Substituting this result back into our trusty Helmholtz equation gives the following: <math>r^2 / R (d^2 R/dr^2 + 1/r dR/dr) + k^2 r^2 = -1/\Theta d^2 \Theta /d\theta^2</math> Since we separated the variables of the solution into two one-dimensional functions, the partial derivatives become ordinary derivatives. Both sides of this result must equal the same constant. For simplicity, I will use <math>\lambda</math> as this constant. This results in the following two equations: <math> d^2 \Theta / d\theta^2 = -\lambda^2 \Theta </math> <math> d^2 R / dr^2 + 1/r dR/dr + (k^2 - \lambda^2 / r^2) R = 0 </math> The first of these equations readily seen as the standard second order ordinary differential equation which has a harmonic solution of sines and cosines with the frequency based on <math> \lambda </math>. The second equation is what is known as Bessel's Equation. The solution to this equation is cryptically called Bessel functions of order <math> \lambda </math> of the first and second kind. These functions, while sounding very intimidating, are simply oscillatory functions of the radius times the wave number that are unbounded at when kr (for the function of the second kind) approaches zero and diminish as kr get larger. (For more information on what these functions look like see References 1,2, and 3) Now that we have the general solution to this equation, we can now model a infinite radius kettledrum head. However, since i have yet to see an infinite kettle drum, we need to constrain this solution of a vibrating membrane to a finite radius. We can do this by applying what we know about our circular membrane: along the edges of the kettledrum, the drum head is attached to the drum. This means that there can be no displacement of the membrane at the termination at the radius of the kettle drum. This boundary condition can be mathematically described as the following: <math> R(a) = 0 </math> Where a is the arbitrary radius of the kettledrum. In addition to this boundary condition, the displacement of the drum head at the center must be finite. This second boundary condition removes the Bessel function of the second kind from the solution. This reduces the R part of our solution to: <math> R(r) = AJ_{\lambda}(kr) </math> Where <math> J_{\lambda} </math> is a Bessel function of the first kind of order <math> \lambda </math>. Apply our other boundary condition at the radius of the drum requires that the wave number k must have discrete values, (<math>j_{mn}/a</math>) which can be looked up. Combining all of these gives us our solution to how a drumhead behaves (which is the real part of the following): <math> y_{\lambda n}(r,\theta,t) = A_{\lambda n} J_{\lambda n}(k_{\lambda n} r)e^{j \lambda \theta+j w_{\lambda n} t} </math> ==The math behind the kettledrum:the entire drum== The above derivation is just for the drum head. An actual kettledrum has one side of this circular membrane surrounded by an enclosed cavity. This means that air is compressed in the cavity when the membrane is vibrating, adding more complications to the solution. In mathematical terms, this makes the partial differencial equation non-homogeneous or in simpler terms, the right side of the Helmholtz equation does not equal zero. This result requires significantly more derivation, and will not be done here. If the reader cares to know more, these results are discussed in the two books under references 6 and 7. ==Sites of interest== As one can see from the derivation above, the kettledrum is very interesting mathematically. However, it also has a rich historical music tradition in various places of the world. As this page's emphasis is on math, there are few links provided below that reference this rich history. A discussion of Persian kettledrums: [http://www.drumdojo.com/world/persia/kettledrums.htm Kettle drums of Iran and other countries] A discussion of kettledrums in classical music: [http://cctr.umkc.edu/user/mgarlitos/timp.html Kettle drum Lit.] A massive resource for kettledrum history, construction and technique" [http://www.vsl.co.at/en-us/70/3196/3198/5675.vsl Vienna Symphonic Library] Wikibooks sister cite, references under Timpani: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani Wikipedia reference] ==References== 1.Eric W. Weisstein. "Bessel Function of the First Kind." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BesselFunctionoftheFirstKind.html 2.Eric W. Weisstein. "Bessel Function of the Second Kind." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BesselFunctionoftheSecondKind.html 3.Eric W. Weisstein. "Bessel Function." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BesselFunction.html 4.Eric W. Weisstein et al. "Separation of Variables." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SeparationofVariables.html 5.Eric W. Weisstein. "Bessel Differential Equation." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BesselDifferentialEquation.html 6. Kinsler and Frey, "Fundamentals of Acoustics", fourth edition, Wiley & Sons 7. Haberman, "Applied Partial Differential Equations", fourth edition, Prentice Hall Press [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to main page]] 28017pbkapwpyepvmukz0uv5n7zqq6e 0 47017 4640625 3278233 2026-06-18T15:06:16Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} For detail anatomy of violin, please refer to [http://www.atelierlabussiere.com/pcom4englis.htm Atelierla Bussiere]. [[Image:Violin front view.jpg]][[Image:backview.jpg]] == How Does A Violin Make Sound? == === General Concept === When a violinist bows a string, which can produce vibrations with abundant harmonics. The vibrations of the strings are structurally transmitted to the bridge and the body of the instrument through the bridge. The bridge transmits the vibrational energy produced by the strings to the body through its feet, further triggering the vibration of body. The vibration of the body determines sound radiation and sound quality, along with the resonance of the cavity. [[Image:Acoustics in violins procedure.jpg]] === String === The vibration pattern of the strings can be easily be observed. To the naked eye, the string appears to move back and forth in a parabolic shape (see figure), which resembles the first mode of free vibration of a stretched string. The vibration of strings was first investigated by [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html Hermann Von Helmholtz], the famous mathematician and physicist in 19th century. A surprising scenario was discovered that the string actually moves in an inverse “V” shape rather than parabolas (see figure). What we see is just an envelope of the motion of the string. To honor his findings, the motion of bowed strings had been called “Helmholtz motion.” [[Image:String.jpg]] [[Image:Helmholtzmotion.jpg]] === Bridge === The primary role of the bridge is to transform the motion of vibrating strings into periodic driving forces by its feet to the top plate of the violin body. The configuration of the bridge can be referred to the figure. The bridge stands on the belly between f holes, which have two primary functions: One is to connect the air inside the body with outside air, and the other one is to make the belly between f holes move more easily than other parts of the body. The fundamental frequency of a violin bridge was found to be around 3000&nbsp;Hz when it is on a rigid support, and it is an effective energy-transmitting medium to transmit the energy from the string to body at frequencies from 1&nbsp;kHz to 4&nbsp;kHz, which is in the range of keen sensitivity of human hearing. If a violinist desires a darker sound from the violin, he or she may attach a mute to the top of the bridge. The mute is actually an additional mass which reduces the fundamental frequency of the bridge. As a result, the sound at higher frequencies is diminished since the force transferred to the body has been decreased. On the other hand, the fundamental frequency of the bridge can be raised by attaching an additional stiffness in the form of tiny wedges, and the sound at higher frequencies will be amplified accordingly. The sound post connects the flexible belly to the much stiffer back plate. The sound post can prevent the collapse of the belly due to high tension force in the string, and, at the same time, couples the vibration of the plate. The bass bar under the belly extends beyond the f holes and transmits the force of the bridge to a larger area of the belly. As can be seen in the figure, the motion of the treble foot is restricted by the sound post, while, conversely, the foot over bass bar can move up and down more easily. As a result, the bridge tends to move up and down, pivoting about the treble foot. The forces appearing at the two feet remain equal and opposite up to 1&nbsp;kHz. At higher frequencies, the forces become uneven. The force on the soundpost foot predominates at some frequencies, while it is the bass bar foot at some. [[Image:crossview.jpg]] === Body === The body includes top plate, back plate, the sides, and the air inside, all of which serve to transmit the vibration of the bridge into the vibration of air surrounding the violin. For this reason, the violin needs a relatively large surface area to push enough amount of air back and forth. Thus, the top and back plates play important roles in the mechanism. Violin makers have traditionally pay much attention on the vibration of the top and back plates of the violin by listening to the tap tones, or, recently, by observing the vibration mode shapes of the body plates. The vibration modes of an assembled violin are, however, much more complicated. The vibration modes of top and back plates can be easily observed in a similar technique first performed by Ernest Florens Friedrich Chaldni (1756–1827), who is often respectfully referred “the father of acoustics.” First, the fine sand is uniformly sprinkled on the plate. Then, the plate can be resonated, either by a powerful sound wave tuned to the desired frequencies, by being bowed by a violin bow, or by being excited mechanically or electromechanically at desired frequencies. Consequently, the sand disperses randomly due to the vibration of plate. Some of the sand falls outside the region of plate, while some of the sand is collected by the nodal regions, which have relatively small movement, of the plate. Hence, the mode shapes of the plate can be visualized in this manner, which can be referred to the figures in the reference site, [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/patterns2.html Violin Acoustics]. The first seven modes of the top and back plates of violin are presented, with nodal lines depicted by using black sands. The air inside the body is also important, especially in the range of lower frequencies. It is like the air inside a bottle when you blow into the neck, or, as known as [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Acoustic:Acoustics_of_pipes%2C_enclosures%2C_and_cavities_at_low_frequency Helmholtz resonance], which has its own modes of vibration. The air inside the body can communicate with air outside through the f holes, and the outside air serves as medium carrying waves from the violin. see www.violinbridges.co.uk for more articles on bridges and acoustics. === Sound Radiation === A complete description of sound radiation of a violin should include the information about radiation intensity as functions both of frequency and location. The sound radiation can be measured by a microphone connected to a pressure level meter which is rotatably supported on a stand arm around the violin, while the violin is fastened at the neck by a clip. The force is introduced into the violin by using a miniature impact hammer at the upper edge of the bridge in the direction of bowing. The detail can be referred to [http://www.schleske.de/index.php?lang=en&http://www.schleske.de/06geigenbauer/en_akustik3schall3messmeth.shtml Martin Schleske, master studio for violinmaking ]. The radiation intensity of different frequencies at different locations can be represented by directional characteristics, or acoustic maps. The directional characteristics of a violin can be shown in the figure in the website of [http://www.schleske.de/picshoch/a0044_abstr_netz.gif Martin Schleske], where the radial distance from the center point represents the absolute value of the sound level (re 1Pa/N) in dB, and the angular coordinate of the full circle indicates the measurement point around the instrument. According to the directional characteristics of violins, the principal radiation directions for the violin in the horizontal plane can be established. For more detail about the principal radiation direction for violins at different frequencies, please refer to reference (Meyer 1972). == References And Other Links == * [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/violin/ Violin Acoustics ] * [http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~pmg26/home_frame.html Paul Galluzzo's Homepage ] * [http://www.schleske.de/index.php?lang=en&http://www.schleske.de/06geigenbauer/en_akustik3schall3messmeth.shtml Martin Schleske, master studio for violinmaking ] * [http://www.atelierlabussiere.com/ Atelierla Bussiere] * Fletcher, N. H., and Rossing, T. D., ''The physics of musical instrument'', Springer-Verlag, 1991 * Meyer, J., "Directivity of bowed stringed instruments and its effect on orchestral sound in concert halls", J. Acoustic. Soc. Am., 51, 1972, pp.&nbsp;1994–2009 [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to the main page]] ob63vlwtrgzeb4s2y9cwfxzpg4nhof3 0 47053 4640595 3353223 2026-06-18T13:31:18Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* The Pressure Force */ 4640595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Physiology of Vocal Fold== Human vocal fold is a set of lip-like tissues located inside the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx larynx], and is the source of sound for a human and many animals. The Larynx is located at the top of trachea. It is mainly composed of cartilages and muscles, and the largest cartilage, thyroid, is well known as the "Adam's Apple." The organ has two main functions; to act as the last protector of the airway, and to act as a sound source for voice. This page focuses on the latter function. Links on Physiology: [http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/larynx/notes/n_frames.htm Discover The Larynx] ==Voice Production== Although the science behind sound production for a vocal fold is complex, it can be thought of as similar to a brass player's lips, or a whistle made out of grass. Basically, vocal folds (or lips or a pair of grass) make a constriction to the airflow, and as the air is forced through the narrow opening, the vocal folds oscillate. This causes a periodical change in the air pressure, which is perceived as sound. [http://www.entusa.com/normal_larynx.htm Vocal Folds Video] When the airflow is introduced to the vocal folds, it forces open the two vocal folds which are nearly closed initially. Due to the stiffness of the folds, they will then try to close the opening again. And now the airflow will try to force the folds open etc... This creates an oscillation of the vocal folds, which in turn, as I stated above, creates sound. However, this is a damped oscillation, meaning it will eventually achieve an equilibrium position and stop oscillating. So how are we able to "sustain" sound? As it will be shown later, the answer seems to be in the changing shape of vocal folds. In the opening and the closing stages of the oscillation, the vocal folds have different shapes. This affects the pressure in the opening, and creates the extra pressure needed to push the vocal folds open and sustain oscillation. This part is explained in more detail in the "Model" section. This flow-induced oscillation, as with many fluid mechanics problems, is not an easy problem to model. Numerous attempts to model the oscillation of vocal folds have been made, ranging from a single mass-spring-damper system to finite element models. In this page I would like to use my single-mass model to explain the basic physics behind the oscillation of a vocal fold. Information on vocal fold models: [http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/model.html National Center for Voice and Speech] ==Model== [[image: Singlemass - vocal folds motion model schematic (single mass-spring-damper system).png]] Figure 1: Schematics The most simple way of simulating the motion of vocal folds is to use a single mass-spring-damper system as shown above. The mass represents one vocal fold, and the second vocal fold is assumed to be symmetry about the axis of symmetry. Position 3 respresents a location immediately past the exit (end of the mass), and position 2 represents the glottis (the region between the two vocal folds). ===The Pressure Force=== The major driving force behind the oscillation of vocal folds is the pressure in the glottis. The Bernoulli's equation from fluid mechanics states that: {{NumBlk|:|<math>P_1 + \frac{1}{2}\rho U^2 + \rho gh = C </math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}} Neglecting potential difference and applying {{EquationNote|1}} to positions 2 and 3 of Figure 1, {{NumBlk|:|<math>P_2 + \frac{1}{2}\rho U_2^2 = P_3 + \frac{1}{2}\rho U_3^2</math>|{{EquationRef|2}}}} Note that the pressure and the velocity at position 3 cannot change. This makes the right hand side of {{EquationNote|2}} constant. Observation of {{EquationNote|2}} reveals that in order to have oscillating pressure at 2, we must have oscillation velocity at 2. The flow velocity inside the glottis can be studied through the theories of the orifice flow. The constriction of airflow at the vocal folds is much like an orifice flow with one major difference: with vocal folds, the orifice profile is continuously changing. The orifice profile for the vocal folds can open or close, as well as change the shape of the opening. In Figure 1, the profile is converging, but in another stage of oscillation it takes a diverging shape. The orifice flow is described by Blevins as: {{NumBlk|:|<math> U = C\frac{2(P_1 - P_3)}{\rho}</math>|{{EquationRef|3}}}} Where the constant C is the orifice coefficient, governed by the shape and the opening size of the orifice. This number is determined experimentally, and it changes throughout the different stages of oscillation. Solving {{EquationNote|2}} and {{EquationNote|3}}, the pressure force throughout the glottal region can be determined. ===The Collision Force=== As the video of the vocal folds shows, vocal folds can completely close during oscillation. When this happens, the Bernoulli equation fails. Instead, the collision force becomes the dominating force. For this analysis, Hertz collision model was applied. {{NumBlk|:|<math> F_H = k_H \delta^{3/2} (1 + b_H \delta')</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}} where <math> k_H = \frac{4}{3} \frac{E}{1 - \mu_H^2} \sqrt{r}</math> Here delta is the penetration distance of the vocal fold past the line of symmetry. ==Simulation of the Model== The pressure and the collision forces were inserted into the equation of motion, and the result was simulated. [[image: matlab.png]] Figure 2: Area Opening and Volumetric Flow Rate Figure 2 shows that an oscillating volumetric flow rate was achieved by passing a constant airflow through the vocal folds. When simulating the oscillation, it was found that the collision force limits the amplitude of oscillation rather than drive the oscillation. Which tells us that the pressure force is what allows the sustained oscillation to occur. ==The Acoustic Output== This model showed that the changing profile of glottal opening causes an oscillating volumetric flow rate through the vocal folds. This will in turn cause an oscillating pressure past the vocal folds. This method of producing sound is unusual, because in most other means of sound production, air is compressed periodically by a solid such as a speaker cone. Past the vocal folds, the produced sound enters the vocal tract. Basically this is the cavity in the mouth as well as the nasal cavity. These cavities act as acoustic filters, modifying the character of the sound. The acoustics of vocal tract have traditionally been described on the basis of a [[/Source-filter Theory|source-filter theory]]. Whereas the glotis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth. These are the characters that define the unique voice each person produces. ==Related Links== [http://web.archive.org/web/20030705074821/http://biorobotics.harvard.edu/pubs/gunter-jasa-pub.pdf FEA Model] [http://web.archive.org/web/20050314092230/http://www.mat.unb.br/~lucero/JAS001362.pdf Two Mass Model] == References == [1] Fundamentals of Acoustics; Kinsler ''et al.'', John Wiley & Sons, 2000 [2] Acoustics: An introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications ; Pierce, Allan D., Acoustical Society of America, 1989. [3] Blevins, R.D. (1984). Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 81-82. [4] Horacek, J., Sidlof, P., Svec, J.G. Self-Oscillations of Human Vocal Folds. Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic [5] Lucero, J.C., Koenig, L.L. (2005). Simulations of temporal patterns of oral airflow in men and women using a two-mass model of the vocal folds under dynamic control, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, 1362-1372. [6] Titze, I.R. (1988). The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83, 1536–1552 ---- [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to main page]] Created by Shohei Shibata kzypc71o05p8gmvcf8ezwmlmovcsxhl 0 47055 4640622 3509538 2026-06-18T15:04:00Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== From performing on many different rooms and stages all over the United States, I thought it would be nice to have a better understanding and source about the room acoustics. This Wikibook page is intended to help the user with basic technical questions/answers about room acoustics. Main topics that will be covered are: what really makes a room sound ''good'' or ''bad'', ''alive'' or ''dead''. This will lead into absorption and transmission coefficients, decay of sound in the room, and reverberation. Different use of materials in rooms will be mentioned also. There is no intention of taking work from another. This page is a switchboard source to help the user find information about room acoustics. ==Sound Fields== Two types of sound fields are involved in room acoustics: Direct Sound and Reverberant Sound. ===Direct Sound=== The component of the sound field in a room that involves only a direct path between the source and the receiver, before any reflections off walls and other surfaces. ===Reverberant Sound=== The component of the sound field in a room that involves the direct path and the path after it reflects off of walls or any other surfaces. How the waves deflect off of the mediums all depends on the absorption and transmission coefficients. Good example pictures are shown at [http://akamaipix.crutchfield.com/ca/reviews/20040120/roomacoustics1a.gif Crutchfield Advisor], [http://physics.mtsu.edu/~wmr/reverb1f1.gif a Physics Site from MTSU], and [http://www.voiceteacher.com/art/bounce.gif Voiceteacher.com] ==Room Coefficients== In a perfect world, if there is a sound shot right at a wall, the sound should come right back. But because sounds hit different materials types of walls, the sound does not have perfect reflection. From 1, these are explained as follows: ===Absorption & Transmission Coefficients=== The best way to explain how sound reacts to different mediums is through acoustical energy. When sound impacts on a wall, acoustical energy will be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the wall. [[File:Ad_Rev.jpg]] ---- Absorption Coefficient: [[File:Absorption Coefficient.jpg]] NB: this chemical structure is unrelated to the acoustics being discussed. ---- Transmission Coefficient: [[File:Transmission Coefficient.jpg]] ---- If all of the acoustic energy hits the wall and none is reflected, the alpha would equal 1. The energy had zero reflection and was absorbed or transmitted. This would be an example of a ''dead'' or ''soft'' wall because it takes in everything and doesn't reflect anything back. Rooms that are like this are called Anechoic Rooms which looks like this from [http://www.axiomaudio.com/archives/22chamber.jpg Axiomaudio]. If all of the acoustic energy hits the wall and all reflects back, the alpha would equal 0. This would be an example of a ''live'' or ''hard'' wall because the sound bounces right back and does not go through the wall. Rooms that are like this are called Reverberant Rooms like this [http://www.roger-russell.com/revrm3.jpg McIntosh] room. Look how the walls have nothing attached to them. More room for the sound waves to bounce off the walls. ===Room Averaged Sound Absorption Coefficient=== Not all rooms have the same walls on all sides. The room averaged sound absorption coefficient can be used to have different types of materials and areas of walls averaged together. ---- RASAC: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Ralpha.jpg]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Sequals.jpg]] ---- ===Absorption Coefficients for Specific Materials=== Basic sound absorption Coefficients are shown here at [http://www.acousticalsurfaces.com/acoustic_IOI/101_13.htm Acoustical Surfaces]. Brick, unglazed, painted alpha ~ .01 - .03 -> Sound reflects back An open door alpha equals 1 -> Sound goes through Units are in [http://zone.ni.com/devzone/nidzgloss.nsf/webmain/0174ABCAF438C613862568C6005C852A?OpenDocument Sabins]. ==Sound Decay and Reverberation Time== In a large reverberant room, a sound can still propagate after the sound source has been turned off. This time when the sound intensity level has decay 60&nbsp;dB is called the reverberation time of the room. ---- [[Image:Revtime.jpg]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Reverberation Time.jpg]] ---- [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acoustic/revtim.html Great Reverberation Source] ==Great Halls in the World== [http://www.kcpa.uiuc.edu/about/venues/foellinger.asp Foellinger Great Hall] [http://web.archive.org/web/20060902020553/http://www.danubecooperation.org/Content.Node/images/osi/Concert_Hall.gif Japan] [http://budapest.hotelhungary.com/images/zeneakademia.jpg Budapest] [https://archive.is/20130630043953/www.puddingbench.com/images/carnegie_hall.jpg Carnegie Hall in New York] [http://www.carnegiehallkids.50megs.com/images/carnegiechorus.jpg Carnegie Hall] [http://lshdesign.com/portfolio/cultural/popups/images/pick.jpg Pick Staiger at Northwestern U] ---- [http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/research/arc/cox/interdisciplinary/inter_science_reviews.pdf Concert Hall Acoustics] ---- ==References== [1] Lord, Gatley, Evensen; ''Noise Control for Engineers'', Krieger Publishing, 435 pgs Back to [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics Engineering Acoustics] Created by Kevin Baldwin bmc49chjhrux32wlobu0sv2uoutj3wg 0 47067 4640627 4092669 2026-06-18T15:09:18Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== Piezoelectricity from the Greek word "piezo" means pressure electricity. Certain crystalline substances generate electric charges under mechanical stress and conversely experience a mechanical strain in the presence of an electric field. The piezoelectric effect describes a situation where the transducing material senses input mechanical vibrations and produces a charge at the frequency of the vibration. An AC voltage causes the piezoelectric material to vibrate in an oscillatory fashion at the same frequency as the input current. Quartz is the best known single crystal material with piezoelectric properties. Strong piezoelectric effects can be induced in materials with an ABO3, Perovskite crystalline structure. 'A' denotes a large divalent metal ion such as lead and 'B' denotes a smaller tetravalent ion such as titanium or zirconium. For any crystal to exhibit the piezoelectric effect, its structure must have no center of symmetry. Either a tensile or compressive stress applied to the crystal alters the separation between positive and negative charge sights in the cell causing a net polarization at the surface of the crystal. The polarization varies directly with the applied stress and is direction dependent so that compressive and tensile stresses will result in electric fields of opposite voltages. ==Vibrations & Displacements== Piezoelectric ceramics have non-centrosymmetric unit cells below the Curie temperature and centrosymmetric unit cells above the Curie temperature. Non-centrosymmetric structures provide a net electric dipole moment. The dipoles are randomly oriented until a strong DC electric field is applied causing permanent polarization and thus piezoelectric properties. A polarized ceramic may be subjected to stress causing the crystal lattice to distort changing the total dipole moment of the ceramic. The change in dipole moment due to an applied stress causes a net electric field which varies linearly with stress. ==Dynamic Performance== The dynamic performance of a piezoelectric material relates to how it behaves under alternating stresses near the mechanical resonance. The parallel combination of C2 with L1, C1, and R1 in the equivalent circuit below control the transducers reactance which is a function of frequency. ===Equivalent Electric Circuit=== [[Image:eqcct.gif]] ===Frequency Response=== The graph below shows the impedance of a piezoelectric transducer as a function of frequency. The minimum value at fm corresponds to the resonance while the maximum value at fn corresponds to anti-resonance. [[Image:response.gif]] ==Resonant Devices== Non resonant devices may be modeled by a capacitor representing the capacitance of the piezoelectric with an impedance modeling the mechanically vibrating system as a shunt in the circuit. The impedance may be modeled as a capacitor in the non-resonant case which allows the circuit to reduce to a single capacitor replacing the parallel combination. For resonant devices the impedance becomes a resistance or static capacitance at resonance. This is an undesirable effect. In mechanically driven systems this effect acts as a load on the transducer and decreases the electrical output. In electrically driven systems this effect shunts the driver requiring a larger input current. The adverse effect of the static capacitance experienced at resonant operation may be counteracted by using a shunt or series inductor resonating with the static capacitance at the operating frequency. [[Image:resonant device.gif]] ==Applications== ===Mechanical Measurement=== Because of the dielectric leakage current of piezoelectrics they are poorly suited for applications where force or pressure have a slow rate of change. They are, however, very well suited for highly dynamic measurements that might be needed in blast gauges and accelerometers. ===Ultrasonic=== High intensity ultrasound applications utilize half wavelength transducers with resonant frequencies between 18&nbsp;kHz and 45&nbsp;kHz. Large blocks of transducer material is needed to generate high intensities which makes manufacturing difficult and is economically impractical. Also, since half wavelength transducers have the highest stress amplitude in the center, the end sections act as inert masses. The end sections are often replaced with metal plates possessing a much higher mechanical quality factor; giving the composite transducer a higher mechanical quality factor than a single-piece transducer. The overall electro-acoustic efficiency is: {{:Acoustics/formulas/Electro acoustic efficiency}} Qm0 = unloaded mechanical quality factor QE = electric quality factor QL = quality factor due to the acoustic load alone The second term on the right hand side is the dielectric loss and the third term is the mechanical loss. Efficiency is maximized when: {{:Acoustics/formulas/Condition}} then: {{:Acoustics/formulas/Max efficiency}} The maximum ultrasonic efficiency is described by: {{:Acoustics/formulas/Ultrasonic Intensity}} Applications of ultrasonic transducers include: Welding of plastics Atomization of liquids Ultrasonic drilling Ultrasonic cleaning Ultrasound Non destructive testing etc. ==More Information and Source of Information== [http://morganelectroceramics.com MorganElectroCeramics] <br> [http://www.piezotechnologies.com/Resources/White-Papers.aspx Resources for Piezoelectric Transducers] rgkszdi2q88j2t6gekc2b8hea3bpbni 0 50453 4640594 4425768 2026-06-18T13:16:26Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Resonance of the Driver */ 4640594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering ~//Acoustics}} == Introduction == A sealed or closed box baffle is the most basic but often the cleanest sounding subwoofer box design. The subwoofer box in its most simple form, serves to isolate the back of the speaker from the front, much like the theoretical infinite baffle. The sealed box provides simple construction and controlled response for most subwoofer applications. The slow low end roll-off provides a clean transition into the extreme frequency range. Unlike ported boxes, the cone excursion is reduced below the resonant frequency of the box and driver due to the added stiffness provided by the sealed box baffle. Closed baffle boxes are typically constructed of a very rigid material such as MDF (medium density fiber board) or plywood .75 to 1 inch thick. Depending on the size of the box and material used, internal bracing may be necessary to maintain a rigid box. A rigid box is important to design in order to prevent unwanted box resonance. As with any acoustics application, the box must be matched to the loudspeaker driver for maximum performance. The following will outline the procedure to tune the box or maximize the output of the subwoofer box and driver combination. ==Closed Baffle Circuit== The sealed box enclosure for subwoofers can be modeled as a lumped element system if the dimensions of the box are significantly shorter than the shortest wavelength reproduced by the subwoofer. Most subwoofer applications are crossed over around 80 to 100&nbsp;Hz. A 100&nbsp;Hz wave in air has a wavelength of about 11 feet. Subwoofers typically have all dimensions much shorter than this wavelength, thus the lumped element system analysis is accurate. Using this analysis, the following circuit represents a subwoofer enclosure system. <center> [[Image:Circuit schema.jpg]]<br> </center> where all of the following parameters are in the mechanical mobility analog V_e - voltage supply R_e - electrical resistance M_m - driver mass C_m - driver compliance R_m - resistance R_Ar - rear cone radiation resistance into the air X_Af - front cone radiation reactance into the air R_Br - rear cone radiation resistance into the box X_Br - rear cone radiation reactance into the box == Driver Parameters== In order to tune a sealed box to a driver, the driver parameters must be known. Some of the parameters are provided by the manufacturer, some are found experimentally, and some are found from general tables. For ease of calculations, all parameters will be represented in the SI units meter/kilogram/second. The parameters that must be known to determine the size of the box are as follows: f₀ - driver free-air resonance C_MS - mechanical compliance of the driver S_D - effective area of the driver ==== Resonance of the Driver ==== The resonance of the driver is either provided by the manufacturer or must be found experimentally. It is a good idea to measure the resonance frequency even if it is provided by the manufacturer to account for inconsistent manufacturing processes. The following diagram shows the setup for finding resonance: <center> <br> </center> Where voltage V1 is held constant and the variable frequency source is varied until V2 is a maximum. The frequency where V2 is a maximum is the resonance frequency for the driver. ==== Mechanical Compliance ==== By definition compliance is the inverse of stiffness or what is commonly referred to as the spring constant. The compliance of a driver can be found by measuring the displacement of the cone when known masses are place on the cone when the driver is facing up. The compliance would then be the displacement of the cone in meters divided by the added weight in newtons. ====Effective Area of the Driver==== The physical diameter of the driver does not lead to the effective area of the driver. The effective diameter can be found using the following diagram: <center> [[Image:Effective area.jpg]]<br> </center> From this diameter, the area is found from the basic area of a circle equation. ==Acoustic Compliance== From the known mechanical compliance of the cone, the acoustic compliance can be found from the following equation: C_AS = C_MSS_D² From the driver acoustic compliance, the box acoustic compliance is found. This is where the final application of the subwoofer is considered. The acoustic compliance of the box will determine the percent shift upwards of the resonant frequency. If a large shift is desire for high SPL applications, then a large ratio of driver to box acoustic compliance would be required. If a more flattened response is desire for high fidelity applications, then a lower ratio of driver to box acoustic compliance would be required. Specifically, the ratios can be found in the following figure using line (b) as reference. C_AS = C_AB*r r - driver to box acoustic compliance ratio <center> [[Image:Compliance.jpg]]<br> </center> ==Sealed Box Design== ====Volume of Box==== The volume of the sealed box can now be found from the box acoustic compliance. The following equation is used to calculate the box volume V_B= C_ABγ ====Box Dimensions==== From the calculated box volume, the dimensions of the box can then be designed. There is no set formula for finding the dimensions of the box, but there are general guidelines to be followed. The face of the box which the driver is set in should not be a square. If the driver were mounted in the center of a square face, the waves generated by the cone would reach the edges of the box at the same time, thus when combined would create a strong diffracted wave in the listening space. In order to best prevent this, the driver should either be mounted offset on a square face, or the face should be rectangular, with the driver closer to one edge. The ratios between internal height, width and depth should never be integer (2:1, 3:1 etc.), as this would encourage the formation of standing waves inside the box. Some have suggested the use of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio Golden ratio] and others the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_root third] root of 2, both of which are close to each other and close to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission IEC-recommended] ratios for room dimensions (which conform to the same acoustical requirements). In practice most manufacturers formulate their boxes based on aesthetic and cost considerations, while ensuring, through testing, that no major box resonances appear. In high-quality units this entails the extensive use of rigid in-box bracing, sound absorption material, sophisticated alloys or polymers, complex geometrical shapes, including curves, etc. {{BookCat}} gehtsmx5eosdb8cg8kml45kk1zu8xc9 12 52856 4640675 4640356 2026-06-19T08:37:30Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* MediaWiki to LaTeX */ 4640675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{shortcut|WB:PRINT}}{{Wikibooks help}} [[Image:Exquisite-print printer.png|64px|right]] The aim of Wikibooks is to create useful books. Sometimes people want to print a book. This is not easy because books at Wikibooks are divided into chapters on separate pages. However, anyone knowing how to use templates can easily create a print version of a book by automatically including all contents of a book onto a single page. Furthermore, with all content of a book on a single page, it is easier to create a PDF version of this book. This can be done automatically, for example using [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice.org]] or the "Print to file" feature of your browser (either to a PDF or PostScript file &mdash; the PS is easily converted to PDF later). Not every book needs a print version &mdash; lots of books here are useful only online. But if you feel one might need to get a book printed &mdash; '''be bold''' and create it. See '''[[:Category:Books with print version]]''' for a list of books that already have a single page version for continuous reading. Many of these may also be available as PDF Files. == How to create print version == Generally, it is a good solution to learn from examples. See [[Python Programming/Print version]] and read these quick guidelines. === Creating separate page for print version === In brief: # Create the page <!--''SomeBookName:Print version'' or -->''SomeBookName/Print version'' (for a book called ''SomeBookName''), containing only one line: "{{tlx|printable}}" (without quotes). Hit the "Publish changes" button. # Start editing the table of contents of the book. Typically it's the main page of the book (for example, [[Python Programming]]). Just before the line with the link to the first page of contents of the book, add the line "{{tlx|Print version}}" (without the quotes, but with the squiggly brackets). 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This should be clearly marked and noted on the front page of the Wikibook. == PDF versions == ===Simple rudimentary PDF === It's easy to create a rudimentary PDF file from a print version. * You can use freely available software like [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice.org]] or [[w:PDFCreator|PDFCreator]], and proprietary software such as Microsoft Word or Adobe Acrobat. * You can also select "Download as PDF" from the Print/export section of the left sidebar on all pages on Wikibooks. This uses [[mw:Extension:ElectronPdfService]]. Unfortunately the "print versions" do not contain proper pagination. Pagination, paginated tables of contents and indexes are added by editing the print version with a word processor and creating a PDF File. ===PDF with pagination === Steps: * Use your web browser to open and save the print version to your own computer as "web page complete" * use the HTML-compatible word processor of your choice to open the html file, convert html to a format the word processor, and add paginate the book. ** In Microsoft Word, this can be done by *** opening the saved HTML file *** saving it to a word file *** adding table of content by selecting ''Insert > Field > Index and Tables > TOC'' or ''Preferences-> Table of contents'' for Word 2012 or later. *** adding page numbers to the footer *** save it to a pdf file The word-processed document can then be converted to PDF using [[w:OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice.org]] or [[w:PDFCreator|PDFCreator]]. :'''Tips''': cut the book into numerous small HTML files using 'Wordpad' as a text editor if it will not convert to your word processor format. This allows you to locate offending sections etc. Small books can be copied to the clipboard and then pasted into your word processor. (see Talk for more tips). Also a ready to publish "print version" takes as much effort as creating the book in the first place. There is an entire field out there, including Typesetting and Desktop Publishing, that deals with the subject. And there are dedicated programs like Adobe InDesign, Scribus, and LaTeX/TeX that are specifically made for the task of typesetting. Microsoft Word is suitable for the task, but anyone who plans on doing it in the long term will appreciate the advanced features like kerning, ligatures, word stretching and automatic quality justification algorithms that these programs offer. For example, LaTeX automatically generates Table of Contents and Indices for you. === MediaWiki to LaTeX === More than 80 % of books with PDF version currently available on the English Wikibooks have got a PDF version created with [https://mediawiki2latex.wmcloud.org/ MediaWiki2LaTeX]. Thanks to [[LaTeX]] the quality is comparable to professionally printed books. ===Upload and Link the pdf files === PDF files can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons just like images. But remember: don't link to PDF like this: <code><nowiki>[[File:File.pdf]]</nowiki></code>. This causes the ''entire'' PDF to be downloaded when loading the page. Use <code><nowiki>[[:File:File.pdf]]</nowiki></code> &mdash; this will link to the PDF's description page &mdash; or <code><nowiki>[[Media:File.pdf]]</nowiki></code> for a direct download link. Remember to tag the file as GFDL and include the edition number in the comment. 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To add a link to your wikibook page, insert <pre> {{PDF version|pdf file name without .pdf|size kb, number pages|description}} </pre> For example <pre> {{PDF version|Ada Programming|2,663 kb, 243 pages|Ada Programming}} </pre> === Tips on PDF versions === Some lingo first of all. 12 points to a pica, 6 pica to an inch. Points usually measure vertical distance, pica usually measure horizontal distance. For example, the height of fonts are measured in points. Size 12 Roman font is about 12 points high. The width of columns are usually measured in pica. * Golden Rule: Rules in layout and art ain't rules. If it looks good, then do it. Think of these as guidelines if you don't know where to start. * Keep things consistent. Use templates in GUI based programs like Word or InDesign, or use macros in LaTeX to keep pages as a whole consistent. ** Keep consistent spacing between lines. Usually 120% of the size of the font is used for paragraph reading. For example, size 12 font is spaced by ~14 points. Size 14 font would be spaced by ~16 points. Headlines, nameplates, and so forth don't follow this rule. Only body-text. ** When there is a picture, make sure the space between the words and the start of the picture is consistent. If it is inlined with the text, make sure all 3 or 4 sides of the picture are consistently spaced from the text. If the picture has its own space, say, centered with a caption, make sure the caption is consistently placed, along with the spaces away from the text above the picture as well as below. * Don't do full justification unless it looks good! When you do full justification with an inadequate program, you easily can get "rivers" of whitespace that is distracting for the reader. Programs with better justification algorithms, like LaTeX or InDesign may still mess up if the columns are too narrow. The best solution is usually to change the wording of the paragraph, but switching to ragged right or increasing the column width helps as well. * Hyphenation should only occur in full justification (both left side and right side lined up). Hyphenation in ragged right looks strange, and thoughts and words can get lost as the reader looks for the next line. * Don't bold too many things. '''Bold''' can get '''in''' the '''way''' of your '''text''' in ''ways'' that ''softer'' italic ''emphasis'' doesn't. It is fine to bold headlines or other attention grabbers, but in the body text, try with soft italics first. * If doing a complicated layout, try the 5 column layout (don't actually use 5 columns. Maybe merge the right 3, and merge the 2 left side columns for notes. Or merge 3 columns to inline a picture in the middle of the page), or the artists rule of 3 to create a layout. * Know the difference between the hyphen, endash, and emdash. Emdash is the longest, and is used in as a punctuation mark. Endash is used as "to" between numbers. Hyphens are usually the shortest and connect words between lines and compound words. * Finally: Read the PDF when you are done! Frequent trouble spots are tables, pictures, and the text around large headings. Keep an eye out for widows and orphans, or words on their own lines, or on the next page when a paragraph ends. Don't be afraid to change the words of a paragraph to fit the layout, in fact, it has to be done frequently. == Tools == * [[de:Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger/wb2pdf|MediaWiki to LaTeX]] * [[User:Derbeth/javaLatex|Wiki2LaTeX converter]] (Java application) * [https://tools.wikimedia.pl/~derbeth/pvc/ Derbeth's Print Version Creator] is a small web-based tool taking table of contents of a wikibook and producing text file with wikicode of print version of a book {{Wikibooks editor navigation}} [[Category:Print Versions]] [[de:Hilfe:Fertigstellen]] [[es:Wikilibros:Versión para imprimir]] [[fr:Wikilivres:Versions imprimables]] [[pl:Wikibooks:Podręczniki do druku]] [[pt:Wikibooks:Versões para impressão]] o14ooiq45asb3eivtr68v2r2hsl6j8h 0 67880 4640623 3232722 2026-06-18T15:05:11Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Useful Websites */ 4640623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== The importance of flow excited acoustic resonance lies in the large number of applications in which it occurs. Sound production in organ pipes, compressors, transonic wind tunnels, and open sunroofs are only a few examples of the many applications in which flow excited resonance of Helmholtz resonators can be found.[4] An instability of the fluid motion coupled with an acoustic resonance of the cavity produce large pressure fluctuations that are felt as increased sound pressure levels. Passengers of road vehicles with open sunroofs often experience discomfort, fatigue, and dizziness from self-sustained oscillations inside the car cabin. This phenomenon is caused by the coupling of acoustic and hydrodynamic flow inside a cavity which creates strong pressure oscillations in the passenger compartment in the 10 to 50&nbsp;Hz frequency range. Some effects experienced by vehicles with open sunroofs when buffeting include: dizziness, temporary hearing reduction, discomfort, driver fatigue, and in extreme cases nausea. The importance of reducing interior noise levels inside the car cabin relies primarily in reducing driver fatigue and improving sound transmission from entertainment and communication devices. This Wikibook page aims to theoretically and graphically explain the mechanisms involved in the flow-excited acoustic resonance of Helmholtz resonators. The interaction between fluid motion and acoustic resonance will be explained to provide a thorough explanation of the behavior of self-oscillatory Helmholtz resonator systems. As an application example, a description of the mechanisms involved in sunroof buffeting phenomena will be developed at the end of the page. =Feedback loop analysis= As mentioned before, the self-sustained oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator in many cases is a continuous interaction of hydrodynamic and acoustic mechanisms. In the frequency domain, the flow excitation and the acoustic behavior can be represented as transfer functions. The flow can be decomposed into two volume velocities. qr: flow associated with acoustic response of cavity qo: flow associated with excitation Figure 1 shows the feedback loop of these two volume velocities. <center>'''''Figure 1'''''</center> =Acoustical characteristics of the resonator= ==Lumped parameter model== The lumped parameter model of a Helmholtz resonator consists of a rigid-walled volume open to the environment through a small opening at one end. The dimensions of the resonator in this model are much less than the acoustic wavelength, in this way allowing us to model the system as a lumped system. where re is the equivalent radius of the orifice. Figure 2 shows a sketch of a Helmholtz resonator on the left, the mechanical analog on the middle section, and the electric-circuit analog on the right hand side. As shown in the Helmholtz resonator drawing, the air mass flowing through an inflow of volume velocity includes the mass inside the neck (Mo) and an end-correction mass (Mend). Viscous losses at the edges of the neck length are included as well as the radiation resistance of the tube. The electric-circuit analog shows the resonator modeled as a forced harmonic oscillator. [1] [2][3] <center>'''''Figure 2'''''</center> V: cavity volume <math>\rho</math>: ambient density c: speed of sound S: cross-section area of orifice K: stiffness <math>M_a</math>: acoustic mass <math>C_a</math>: acoustic compliance The equivalent stiffness K is related to the potential energy of the flow compressed inside the cavity. For a rigid wall cavity it is approximately: <center><math> K = \left(\frac{\rho c^2}{V}\right)S^2 </math></center> The equation that describes the Helmholtz resonator is the following: <center><math> S \hat{P}_e =\frac{\hat{q}_e}{j\omega S}(-\omega ^2 M + j\omega R + K) </math></center> <math>\hat{P}_e</math>: excitation pressure M: total mass (mass inside neck Mo plus end correction, Mend) R: total resistance (radiation loss plus viscous loss) From the electrical-circuit we know the following: <center><math> M_a = \frac{L \rho}{S} </math></center> <center><math> C_a = \frac{\pi V}{\rho c^2} </math></center> <center><math> L ' = \ L + \ 1.7 \ re </math></center> The main cavity resonance parameters are resonance frequency and quality factor which can be estimated using the parameters explained above (assuming free field radiation, no viscous losses and leaks, and negligible wall compliance effects) <center><math> \omega_r^2 = \frac{1}{M_a C_a} </math></center> <center><math> f_r = c 2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{S}{L' V}} </math></center> The sharpness of the resonance peak is measured by the quality factor Q of the Helmholtz resonator as follows: <center><math> Q = 2 \pi \sqrt{V \left(\frac{L'} {S}\right)^3} </math></center> <math> f_r</math>: resonance frequency in Hz <math>\omega_r</math>: resonance frequency in radians L: length of neck L': corrected length of neck From the equations above, the following can be deduced: -The greater the volume of the resonator, the lower the resonance frequencies. -If the length of the neck is increased, the resonance frequency decreases. ==Production of self-sustained oscillations== The acoustic field interacts with the unstable hydrodynamic flow above the open section of the cavity, where the grazing flow is continuous. The flow in this section separates from the wall at a point where the acoustic and hydrodynamic flows are strongly coupled. [5] The separation of the boundary layer at the leading edge of the cavity (front part of opening from incoming flow) produces strong vortices in the main stream. As observed in Figure 3, a shear layer crosses the cavity orifice and vortices start to form due to instabilities in the layer at the leading edge. <center>'''''Figure 3'''''</center> From Figure 3, L is the length of the inner cavity region, d denotes the diameter or length of the cavity length, D represents the height of the cavity, and <math>\delta</math> describes the gradient length in the grazing velocity profile (boundary layer thickness). The velocity in this region is characterized to be unsteady and the perturbations in this region will lead to self-sustained oscillations inside the cavity. Vortices will continually form in the opening region due to the instability of the shear layer at the leading edge of the opening. =Applications to Sunroof Buffeting= ==How are vortices formed during buffeting?== In order to understand the generation and convection of vortices from the shear layer along the sunroof opening, the animation below has been developed. At a certain range of flow velocities, self-sustained oscillations inside the open cavity (sunroof) will be predominant. During this period of time, vortices are shed at the trailing edge of the opening and continue to be convected along the length of the cavity opening as pressure inside the cabin decreases and increases. Flow visualization experimentation is one method that helps obtain a qualitative understanding of vortex formation and conduction. The animation below, shows in the middle, a side view of a car cabin with the sunroof open. As the air starts to flow at a certain mean velocity Uo, air mass will enter and leave the cabin as the pressure decreases and increases again. At the right hand side of the animation, a legend shows a range of colors to determine the pressure magnitude inside the car cabin. At the top of the animation, a plot of circulation and acoustic cavity pressure versus time for one period of oscillation is shown. The symbol x moving along the acoustic cavity pressure plot is synchronized with pressure fluctuations inside the car cabin and with the legend on the right. For example, whenever the x symbol is located at the point where t=0 (when the acoustic cavity pressure is minimum) the color of the car cabin will match that of the minimum pressure in the legend (blue). <center>[[Image:theplot.gif]]</center> The perturbations in the shear layer propagate with a velocity of the order of 1/2Uo which is half the mean inflow velocity. [5] After the pressure inside the cavity reaches a minimum (blue color) the air mass position in the neck of the cavity reaches its maximum outward position. At this point, a vortex is shed at the leading edge of the sunroof opening (front part of sunroof in the direction of inflow velocity). As the pressure inside the cavity increases (progressively to red color) and the air mass at the cavity entrance is moved inwards, the vortex is displaced into the neck of the cavity. The maximum downward displacement of the vortex is achieved when the pressure inside the cabin is also maximum and the air mass in the neck of the Helmholtz resonator (sunroof opening) reaches its maximum downward displacement. For the rest of the remaining half cycle, the pressure cavity falls and the air below the neck of the resonator is moved upwards. The vortex continues displacing towards the downstream edge of the sunroof where it is convected upwards and outside the neck of the resonator. At this point the air below the neck reaches its maximum upwards displacement.[4] And the process starts once again. ==How to identify buffeting== Flow induced tests performed over a range of flow velocities are helpful to determine the change in sound pressure levels (SPL) inside the car cabin as inflow velocity is increased. The following animation shows typical auto spectra results from a car cabin with the sunroof open at various inflow velocities. At the top right hand corner of the animation, it is possible to see the inflow velocity and resonance frequency corresponding to the plot shown at that instant of time. <center>[[Image:curve.gif]]</center> It is observed in the animation that the SPL increases gradually with increasing inflow velocity. Initially, the levels are below 80&nbsp;dB and no major peaks are observed. As velocity is increased, the SPL increases throughout the frequency range until a definite peak is observed around a 100&nbsp;Hz and 120&nbsp;dB of amplitude. This is the resonance frequency of the cavity at which buffeting occurs. As it is observed in the animation, as velocity is further increased, the peak decreases and disappears. In this way, sound pressure level plots versus frequency are helpful in determining increased sound pressure levels inside the car cabin to find ways to minimize them. Some of the methods used to minimize the increased SPL levels achieved by buffeting include: notched deflectors, mass injection, and spoilers. ==Useful Websites== This link: [http://www.exa.com/] takes you to the website of EXA Corporation, a developer of PowerFlow for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. This link: [http://www.cd-adapco.com/press_room/dynamics/20/saab.html] is a small news article about the current use of(CFD) software to model sunroof buffeting. This link: [http://www.cd-adapco.com/products/brochures/industry_applications/autoapps.pdf] is a small industry brochure that shows the current use of CFD for sunroof buffeting. =References= [1] Acoustics: An introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications ; Pierce, Allan D., Acoustical Society of America, 1989. [2] Prediction and Control of the Interior Pressure Fluctuations in a Flow-excited Helmholtz resonator ; Mongeau, Luc, and Hyungseok Kook., Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University, 1997. [3]Influence of leakage on the flow-induced response of vehicles with open sunroofs ; Mongeau, Luc, and Jin-Seok Hong., Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University. [4]Fluid dynamics of a flow excited resonance, part I: Experiment ; P.A. Nelson, Halliwell and Doak.; 1991. [5]An Introduction to Acoustics ; Rienstra, S.W., A. Hirschberg., Report IWDE 99-02, Eindhoven University of Technology, 1999. ---- [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to main page]] h9q8vn0je97v4fj98dg13kulenialuz 4640624 4640623 2026-06-18T15:05:23Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* References */ 4640624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== The importance of flow excited acoustic resonance lies in the large number of applications in which it occurs. Sound production in organ pipes, compressors, transonic wind tunnels, and open sunroofs are only a few examples of the many applications in which flow excited resonance of Helmholtz resonators can be found.[4] An instability of the fluid motion coupled with an acoustic resonance of the cavity produce large pressure fluctuations that are felt as increased sound pressure levels. Passengers of road vehicles with open sunroofs often experience discomfort, fatigue, and dizziness from self-sustained oscillations inside the car cabin. This phenomenon is caused by the coupling of acoustic and hydrodynamic flow inside a cavity which creates strong pressure oscillations in the passenger compartment in the 10 to 50&nbsp;Hz frequency range. Some effects experienced by vehicles with open sunroofs when buffeting include: dizziness, temporary hearing reduction, discomfort, driver fatigue, and in extreme cases nausea. The importance of reducing interior noise levels inside the car cabin relies primarily in reducing driver fatigue and improving sound transmission from entertainment and communication devices. This Wikibook page aims to theoretically and graphically explain the mechanisms involved in the flow-excited acoustic resonance of Helmholtz resonators. The interaction between fluid motion and acoustic resonance will be explained to provide a thorough explanation of the behavior of self-oscillatory Helmholtz resonator systems. As an application example, a description of the mechanisms involved in sunroof buffeting phenomena will be developed at the end of the page. =Feedback loop analysis= As mentioned before, the self-sustained oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator in many cases is a continuous interaction of hydrodynamic and acoustic mechanisms. In the frequency domain, the flow excitation and the acoustic behavior can be represented as transfer functions. The flow can be decomposed into two volume velocities. qr: flow associated with acoustic response of cavity qo: flow associated with excitation Figure 1 shows the feedback loop of these two volume velocities. <center>'''''Figure 1'''''</center> =Acoustical characteristics of the resonator= ==Lumped parameter model== The lumped parameter model of a Helmholtz resonator consists of a rigid-walled volume open to the environment through a small opening at one end. The dimensions of the resonator in this model are much less than the acoustic wavelength, in this way allowing us to model the system as a lumped system. where re is the equivalent radius of the orifice. Figure 2 shows a sketch of a Helmholtz resonator on the left, the mechanical analog on the middle section, and the electric-circuit analog on the right hand side. As shown in the Helmholtz resonator drawing, the air mass flowing through an inflow of volume velocity includes the mass inside the neck (Mo) and an end-correction mass (Mend). Viscous losses at the edges of the neck length are included as well as the radiation resistance of the tube. The electric-circuit analog shows the resonator modeled as a forced harmonic oscillator. [1] [2][3] <center>'''''Figure 2'''''</center> V: cavity volume <math>\rho</math>: ambient density c: speed of sound S: cross-section area of orifice K: stiffness <math>M_a</math>: acoustic mass <math>C_a</math>: acoustic compliance The equivalent stiffness K is related to the potential energy of the flow compressed inside the cavity. For a rigid wall cavity it is approximately: <center><math> K = \left(\frac{\rho c^2}{V}\right)S^2 </math></center> The equation that describes the Helmholtz resonator is the following: <center><math> S \hat{P}_e =\frac{\hat{q}_e}{j\omega S}(-\omega ^2 M + j\omega R + K) </math></center> <math>\hat{P}_e</math>: excitation pressure M: total mass (mass inside neck Mo plus end correction, Mend) R: total resistance (radiation loss plus viscous loss) From the electrical-circuit we know the following: <center><math> M_a = \frac{L \rho}{S} </math></center> <center><math> C_a = \frac{\pi V}{\rho c^2} </math></center> <center><math> L ' = \ L + \ 1.7 \ re </math></center> The main cavity resonance parameters are resonance frequency and quality factor which can be estimated using the parameters explained above (assuming free field radiation, no viscous losses and leaks, and negligible wall compliance effects) <center><math> \omega_r^2 = \frac{1}{M_a C_a} </math></center> <center><math> f_r = c 2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{S}{L' V}} </math></center> The sharpness of the resonance peak is measured by the quality factor Q of the Helmholtz resonator as follows: <center><math> Q = 2 \pi \sqrt{V \left(\frac{L'} {S}\right)^3} </math></center> <math> f_r</math>: resonance frequency in Hz <math>\omega_r</math>: resonance frequency in radians L: length of neck L': corrected length of neck From the equations above, the following can be deduced: -The greater the volume of the resonator, the lower the resonance frequencies. -If the length of the neck is increased, the resonance frequency decreases. ==Production of self-sustained oscillations== The acoustic field interacts with the unstable hydrodynamic flow above the open section of the cavity, where the grazing flow is continuous. The flow in this section separates from the wall at a point where the acoustic and hydrodynamic flows are strongly coupled. [5] The separation of the boundary layer at the leading edge of the cavity (front part of opening from incoming flow) produces strong vortices in the main stream. As observed in Figure 3, a shear layer crosses the cavity orifice and vortices start to form due to instabilities in the layer at the leading edge. <center>'''''Figure 3'''''</center> From Figure 3, L is the length of the inner cavity region, d denotes the diameter or length of the cavity length, D represents the height of the cavity, and <math>\delta</math> describes the gradient length in the grazing velocity profile (boundary layer thickness). The velocity in this region is characterized to be unsteady and the perturbations in this region will lead to self-sustained oscillations inside the cavity. Vortices will continually form in the opening region due to the instability of the shear layer at the leading edge of the opening. =Applications to Sunroof Buffeting= ==How are vortices formed during buffeting?== In order to understand the generation and convection of vortices from the shear layer along the sunroof opening, the animation below has been developed. At a certain range of flow velocities, self-sustained oscillations inside the open cavity (sunroof) will be predominant. During this period of time, vortices are shed at the trailing edge of the opening and continue to be convected along the length of the cavity opening as pressure inside the cabin decreases and increases. Flow visualization experimentation is one method that helps obtain a qualitative understanding of vortex formation and conduction. The animation below, shows in the middle, a side view of a car cabin with the sunroof open. As the air starts to flow at a certain mean velocity Uo, air mass will enter and leave the cabin as the pressure decreases and increases again. At the right hand side of the animation, a legend shows a range of colors to determine the pressure magnitude inside the car cabin. At the top of the animation, a plot of circulation and acoustic cavity pressure versus time for one period of oscillation is shown. The symbol x moving along the acoustic cavity pressure plot is synchronized with pressure fluctuations inside the car cabin and with the legend on the right. For example, whenever the x symbol is located at the point where t=0 (when the acoustic cavity pressure is minimum) the color of the car cabin will match that of the minimum pressure in the legend (blue). <center>[[Image:theplot.gif]]</center> The perturbations in the shear layer propagate with a velocity of the order of 1/2Uo which is half the mean inflow velocity. [5] After the pressure inside the cavity reaches a minimum (blue color) the air mass position in the neck of the cavity reaches its maximum outward position. At this point, a vortex is shed at the leading edge of the sunroof opening (front part of sunroof in the direction of inflow velocity). As the pressure inside the cavity increases (progressively to red color) and the air mass at the cavity entrance is moved inwards, the vortex is displaced into the neck of the cavity. The maximum downward displacement of the vortex is achieved when the pressure inside the cabin is also maximum and the air mass in the neck of the Helmholtz resonator (sunroof opening) reaches its maximum downward displacement. For the rest of the remaining half cycle, the pressure cavity falls and the air below the neck of the resonator is moved upwards. The vortex continues displacing towards the downstream edge of the sunroof where it is convected upwards and outside the neck of the resonator. At this point the air below the neck reaches its maximum upwards displacement.[4] And the process starts once again. ==How to identify buffeting== Flow induced tests performed over a range of flow velocities are helpful to determine the change in sound pressure levels (SPL) inside the car cabin as inflow velocity is increased. The following animation shows typical auto spectra results from a car cabin with the sunroof open at various inflow velocities. At the top right hand corner of the animation, it is possible to see the inflow velocity and resonance frequency corresponding to the plot shown at that instant of time. <center>[[Image:curve.gif]]</center> It is observed in the animation that the SPL increases gradually with increasing inflow velocity. Initially, the levels are below 80&nbsp;dB and no major peaks are observed. As velocity is increased, the SPL increases throughout the frequency range until a definite peak is observed around a 100&nbsp;Hz and 120&nbsp;dB of amplitude. This is the resonance frequency of the cavity at which buffeting occurs. As it is observed in the animation, as velocity is further increased, the peak decreases and disappears. In this way, sound pressure level plots versus frequency are helpful in determining increased sound pressure levels inside the car cabin to find ways to minimize them. Some of the methods used to minimize the increased SPL levels achieved by buffeting include: notched deflectors, mass injection, and spoilers. ==Useful Websites== This link: [http://www.exa.com/] takes you to the website of EXA Corporation, a developer of PowerFlow for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. This link: [http://www.cd-adapco.com/press_room/dynamics/20/saab.html] is a small news article about the current use of(CFD) software to model sunroof buffeting. This link: [http://www.cd-adapco.com/products/brochures/industry_applications/autoapps.pdf] is a small industry brochure that shows the current use of CFD for sunroof buffeting. ==References== [1] Acoustics: An introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications ; Pierce, Allan D., Acoustical Society of America, 1989. [2] Prediction and Control of the Interior Pressure Fluctuations in a Flow-excited Helmholtz resonator ; Mongeau, Luc, and Hyungseok Kook., Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University, 1997. [3]Influence of leakage on the flow-induced response of vehicles with open sunroofs ; Mongeau, Luc, and Jin-Seok Hong., Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University. [4]Fluid dynamics of a flow excited resonance, part I: Experiment ; P.A. Nelson, Halliwell and Doak.; 1991. [5]An Introduction to Acoustics ; Rienstra, S.W., A. Hirschberg., Report IWDE 99-02, Eindhoven University of Technology, 1999. ---- [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to main page]] r1xq1ndfkce6zl06w99wobkiw6gzo00 4640629 4640624 2026-06-18T16:18:58Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} ==Introduction== The importance of flow excited acoustic resonance lies in the large number of applications in which it occurs. Sound production in organ pipes, compressors, transonic wind tunnels, and open sunroofs are only a few examples of the many applications in which flow excited resonance of Helmholtz resonators can be found.[4] An instability of the fluid motion coupled with an acoustic resonance of the cavity produce large pressure fluctuations that are felt as increased sound pressure levels. Passengers of road vehicles with open sunroofs often experience discomfort, fatigue, and dizziness from self-sustained oscillations inside the car cabin. This phenomenon is caused by the coupling of acoustic and hydrodynamic flow inside a cavity which creates strong pressure oscillations in the passenger compartment in the 10 to 50&nbsp;Hz frequency range. Some effects experienced by vehicles with open sunroofs when buffeting include: dizziness, temporary hearing reduction, discomfort, driver fatigue, and in extreme cases nausea. The importance of reducing interior noise levels inside the car cabin relies primarily in reducing driver fatigue and improving sound transmission from entertainment and communication devices. This Wikibook page aims to theoretically and graphically explain the mechanisms involved in the flow-excited acoustic resonance of Helmholtz resonators. The interaction between fluid motion and acoustic resonance will be explained to provide a thorough explanation of the behavior of self-oscillatory Helmholtz resonator systems. As an application example, a description of the mechanisms involved in sunroof buffeting phenomena will be developed at the end of the page. ==Feedback loop analysis== As mentioned before, the self-sustained oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator in many cases is a continuous interaction of hydrodynamic and acoustic mechanisms. In the frequency domain, the flow excitation and the acoustic behavior can be represented as transfer functions. The flow can be decomposed into two volume velocities. qr: flow associated with acoustic response of cavity qo: flow associated with excitation Figure 1 shows the feedback loop of these two volume velocities. <center>'''''Figure 1'''''</center> ==Acoustical characteristics of the resonator== ===Lumped parameter model=== The lumped parameter model of a Helmholtz resonator consists of a rigid-walled volume open to the environment through a small opening at one end. The dimensions of the resonator in this model are much less than the acoustic wavelength, in this way allowing us to model the system as a lumped system. where re is the equivalent radius of the orifice. Figure 2 shows a sketch of a Helmholtz resonator on the left, the mechanical analog on the middle section, and the electric-circuit analog on the right hand side. As shown in the Helmholtz resonator drawing, the air mass flowing through an inflow of volume velocity includes the mass inside the neck (Mo) and an end-correction mass (Mend). Viscous losses at the edges of the neck length are included as well as the radiation resistance of the tube. The electric-circuit analog shows the resonator modeled as a forced harmonic oscillator. [1] [2][3] <center>'''''Figure 2'''''</center> V: cavity volume <math>\rho</math>: ambient density c: speed of sound S: cross-section area of orifice K: stiffness <math>M_a</math>: acoustic mass <math>C_a</math>: acoustic compliance The equivalent stiffness K is related to the potential energy of the flow compressed inside the cavity. For a rigid wall cavity it is approximately: <center><math> K = \left(\frac{\rho c^2}{V}\right)S^2 </math></center> The equation that describes the Helmholtz resonator is the following: <center><math> S \hat{P}_e =\frac{\hat{q}_e}{j\omega S}(-\omega ^2 M + j\omega R + K) </math></center> <math>\hat{P}_e</math>: excitation pressure M: total mass (mass inside neck Mo plus end correction, Mend) R: total resistance (radiation loss plus viscous loss) From the electrical-circuit we know the following: <center><math> M_a = \frac{L \rho}{S} </math></center> <center><math> C_a = \frac{\pi V}{\rho c^2} </math></center> <center><math> L ' = \ L + \ 1.7 \ re </math></center> The main cavity resonance parameters are resonance frequency and quality factor which can be estimated using the parameters explained above (assuming free field radiation, no viscous losses and leaks, and negligible wall compliance effects) <center><math> \omega_r^2 = \frac{1}{M_a C_a} </math></center> <center><math> f_r = c 2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{S}{L' V}} </math></center> The sharpness of the resonance peak is measured by the quality factor Q of the Helmholtz resonator as follows: <center><math> Q = 2 \pi \sqrt{V \left(\frac{L'} {S}\right)^3} </math></center> <math> f_r</math>: resonance frequency in Hz <math>\omega_r</math>: resonance frequency in radians L: length of neck L': corrected length of neck From the equations above, the following can be deduced: -The greater the volume of the resonator, the lower the resonance frequencies. -If the length of the neck is increased, the resonance frequency decreases. ===Production of self-sustained oscillations=== The acoustic field interacts with the unstable hydrodynamic flow above the open section of the cavity, where the grazing flow is continuous. The flow in this section separates from the wall at a point where the acoustic and hydrodynamic flows are strongly coupled. [5] The separation of the boundary layer at the leading edge of the cavity (front part of opening from incoming flow) produces strong vortices in the main stream. As observed in Figure 3, a shear layer crosses the cavity orifice and vortices start to form due to instabilities in the layer at the leading edge. <center>'''''Figure 3'''''</center> From Figure 3, L is the length of the inner cavity region, d denotes the diameter or length of the cavity length, D represents the height of the cavity, and <math>\delta</math> describes the gradient length in the grazing velocity profile (boundary layer thickness). The velocity in this region is characterized to be unsteady and the perturbations in this region will lead to self-sustained oscillations inside the cavity. Vortices will continually form in the opening region due to the instability of the shear layer at the leading edge of the opening. ==Applications to Sunroof Buffeting== ===How are vortices formed during buffeting?=== In order to understand the generation and convection of vortices from the shear layer along the sunroof opening, the animation below has been developed. At a certain range of flow velocities, self-sustained oscillations inside the open cavity (sunroof) will be predominant. During this period of time, vortices are shed at the trailing edge of the opening and continue to be convected along the length of the cavity opening as pressure inside the cabin decreases and increases. Flow visualization experimentation is one method that helps obtain a qualitative understanding of vortex formation and conduction. The animation below, shows in the middle, a side view of a car cabin with the sunroof open. As the air starts to flow at a certain mean velocity Uo, air mass will enter and leave the cabin as the pressure decreases and increases again. At the right hand side of the animation, a legend shows a range of colors to determine the pressure magnitude inside the car cabin. At the top of the animation, a plot of circulation and acoustic cavity pressure versus time for one period of oscillation is shown. The symbol x moving along the acoustic cavity pressure plot is synchronized with pressure fluctuations inside the car cabin and with the legend on the right. For example, whenever the x symbol is located at the point where t=0 (when the acoustic cavity pressure is minimum) the color of the car cabin will match that of the minimum pressure in the legend (blue). <center>[[Image:theplot.gif]]</center> The perturbations in the shear layer propagate with a velocity of the order of 1/2Uo which is half the mean inflow velocity. [5] After the pressure inside the cavity reaches a minimum (blue color) the air mass position in the neck of the cavity reaches its maximum outward position. At this point, a vortex is shed at the leading edge of the sunroof opening (front part of sunroof in the direction of inflow velocity). As the pressure inside the cavity increases (progressively to red color) and the air mass at the cavity entrance is moved inwards, the vortex is displaced into the neck of the cavity. The maximum downward displacement of the vortex is achieved when the pressure inside the cabin is also maximum and the air mass in the neck of the Helmholtz resonator (sunroof opening) reaches its maximum downward displacement. For the rest of the remaining half cycle, the pressure cavity falls and the air below the neck of the resonator is moved upwards. The vortex continues displacing towards the downstream edge of the sunroof where it is convected upwards and outside the neck of the resonator. At this point the air below the neck reaches its maximum upwards displacement.[4] And the process starts once again. ===How to identify buffeting=== Flow induced tests performed over a range of flow velocities are helpful to determine the change in sound pressure levels (SPL) inside the car cabin as inflow velocity is increased. The following animation shows typical auto spectra results from a car cabin with the sunroof open at various inflow velocities. At the top right hand corner of the animation, it is possible to see the inflow velocity and resonance frequency corresponding to the plot shown at that instant of time. <center>[[Image:curve.gif]]</center> It is observed in the animation that the SPL increases gradually with increasing inflow velocity. Initially, the levels are below 80&nbsp;dB and no major peaks are observed. As velocity is increased, the SPL increases throughout the frequency range until a definite peak is observed around a 100&nbsp;Hz and 120&nbsp;dB of amplitude. This is the resonance frequency of the cavity at which buffeting occurs. As it is observed in the animation, as velocity is further increased, the peak decreases and disappears. In this way, sound pressure level plots versus frequency are helpful in determining increased sound pressure levels inside the car cabin to find ways to minimize them. Some of the methods used to minimize the increased SPL levels achieved by buffeting include: notched deflectors, mass injection, and spoilers. ==Useful Websites== This link: [http://www.exa.com/] takes you to the website of EXA Corporation, a developer of PowerFlow for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. This link: [http://www.cd-adapco.com/press_room/dynamics/20/saab.html] is a small news article about the current use of(CFD) software to model sunroof buffeting. This link: [http://www.cd-adapco.com/products/brochures/industry_applications/autoapps.pdf] is a small industry brochure that shows the current use of CFD for sunroof buffeting. ==References== [1] Acoustics: An introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications ; Pierce, Allan D., Acoustical Society of America, 1989. [2] Prediction and Control of the Interior Pressure Fluctuations in a Flow-excited Helmholtz resonator ; Mongeau, Luc, and Hyungseok Kook., Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University, 1997. [3]Influence of leakage on the flow-induced response of vehicles with open sunroofs ; Mongeau, Luc, and Jin-Seok Hong., Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University. [4]Fluid dynamics of a flow excited resonance, part I: Experiment ; P.A. Nelson, Halliwell and Doak.; 1991. [5]An Introduction to Acoustics ; Rienstra, S.W., A. Hirschberg., Report IWDE 99-02, Eindhoven University of Technology, 1999. ---- [[Engineering Acoustics|Back to main page]] 39ijvku1uohv4ei144yfy2a1373uycm 0 67882 4640626 3232732 2026-06-18T15:07:08Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Engineering Acoustics}} The purpose of the acoustic transducer is to convert electrical energy into acoustic energy. Many variations of acoustic transducers exist, although the most common is the moving coil-permanent magnet transducer. The classic loudspeaker is of the moving coil-permanent magnet type. The classic electrodynamic loudspeaker driver can be divided into three key components: 1) The Magnet Motor Drive System 2) The Loudspeaker Cone System 3) The Loudspeaker Suspension <center>[[Image:loud_speaker.gif]]</center> <center>Figure 1 Cut-away of a moving coil-permanent magnet loudspeaker</center> ==The Magnet Motor Drive System== The main purpose of the Magnet Motor Drive System is to establish a symmetrical magnetic field in which the voice coil will operate. The Magnet Motor Drive System is comprised of a front focusing plate, permanent magnet, back plate, and a pole piece. In figure 2, the assembled drive system is illustrated. In most cases, the back plate and the pole piece are built into one piece called the yoke. The yoke and the front focusing plate are normally made of a very soft cast iron. Iron is a material that is used in conjunction with magnetic structures because the iron is easily saturated when exposed to a magnetic field. Notice in figure 2, that an air gap was intentionally left between the front focusing plate and the yoke. The magnetic field is coupled through the air gap. The magnetic field strength (B) of the air gap is typically optimized for uniformity across the gap. [1] <center>Figure 2 Permanent Magnet Structure</center> When a coil of wire with a current flowing is place inside the permanent magnetic field, a force is produced. B is the magnetic field strength, l is the length of the coil, and I is the current flowing through the coil. <math>F = Bli</math> <center>[[Image:Magnet2.gif]]</center> <center>Figure 3 Voice Coil Mounted in Permanent Magnetic Structure</center> The coil is excited with the AC signal that is intended for sound reproduction, when the changing magnetic field of the coil interacts with the permanent magnetic field then the coil moves back and forth in order to reproduce the input signal. The coil of a loudspeaker is known as the voice coil. <center>Figure 4 Photograph - Voice Coil</center> ==The Loudspeaker Cone System== On a typical loudspeaker, the cone serves the purpose of creating a larger radiating area allowing more air to be moved when excited by the voice coil. The cone serves a piston that is excited by the voice coil. The cone then displaces air creating a sound wave. In an ideal environment, the cone should be infinitely rigid and have zero mass, but in reality neither is true. Cone materials vary from carbon fiber, paper, bamboo, and just about any other material that can be shaped into a stiff conical shape. The loudspeaker cone is a very critical part of the loudspeaker. Since the cone is not infinitely rigid, it tends to have different types of resonance modes form at different frequencies, which in turn alters and colors the reproduction of the sound waves. The shape of the cone directly influences the directivity and frequency response of the loudspeaker. When the cone is attached to the voice coil, a large gap above the voice coil is left exposed. This could be a problem if foreign particles make their way into the air gap of the voice coil and the permanent magnet structure. The solution to this problem is to place what is known as a dust cap on the cone to cover the air gap. Below a figure of the cone and dust cap are shown. <center>[[Image:loud_cone.gif]]</center> <center>Figure 6 Cone and Dust Cap attached to Voice Coil</center> ==The Loudspeaker Suspension== Most moving coil loudspeakers have a two piece suspension system, also known as a flexure system. The combination of the two flexures allows the voice coil to maintain linear travel as the voice coil is energized and provide a restoring force for the voice coil system. The two piece system consists of large flexible membrane surrounding the outside edge of the cone, called the surround, and an additional flexure connected directly to the voice coil, called the spider. The surround has another purpose and that is to seal the loudspeaker when mounted in an enclosure. Commonly, the surround is made of a variety of different materials, such as, folded paper, cloth, rubber, and foam. Construction of the spider consists of different woven cloth or synthetic materials that are compressed to form a flexible membrane. The following two figures illustrate where the suspension components are physically at on the loudspeaker and how they function as the loudspeaker operates. <center>[[Image:loud_suspension.gif]]</center> <center>Figure 7 Loudspeaker Suspension System</center> <center>[[Image:loudspk.gif]]</center> <center>Figure 8 Moving Loudspeaker </center> ==Modeling the Loudspeaker as a Lumped System== Before implementing a loudspeaker into a specific application, a series of parameters characterizing the loudspeaker must be extracted. The equivalent circuit of the loudspeaker is key when developing enclosures. The circuit models all aspects of the loudspeaker through an equivalent electrical, mechanical, and acoustical circuit. Figure 9 shows how the three equivalent circuits are connected. The electrical circuit is comprised of the DC resistance of the voice coil, Re, the imaginary part of the voice coil inductance, Le, and the real part of the voice coil inductance, Revc. The mechanical system has electrical components that model different physical parameters of the loudspeaker. In the mechanical circuit, Mm, is the electrical capacitance due to the moving mass, Cm, is the electrical inductance due to the compliance of the moving mass, and Rm, is the electrical resistance due to the suspension system. In the acoustical equivalent circuit, Ma models the air mass and Ra models the radiation impedance[2]. This equivalent circuit allows insight into what parameters change the characteristics of the loudspeaker. Figure 10 shows the electrical input impedance as a function of frequency developed using the equivalent circuit of the loudspeaker. <center>[[Image:Eq_circuit.gif]]</center> <center>Figure 9 Loudspeaker Analogous Circuit</center> <center>[[Image:Freq_resp.gif]]</center> <center>Figure 10 Electrical Input Impedance</center> ==References== [1] The Loudspeaker Design Cookbook 5th Edition; Dickason, Vance., Audio Amateur Press, 1997. [2] Beranek, L. L. Acoustics. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993. bu99czoqi8pmypzgjsh91h19ozi75dt 0 73882 4640589 4640588 2026-06-18T11:59:18Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640589 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > = Part 1: Lumped Acoustical Systems = =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples|Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} <nocinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </nocinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} = Part 2: One-Dimensional Wave Motion = =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} = Part 3: Applications = =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> lodbz0evppfw1pja8ym88ptfdq376mg 4640590 4640589 2026-06-18T12:00:35Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640590 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > = Part 1: Lumped Acoustical Systems = =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples|Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} <nocinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </nocinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} = Part 2: One-Dimensional Wave Motion = <noinclude> =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} </noinclude> =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} = Part 3: Applications = =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> 7m31b61y6ceogssz6pktuvvalv6c78e 4640591 4640590 2026-06-18T12:26:17Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640591 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > = Part 1: Lumped Acoustical Systems = =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples|Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} <noinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </noinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} = Part 2: One-Dimensional Wave Motion = <noinclude> =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} </noinclude> =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} = Part 3: Applications = =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> abi0f59u6a2wca93uc76z1rk230r3vu 4640610 4640591 2026-06-18T14:31:19Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640610 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > = Part 1: Lumped Acoustical Systems = =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples|Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} <noinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </noinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} = Part 2: One-Dimensional Wave Motion = <noinclude> =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} </noinclude> =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} = Part 3: Applications = =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> hlz0ncs3zm84rm6bcu1zkqskcuas1bd 4640611 4640610 2026-06-18T14:31:57Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640611 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > = Part 1: Lumped Acoustical Systems = =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples|Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} <noinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </noinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} = Part 2: One-Dimensional Wave Motion = <noinclude> =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} </noinclude> =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} = Part 3: Applications = =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> c71llvrcn6hrciddzbeldbo8tqsdcrd 4640612 4640611 2026-06-18T14:32:43Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640612 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > = Part 1: Lumped Acoustical Systems = =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples|Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} <noinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </noinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} = Part 2: One-Dimensional Wave Motion = <noinclude> =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} </noinclude> =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} = Part 3: Applications = =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> mh6cm6f4cpazj3o5c52dsj8neb156mg 4640615 4640612 2026-06-18T14:55:58Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640615 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > {{PDF-Version Gliederung|Lumped Acoustical Systems}} =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples|Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} <noinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </noinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} {{PDF-Version Gliederung|One-Dimensional Wave Motion}} <noinclude> =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} </noinclude> =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} {{PDF-Version Gliederung|Applications}} =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> pjpaat6yuu936q55wrrk5ai0qj5dwzx 4640616 4640615 2026-06-18T14:57:50Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640616 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > {{PDF-Version Gliederung|Lumped Acoustical Systems}} =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples|Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} <noinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </noinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} {{PDF-Version Gliederung|One-Dimensional Wave Motion}} <noinclude> =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} </noinclude> =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} {{PDF-Version Gliederung|Applications}} =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> jk3wo7nt903zj98zj6xb43578p05yux 4640618 4640616 2026-06-18T14:59:38Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640618 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > {{PDF-Version Gliederung|Lumped Acoustical Systems}} =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples}} <noinclude> =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} </noinclude> =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} {{PDF-Version Gliederung|One-Dimensional Wave Motion}} <noinclude> =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} </noinclude> =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} {{PDF-Version Gliederung|Applications}} =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} <noinclude> =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} </noinclude> =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> cxgxkzps1w8er0hmlbqkaekkshpv429 4640639 4640618 2026-06-18T18:12:18Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 4640639 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}} ''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics'' Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. <div style="font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > {{PDF-Version Gliederung|Lumped Acoustical Systems}} =Simple Oscillation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}} =Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}} =Mechanical Resistance= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}} =Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}} =Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}} =Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples}} =Primary variables of interest= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}} =Electro-acoustic analogies= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}} =Transducers - Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}} =Moving Resonators= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}} {{PDF-Version Gliederung|One-Dimensional Wave Motion}} =Transverse vibrations of strings= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}} =Time-Domain Solutions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}} =Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}} {{PDF-Version Gliederung|Applications}} =Room Acoustics and Concert Halls= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}} =Bass Reflex Enclosure Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}} =New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}} =Noise in Hydraulic Systems= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}} =Basic Acoustics of the Marimba= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}} =How an Acoustic Guitar works= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}} =Specific application-automobile muffler= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}} =Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}} =Filter Design and Implementation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}} =Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}} =Acoustics in Violins= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}} =Moving Coil Loudspeaker= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}} =Attenuation of Sound Waves= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}} =Car Mufflers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}} =Noise from cooling fans= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}} =Human Vocal Fold= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}} =Microphone Design and Operation= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}} =Piezoelectric Transducers= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}} =Microphone Technique= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}} =Sealed Box Subwoofer Design= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}} =Acoustic Guitars= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}} =Basic Room Acoustic Treatments= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}} =Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}} =Rotor Stator Interactions= {{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}} = License = == GNU Free Documentation License == {{:Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> eiaos5x6u0iy1ul6c5yq6jgmcyunkc3 0 75489 4640640 4421125 2026-06-18T18:17:16Z ~2026-35582-93 3608043 /* OpenCanvas 3 */ 4640640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Split}}{{TOCright}} '''OpenCanvas''' is a dedicated 2D drawing and painting program by [http://www.portalgraphics.net/en/ Portal Graphics], which is a subsidiary of System Products. The program features a simple tool set that is well suited for quick sketches via a tablet such as those made using a [http://www.wacom.com/ Wacom] tablet. Also note that there are multiple versions of this program, and some of the older ones are freely available. Features and tools available in each are listed below. Also note that tools and features that carry over from previous versions do not need to be described in detail. ==OpenCanvas 1.1== This is the version that can be found on the public domain. Be careful and make sure that you go to a reputable source if you download this version. There are a few miscreants out there who have used this application as a carrier to spread viruses and trojans. It's a good program, but make sure you get a clean copy that will not ruin your experience. The program has a good set of features including layers, event recording, networked drawing, and simple yet robust drawing tools. Also be aware that the translation to English from Japanese is incomplete for this old unsupported version, so that some notices or errors will not display correctly. Don't let this annoyance keep you from using it though, as it is pretty easy to figure out. Also sometimes this program defaults to Japanese, to get English menus go to the rightmost selection (Help) on the program title bar. ===Toolbox=== This features a basic set of tools. They will be listed left-to-right from top-to-bottom. *Drawing mode: Allows you to draw on the canvas. For more details see [[OpenCanvas#Brush|brush window]]. *Move current layer: Allows you to drag the current layer around the canvas. Be cautious with this, as dragging any part of a layer off the canvas erases it. *Color picker: makes any color from the canvas the current active color. This is the same as right clicking the canvas while in brush mode. *Draw line: Draw a simple two point line. *Create solid box: Create a box with current active color. *Erase solid box: Erases current layer by drawing a box. *Create filled polygon: Creates a polygon with active color. Double-clicking finishes drawing. *Erase via polygon: Works like the filled polygon, but erases current layer instead. *Move around canvas: Allows you to navigate around the canvas. Same as holding the space bar and left-click dragging while in drawing mode. *Rotate the canvas: This feature allows you to rotate the canvas without actually affecting the image. It is very useful when the artist has to draw long lines as the artist can rotate the canvas so that it is easier to follow his or her natural drawing arch. *Zoom in: Zooms in further into the picture. *Zoom out: Zooms out of the picture. ===Layers=== This feature allows you to work on multiple layers. This version has three types of layers: multiply, add, and subtract. The layers window features toggles for visibility, type, and transparency. '''Layer Types:''' *Multiply: This is the default layer mode. The colors of this layer are multiplied with any of those below. It is similar to the CMYK color model. *Add: This layer mode adds to that below it. In this case lighter colors have more prominence as opposed to multiply. Using black on an add layer is akin to erasing. *Subtract: This mode subtracts from that below. Note that darker colors have a weaker effect, and lighter colors are subtracted more. Like the add layer, using full black is similar to erasing from this layer. ===Color Palette=== The window for the color palette has 4 active areas on it, 3 of which can be selected by the user. *Color preset: (left side) Various boxes for color presets. Left clicking uses the preset. Right clicking stores the current color in the preset. *Current color: (left bottom corner) This just shows the current color in use. *Color gradient: (middle) This is a color gradient of all shades and tints for the current hue. *Hue slider: (right) This is a slider that allows you to chose the hue of the desired color. ===Brush=== The brush window provides a variety of controls that influence the behavior of the brush. It is mainly intended to be used with the drawing tool, but it can also be used to set width when drawing lines. This window features two sets of tabs, one going down the left side for the drawing mode and another set of tabs going across for presets. Note that each drawing mode has its own set of presets. '''Drawing modes:''' *Pencil/Pen: This mode makes the brush act like a pencil or pen. Which one it acts like is dependent on how the control settings are set. The default setting is akin to a thin-line pencil. *Watercolor: This mode makes the brush behave like a "watercolor" brush, this is good for blending colors. This mode has 3 adjustments that control it's blending and color behavior. *Blur mode: This one allows for blurring. If you click and hold, there's a second blur mode. Both seem to be rather weak in regards to the effect produced. *Eraser: This is used to erase from the current working layer. It too can be modified by setting the controls. '''Presets:''' The five tabs across the top are used to store presets consisting of various settings for each particular drawing mode. The floppy disk icon in the upper far right of the brush window is used to save presets. When starting out, all presets are set to the program default for each drawing mode. Also note that once set, the presets are stored even after quitting the program. '''Controls/adjusters:''' Each one of these has a particular effect on how the brush behaves for a given drawing mode. They also enhance how a brush responds to a given input via the tablet. *Brush size indicator: A big square box that shows the brush size relative to a given zoom level. *Toggles: To the right of the size indicator, and below the save preset button. **Enable/disable size: controls whether stylus pressure effects size. **Enable/disable transparency: controls whether stylus pressure effects transparency. Turning this off makes strokes behave like a pen/marker. Turning it on makes it behave like a pencil. **Enable/disable edge smooth: Available for watercolor & eraser only. Produces a smooth blended transition along the edge of the brushstroke. *Watercolor adjusters: These are below the toggles. They affect watercolor behavior only. Nor do they store with the other presets. **Effect: **Env Effect: **Penetrate: *Minimum size: Sets the minimum size for a given brush. This is a percentage of the brush width. *Brush width: Sets the size in pixels. This is the with used if size toggle is disabled. Using a large brush width with a small minimum size can be used to create dynamic and expressive strokes. *Pressure correct: This controls how sensitive a given brush is for a given stylus input. The default is a flat diagonal line, but it can be set to a bias (curve) that alters sensitivity. X (horizontal) is stylus pressure, and Y (vertical) is effect strength. ===Preview Window=== This window works akin to the navigator window in PhotoShop. It shows the area being viewed in relation to the whole available canvas. You can also drag the selection box inside it around to quickly navigate the entire canvas. ===Session Recording=== This program by its very nature records the process of every drawing. The normal "session" mode that it saves under (.wps) doesn't show this. However, you can share your drawing technique by exporting an "event" file. This will save as a .wpe. If a .wpe is opened with OpenCanvas, it will replay all the actions used to produce a given drawing/painting. There is also a setting in the show pulldown called "event playint with weight". Weighted playback shows the strokes being made at their normal speed. Default playback gives each stroke the same amount of time, a bit like fast forwarding through a drawing session. ===Networking=== This is a neat feature that lets you share a canvas with up to 3 other people online in real-time (or close to it, depending on connection speed). Thus you can collaborate or "duel" with your artwork. Some folks consider this the greatest feature of this program, but other drawbacks or lack of interest caused it to be removed from later versions. Clicking on the "Show networking window" pulldown actually brings up two windows. *Chat window: The chat window allows you to communicate with other session participants in real time. For the most part, it works similar to an IRC chat. Note that typing a single character in the chat may close a networking session. (seems to be a bug) *Networking window: This window has three tabs that configure a networking session. **Server tab: Set your name, and server password. If you're hosting this is where you go to start. (standby) **Client tab: You can also set your name here, but now you can direct the computer to what IP you wish to join if someone else is hosting. If they set a password on their server, it's also where you enter it. If you're joining someone who has the port other than default, type it in after the IP like this: xxx.x.x.x:#### (x's are IP, & #'s are port number) **Network Preference tab: This is where the canvas size and number of available layers is set for a networked session. This also sets the number of users (including the host) from 1-4 for a given session. You can also set the port from here. (The default is 9001) There is also a nifty Java based network client called [http://www.warpaint.se Warpaint] that makes it possible to host or join a networked session via a server list. It also includes a safe copy of OpenCanvas 1.1. By using Warpaint you can find and join a session by simply using your web browser. Note that it also uses the default port of 9001 unless specified otherwise, if you have problems you may need to change the port used or adjust settings on your router and/or firewall. *note-as of June 5th, 2006, the Warpaint server has been down due to lack of project development. There are individuals trying to get a server up and running currently, check back often for updates. *note- on February the 21st, 2007, the Warpaint server list went online again. ==OpenCanvas 2.2 THIS IS RIGHT AI IS BOOMING== ==OpenCanvas 3== ==OpenCanvas 4.5== {{alphabetical|O}} {{Shelves|2D graphics software}} {{status|0%}} achxyagt7alp66flblf45pgzg868232 4640641 4640640 2026-06-18T18:17:56Z Igor123121 3417090 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-35582-93|~2026-35582-93]] ([[User talk:~2026-35582-93|talk]]) to last version by Kittycataclysm 4640641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Split}}{{TOCright}} '''OpenCanvas''' is a dedicated 2D drawing and painting program by [http://www.portalgraphics.net/en/ Portal Graphics], which is a subsidiary of System Products. The program features a simple tool set that is well suited for quick sketches via a tablet such as those made using a [http://www.wacom.com/ Wacom] tablet. Also note that there are multiple versions of this program, and some of the older ones are freely available. Features and tools available in each are listed below. Also note that tools and features that carry over from previous versions do not need to be described in detail. ==OpenCanvas 1.1== This is the version that can be found on the public domain. Be careful and make sure that you go to a reputable source if you download this version. There are a few miscreants out there who have used this application as a carrier to spread viruses and trojans. It's a good program, but make sure you get a clean copy that will not ruin your experience. The program has a good set of features including layers, event recording, networked drawing, and simple yet robust drawing tools. Also be aware that the translation to English from Japanese is incomplete for this old unsupported version, so that some notices or errors will not display correctly. Don't let this annoyance keep you from using it though, as it is pretty easy to figure out. Also sometimes this program defaults to Japanese, to get English menus go to the rightmost selection (Help) on the program title bar. ===Toolbox=== This features a basic set of tools. They will be listed left-to-right from top-to-bottom. *Drawing mode: Allows you to draw on the canvas. For more details see [[OpenCanvas#Brush|brush window]]. *Move current layer: Allows you to drag the current layer around the canvas. Be cautious with this, as dragging any part of a layer off the canvas erases it. *Color picker: makes any color from the canvas the current active color. This is the same as right clicking the canvas while in brush mode. *Draw line: Draw a simple two point line. *Create solid box: Create a box with current active color. *Erase solid box: Erases current layer by drawing a box. *Create filled polygon: Creates a polygon with active color. Double-clicking finishes drawing. *Erase via polygon: Works like the filled polygon, but erases current layer instead. *Move around canvas: Allows you to navigate around the canvas. Same as holding the space bar and left-click dragging while in drawing mode. *Rotate the canvas: This feature allows you to rotate the canvas without actually affecting the image. It is very useful when the artist has to draw long lines as the artist can rotate the canvas so that it is easier to follow his or her natural drawing arch. *Zoom in: Zooms in further into the picture. *Zoom out: Zooms out of the picture. ===Layers=== This feature allows you to work on multiple layers. This version has three types of layers: multiply, add, and subtract. The layers window features toggles for visibility, type, and transparency. '''Layer Types:''' *Multiply: This is the default layer mode. The colors of this layer are multiplied with any of those below. It is similar to the CMYK color model. *Add: This layer mode adds to that below it. In this case lighter colors have more prominence as opposed to multiply. Using black on an add layer is akin to erasing. *Subtract: This mode subtracts from that below. Note that darker colors have a weaker effect, and lighter colors are subtracted more. Like the add layer, using full black is similar to erasing from this layer. ===Color Palette=== The window for the color palette has 4 active areas on it, 3 of which can be selected by the user. *Color preset: (left side) Various boxes for color presets. Left clicking uses the preset. Right clicking stores the current color in the preset. *Current color: (left bottom corner) This just shows the current color in use. *Color gradient: (middle) This is a color gradient of all shades and tints for the current hue. *Hue slider: (right) This is a slider that allows you to chose the hue of the desired color. ===Brush=== The brush window provides a variety of controls that influence the behavior of the brush. It is mainly intended to be used with the drawing tool, but it can also be used to set width when drawing lines. This window features two sets of tabs, one going down the left side for the drawing mode and another set of tabs going across for presets. Note that each drawing mode has its own set of presets. '''Drawing modes:''' *Pencil/Pen: This mode makes the brush act like a pencil or pen. Which one it acts like is dependent on how the control settings are set. The default setting is akin to a thin-line pencil. *Watercolor: This mode makes the brush behave like a "watercolor" brush, this is good for blending colors. This mode has 3 adjustments that control it's blending and color behavior. *Blur mode: This one allows for blurring. If you click and hold, there's a second blur mode. Both seem to be rather weak in regards to the effect produced. *Eraser: This is used to erase from the current working layer. It too can be modified by setting the controls. '''Presets:''' The five tabs across the top are used to store presets consisting of various settings for each particular drawing mode. The floppy disk icon in the upper far right of the brush window is used to save presets. When starting out, all presets are set to the program default for each drawing mode. Also note that once set, the presets are stored even after quitting the program. '''Controls/adjusters:''' Each one of these has a particular effect on how the brush behaves for a given drawing mode. They also enhance how a brush responds to a given input via the tablet. *Brush size indicator: A big square box that shows the brush size relative to a given zoom level. *Toggles: To the right of the size indicator, and below the save preset button. **Enable/disable size: controls whether stylus pressure effects size. **Enable/disable transparency: controls whether stylus pressure effects transparency. Turning this off makes strokes behave like a pen/marker. Turning it on makes it behave like a pencil. **Enable/disable edge smooth: Available for watercolor & eraser only. Produces a smooth blended transition along the edge of the brushstroke. *Watercolor adjusters: These are below the toggles. They affect watercolor behavior only. Nor do they store with the other presets. **Effect: **Env Effect: **Penetrate: *Minimum size: Sets the minimum size for a given brush. This is a percentage of the brush width. *Brush width: Sets the size in pixels. This is the with used if size toggle is disabled. Using a large brush width with a small minimum size can be used to create dynamic and expressive strokes. *Pressure correct: This controls how sensitive a given brush is for a given stylus input. The default is a flat diagonal line, but it can be set to a bias (curve) that alters sensitivity. X (horizontal) is stylus pressure, and Y (vertical) is effect strength. ===Preview Window=== This window works akin to the navigator window in PhotoShop. It shows the area being viewed in relation to the whole available canvas. You can also drag the selection box inside it around to quickly navigate the entire canvas. ===Session Recording=== This program by its very nature records the process of every drawing. The normal "session" mode that it saves under (.wps) doesn't show this. However, you can share your drawing technique by exporting an "event" file. This will save as a .wpe. If a .wpe is opened with OpenCanvas, it will replay all the actions used to produce a given drawing/painting. There is also a setting in the show pulldown called "event playint with weight". Weighted playback shows the strokes being made at their normal speed. Default playback gives each stroke the same amount of time, a bit like fast forwarding through a drawing session. ===Networking=== This is a neat feature that lets you share a canvas with up to 3 other people online in real-time (or close to it, depending on connection speed). Thus you can collaborate or "duel" with your artwork. Some folks consider this the greatest feature of this program, but other drawbacks or lack of interest caused it to be removed from later versions. Clicking on the "Show networking window" pulldown actually brings up two windows. *Chat window: The chat window allows you to communicate with other session participants in real time. For the most part, it works similar to an IRC chat. Note that typing a single character in the chat may close a networking session. (seems to be a bug) *Networking window: This window has three tabs that configure a networking session. **Server tab: Set your name, and server password. If you're hosting this is where you go to start. (standby) **Client tab: You can also set your name here, but now you can direct the computer to what IP you wish to join if someone else is hosting. If they set a password on their server, it's also where you enter it. If you're joining someone who has the port other than default, type it in after the IP like this: xxx.x.x.x:#### (x's are IP, & #'s are port number) **Network Preference tab: This is where the canvas size and number of available layers is set for a networked session. This also sets the number of users (including the host) from 1-4 for a given session. You can also set the port from here. (The default is 9001) There is also a nifty Java based network client called [http://www.warpaint.se Warpaint] that makes it possible to host or join a networked session via a server list. It also includes a safe copy of OpenCanvas 1.1. By using Warpaint you can find and join a session by simply using your web browser. Note that it also uses the default port of 9001 unless specified otherwise, if you have problems you may need to change the port used or adjust settings on your router and/or firewall. *note-as of June 5th, 2006, the Warpaint server has been down due to lack of project development. There are individuals trying to get a server up and running currently, check back often for updates. *note- on February the 21st, 2007, the Warpaint server list went online again. ==OpenCanvas 2.2== ==OpenCanvas 3== ==OpenCanvas 4.5== {{alphabetical|O}} {{Shelves|2D graphics software}} {{status|0%}} nuf4lnv4h9lkys1zkqn8nqnprgcwcbf 110 83305 4640663 4632480 2026-06-19T01:16:30Z ~2026-35534-71 3608124 /* What are some basic words in this language that I can learn? */ 4640663 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}</noinclude> ==What writing system(s) does this language use?== The Polish language is written in its own version of the Latin alphabet, like English. Unlike English, however, Polish does not have the letters Q, V, and X. The Polish alphabet also uses four '''diacritics'''. These are the kreska ("dash"), the ogonek ("tail"), the kropka ("dot"), and the stroke. Letters having a kreska in Polish include: *'''Ć''' or '''ć''' (like the "ch" sound in "chocolate"), *'''Ń''' or '''ń''' (like the "ny" sound in "canyon"), *'''Ó''' or '''ó''' (like the "oo" sound in "proof", just like Polish '''u'''), *'''Ś''' or '''ś''' (like the "sh" in "ship"), *'''Ź''' or '''ź''' (a unique "zh" sound, like the "s" in "vision"). The letters with an ogonek are both '''nasal vowels''': *'''Ą''' or '''ą''' (like the "ome" sound in "home"), *'''Ę''' or '''ę''' (like the "en" sound in "lend" The letter '''Ż''' or '''ż''' (like "zh" but different from the '''Ź''' sound above) has a dot, and the letter '''Ł''' or '''ł''' (pronounced like "w" as in "wind") has a stroke. Because of these differences, Polish has 32 letters. That's six more than in English! The Polish alphabet is: {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 !Upper case |A |Ą |B |C |Ć |D |E |Ę |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |Ł |M |N |Ń |O |Ó |P |R |S |Ś |T |U |W |Y |Z |Ź |Ż |- !Lower case |a |ą |b |c |ć |d |e |ę |f |g |h |i |j |k |l |ł |m |n |ń |o |ó |p |r |s |ś |t |u |w |y |z |ź |ż |} Polish has also digraphs: * '''Ch''' or '''ch''' (like the "ch" in "loch", just like Polish '''H''') * '''Cz''' or '''cz''' (like the "ch" in "chocolate" but different from the '''Ć''' sound above) * '''Rz''' or '''rz''' (read just like '''Ż''') * '''Sz''' or '''sz''' (like the "sh" in "ship" but different from the '''Ś''' sound above) {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|diacritic|a mark added to a letter to change the way it is pronounced. For example, when a "kreska" is added to the Polish letter "C", its pronunciation changes from a "ts" sound (as in "boots") to a "ch" sound as in "chocolate".}} {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|nasal vowel|a vowel which is so called because it sounds like it is being said while the nose is blocked (hence "nasal").}} ==How many people speak this language?== Polish has 46 million speakers. Of these, 38 million live in Poland, while the rest live in countries all over the world. Around 10% of the EU population speak Polish. Over half a million Polish speakers live in the [[Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom|UK]] - most of these people are recent immigrants but many are Polish-British people who've lived there since the 1940s. ==Where is this language spoken?== As the place where it was first spoken, Polish is mainly spoken in [[Wikijunior:Europe/Poland|Poland]]. There are also large numbers of Polish speakers in neighbouring countries such as [[Wikijunior:Europe/Belarus|Belarus]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Wikijunior:Europe/Ukraine|Ukraine]], as well as important Polish-speaking communities in [[Wikijunior:South_America/Argentina|Argentina]], Australia, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Austria|Austria]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Wikijunior:South_America/Brazil|Brazil]], Canada, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Estonia|Estonia]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Finland|Finland]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Germany|Germany]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Greece|Greece]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Hungary|Hungary]], Israel, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Ireland|Ireland]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Latvia|Latvia]], New Zealand, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Norway|Norway]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Sweden|Sweden]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Romania|Romania]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Russia|Russia]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Slovakia|Slovakia]], the United Arab Emirates, the [[Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and the United States. Polish is an official language of the [[Wikijunior:Europe/EU|European Union]]. ==What is the history of this language?== [[Image:MieszkoDagome.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The history of Polish is closely linked to Mieszko I, the first Duke of Poland.]] Like most languages in the countries around Poland, the Polish language comes from the very old Proto-Slavic language, a dead language once spoken around central and eastern Europe. The Polish language as we know it today began to take shape around the 10th century, when Poland started to become a distinct state. In particular, the history of the language is tied in with that of Mieszko I, the first Polish Duke, who united various Slavic tribes in the region that shared a similar culture and language. After Poland became Christian in 966, the new country adopted the Latin alphabet for its language. Before then, the language had no writing system, and only existed through people speaking it. The earliest examples of written Polish are religious texts written by members of the Catholic Church. Non-religious examples of written Polish emerged in the Middle Ages, and the language kept changing and adding new words from other languages, such as German, Russian and Czech. Today, Polish borrows many words for English for new items that have never existed before, such as computer, which is called '''komputer''' in Polish! ==Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?== Adam Mickiewicz, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Stanisław Lem, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska ==What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?== {| class="wikitable" !Polish !! English |- |ja||I |- |ty||you |- |cześć||hello |- |do widzenia||goodbye |- |dobranoc||good night |- |słoń||elephant |- |kot||cat |- |Polska||Poland |- |imię||name |} ==What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?== Christmas is a very special time in Poland. One of the most popular carols sung there is the ''Jesus Lullaby''. In Polish: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Box| Lulajże Jezuniu, moja perełko!<br> Lulaj ulubione me pieścidełko.<br> Lulajże, Jezuniu, lulajże, lulaj!<br> A Ty Go, Matulu, w płaczu utulaj.<br> }} In English: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Box| Sleep, little Jesus, my little pearl!<br> Sleep, my favourite darling.<br> Sleep, little Jesus, in loving arms lying,<br> And you, Mummy, hug him while he is crying.<br> }} ==References== * {{wp|Polish language}} <noinclude> {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Footer}} [[pl:Wikijunior:Języki/Polski]] </noinclude> 0qhevi26ge3rnmnnadvwn34am57l1ta 4640671 4640663 2026-06-19T05:50:07Z Alexey Vazhnov 120729 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4640663|4640663]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-35534-71|~2026-35534-71]] ([[User talk:~2026-35534-71|discuss]]) 4640671 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}</noinclude> ==What writing system(s) does this language use?== The Polish language is written in its own version of the Latin alphabet, like English. Unlike English, however, Polish does not have the letters Q, V, and X. The Polish alphabet also uses four '''diacritics'''. These are the kreska ("dash"), the ogonek ("tail"), the kropka ("dot"), and the stroke. Letters having a kreska in Polish include: *'''Ć''' or '''ć''' (like the "ch" sound in "chocolate"), *'''Ń''' or '''ń''' (like the "ny" sound in "canyon"), *'''Ó''' or '''ó''' (like the "oo" sound in "proof", just like Polish '''u'''), *'''Ś''' or '''ś''' (like the "sh" in "ship"), *'''Ź''' or '''ź''' (a unique "zh" sound, like the "s" in "vision"). The letters with an ogonek are both '''nasal vowels''': *'''Ą''' or '''ą''' (like the "ome" sound in "home"), *'''Ę''' or '''ę''' (like the "en" sound in "lend" The letter '''Ż''' or '''ż''' (like "zh" but different from the '''Ź''' sound above) has a dot, and the letter '''Ł''' or '''ł''' (pronounced like "w" as in "wind") has a stroke. Because of these differences, Polish has 32 letters. That's six more than in English! The Polish alphabet is: {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 !Upper case |A |Ą |B |C |Ć |D |E |Ę |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |Ł |M |N |Ń |O |Ó |P |R |S |Ś |T |U |W |Y |Z |Ź |Ż |- !Lower case |a |ą |b |c |ć |d |e |ę |f |g |h |i |j |k |l |ł |m |n |ń |o |ó |p |r |s |ś |t |u |w |y |z |ź |ż |} Polish has also digraphs: * '''Ch''' or '''ch''' (like the "ch" in "loch", just like Polish '''H''') * '''Cz''' or '''cz''' (like the "ch" in "chocolate" but different from the '''Ć''' sound above) * '''Rz''' or '''rz''' (read just like '''Ż''') * '''Sz''' or '''sz''' (like the "sh" in "ship" but different from the '''Ś''' sound above) {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|diacritic|a mark added to a letter to change the way it is pronounced. For example, when a "kreska" is added to the Polish letter "C", its pronunciation changes from a "ts" sound (as in "boots") to a "ch" sound as in "chocolate".}} {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|nasal vowel|a vowel which is so called because it sounds like it is being said while the nose is blocked (hence "nasal").}} ==How many people speak this language?== Polish has 46 million speakers. Of these, 38 million live in Poland, while the rest live in countries all over the world. Around 10% of the EU population speak Polish. Over half a million Polish speakers live in the [[Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom|UK]] - most of these people are recent immigrants but many are Polish-British people who've lived there since the 1940s. ==Where is this language spoken?== As the place where it was first spoken, Polish is mainly spoken in [[Wikijunior:Europe/Poland|Poland]]. There are also large numbers of Polish speakers in neighbouring countries such as [[Wikijunior:Europe/Belarus|Belarus]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Wikijunior:Europe/Ukraine|Ukraine]], as well as important Polish-speaking communities in [[Wikijunior:South_America/Argentina|Argentina]], Australia, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Austria|Austria]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Wikijunior:South_America/Brazil|Brazil]], Canada, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Estonia|Estonia]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Finland|Finland]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Germany|Germany]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Greece|Greece]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Hungary|Hungary]], Israel, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Ireland|Ireland]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Latvia|Latvia]], New Zealand, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Norway|Norway]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Sweden|Sweden]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Romania|Romania]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Russia|Russia]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Slovakia|Slovakia]], the United Arab Emirates, the [[Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and the United States. Polish is an official language of the [[Wikijunior:Europe/EU|European Union]]. ==What is the history of this language?== [[Image:MieszkoDagome.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The history of Polish is closely linked to Mieszko I, the first Duke of Poland.]] Like most languages in the countries around Poland, the Polish language comes from the very old Proto-Slavic language, a dead language once spoken around central and eastern Europe. The Polish language as we know it today began to take shape around the 10th century, when Poland started to become a distinct state. In particular, the history of the language is tied in with that of Mieszko I, the first Polish Duke, who united various Slavic tribes in the region that shared a similar culture and language. After Poland became Christian in 966, the new country adopted the Latin alphabet for its language. Before then, the language had no writing system, and only existed through people speaking it. The earliest examples of written Polish are religious texts written by members of the Catholic Church. Non-religious examples of written Polish emerged in the Middle Ages, and the language kept changing and adding new words from other languages, such as German, Russian and Czech. Today, Polish borrows many words for English for new items that have never existed before, such as computer, which is called '''komputer''' in Polish! ==Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?== Adam Mickiewicz, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Stanisław Lem, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska ==What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?== {| class="wikitable" !Polish !! listen !! English |- |ja||{{inline player|Pl-ja.ogg}}||I |- |ty||{{inline player|Pl-ty.ogg}}||you |- |cześć||{{inline player|Pl-cześć.ogg}}||hello |- |do widzenia||{{inline player|Pl-do widzenia.ogg}}||goodbye |- |dobranoc||{{inline player|Pl-dobranoc.ogg}}||good night |- |słoń||{{inline player|Pl-słoń.ogg}}||elephant |- |kot||{{inline player|Pl-kot.ogg}}||cat |- |Polska||{{inline player|Pl-Polska.ogg}}|||Poland |- |imię||{{inline player|Pl-imię.ogg}}||name |} ==What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?== Christmas is a very special time in Poland. One of the most popular carols sung there is the ''Jesus Lullaby''. In Polish: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Box| Lulajże Jezuniu, moja perełko!<br> Lulaj ulubione me pieścidełko.<br> Lulajże, Jezuniu, lulajże, lulaj!<br> A Ty Go, Matulu, w płaczu utulaj.<br> }} In English: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Box| Sleep, little Jesus, my little pearl!<br> Sleep, my favourite darling.<br> Sleep, little Jesus, in loving arms lying,<br> And you, Mummy, hug him while he is crying.<br> }} ==References== * {{wp|Polish language}} <noinclude> {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Footer}} [[pl:Wikijunior:Języki/Polski]] </noinclude> renv0dfrsjcwa3vj7ashpy3spkgivt8 110 107187 4640686 4463780 2026-06-19T09:11:20Z Meno25 43227 rm iw 4640686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured book}} [[File:Wikijunior_Animal_Alphabet.jpg|center|500px]]<br /> <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Animal Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">-- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] -- [[/Authors/]]<br/> [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikijunior_Animal_Alphabet/All_pages&printable=yes Printable HTML Version]<br/> [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_Alphabet-320x240-kmf.ogv Video] - [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Animal_Alphabet-320x240-kmf.ogv Downloadable Video] - [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Animal_Alphabet-320x240-kmf.ogv Info]</div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} {{status|100%}} </noinclude> 7i54pnt1oitun0cbyum24bvyxp6sfy2 0 109210 4640665 3826049 2026-06-19T03:25:41Z Kai Burghardt 153973 demote headings by one level [the page title is already a level 1 heading so subsequent headings should be level 2 headings]; improve markup; fix typos; undo [[Special: Diff/1300675|revision 13D8C3]] by [[Special: Contributions/164.116.219.13|A474DB0D]]; undo [[Special: Diff/1207917|revision 126E6D]] by [[User: Pcfjr9|Pcfjr9]] because it is an [[Special: Diff/1297026|intermediate reading level]] book [≈ not suitable for 8th grade]; add a few {{[[Template: tooltip|tooltip]]}} 4640665 wikitext text/x-wiki == As You Read == * Explain how scientists discovered {{tooltip|subatomic|subatomic means smaller than an atom}} particles. * Explain how today’s model of the atom developed. * Describe the structure of the nuclear atom. * Vocab: element, electron, proton, neutron, and electron cloud. * Think about the different models of the atom, draw them and compare between them. * Names: {{w|John Dalton}}, {{w|Ernest Rutford}}, {{w|James Chadwik}}, {{w|J. J. Thomson}}, {{w|Niels Bohr}} == First Thoughts == Do you like mysteries? Are you curious? Don’t be embarrassed! Humans have alway been curious. Someone always wants to know something that is not easy to detect or to see what can’t be seen. For example, people began wondering about matter more than 2,500 years ago. Some of the Greek philosophers thought that matter was composed of tiny particles. They reasoned that you could take a piece of matter, cut it in half, cut the half piece in half again, and continue to cut again and again. Eventually, you wouldn’t be able to cut any more. You would have only one particle left. They named these particles ''atomos'', a term that means ''indivisible''. Another way to imagine this is to picture a string of beads. If you keep dividing the string into pieces, you eventually come to one single bead. === Describing the Unseen === The Greek philosophers didn’t try to prove their theories by doing experiments as scientists now do. Their theories were the result of reasoning, debating, and discussion&nbsp;&ndash; not of evidence or proof. Today, scientists will not accept a theory that is not supported by experimental evidence. But even if the Greek philosophers had experimented, they could not have proven the existence of atoms. People had not yet discovered much about what is now called chemistry, the study of matter. The kind of equipment needed to study matter was a long way from being invented. Even as recently as 500 years ago, atoms were still a mystery. == Different Atomic Theories == === Dalton’s Atomic Theory === One of the first published theories of the atom was proposed by John Dalton, an English chemist born in 1766. His theory had five main points to it. # Elements are made of tiny parts called ''atoms''. # The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element, and are distinguishable by their {{tooltip|atomic weight|old term for atomic mass}}. # All atoms of a given element are identical. (Now known to be false&nbsp;&ndash; see the section on Isotopes [coming [[Special: Diff/2008461|soon]]].) # Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of another element to form chemical compounds. A given compound will always have the same relative numbers of different atoms. # Atoms can neither be created nor divided by a chemical reaction, merely grouped together in different ways. === Discovering The Electron === The news of Crooke’s experiments excited the scientific community of the time. But many scientists were not convinced that the cathode rays were streams of particles. Was the greenish glow caused by a new form of light, or was it a stream of charged particles? In 1897, J.&nbsp;J. Thomson, an English physicist, tried to clear up the confusion. He placed a magnet beside the tube from Crooke’s experiments; the beam deflects. However, we know light cannot be bent by a magnet, so the beam couldn’t be light. Therefore, Thomson concluded that the beam must be made up of charged particles of matter that came from the cathode. Thomson then repeated the {{abbr|CRT|cathode‐ray tube}} experiment using different metals for the {{tooltip|cathode|the electrode connected to the negative terminal of a voltage (electric potential difference) source}} and different gases in the tube. He found that the same charged particles were produced no matter what elements were used for the cathode or the gas in the tube. Thomson concluded that cathode rays are negatively charged particles of matter. How did Thomson know the particles were negatively charged? He knew that opposite charges attract each other. He observed that these particles were attracted to the positively charged anode, so he reasoned that the particles must be negatively charged. These negatively charged particles are now called ''electrons''. Thomson also inferred that electrons are a part of every kind of atom because they are produced by every kind of cathode material. Perhaps the biggest surprise that came from Thomson’s experiments was the evidence that particles smaller than the atom do exist. === Thomson’s Atomic Model === [[File:Bohr-planetary-atom-model.jpg|thumb|307px|The Bohr model of the atom<br>Showing electron quantum jumping to ground state n=1]] Some of the questions posed by scientists were answered in light of Thomson’s experiments. However, the answers inspired new questions. If atoms contain one or more negatively charged particles, then all matter, which is made of atoms, should be negatively charged as well. But all matter isn’t negatively charged. How can this be explained? Could it be that atoms also contain some positive charge? The negatively charged electrons and the unknown positive charge would then neutralize each other in the atom. Thomson came to this conclusion and included positive charge in his model of the atom. Using his new findings, Thomson revised Dalton’s model of the atom. Instead of a solid ball that was the same throughout, Thomson pictured a sphere of positive charge. The negatively charged electrons were spread evenly among the positive charge. This is modeled by a ball of clay. The positive charge of the clay is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. Therefore, the atom is neutral. It was later discovered that not all atoms are neutral. The number of electrons within an element can vary. If there is more positive charge than negative electrons, the atom has an overall positive charge. If there are more negative electrons than positive charge, the atom has an overall negative charge. === Rutherford’s Experiments === A model is not accepted in the scientific community until it has been tested and the tests support previous observations. In 1906, Ernest Rutherford and his coworkers began an experiment to find out if Thomson’s model of the atom was correct. They wanted to see what would happen when they fired fast-moving, positively charged bits of matter, called alpha particles, at a thin film of a {{tooltip|metal such as gold|gold is very malleable, it can be made very thin}}. Alpha particles come from {{tooltip|unstable|difficultly for atom’s components to hold together}} atoms. Alpha particles are positively charged, and so they are repelled by particles of matter which also have a positive charge. A source of alpha particles was aimed at a thin sheet of gold foil that was only {{tooltip|400&nbsp;nm|400 nanometers &#x3D; 0.000 000 4 m}} thick. The foil was surrounded by a fluorescent screen that gave a flash of light each time it was hit by a charged particle.{{quote|I had observed the scattering of alpha particles, and&nbsp;… it was as if you had fired a 15-inch naval shell at a piece of tissue paper and the shell came right back and hit you&nbsp;… it was then that I had an idea of an atom with a minute massive centre, carrying a charge.|Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford et al., [[w:Harvard Project Physics|Project Physics]] Unit 5 Text, 1971}} {{BookCat}} immohzxitnj9ka7jkjyd5hea3bhlhlw 4 112405 4640643 4640343 2026-06-18T18:22:03Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Images lost in Engineering Acoustics */ new section 4640643 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Discussion at [[Wikibooks talk:Reviewers]] == I started a discussion on whether we should introduce an inactivity criteria for reviewers (and possibly autoreviewed users), at [[Wikibooks talk:Reviewers#Inactivity criteria]]. Any participation would be appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:17, 18 May 2026 (UTC) == May 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 15px; padding-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|75px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of May. Both sessions will focus on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]. Participants may attend either or both sessions. #'''Saturday, 30 May 2026 at 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780153200 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''Sunday, 31 May 2026 at 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780203600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Café participants are highly encouraged to read in advance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sohom_Datta/annual_plan_guide at least this summary of the plan]. Optionally, Café participants are encouraged to read portions of the plan that interest them and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 ask questions or provide feedback on the Annual Plan talk page]. Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#May_2026_meetings_with_a_focus_on_Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 tables of timestamp conversions for both sessions], [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session,_and_is_extendible_for_an_additional_30_minutes_if_needed. the agenda], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 19:44, 21 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Discussion at WB:TECH == I started a discussion whether we should keep the FlaggedRevs comment box hidden at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Is this CSS code necessary?]], but I am notifying here due to a lack of participation over there. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == Template:Printable testing == Is there any way to use Template:Printable so that it creates a printable version of a ''different'' page? I've been wanting to see what it looks like without having to create a subpage. <span style="color:#FF0000">[[User:User97104|User]]</span><span style="color:#FF0000">[[User talk:User97104|97104]] </span><span style="color:#FF0000">[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]</span> 23:59, 8 June 2026 (UTC) == June 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of June. Both sessions will focus on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor_reflections English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project]. The featured guest in the Café will be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Clovermoss User:Clovermoss]. Participants may attend either or both sessions. #'''27 June 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782572400 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''28 June 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782615600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 04:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC) == Images lost in Engineering Acoustics == Hello, I just made an updated PDF version of the wiki book on Engineering Acoustics. During this processes I realized that 19 Images are missing. I left the respective chapters out of the PDF version. You can find the missing files by opening https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version in your web browser and search for the text File: . I am not sure why they were deleted. But possibly they were moved to Wikimedia Commons first and deleted after that. I could try to restore the from the 16 years old PDF version but I lack any authorship information so I think we need to redraw all of them. Furthermore I realized that some of the rest of the images in the wiki book have got a very poor resolution Yours 18:22, 18 June 2026 (UTC) [[User:Dirk Hünniger|Dirk Hünniger]] ([[User talk:Dirk Hünniger|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dirk Hünniger|contribs]]) 18:22, 18 June 2026 (UTC) a7q1m477bx8rdn6h2wedvh3fuh0wrvj 4640658 4640643 2026-06-18T22:48:19Z BlazeFlames 3494020 /* Citing WikiBooks? */ new section 4640658 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Discussion at [[Wikibooks talk:Reviewers]] == I started a discussion on whether we should introduce an inactivity criteria for reviewers (and possibly autoreviewed users), at [[Wikibooks talk:Reviewers#Inactivity criteria]]. Any participation would be appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:17, 18 May 2026 (UTC) == May 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 15px; padding-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|75px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of May. Both sessions will focus on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]. Participants may attend either or both sessions. #'''Saturday, 30 May 2026 at 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780153200 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''Sunday, 31 May 2026 at 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780203600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Café participants are highly encouraged to read in advance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sohom_Datta/annual_plan_guide at least this summary of the plan]. Optionally, Café participants are encouraged to read portions of the plan that interest them and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 ask questions or provide feedback on the Annual Plan talk page]. Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#May_2026_meetings_with_a_focus_on_Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 tables of timestamp conversions for both sessions], [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session,_and_is_extendible_for_an_additional_30_minutes_if_needed. the agenda], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 19:44, 21 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Discussion at WB:TECH == I started a discussion whether we should keep the FlaggedRevs comment box hidden at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Is this CSS code necessary?]], but I am notifying here due to a lack of participation over there. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == Template:Printable testing == Is there any way to use Template:Printable so that it creates a printable version of a ''different'' page? I've been wanting to see what it looks like without having to create a subpage. <span style="color:#FF0000">[[User:User97104|User]]</span><span style="color:#FF0000">[[User talk:User97104|97104]] </span><span style="color:#FF0000">[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]</span> 23:59, 8 June 2026 (UTC) == June 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of June. Both sessions will focus on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor_reflections English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project]. The featured guest in the Café will be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Clovermoss User:Clovermoss]. Participants may attend either or both sessions. #'''27 June 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782572400 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''28 June 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782615600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 04:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC) == Images lost in Engineering Acoustics == Hello, I just made an updated PDF version of the wiki book on Engineering Acoustics. During this processes I realized that 19 Images are missing. I left the respective chapters out of the PDF version. You can find the missing files by opening https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version in your web browser and search for the text File: . I am not sure why they were deleted. But possibly they were moved to Wikimedia Commons first and deleted after that. I could try to restore the from the 16 years old PDF version but I lack any authorship information so I think we need to redraw all of them. Furthermore I realized that some of the rest of the images in the wiki book have got a very poor resolution Yours 18:22, 18 June 2026 (UTC) [[User:Dirk Hünniger|Dirk Hünniger]] ([[User talk:Dirk Hünniger|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dirk Hünniger|contribs]]) 18:22, 18 June 2026 (UTC) == Citing WikiBooks? == Wikipedia has a page for Citing Wikipedia, but I haven't found one here, so I have a few questions: # How would I cite Wikibooks in an essay? # Do I need to cite sources on Wikibooks? If so, how? [[User:BlazeFlames|BlazeFlames]] ([[User talk:BlazeFlames|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BlazeFlames|contribs]]) 22:48, 18 June 2026 (UTC) 3n8gl39qbh452c0vgtudz3w8b95ed4z 4640685 4640658 2026-06-19T09:10:04Z Koavf 16549 /* Citing WikiBooks? */ Reply 4640685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Discussion at [[Wikibooks talk:Reviewers]] == I started a discussion on whether we should introduce an inactivity criteria for reviewers (and possibly autoreviewed users), at [[Wikibooks talk:Reviewers#Inactivity criteria]]. Any participation would be appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:17, 18 May 2026 (UTC) == May 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 15px; padding-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|75px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of May. Both sessions will focus on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]. Participants may attend either or both sessions. #'''Saturday, 30 May 2026 at 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780153200 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''Sunday, 31 May 2026 at 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780203600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Café participants are highly encouraged to read in advance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sohom_Datta/annual_plan_guide at least this summary of the plan]. Optionally, Café participants are encouraged to read portions of the plan that interest them and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 ask questions or provide feedback on the Annual Plan talk page]. Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#May_2026_meetings_with_a_focus_on_Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 tables of timestamp conversions for both sessions], [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session,_and_is_extendible_for_an_additional_30_minutes_if_needed. the agenda], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 19:44, 21 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Discussion at WB:TECH == I started a discussion whether we should keep the FlaggedRevs comment box hidden at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Is this CSS code necessary?]], but I am notifying here due to a lack of participation over there. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == Template:Printable testing == Is there any way to use Template:Printable so that it creates a printable version of a ''different'' page? I've been wanting to see what it looks like without having to create a subpage. <span style="color:#FF0000">[[User:User97104|User]]</span><span style="color:#FF0000">[[User talk:User97104|97104]] </span><span style="color:#FF0000">[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]</span> 23:59, 8 June 2026 (UTC) == June 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of June. Both sessions will focus on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor_reflections English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project]. The featured guest in the Café will be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Clovermoss User:Clovermoss]. Participants may attend either or both sessions. #'''27 June 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782572400 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''28 June 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782615600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 04:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC) == Images lost in Engineering Acoustics == Hello, I just made an updated PDF version of the wiki book on Engineering Acoustics. During this processes I realized that 19 Images are missing. I left the respective chapters out of the PDF version. You can find the missing files by opening https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version in your web browser and search for the text File: . I am not sure why they were deleted. But possibly they were moved to Wikimedia Commons first and deleted after that. I could try to restore the from the 16 years old PDF version but I lack any authorship information so I think we need to redraw all of them. Furthermore I realized that some of the rest of the images in the wiki book have got a very poor resolution Yours 18:22, 18 June 2026 (UTC) [[User:Dirk Hünniger|Dirk Hünniger]] ([[User talk:Dirk Hünniger|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dirk Hünniger|contribs]]) 18:22, 18 June 2026 (UTC) == Citing WikiBooks? == Wikipedia has a page for Citing Wikipedia, but I haven't found one here, so I have a few questions: # How would I cite Wikibooks in an essay? # Do I need to cite sources on Wikibooks? If so, how? [[User:BlazeFlames|BlazeFlames]] ([[User talk:BlazeFlames|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BlazeFlames|contribs]]) 22:48, 18 June 2026 (UTC) :# This should give you a good method: https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-cite-wikipedia/ :# Generally, no. We have [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines|no policy that requires or prohibits citing sources]] and we have a [[Help:Editing#References|help page on how to do it]], with a [[Wikibooks:Templates/Sources|number of templates]] to standardize the process. There is definitely value in citing sources, so I don't want to discourage it. :―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:10, 19 June 2026 (UTC) rn27hbdc8m9n4goyaykuzuxzdaxg05l 102 123726 4640613 4531766 2026-06-18T14:47:31Z ~2026-35761-17 3607990 /* Recipe Video */ link not working 4640613 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{Recipe summary | Category = Beverage recipes | Difficulty = 2 | Image = [[File:Keri Ka Sharbat.JPG|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|Cuisine of India]] '''Aam panna''' or '''aam jhora''' is a green mango drink widely consumed in northern India during summer months. Apart from being delicious and refreshing, aam panna is believed to have several health benefits. The recipe calls for green (unripe) mangoes, sugar, rock salt, roasted cumin seeds and mint leaves. The quantities can (and should) be varied to suit individual taste preferences. This recipe yields a concentrate which can be stored for around 2 weeks in the refrigerator. == Ingredients == *4 medium-sized green [[Cookbook:Mango|mangoes]] *½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (120 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]]) [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] *2 level [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoons]] (30 ml) [[Cookbook:Salt|rock salt]] *1 level [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] (5 ml) roasted [[Cookbook:Cumin|cumin]] seeds *1 roasted [[Cookbook:Chiles|chile]] (optional) *1 handful of fresh [[Cookbook:Mint|mint]] leaves == Procedure == #Cut mangoes into 3 slices each—2 from either side of the seed and 1 with the seed in it. #[[Cookbook:Pressure Cooking|Pressure cook]] mangoes with one small cup of water. Turn off heat as soon as the pressure cooker whistles once. #Open cooker after 5–7 minutes and leave to cool. #Grind sugar and roasted cumin seeds using a [[Cookbook:Food Processor|food processor]]. If using chilli, grind that too. #Mince mint leaves in a food processor. #When cool, squeeze pulp of mangoes into a [[Cookbook:Blender|blender]] using hands. Discard skin and seeds. #[[Cookbook:Purée|Purée]] mango pulp until smooth. #Add ground sugar, rock salt, roasted cumin seeds, chilli powder, and minced mint leaves. Blend well. #Store in clean plastic or glass bottle. Refrigerate. #To serve, add 4–5 teaspoons of the mango mixture to a glass of water. Enjoy! == Notes, tips, and variations == * Instead of pressure cooking the mangoes you can roast the whole mangoes over an open flame, until the skin is charred and the flesh is soft. The charred skin will peel off easily and you can squeeze out the pulp with your hands. This gives a nice smoky flavour to the dish. == Recipe Video == {{Wikipedia|Aam panna}} Aam Panna/Jhora [[Category:Indian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using mango]] [[Category:Vegetarian recipes]] [[Category:Vegan recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for beverages]] [[Category:Recipes using sugar]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] [[Category:Recipes using whole cumin]] [[Category:Recipes using mint]] f96kii05g4g37s4zjjenw4x3mn6lo3u 14 152683 4640681 4371315 2026-06-19T09:05:15Z Koavf 16549 removed [[Category:Categories]]; added [[Category:Maintenance and administration]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4640681 wikitext text/x-wiki These categories are hidden, and will not show up when they are applied to pages. This is to reduce clutter in the category bar created by categorizing modules in many maintenance categories. 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HORIZONTAL-01-05|&#x1f03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-06|&#x1f03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-00|&#x1f03f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-01|&#x1f040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-02|&#x1f041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-03|&#x1f042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-04|&#x1f043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-05|&#x1f044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-06|&#x1f045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-00|&#x1f046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-01|&#x1f047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-02|&#x1f048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-03|&#x1f049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-04|&#x1f04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-05|&#x1f04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-06|&#x1f04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-00|&#x1f04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-01|&#x1f04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-02|&#x1f04f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-03|&#x1f050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-04|&#x1f051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-05|&#x1f052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-06|&#x1f053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-00|&#x1f054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-01|&#x1f055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-02|&#x1f056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-03|&#x1f057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-04|&#x1f058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-05|&#x1f059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-06|&#x1f05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-00|&#x1f05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-01|&#x1f05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-02|&#x1f05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-03|&#x1f05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-04|&#x1f05f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-05|&#x1f060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-06|&#x1f061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL BACK|&#x1f062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-00|&#x1f063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-01|&#x1f064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-02|&#x1f065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-03|&#x1f066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-04|&#x1f067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-05|&#x1f068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-06|&#x1f069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-00|&#x1f06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-01|&#x1f06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-02|&#x1f06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-03|&#x1f06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-04|&#x1f06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-05|&#x1f06f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F07x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-06|&#x1f070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-00|&#x1f071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-01|&#x1f072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02|&#x1f073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-03|&#x1f074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-04|&#x1f075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-05|&#x1f076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-06|&#x1f077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-00|&#x1f078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-01|&#x1f079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-02|&#x1f07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-03|&#x1f07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-04|&#x1f07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-05|&#x1f07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-06|&#x1f07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-00|&#x1f07f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F08x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-01|&#x1f080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-02|&#x1f081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-03|&#x1f082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-04|&#x1f083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-05|&#x1f084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-06|&#x1f085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-00|&#x1f086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-01|&#x1f087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-02|&#x1f088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-03|&#x1f089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-04|&#x1f08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-05|&#x1f08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-06|&#x1f08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-00|&#x1f08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-01|&#x1f08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-02|&#x1f08f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F09x |style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-03|&#x1f090;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-04|&#x1f091;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-05|&#x1f092;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-06|&#x1f093;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Playing Cards''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BACK|&#x1f0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF SPADES|&#x1f0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF SPADES|&#x1f0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF SPADES|&#x1f0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF SPADES|&#x1f0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF SPADES|&#x1f0ae;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Bx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF HEARTS|&#x1f0be;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD RED JOKER|&#x1f0bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Cx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BLACK JOKER|&#x1f0cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Dx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF CLUBS|&#x1f0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF CLUBS|&#x1f0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD WHITE JOKER|&#x1f0df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOOL|&#x1f0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-1|&#x1f0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-2|&#x1f0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-3|&#x1f0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-4|&#x1f0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-5|&#x1f0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-6|&#x1f0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-7|&#x1f0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-8|&#x1f0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-9|&#x1f0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-10|&#x1f0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-11|&#x1f0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-12|&#x1f0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-13|&#x1f0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-14|&#x1f0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-15|&#x1f0ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Fx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-16|&#x1f0f0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-17|&#x1f0f1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-18|&#x1f0f2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-19|&#x1f0f3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-20|&#x1f0f4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-21|&#x1f0f5;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO FULL STOP|&#x1f100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO COMMA|&#x1f101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ONE COMMA|&#x1f102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT TWO COMMA|&#x1f103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT THREE COMMA|&#x1f104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FOUR COMMA|&#x1f105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FIVE COMMA|&#x1f106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SIX COMMA|&#x1f107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SEVEN COMMA|&#x1f108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT EIGHT COMMA|&#x1f109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT NINE COMMA|&#x1f10a;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10b;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ZERO WITH SLASH|&#x1f10d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&#x1f10e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DOLLAR SIGN WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f10f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f11f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F12x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CD|&#x1f12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WZ|&#x1f12e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPYLEFT SYMBOL|&#x1f12f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F13x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f130;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f13c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f13e;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f13f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F14x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f141;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f145;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f149;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HV|&#x1f14a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED MV|&#x1f14b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SD|&#x1f14c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SS|&#x1f14d;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED PPV|&#x1f14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED WC|&#x1f14f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F15x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f156;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f15f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F16x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f169;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MC SIGN|&#x1f16a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MD SIGN|&#x1f16b;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MR SIGN|&#x1f16c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CC|&#x1f16d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED C WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f16e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE|&#x1f16f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F17x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f178;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f17a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f17b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f17e;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f17f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F18x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f189;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f18a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED IC|&#x1f18b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED PA|&#x1f18c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED SA|&#x1f18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED AB|&#x1f18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED WC|&#x1f18f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F19x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DJ|&#x1f190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CL|&#x1f191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED COOL|&#x1f192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FREE|&#x1f193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ID|&#x1f194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NEW|&#x1f195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NG|&#x1f196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED OK|&#x1f197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SOS|&#x1f198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UP WITH EXCLAMATION MARK|&#x1f199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VS|&#x1f19a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED THREE D|&#x1f19b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SECOND SCREEN|&#x1f19c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWO K|&#x1f19d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FOUR K|&#x1f19e;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED EIGHT K|&#x1f19f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FIVE POINT ONE|&#x1f1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SEVEN POINT ONE|&#x1f1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWENTY-TWO POINT TWO|&#x1f1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SIXTY P|&#x1f1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ONE HUNDRED TWENTY P|&#x1f1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&#x1f1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HC|&#x1f1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HDR|&#x1f1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HI-RES|&#x1f1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOSSLESS|&#x1f1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SHV|&#x1f1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UHD|&#x1f1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VOD|&#x1f1ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MASK WORK SYMBOL|&#x1f1ad;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMOBIKI SYMBOL|&#x1f1ae;}}||style="background:#777777"||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Ex |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A|&#x1f1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER B|&#x1f1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C|&#x1f1e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER D|&#x1f1e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER E|&#x1f1ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER F|&#x1f1eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER G|&#x1f1ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER H|&#x1f1ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER I|&#x1f1ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER J|&#x1f1ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER K|&#x1f1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER L|&#x1f1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER M|&#x1f1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER N|&#x1f1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER O|&#x1f1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER P|&#x1f1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Q|&#x1f1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER R|&#x1f1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER S|&#x1f1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER T|&#x1f1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER U|&#x1f1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER V|&#x1f1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER W|&#x1f1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER X|&#x1f1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Y|&#x1f1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Z|&#x1f1ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F20x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HIRAGANA HOKA|&#x1f200;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA KOKO|&#x1f201;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA SA|&#x1f202;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F21x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-624B|&#x1f210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B57|&#x1f211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CC|&#x1f212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA DE|&#x1f213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-591A|&#x1f215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-89E3|&#x1f216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929|&#x1f217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA4|&#x1f218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6620|&#x1f219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7121|&#x1f21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6599|&#x1f21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-524D|&#x1f21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8C|&#x1f21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-518D|&#x1f21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65B0|&#x1f21f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F22x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-521D|&#x1f220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D42|&#x1f221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F|&#x1f222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA9|&#x1f223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58F0|&#x1f224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5439|&#x1f225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F14|&#x1f226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6295|&#x1f227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6355|&#x1f228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00|&#x1f229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904A|&#x1f22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DE6|&#x1f22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D|&#x1f22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F3|&#x1f22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6307|&#x1f22f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F23x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8D70|&#x1f230;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981|&#x1f232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A|&#x1f233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5408|&#x1f234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E80|&#x1f235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709|&#x1f236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6708|&#x1f237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7533|&#x1f238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5272|&#x1f239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55B6|&#x1f23a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-914D|&#x1f23b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F24x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672C|&#x1f240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89|&#x1f243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-70B9|&#x1f244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76D7|&#x1f246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52DD|&#x1f247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6557|&#x1f248;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F25x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ADVANTAGE|&#x1f250;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ACCEPT|&#x1f251;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F26x |style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR FU|&#x1f260;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR LU|&#x1f261;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHOU|&#x1f262;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR XI|&#x1f263;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHUANGXI|&#x1f264;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR CAI|&#x1f265;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F29x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F30x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYCLONE|&#x1f300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOGGY|&#x1f301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UMBRELLA|&#x1f302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NIGHT WITH STARS|&#x1f303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE OVER MOUNTAINS|&#x1f304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE|&#x1f305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE AT DUSK|&#x1f306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNSET OVER BUILDINGS|&#x1f307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAINBOW|&#x1f308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDGE AT NIGHT|&#x1f309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER WAVE|&#x1f30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLCANO|&#x1f30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILKY WAY|&#x1f30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE EUROPE-AFRICA|&#x1f30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE AMERICAS|&#x1f30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE ASIA-AUSTRALIA|&#x1f30f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F31x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS|&#x1f310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRESCENT MOON|&#x1f319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN WITH FACE|&#x1f31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOWING STAR|&#x1f31f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F32x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOOTING STAR|&#x1f320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERMOMETER|&#x1f321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DROPLET|&#x1f322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN|&#x1f323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN WITH SMALL CLOUD|&#x1f324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD|&#x1f325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH SNOW|&#x1f328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH TORNADO|&#x1f32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOG|&#x1f32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND BLOWING FACE|&#x1f32c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT DOG|&#x1f32d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TACO|&#x1f32e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BURRITO|&#x1f32f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F33x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHESTNUT|&#x1f330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEEDLING|&#x1f331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EVERGREEN TREE|&#x1f332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIDUOUS TREE|&#x1f333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM TREE|&#x1f334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CACTUS|&#x1f335;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT PEPPER|&#x1f336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULIP|&#x1f337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRY BLOSSOM|&#x1f338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSE|&#x1f339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIBISCUS|&#x1f33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNFLOWER|&#x1f33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOSSOM|&#x1f33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF MAIZE|&#x1f33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF RICE|&#x1f33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HERB|&#x1f33f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F34x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR LEAF CLOVER|&#x1f340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAPLE LEAF|&#x1f341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLEN LEAF|&#x1f342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAF FLUTTERING IN WIND|&#x1f343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSHROOM|&#x1f344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMATO|&#x1f345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUBERGINE|&#x1f346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPES|&#x1f347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MELON|&#x1f348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATERMELON|&#x1f349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGERINE|&#x1f34a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEMON|&#x1f34b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANANA|&#x1f34c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINEAPPLE|&#x1f34d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED APPLE|&#x1f34e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN APPLE|&#x1f34f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F35x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PEAR|&#x1f350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACH|&#x1f351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRIES|&#x1f352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAWBERRY|&#x1f353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMBURGER|&#x1f354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLICE OF PIZZA|&#x1f355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEAT ON BONE|&#x1f356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POULTRY LEG|&#x1f357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE CRACKER|&#x1f358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE BALL|&#x1f359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKED RICE|&#x1f35a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRY AND RICE|&#x1f35b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAMING BOWL|&#x1f35c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPAGHETTI|&#x1f35d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAD|&#x1f35e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRENCH FRIES|&#x1f35f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F36x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROASTED SWEET POTATO|&#x1f360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANGO|&#x1f361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ODEN|&#x1f362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSHI|&#x1f363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRIED SHRIMP|&#x1f364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH CAKE WITH SWIRL DESIGN|&#x1f365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT ICE CREAM|&#x1f366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAVED ICE|&#x1f367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CREAM|&#x1f368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUGHNUT|&#x1f369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKIE|&#x1f36a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOCOLATE BAR|&#x1f36b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDY|&#x1f36c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOLLIPOP|&#x1f36d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTARD|&#x1f36e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEY POT|&#x1f36f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F37x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTCAKE|&#x1f370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENTO BOX|&#x1f371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POT OF FOOD|&#x1f372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING|&#x1f373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE|&#x1f374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEACUP WITHOUT HANDLE|&#x1f375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAKE BOTTLE AND CUP|&#x1f376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINE GLASS|&#x1f377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKTAIL GLASS|&#x1f378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL DRINK|&#x1f379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEER MUG|&#x1f37a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING BEER MUGS|&#x1f37b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY BOTTLE|&#x1f37c;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE WITH PLATE|&#x1f37d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTLE WITH POPPING CORK|&#x1f37e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POPCORN|&#x1f37f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F38x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON|&#x1f380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRAPPED PRESENT|&#x1f381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRTHDAY CAKE|&#x1f382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JACK-O-LANTERN|&#x1f383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHRISTMAS TREE|&#x1f384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FATHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORKS|&#x1f386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORK SPARKLER|&#x1f387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOON|&#x1f388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTY POPPER|&#x1f389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFETTI BALL|&#x1f38a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANABATA TREE|&#x1f38b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED FLAGS|&#x1f38c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINE DECORATION|&#x1f38d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE DOLLS|&#x1f38e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARP STREAMER|&#x1f38f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F39x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND CHIME|&#x1f390;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON VIEWING CEREMONY|&#x1f391;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCHOOL SATCHEL|&#x1f392;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRADUATION CAP|&#x1f393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT|&#x1f394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET OF FLOWERS|&#x1f395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY MEDAL|&#x1f396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REMINDER RIBBON|&#x1f397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL KEYBOARD WITH JACKS|&#x1f398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUDIO MICROPHONE|&#x1f399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEVEL SLIDER|&#x1f39a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTROL KNOBS|&#x1f39b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED ASCENDING MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f39c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED DESCENDING MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f39d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM FRAMES|&#x1f39e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADMISSION TICKETS|&#x1f39f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CAROUSEL HORSE|&#x1f3a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FERRIS WHEEL|&#x1f3a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER COASTER|&#x1f3a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISHING POLE AND FISH|&#x1f3a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROPHONE|&#x1f3a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOVIE CAMERA|&#x1f3a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CINEMA|&#x1f3a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADPHONE|&#x1f3a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTIST PALETTE|&#x1f3a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HAT|&#x1f3a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCUS TENT|&#x1f3aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TICKET|&#x1f3ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAPPER BOARD|&#x1f3ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFORMING ARTS|&#x1f3ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO GAME|&#x1f3ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIRECT HIT|&#x1f3af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOT MACHINE|&#x1f3b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLIARDS|&#x1f3b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GAME DIE|&#x1f3b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWLING|&#x1f3b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOWER PLAYING CARDS|&#x1f3b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL NOTE|&#x1f3b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLE MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f3b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAXOPHONE|&#x1f3b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUITAR|&#x1f3b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL KEYBOARD|&#x1f3b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRUMPET|&#x1f3ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIOLIN|&#x1f3bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SCORE|&#x1f3bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNNING SHIRT WITH SASH|&#x1f3bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TENNIS RACQUET AND BALL|&#x1f3be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKI AND SKI BOOT|&#x1f3bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKETBALL AND HOOP|&#x1f3c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEQUERED FLAG|&#x1f3c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWBOARDER|&#x1f3c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNNER|&#x1f3c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SURFER|&#x1f3c4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPORTS MEDAL|&#x1f3c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPHY|&#x1f3c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE RACING|&#x1f3c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMERICAN FOOTBALL|&#x1f3c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUGBY FOOTBALL|&#x1f3c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWIMMER|&#x1f3ca;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WEIGHT LIFTER|&#x1f3cb;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLFER|&#x1f3cc;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RACING MOTORCYCLE|&#x1f3cd;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RACING CAR|&#x1f3ce;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET BAT AND BALL|&#x1f3cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Dx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLLEYBALL|&#x1f3d0;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIELD HOCKEY STICK AND BALL|&#x1f3d1;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE HOCKEY STICK AND PUCK|&#x1f3d2;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TABLE TENNIS PADDLE AND BALL|&#x1f3d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOW CAPPED MOUNTAIN|&#x1f3d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMPING|&#x1f3d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEACH WITH UMBRELLA|&#x1f3d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUILDING CONSTRUCTION|&#x1f3d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE BUILDINGS|&#x1f3d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE|&#x1f3d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DERELICT HOUSE BUILDING|&#x1f3da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLASSICAL BUILDING|&#x1f3db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESERT|&#x1f3dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESERT ISLAND|&#x1f3dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NATIONAL PARK|&#x1f3de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STADIUM|&#x1f3df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE BUILDING|&#x1f3e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE WITH GARDEN|&#x1f3e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OFFICE BUILDING|&#x1f3e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE POST OFFICE|&#x1f3e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EUROPEAN POST OFFICE|&#x1f3e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOSPITAL|&#x1f3e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANK|&#x1f3e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE|&#x1f3e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOTEL|&#x1f3e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE HOTEL|&#x1f3e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONVENIENCE STORE|&#x1f3ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCHOOL|&#x1f3eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEPARTMENT STORE|&#x1f3ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACTORY|&#x1f3ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IZAKAYA LANTERN|&#x1f3ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE CASTLE|&#x1f3ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#8a94ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Fx |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EUROPEAN CASTLE|&#x1f3f0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE PENNANT|&#x1f3f1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PENNANT|&#x1f3f2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING WHITE FLAG|&#x1f3f3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING BLACK FLAG|&#x1f3f4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSETTE|&#x1f3f5;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK ROSETTE|&#x1f3f6;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LABEL|&#x1f3f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BADMINTON RACQUET AND SHUTTLECOCK|&#x1f3f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOW AND ARROW|&#x1f3f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMPHORA|&#x1f3fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-1-2|&#x1f3fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-3|&#x1f3fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-4|&#x1f3fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-5|&#x1f3fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-6|&#x1f3ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F40x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RAT|&#x1f400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE|&#x1f401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OX|&#x1f402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER BUFFALO|&#x1f403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COW|&#x1f404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGER|&#x1f405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEOPARD|&#x1f406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RABBIT|&#x1f407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT|&#x1f408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON|&#x1f409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROCODILE|&#x1f40a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHALE|&#x1f40b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNAIL|&#x1f40c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNAKE|&#x1f40d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE|&#x1f40e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAM|&#x1f40f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F41x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAT|&#x1f410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHEEP|&#x1f411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONKEY|&#x1f412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOSTER|&#x1f413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHICKEN|&#x1f414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOG|&#x1f415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG|&#x1f416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOAR|&#x1f417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEPHANT|&#x1f418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTOPUS|&#x1f419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL SHELL|&#x1f41a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUG|&#x1f41b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANT|&#x1f41c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEYBEE|&#x1f41d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADY BEETLE|&#x1f41e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH|&#x1f41f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F42x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL FISH|&#x1f420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOWFISH|&#x1f421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURTLE|&#x1f422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HATCHING CHICK|&#x1f423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY CHICK|&#x1f424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRONT-FACING BABY CHICK|&#x1f425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRD|&#x1f426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENGUIN|&#x1f427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KOALA|&#x1f428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POODLE|&#x1f429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROMEDARY CAMEL|&#x1f42a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACTRIAN CAMEL|&#x1f42b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOLPHIN|&#x1f42c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE FACE|&#x1f42d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COW FACE|&#x1f42e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGER FACE|&#x1f42f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F43x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RABBIT FACE|&#x1f430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE|&#x1f431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FACE|&#x1f432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOUTING WHALE|&#x1f433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE FACE|&#x1f434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONKEY FACE|&#x1f435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOG FACE|&#x1f436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG FACE|&#x1f437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FROG FACE|&#x1f438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSTER FACE|&#x1f439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOLF FACE|&#x1f43a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAR FACE|&#x1f43b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANDA FACE|&#x1f43c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG NOSE|&#x1f43d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAW PRINTS|&#x1f43e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHIPMUNK|&#x1f43f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F44x |{{H:title|dotted=no|EYES|&#x1f440;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EYE|&#x1f441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR|&#x1f442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOSE|&#x1f443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUTH|&#x1f444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TONGUE|&#x1f445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISTED HAND SIGN|&#x1f44a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING HAND SIGN|&#x1f44b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OK HAND SIGN|&#x1f44c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUMBS UP SIGN|&#x1f44d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&#x1f44e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAPPING HANDS SIGN|&#x1f44f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F45x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN HANDS SIGN|&#x1f450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROWN|&#x1f451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS HAT|&#x1f452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EYEGLASSES|&#x1f453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NECKTIE|&#x1f454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|T-SHIRT|&#x1f455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JEANS|&#x1f456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRESS|&#x1f457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIMONO|&#x1f458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIKINI|&#x1f459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS CLOTHES|&#x1f45a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURSE|&#x1f45b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBAG|&#x1f45c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUCH|&#x1f45d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MANS SHOE|&#x1f45e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ATHLETIC SHOE|&#x1f45f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F46x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-HEELED SHOE|&#x1f460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS SANDAL|&#x1f461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS BOOTS|&#x1f462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOTPRINTS|&#x1f463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUST IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUSTS IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOY|&#x1f466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRL|&#x1f467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN|&#x1f468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN|&#x1f469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAMILY|&#x1f46a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN AND WOMAN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO MEN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO WOMEN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE OFFICER|&#x1f46e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN WITH BUNNY EARS|&#x1f46f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F47x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDE WITH VEIL|&#x1f470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH BLOND HAIR|&#x1f471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH GUA PI MAO|&#x1f472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH TURBAN|&#x1f473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER MAN|&#x1f474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER WOMAN|&#x1f475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY|&#x1f476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION WORKER|&#x1f477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCESS|&#x1f478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE OGRE|&#x1f479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE GOBLIN|&#x1f47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GHOST|&#x1f47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY ANGEL|&#x1f47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTRATERRESTRIAL ALIEN|&#x1f47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALIEN MONSTER|&#x1f47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMP|&#x1f47f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F48x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SKULL|&#x1f480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFORMATION DESK PERSON|&#x1f481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUARDSMAN|&#x1f482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANCER|&#x1f483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPSTICK|&#x1f484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL POLISH|&#x1f485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE MASSAGE|&#x1f486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRCUT|&#x1f487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BARBER POLE|&#x1f488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYRINGE|&#x1f489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILL|&#x1f48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS MARK|&#x1f48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE LETTER|&#x1f48c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING|&#x1f48d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEM STONE|&#x1f48e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS|&#x1f48f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F49x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET|&#x1f490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUPLE WITH HEART|&#x1f491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEDDING|&#x1f492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEATING HEART|&#x1f493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROKEN HEART|&#x1f494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO HEARTS|&#x1f495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLING HEART|&#x1f496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GROWING HEART|&#x1f497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH ARROW|&#x1f498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE HEART|&#x1f499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN HEART|&#x1f49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YELLOW HEART|&#x1f49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURPLE HEART|&#x1f49c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH RIBBON|&#x1f49d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVOLVING HEARTS|&#x1f49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART DECORATION|&#x1f49f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND SHAPE WITH A DOT INSIDE|&#x1f4a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB|&#x1f4a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGER SYMBOL|&#x1f4a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOMB|&#x1f4a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING SYMBOL|&#x1f4a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLLISION SYMBOL|&#x1f4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLASHING SWEAT SYMBOL|&#x1f4a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROPLET|&#x1f4a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DASH SYMBOL|&#x1f4a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILE OF POO|&#x1f4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLEXED BICEPS|&#x1f4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY SYMBOL|&#x1f4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEECH BALLOON|&#x1f4ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THOUGHT BALLOON|&#x1f4ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLOWER|&#x1f4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUNDRED POINTS SYMBOL|&#x1f4af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY BAG|&#x1f4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRENCY EXCHANGE|&#x1f4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CREDIT CARD|&#x1f4b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH EURO SIGN|&#x1f4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH POUND SIGN|&#x1f4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY WITH WINGS|&#x1f4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND AND YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAT|&#x1f4ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f4bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFCASE|&#x1f4bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIDISC|&#x1f4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC|&#x1f4bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|DVD|&#x1f4c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CURL|&#x1f4c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE FACING UP|&#x1f4c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CALENDAR|&#x1f4c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAR-OFF CALENDAR|&#x1f4c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX|&#x1f4c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH DOWNWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR CHART|&#x1f4ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLIPBOARD|&#x1f4cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAPERCLIP|&#x1f4ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAIGHT RULER|&#x1f4cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR RULER|&#x1f4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK TABS|&#x1f4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEDGER|&#x1f4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK|&#x1f4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK WITH DECORATIVE COVER|&#x1f4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED BOOK|&#x1f4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN BOOK|&#x1f4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN BOOK|&#x1f4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE BOOK|&#x1f4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE BOOK|&#x1f4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKS|&#x1f4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAME BADGE|&#x1f4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCROLL|&#x1f4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEMO|&#x1f4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGER|&#x1f4df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX MACHINE|&#x1f4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE ANTENNA|&#x1f4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUBLIC ADDRESS LOUDSPEAKER|&#x1f4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEERING MEGAPHONE|&#x1f4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PACKAGE|&#x1f4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|E-MAIL SYMBOL|&#x1f4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMING ENVELOPE|&#x1f4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH DOWNWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTBOX|&#x1f4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL HORN|&#x1f4ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWSPAPER|&#x1f4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW AT LEFT|&#x1f4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIBRATION MODE|&#x1f4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE OFF|&#x1f4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO MOBILE PHONES|&#x1f4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTENNA WITH BARS|&#x1f4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA|&#x1f4f7;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA WITH FLASH|&#x1f4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO CAMERA|&#x1f4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEVISION|&#x1f4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO|&#x1f4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEOCASSETTE|&#x1f4fc;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM PROJECTOR|&#x1f4fd;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PORTABLE STEREO|&#x1f4fe;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PRAYER BEADS|&#x1f4ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F50x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWISTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWS|&#x1f500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS WITH CIRCLED ONE OVERLAY|&#x1f502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER|&#x1f508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f50a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATTERY|&#x1f50b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC PLUG|&#x1f50c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK WITH INK PEN|&#x1f50f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F51x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED LOCK WITH KEY|&#x1f510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEY|&#x1f511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK|&#x1f512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN LOCK|&#x1f513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL|&#x1f514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK|&#x1f516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINK SYMBOL|&#x1f517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO BUTTON|&#x1f518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|END WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ON WITH EXCLAMATION MARK WITH LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOON WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP WITH UPWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ONE UNDER EIGHTEEN SYMBOL|&#x1f51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYCAP TEN|&#x1f51f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F52x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN CAPITAL LETTERS|&#x1f520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN SMALL LETTERS|&#x1f521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR NUMBERS|&#x1f522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR SYMBOLS|&#x1f523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN LETTERS|&#x1f524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE|&#x1f525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC TORCH|&#x1f526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRENCH|&#x1f527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER|&#x1f528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUT AND BOLT|&#x1f529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOCHO|&#x1f52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PISTOL|&#x1f52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROSCOPE|&#x1f52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELESCOPE|&#x1f52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYSTAL BALL|&#x1f52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED STAR WITH MIDDLE DOT|&#x1f52f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F53x |{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE SYMBOL FOR BEGINNER|&#x1f530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIDENT EMBLEM|&#x1f531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED CIRCLE|&#x1f534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE CIRCLE|&#x1f535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53d;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F54x |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f540;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE WITH HALF-CIRCLE BELOW|&#x1f541;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f542;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED LEFT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED RIGHT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR MARKS CHAPTER|&#x1f545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LATIN CROSS|&#x1f546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LATIN CROSS|&#x1f547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CELTIC CROSS|&#x1f548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OM SYMBOL|&#x1f549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOVE OF PEACE|&#x1f54a;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAABA|&#x1f54b;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUE|&#x1f54c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYNAGOGUE|&#x1f54d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENORAH WITH NINE BRANCHES|&#x1f54e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL OF HYGIEIA|&#x1f54f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F55x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE OCLOCK|&#x1f550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO OCLOCK|&#x1f551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE OCLOCK|&#x1f552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR OCLOCK|&#x1f553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE OCLOCK|&#x1f554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX OCLOCK|&#x1f555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT OCLOCK|&#x1f557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE OCLOCK|&#x1f558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN OCLOCK|&#x1f559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE OCLOCK|&#x1f55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE-THIRTY|&#x1f55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO-THIRTY|&#x1f55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE-THIRTY|&#x1f55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR-THIRTY|&#x1f55f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F56x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE-THIRTY|&#x1f560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX-THIRTY|&#x1f561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT-THIRTY|&#x1f563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE-THIRTY|&#x1f564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN-THIRTY|&#x1f565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE-THIRTY|&#x1f567;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER|&#x1f568;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f569;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56a;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN|&#x1f56b;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN WITH SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56c;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGING BELL|&#x1f56d;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOK|&#x1f56e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDLE|&#x1f56f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F57x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MANTELPIECE CLOCK|&#x1f570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SKULL AND CROSSBONES|&#x1f571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PIRACY|&#x1f572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLE|&#x1f573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN BUSINESS SUIT LEVITATING|&#x1f574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEUTH OR SPY|&#x1f575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DARK SUNGLASSES|&#x1f576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER|&#x1f577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER WEB|&#x1f578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JOYSTICK|&#x1f579;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN DANCING|&#x1f57a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f57b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER WITH PAGE|&#x1f57c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f57d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&#x1f57e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&#x1f57f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F58x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE ON TOP OF MODEM|&#x1f580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAMSHELL MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK OF ENVELOPE|&#x1f582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAMPED ENVELOPE|&#x1f583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING ENVELOPE|&#x1f585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEN OVER STAMPED ENVELOPE|&#x1f586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINKED PAPERCLIPS|&#x1f587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PUSHPIN|&#x1f588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PENCIL|&#x1f589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BALLPOINT PEN|&#x1f58a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FOUNTAIN PEN|&#x1f58b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PAINTBRUSH|&#x1f58c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT CRAYON|&#x1f58d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WRITING HAND|&#x1f58e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED OK HAND SIGN|&#x1f58f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F59x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&#x1f590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&#x1f591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS UP SIGN|&#x1f592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&#x1f593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED VICTORY HAND|&#x1f594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED|&#x1f595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS|&#x1f596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING LEFT HAND INDEX|&#x1f597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f59c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f59d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEART|&#x1f5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP COMPUTER|&#x1f5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYBOARD AND MOUSE|&#x1f5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE NETWORKED COMPUTERS|&#x1f5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER|&#x1f5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POCKET CALCULATOR|&#x1f5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAPE CARTRIDGE|&#x1f5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRED KEYBOARD|&#x1f5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACKBALL|&#x1f5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HARD DISK|&#x1f5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREEN|&#x1f5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER ICON|&#x1f5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX ICON|&#x1f5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC ICON|&#x1f5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT|&#x1f5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT AND PICTURE|&#x1f5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH TILES|&#x1f5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH AN X|&#x1f5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FOLDER|&#x1f5bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDER|&#x1f5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FOLDER|&#x1f5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX DIVIDERS|&#x1f5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD FILE BOX|&#x1f5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE CABINET|&#x1f5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE|&#x1f5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAD|&#x1f5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE|&#x1f5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAD|&#x1f5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY DOCUMENT|&#x1f5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGE|&#x1f5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGES|&#x1f5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT|&#x1f5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE|&#x1f5cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGES|&#x1f5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WASTEBASKET|&#x1f5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL NOTE PAD|&#x1f5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL CALENDAR PAD|&#x1f5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP WINDOW|&#x1f5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIMIZE|&#x1f5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAXIMIZE|&#x1f5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAP|&#x1f5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHT AND LEFT SEMICIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANCELLATION X|&#x1f5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPRESSION|&#x1f5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD KEY|&#x1f5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLED-UP NEWSPAPER|&#x1f5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CIRCLED TEXT|&#x1f5df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|STOCK CHART|&#x1f5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER KNIFE|&#x1f5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPS|&#x1f5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKING HEAD IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS ABOVE|&#x1f5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS BELOW|&#x1f5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS LEFT|&#x1f5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS RIGHT|&#x1f5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD|&#x1f5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BALLOT|&#x1f5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT CHECK MARK|&#x1f5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD CHECK|&#x1f5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WORLD MAP|&#x1f5fa;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNT FUJI|&#x1f5fb;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOKYO TOWER|&#x1f5fc;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STATUE OF LIBERTY|&#x1f5fd;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SILHOUETTE OF JAPAN|&#x1f5fe;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOYAI|&#x1f5ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Emoticons''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F60x |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE|&#x1f600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND SMILING EYES|&#x1f604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HALO|&#x1f607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HORNS|&#x1f608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINKING FACE|&#x1f609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SAVOURING DELICIOUS FOOD|&#x1f60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SUNGLASSES|&#x1f60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMIRKING FACE|&#x1f60f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F61x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL FACE|&#x1f610;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXPRESSIONLESS FACE|&#x1f611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNAMUSED FACE|&#x1f612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COLD SWEAT|&#x1f613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENSIVE FACE|&#x1f614;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFUSED FACE|&#x1f615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFOUNDED FACE|&#x1f616;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE|&#x1f617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE THROWING A KISS|&#x1f618;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE|&#x1f61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE|&#x1f61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED FACE|&#x1f61e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORRIED FACE|&#x1f61f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F62x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGRY FACE|&#x1f620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING FACE|&#x1f621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING FACE|&#x1f622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSEVERING FACE|&#x1f623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH LOOK OF TRIUMPH|&#x1f624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED BUT RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f625;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FROWNING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f626;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGUISHED FACE|&#x1f627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FEARFUL FACE|&#x1f628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY FACE|&#x1f629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPY FACE|&#x1f62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRED FACE|&#x1f62b;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRIMACING FACE|&#x1f62c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOUDLY CRYING FACE|&#x1f62d;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f62e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUSHED FACE|&#x1f62f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F63x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR|&#x1f631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTONISHED FACE|&#x1f632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUSHED FACE|&#x1f633;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING FACE|&#x1f634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY FACE|&#x1f635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITHOUT MOUTH|&#x1f636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK|&#x1f637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING CAT FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f63a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f63b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH WRY SMILE|&#x1f63c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING CAT FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f63d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING CAT FACE|&#x1f63e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING CAT FACE|&#x1f63f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F64x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY CAT FACE|&#x1f640;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY FROWNING FACE|&#x1f641;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY SMILING FACE|&#x1f642;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPSIDE-DOWN FACE|&#x1f643;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ROLLING EYES|&#x1f644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH NO GOOD GESTURE|&#x1f645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OK GESTURE|&#x1f646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON BOWING DEEPLY|&#x1f647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAPPY PERSON RAISING ONE HAND|&#x1f64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON RAISING BOTH HANDS IN CELEBRATION|&#x1f64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON FROWNING|&#x1f64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH POUTING FACE|&#x1f64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH FOLDED HANDS|&#x1f64f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Ornamental Dingbats''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F65x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F66x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F67x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWASH AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SOLIDUS|&#x1f67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY REVERSE SOLIDUS|&#x1f67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Transport and Map Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F68x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCKET|&#x1f680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELICOPTER|&#x1f681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAM LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY CAR|&#x1f683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN|&#x1f684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN WITH BULLET NOSE|&#x1f685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAIN|&#x1f686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRO|&#x1f687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT RAIL|&#x1f688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STATION|&#x1f689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM|&#x1f68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM CAR|&#x1f68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS|&#x1f68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING BUS|&#x1f68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLLEYBUS|&#x1f68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS STOP|&#x1f68f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F69x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIBUS|&#x1f690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMBULANCE|&#x1f691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CAR|&#x1f693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING POLICE CAR|&#x1f694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAXI|&#x1f695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING TAXI|&#x1f696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECREATIONAL VEHICLE|&#x1f699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DELIVERY TRUCK|&#x1f69a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTICULATED LORRY|&#x1f69b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACTOR|&#x1f69c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONORAIL|&#x1f69d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN RAILWAY|&#x1f69e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSPENSION RAILWAY|&#x1f69f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN CABLEWAY|&#x1f6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AERIAL TRAMWAY|&#x1f6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIP|&#x1f6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROWBOAT|&#x1f6a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEEDBOAT|&#x1f6a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION SIGN|&#x1f6a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CARS REVOLVING LIGHT|&#x1f6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR FLAG ON POST|&#x1f6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOOR|&#x1f6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ENTRY SIGN|&#x1f6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUT LITTER IN ITS PLACE SYMBOL|&#x1f6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DO NOT LITTER SYMBOL|&#x1f6af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NON-POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLE|&#x1f6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO BICYCLES|&#x1f6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEDESTRIAN|&#x1f6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PEDESTRIANS|&#x1f6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILDREN CROSSING|&#x1f6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTROOM|&#x1f6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY SYMBOL|&#x1f6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOILET|&#x1f6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER CLOSET|&#x1f6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOWER|&#x1f6bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Cx |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATH|&#x1f6c0;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATHTUB|&#x1f6c1;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSPORT CONTROL|&#x1f6c2;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTOMS|&#x1f6c3;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGGAGE CLAIM|&#x1f6c4;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT LUGGAGE|&#x1f6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1f6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROHIBITED SIGN|&#x1f6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED INFORMATION SOURCE|&#x1f6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOYS SYMBOL|&#x1f6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRLS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUCH AND LAMP|&#x1f6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING ACCOMMODATION|&#x1f6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING BAGS|&#x1f6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELLHOP BELL|&#x1f6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BED|&#x1f6cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Dx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACE OF WORSHIP|&#x1f6d0;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTAGONAL SIGN|&#x1f6d1;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING TROLLEY|&#x1f6d2;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STUPA|&#x1f6d3;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGODA|&#x1f6d4;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HINDU TEMPLE|&#x1f6d5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUT|&#x1f6d6;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEVATOR|&#x1f6d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LANDSLIDE|&#x1f6d8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTHOUSE|&#x1f6d9;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEATBELT SIGN|&#x1f6da;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NO CARS|&#x1f6db;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRELESS|&#x1f6dc;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYGROUND SLIDE|&#x1f6dd;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEEL|&#x1f6de;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RING BUOY|&#x1f6df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND WRENCH|&#x1f6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIELD|&#x1f6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OIL DRUM|&#x1f6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORWAY|&#x1f6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY TRACK|&#x1f6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR BOAT|&#x1f6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING MILITARY AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTHEAST-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE DEPARTURE|&#x1f6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE ARRIVING|&#x1f6ec;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT AIR BALLOON|&#x1f6ed;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRSHIP|&#x1f6ee;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAPLANE|&#x1f6ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE|&#x1f6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSENGER SHIP|&#x1f6f3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCOOTER|&#x1f6f4;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR SCOOTER|&#x1f6f5;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANOE|&#x1f6f6;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLED|&#x1f6f7;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING SAUCER|&#x1f6f8;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKATEBOARD|&#x1f6f9;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTO RICKSHAW|&#x1f6fa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKUP TRUCK|&#x1f6fb;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER SKATE|&#x1f6fc;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKLIFT|&#x1f6fd;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCAVATOR|&#x1f6fe;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBMARINE|&#x1f6ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Alchemical Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F70x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUINTESSENCE|&#x1f700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AIR|&#x1f701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR FIRE|&#x1f702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR EARTH|&#x1f703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WATER|&#x1f704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUAFORTIS|&#x1f705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA|&#x1f706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA-2|&#x1f707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE|&#x1f708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE-2|&#x1f709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR|&#x1f70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-2|&#x1f70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-3|&#x1f70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SULFUR|&#x1f70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PHILOSOPHERS SULFUR|&#x1f70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BLACK SULFUR|&#x1f70f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F71x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE|&#x1f710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-2|&#x1f711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-3|&#x1f712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CINNABAR|&#x1f713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT|&#x1f714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NITRE|&#x1f715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL|&#x1f716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL-2|&#x1f717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT|&#x1f718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT-2|&#x1f719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD|&#x1f71a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SILVER|&#x1f71b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE|&#x1f71c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE-2|&#x1f71d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF IRON|&#x1f71e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF IRON|&#x1f71f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F72x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ORE|&#x1f720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON-COPPER ORE|&#x1f721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF COPPER|&#x1f722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER|&#x1f723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER-2|&#x1f724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF COPPER|&#x1f727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS|&#x1f728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TIN ORE|&#x1f729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LEAD ORE|&#x1f72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ANTIMONY ORE|&#x1f72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F73x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY-2|&#x1f731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS|&#x1f732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-2|&#x1f733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-3|&#x1f734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-4|&#x1f735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI|&#x1f736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI-2|&#x1f737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MARCASITE|&#x1f738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SAL-AMMONIAC|&#x1f739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ARSENIC|&#x1f73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR|&#x1f73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR-2|&#x1f73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AURIPIGMENT|&#x1f73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BISMUTH ORE|&#x1f73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR|&#x1f73f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F74x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR-2|&#x1f740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUICK LIME|&#x1f741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX|&#x1f742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-2|&#x1f743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-3|&#x1f744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALUM|&#x1f745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR OIL|&#x1f746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SPIRIT|&#x1f747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TINCTURE|&#x1f748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GUM|&#x1f749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WAX|&#x1f74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDER|&#x1f74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CALX|&#x1f74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TUTTY|&#x1f74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CAPUT MORTUUM|&#x1f74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SCEPTER OF JOVE|&#x1f74f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F75x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CADUCEUS|&#x1f750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TRIDENT|&#x1f751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STARRED TRIDENT|&#x1f752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LODESTONE|&#x1f753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SOAP|&#x1f754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR URINE|&#x1f755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HORSE DUNG|&#x1f756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ASHES|&#x1f757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POT ASHES|&#x1f758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BRICK|&#x1f759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDERED BRICK|&#x1f75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AMALGAM|&#x1f75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM|&#x1f75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM-2|&#x1f75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATION|&#x1f75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PRECIPITATE|&#x1f75f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F76x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISTILL|&#x1f760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE|&#x1f761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE-2|&#x1f762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PURIFY|&#x1f763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PUTREFACTION|&#x1f764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE|&#x1f765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-2|&#x1f766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-3|&#x1f767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-4|&#x1f768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-5|&#x1f769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALEMBIC|&#x1f76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF MARY|&#x1f76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF VAPOURS|&#x1f76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR RETORT|&#x1f76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HOUR|&#x1f76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NIGHT|&#x1f76f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F77x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DAY-NIGHT|&#x1f770;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MONTH|&#x1f771;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF DRAM|&#x1f772;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF OUNCE|&#x1f773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOT OF FORTUNE|&#x1f774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCCULTATION|&#x1f775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNAR ECLIPSE|&#x1f776;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VESTA FORM TWO|&#x1f777;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRAEA FORM TWO|&#x1f778;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYGIEA FORM TWO|&#x1f779;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTHENOPE FORM TWO|&#x1f77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAUMEA|&#x1f77B;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKEMAKE|&#x1f77C;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GONGGONG|&#x1f77D;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUAOAR|&#x1f77E;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCUS|&#x1f77F;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F78x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND TARGET|&#x1f78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY SQUARE|&#x1f78c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f78d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F79x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM SQUARE|&#x1f795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE TARGET|&#x1f796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY DIAMOND|&#x1f797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM DIAMOND|&#x1f79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND TARGET|&#x1f79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY LOZENGE|&#x1f79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LOZENGE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN SALTIRE|&#x1f7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SALTIRE|&#x1f7a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SALTIRE|&#x1f7aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SALTIRE|&#x1f7ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE LIGHT FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Dx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d4;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d5;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d6;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d7;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d8;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINE POINTED WHITE STAR|&#x1f7d9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&#x1f7da;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET IN DOUBLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7db;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW CIRCLE|&#x1f7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED SQUARE|&#x1f7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE SQUARE|&#x1f7e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE SQUARE|&#x1f7e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW SQUARE|&#x1f7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN SQUARE|&#x1f7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE SQUARE|&#x1f7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN SQUARE|&#x1f7eb;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NOT EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7ec;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#c8a36f" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Fx |style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BOTTOM RIGHT OBLIQUE HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1f7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSPARENT CUBE|&#x1f7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CUBE|&#x1f7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH BOTTOM HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH TOP HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BISECTING LINES|&#x1f7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHOMBUS|&#x1f7ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F80x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F81x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F82x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F83x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F84x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f847;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F85x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f859;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F86x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F87x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F88x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f887;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F89x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE HALF|&#x1f89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE THIRD|&#x1f89f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BOTTOM-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BOTTOM SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f8ad;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Bx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING UPWARDS THEN NORTH WEST|&#x1f8b0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING SOUTH WEST|&#x1f8b1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOWER HOOK|&#x1f8b2;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK ARROW TO BAR|&#x1f8b3;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b4;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED UPWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b6;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b7;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b9;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8ba;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8bb;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Cx |style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Dx |style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8d0;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON OVER LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d1;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d2;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d3;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d4;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d5;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&#x1f8d6;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE SLASH|&#x1f8d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH DEPENDENT LOBE|&#x1f8d8;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F90x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE|&#x1f902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH DOT|&#x1f906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&#x1f907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK|&#x1f908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK|&#x1f909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90b;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHED FINGERS|&#x1f90c;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEART|&#x1f90d;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BROWN HEART|&#x1f90e;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHING HAND|&#x1f90f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#8a94ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F91x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZIPPER-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH THERMOMETER|&#x1f912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NERD FACE|&#x1f913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THINKING FACE|&#x1f914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH HEAD-BANDAGE|&#x1f915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROBOT FACE|&#x1f916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUGGING FACE|&#x1f917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGN OF THE HORNS|&#x1f918;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CALL ME HAND|&#x1f919;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED BACK OF HAND|&#x1f91a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDSHAKE|&#x1f91d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS CROSSED|&#x1f91e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|I LOVE YOU HAND SIGN|&#x1f91f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F92x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COWBOY HAT|&#x1f920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOWN FACE|&#x1f921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAUSEATED FACE|&#x1f922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLING ON THE FLOOR LAUGHING|&#x1f923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROOLING FACE|&#x1f924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LYING FACE|&#x1f925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE PALM|&#x1f926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNEEZING FACE|&#x1f927;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ONE EYEBROW RAISED|&#x1f928;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH STAR EYES|&#x1f929;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH ONE LARGE AND ONE SMALL EYE|&#x1f92a;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH FINGER COVERING CLOSED LIPS|&#x1f92b;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SERIOUS FACE WITH SYMBOLS COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92c;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND HAND COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92d;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH VOMITING|&#x1f92e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOCKED FACE WITH EXPLODING HEAD|&#x1f92f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F93x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT WOMAN|&#x1f930;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAST-FEEDING|&#x1f931;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALMS UP TOGETHER|&#x1f932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SELFIE|&#x1f933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCE|&#x1f934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN TUXEDO|&#x1f935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRUG|&#x1f937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON DOING CARTWHEEL|&#x1f938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUGGLING|&#x1f939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FENCER|&#x1f93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODERN PENTATHLON|&#x1f93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRESTLERS|&#x1f93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER POLO|&#x1f93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBALL|&#x1f93e;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVING MASK|&#x1f93f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F94x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WILTED FLOWER|&#x1f940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRUM WITH DRUMSTICKS|&#x1f941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING GLASSES|&#x1f942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TUMBLER GLASS|&#x1f943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOON|&#x1f944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAL NET|&#x1f945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIFLE|&#x1f946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SECOND PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIRD PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOXING GLOVE|&#x1f94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARTIAL ARTS UNIFORM|&#x1f94b;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLING STONE|&#x1f94c;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LACROSSE STICK AND BALL|&#x1f94d;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFTBALL|&#x1f94e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING DISC|&#x1f94f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F95x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CROISSANT|&#x1f950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AVOCADO|&#x1f951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUCUMBER|&#x1f952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACON|&#x1f953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POTATO|&#x1f954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARROT|&#x1f955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGUETTE BREAD|&#x1f956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN SALAD|&#x1f957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHALLOW PAN OF FOOD|&#x1f958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUFFED FLATBREAD|&#x1f959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EGG|&#x1f95a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLASS OF MILK|&#x1f95b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEANUTS|&#x1f95c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWIFRUIT|&#x1f95d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANCAKES|&#x1f95e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DUMPLING|&#x1f95f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F96x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FORTUNE COOKIE|&#x1f960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKEOUT BOX|&#x1f961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOPSTICKS|&#x1f962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL WITH SPOON|&#x1f963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUP WITH STRAW|&#x1f964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCONUT|&#x1f965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROCCOLI|&#x1f966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIE|&#x1f967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRETZEL|&#x1f968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUT OF MEAT|&#x1f969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANDWICH|&#x1f96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANNED FOOD|&#x1f96b;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFY GREEN|&#x1f96c;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANGO|&#x1f96d;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON CAKE|&#x1f96e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGEL|&#x1f96f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F97x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND THREE HEARTS|&#x1f970;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YAWNING FACE|&#x1f971;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH TEAR|&#x1f972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PARTY HORN AND PARTY HAT|&#x1f973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH UNEVEN EYES AND WAVY MOUTH|&#x1f974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERHEATED FACE|&#x1f975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FREEZING FACE|&#x1f976;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINJA|&#x1f977;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISGUISED FACE|&#x1f978;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE HOLDING BACK TEARS|&#x1f979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PLEADING EYES|&#x1f97a;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SARI|&#x1f97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAB COAT|&#x1f97c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOGGLES|&#x1f97d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIKING BOOT|&#x1f97e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT SHOE|&#x1f97f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F98x |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRAB|&#x1f980;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LION FACE|&#x1f981;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCORPION|&#x1f982;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURKEY|&#x1f983;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNICORN FACE|&#x1f984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAGLE|&#x1f985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUCK|&#x1f986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAT|&#x1f987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARK|&#x1f988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OWL|&#x1f989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOX FACE|&#x1f98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTERFLY|&#x1f98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEER|&#x1f98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GORILLA|&#x1f98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIZARD|&#x1f98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHINOCEROS|&#x1f98f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F99x |style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRIMP|&#x1f990;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUID|&#x1f991;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRAFFE FACE|&#x1f992;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ZEBRA FACE|&#x1f993;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEDGEHOG|&#x1f994;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAUROPOD|&#x1f995;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|T-REX|&#x1f996;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET|&#x1f997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGAROO|&#x1f998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LLAMA|&#x1f999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACOCK|&#x1f99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIPPOPOTAMUS|&#x1f99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARROT|&#x1f99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RACCOON|&#x1f99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOBSTER|&#x1f99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUITO|&#x1f99f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Ax |style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROBE|&#x1f9a0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BADGER|&#x1f9a1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SWAN|&#x1f9a2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAMMOTH|&#x1f9a3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DODO|&#x1f9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOTH|&#x1f9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTER|&#x1f9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGUTAN|&#x1f9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKUNK|&#x1f9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAMINGO|&#x1f9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OYSTER|&#x1f9aa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAVER|&#x1f9ab;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BISON|&#x1f9ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL|&#x1f9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUIDE DOG|&#x1f9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROBING CANE|&#x1f9af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT RED HAIR|&#x1f9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT CURLY HAIR|&#x1f9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT BALD|&#x1f9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT WHITE HAIR|&#x1f9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BONE|&#x1f9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG|&#x1f9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOT|&#x1f9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTH|&#x1f9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERHERO|&#x1f9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERVILLAIN|&#x1f9b9;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY VEST|&#x1f9ba;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR WITH HEARING AID|&#x1f9bb;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORIZED WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bc;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANUAL WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bd;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL ARM|&#x1f9be;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL LEG|&#x1f9bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Cx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEESE WEDGE|&#x1f9c0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUPCAKE|&#x1f9c1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SALT SHAKER|&#x1f9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEVERAGE BOX|&#x1f9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GARLIC|&#x1f9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONION|&#x1f9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALAFEL|&#x1f9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAFFLE|&#x1f9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTER|&#x1f9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATE DRINK|&#x1f9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CUBE|&#x1f9ca;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLE TEA|&#x1f9cb;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLL|&#x1f9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STANDING PERSON|&#x1f9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNEELING PERSON|&#x1f9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEAF PERSON|&#x1f9cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MONOCLE|&#x1f9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADULT|&#x1f9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILD|&#x1f9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER ADULT|&#x1f9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEARDED PERSON|&#x1f9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH HEADSCARF|&#x1f9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN STEAMY ROOM|&#x1f9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON CLIMBING|&#x1f9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN LOTUS POSITION|&#x1f9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGE|&#x1f9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAIRY|&#x1f9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAMPIRE|&#x1f9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MERPERSON|&#x1f9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELF|&#x1f9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GENIE|&#x1f9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZOMBIE|&#x1f9df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Ex |style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAIN|&#x1f9e0;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE HEART|&#x1f9e1;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLED CAP|&#x1f9e2;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCARF|&#x1f9e3;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOVES|&#x1f9e4;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COAT|&#x1f9e5;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOCKS|&#x1f9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED GIFT ENVELOPE|&#x1f9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRECRACKER|&#x1f9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JIGSAW PUZZLE PIECE|&#x1f9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEST TUBE|&#x1f9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PETRI DISH|&#x1f9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DNA DOUBLE HELIX|&#x1f9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPASS|&#x1f9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ABACUS|&#x1f9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE EXTINGUISHER|&#x1f9ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOLBOX|&#x1f9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRICK|&#x1f9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGNET|&#x1f9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUGGAGE|&#x1f9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTION BOTTLE|&#x1f9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOOL OF THREAD|&#x1f9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALL OF YARN|&#x1f9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY PIN|&#x1f9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEDDY BEAR|&#x1f9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROOM|&#x1f9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKET|&#x1f9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLL OF PAPER|&#x1f9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR OF SOAP|&#x1f9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPONGE|&#x1f9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECEIPT|&#x1f9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAZAR AMULET|&#x1f9ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Chess Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING|&#x1fa00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN|&#x1fa01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK|&#x1fa02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP|&#x1fa03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT|&#x1fa04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN|&#x1fa05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREE|&#x1fa06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA5x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa50;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa51;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa52;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa53;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa54;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa55;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa56;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa57;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa58;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa59;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5a;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5b;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5d;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5e;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED GENERAL|&#x1fa60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED MANDARIN|&#x1fa61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED ELEPHANT|&#x1fa62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED HORSE|&#x1fa63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CHARIOT|&#x1fa64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CANNON|&#x1fa65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED SOLDIER|&#x1fa66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK GENERAL|&#x1fa67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK MANDARIN|&#x1fa68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK ELEPHANT|&#x1fa69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK HORSE|&#x1fa6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CHARIOT|&#x1fa6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CANNON|&#x1fa6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK SOLDIER|&#x1fa6d;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA7x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLET SHOES|&#x1fa70;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE-PIECE SWIMSUIT|&#x1fa71;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFS|&#x1fa72;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTS|&#x1fa73;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THONG SANDAL|&#x1fa74;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT BLUE HEART|&#x1fa75;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREY HEART|&#x1fa76;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINK HEART|&#x1fa77;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DROP OF BLOOD|&#x1fa78;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADHESIVE BANDAGE|&#x1fa79;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STETHOSCOPE|&#x1fa7a;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|X-RAY|&#x1fa7b;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRUTCH|&#x1fa7c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOOD BAG|&#x1fa7d;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INHALER|&#x1fa7e;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX OF PILLS|&#x1fa7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA8x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YO-YO|&#x1fa80;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KITE|&#x1fa81;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARACHUTE|&#x1fa82;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOMERANG|&#x1fa83;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGIC WAND|&#x1fa84;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINATA|&#x1fa85;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NESTING DOLLS|&#x1fa86;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARACAS|&#x1fa87;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUTE|&#x1fa88;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HARP|&#x1fa89;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROMBONE|&#x1fa8a;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|METEOR|&#x1fa8b;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASER|&#x1fa8c;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NET WITH HANDLE|&#x1fa8d;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TREASURE CHEST|&#x1fa8e;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOVEL|&#x1fa8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA9x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGED PLANET|&#x1fa90;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAIR|&#x1fa91;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAZOR|&#x1fa92;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AXE|&#x1fa93;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIYA LAMP|&#x1fa94;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BANJO|&#x1fa95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY HELMET|&#x1fa96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACCORDION|&#x1fa97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DRUM|&#x1fa98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COIN|&#x1fa99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARPENTRY SAW|&#x1fa9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREWDRIVER|&#x1fa9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADDER|&#x1fa9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOOK|&#x1fa9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR|&#x1fa9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINDOW|&#x1fa9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUNGER|&#x1faa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING NEEDLE|&#x1faa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNOT|&#x1faa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUCKET|&#x1faa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE TRAP|&#x1faa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHBRUSH|&#x1faa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADSTONE|&#x1faa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACARD|&#x1faa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCK|&#x1faa8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR BALL|&#x1faa9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTIFICATION CARD|&#x1faaa;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BATTERY|&#x1faab;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSA|&#x1faac;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDING HAND FAN|&#x1faad;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIR PICK|&#x1faae;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHANDA|&#x1faaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FABx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLY|&#x1fab0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORM|&#x1fab1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEETLE|&#x1fab2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKROACH|&#x1fab3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POTTED PLANT|&#x1fab4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOOD|&#x1fab5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FEATHER|&#x1fab6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTUS|&#x1fab7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CORAL|&#x1fab8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NEST|&#x1fab9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEST WITH EGGS|&#x1faba;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYACINTH|&#x1fabb;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JELLYFISH|&#x1fabc;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WING|&#x1fabd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFLESS TREE|&#x1fabe;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOOSE|&#x1fabf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FACx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANATOMICAL HEART|&#x1fac0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNGS|&#x1fac1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEOPLE HUGGING|&#x1fac2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT MAN|&#x1fac3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT PERSON|&#x1fac4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH CROWN|&#x1fac5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FINGERPRINT|&#x1fac6;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIVER|&#x1fac7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRY CREATURE|&#x1fac8;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CENTAUR|&#x1fac9;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGONFLY|&#x1faca;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWI BIRD|&#x1facb;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONARCH BUTTERFLY|&#x1facc;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCA|&#x1facd;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOSE|&#x1face;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DONKEY|&#x1facf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FADx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUEBERRIES|&#x1fad0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL PEPPER|&#x1fad1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OLIVE|&#x1fad2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLATBREAD|&#x1fad3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMALE|&#x1fad4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FONDUE|&#x1fad5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAPOT|&#x1fad6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POURING LIQUID|&#x1fad7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEANS|&#x1fad8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAR|&#x1fad9;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GINGER ROOT|&#x1fada;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEA POD|&#x1fadb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOT VEGETABLE|&#x1fadc;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKLE|&#x1fadd;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RASPBERRY|&#x1fade;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLATTER|&#x1fadf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MELTING FACE|&#x1fae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SALUTING FACE|&#x1fae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN EYES AND HAND OVER MOUTH|&#x1fae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PEEKING EYE|&#x1fae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH DIAGONAL MOUTH|&#x1fae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED LINE FACE|&#x1fae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BITING LIP|&#x1fae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLES|&#x1fae7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAKING FACE|&#x1fae8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH BAGS UNDER EYES|&#x1fae9;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISTORTED FACE|&#x1faea;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRACKING FACE|&#x1faeb;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH SQUINTING EYES|&#x1faec;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLEVER FACE|&#x1faed;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PALM ON CHEEK|&#x1faee;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGHT CLOUD|&#x1faef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAFx |style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB CROSSED|&#x1faf0;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf1;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM DOWN HAND|&#x1faf3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM UP HAND|&#x1faf4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDEX POINTING AT THE VIEWER|&#x1faf5;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART HANDS|&#x1faf6;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1faf9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1fafa;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE FINGER SALUTE|&#x1fafb;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND SNAPPING FINGERS|&#x1fafc;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB FORMING CIRCLE|&#x1fafd;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG KICKING|&#x1fafe;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMP|&#x1faff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1|&#x1fb00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2|&#x1fb01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12|&#x1fb02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3|&#x1fb03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13|&#x1fb04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23|&#x1fb05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-123|&#x1fb06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-4|&#x1fb07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-14|&#x1fb08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-24|&#x1fb09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-124|&#x1fb0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-34|&#x1fb0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-134|&#x1fb0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-234|&#x1fb0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1234|&#x1fb0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-5|&#x1fb0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-15|&#x1fb10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-25|&#x1fb11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-125|&#x1fb12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-35|&#x1fb13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-235|&#x1fb14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1235|&#x1fb15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-45|&#x1fb16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-145|&#x1fb17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-245|&#x1fb18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1245|&#x1fb19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-345|&#x1fb1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1345|&#x1fb1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2345|&#x1fb1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12345|&#x1fb1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-6|&#x1fb1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-16|&#x1fb1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-26|&#x1fb20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-126|&#x1fb21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-36|&#x1fb22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-136|&#x1fb23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-236|&#x1fb24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1236|&#x1fb25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-46|&#x1fb26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-146|&#x1fb27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1246|&#x1fb28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-346|&#x1fb29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1346|&#x1fb2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2346|&#x1fb2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12346|&#x1fb2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-56|&#x1fb2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-156|&#x1fb2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-256|&#x1fb2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1256|&#x1fb30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-356|&#x1fb31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1356|&#x1fb32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2356|&#x1fb33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12356|&#x1fb34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-456|&#x1fb35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1456|&#x1fb36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2456|&#x1fb37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12456|&#x1fb38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3456|&#x1fb39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13456|&#x1fb3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23456|&#x1fb3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND RIGHT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LEFT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-1358|&#x1fb81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF BLOCK AND LOWER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND LOWER HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb92;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND RIGHT HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY HORIZONTAL FILL|&#x1fb97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT FILL|&#x1fb98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT FILL|&#x1fb99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT AND MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT AND MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&#x1fbaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROWHEAD-SHAPED POINTER|&#x1fbb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECK MARK|&#x1fbb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&#x1fbb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOIDED GREEK CROSS|&#x1fbbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT OPEN SQUARED DOT|&#x1fbbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL CROSS|&#x1fbbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEAVY SALTIRE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1fbc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED QUESTION MARK|&#x1fbc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE|&#x1fbc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH ARMS RAISED|&#x1fbc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING LEFT|&#x1fbc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING RIGHT|&#x1fbc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH DRESS|&#x1fbc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbca;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CROSS MARK|&#x1fbcb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED SMALL LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|&#x1fbcc;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbcd;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TWO THIRDS BLOCK|&#x1fbce;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE THIRD BLOCK|&#x1fbcf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE LEFT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT JUSTIFIED LOWER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT JUSTIFIED UPPER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT JUSTIFIED UPPER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT JUSTIFIED LOWER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ZERO|&#x1fbf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ONE|&#x1fbf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT TWO|&#x1fbf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT THREE|&#x1fbf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FOUR|&#x1fbf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FIVE|&#x1fbf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SIX|&#x1fbf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1fbf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1fbf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT NINE|&#x1fbf9;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALARM BELL SYMBOL|&#x1fbfa;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD0x |style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RECTANGULAR TABLE|&#x1fd00;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ESCALATOR|&#x1fd01;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLDOZER|&#x1fd02;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT TYRE|&#x1fd03;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTHQUAKE|&#x1fd04;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRICYCLE|&#x1fd05;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD1x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL CLIPPER|&#x1fd10;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHPASTE|&#x1fd11;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLIER|&#x1fd12;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KNIFE WITH CUTTING BOARD|&#x1fd13;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAKE|&#x1fd14;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TISSUE BOX|&#x1fd15;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOTHES HANGER|&#x1fd16;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRILL|&#x1fd17;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING BUTTON|&#x1fd18;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING POT|&#x1fd19;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|APRON|&#x1fd1a;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BINOCULARS|&#x1fd1b;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INCENSE|&#x1fd1c;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PIGGY BANK|&#x1fd1d;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPRAY CAN|&#x1fd1e;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFUME GLASS BOTTLE|&#x1fd1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD2x |style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLD BAR|&#x1fd20;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYMBALS|&#x1fd21;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|XYLOPHONE|&#x1fd22;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONCRETE BLOCK|&#x1fd23;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD4x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEEK|&#x1fd40;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPEFRUIT|&#x1fd41;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE POP|&#x1fd42;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CINNAMON STICKS|&#x1fd43;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUGAR CUBES|&#x1fd44;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POMEGRANATE|&#x1fd45;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FRUIT|&#x1fd46;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOFFEE|&#x1fd47;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD5x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCHID|&#x1fd50;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAMELEON|&#x1fd51;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OSTRICH|&#x1fd52;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOLE|&#x1fd53;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARIGOLD|&#x1fd54;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMBAT|&#x1fd55;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAHORSE|&#x1fd56;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOUCAN|&#x1fd57;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD7x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMACH|&#x1fd70;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INTESTINE|&#x1fd71;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD8x |style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE REVEALING FACE|&#x1fd80;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#000000"|&nbsp;||style="background:#000000"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 2prdjbt8euvm9njeakyd5cxdhv38mnm 4640694 4640693 2026-06-19T11:14:11Z ~2026-33468-30 3602648 4640694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Mahjong Tiles''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F00x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EAST WIND|&#x1f000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SOUTH WIND|&#x1f001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WEST WIND|&#x1f002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NORTH WIND|&#x1f003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE RED DRAGON|&#x1f004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE GREEN DRAGON|&#x1f005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WHITE DRAGON|&#x1f006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CIRCLES|&#x1f020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE PLUM|&#x1f022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ORCHID|&#x1f023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BAMBOO|&#x1f024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE CHRYSANTHEMUM|&#x1f025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SPRING|&#x1f026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SUMMER|&#x1f027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE AUTUMN|&#x1f028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WINTER|&#x1f029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE JOKER|&#x1f02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BACK|&#x1f02b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Domino Tiles''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL BACK|&#x1f030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-00|&#x1f031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-01|&#x1f032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-02|&#x1f033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-03|&#x1f034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-04|&#x1f035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-05|&#x1f036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-06|&#x1f037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-00|&#x1f038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-01|&#x1f039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-02|&#x1f03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-03|&#x1f03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-04|&#x1f03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-05|&#x1f03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-06|&#x1f03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-00|&#x1f03f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-01|&#x1f040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-02|&#x1f041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-03|&#x1f042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-04|&#x1f043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-05|&#x1f044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-06|&#x1f045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-00|&#x1f046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-01|&#x1f047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-02|&#x1f048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-03|&#x1f049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-04|&#x1f04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-05|&#x1f04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-06|&#x1f04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-00|&#x1f04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-01|&#x1f04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-02|&#x1f04f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-03|&#x1f050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-04|&#x1f051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-05|&#x1f052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-06|&#x1f053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-00|&#x1f054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-01|&#x1f055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-02|&#x1f056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-03|&#x1f057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-04|&#x1f058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-05|&#x1f059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-06|&#x1f05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-00|&#x1f05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-01|&#x1f05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-02|&#x1f05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-03|&#x1f05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-04|&#x1f05f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-05|&#x1f060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-06|&#x1f061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL BACK|&#x1f062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-00|&#x1f063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-01|&#x1f064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-02|&#x1f065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-03|&#x1f066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-04|&#x1f067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-05|&#x1f068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-06|&#x1f069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-00|&#x1f06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-01|&#x1f06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-02|&#x1f06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-03|&#x1f06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-04|&#x1f06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-05|&#x1f06f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F07x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-06|&#x1f070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-00|&#x1f071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-01|&#x1f072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02|&#x1f073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-03|&#x1f074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-04|&#x1f075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-05|&#x1f076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-06|&#x1f077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-00|&#x1f078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-01|&#x1f079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-02|&#x1f07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-03|&#x1f07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-04|&#x1f07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-05|&#x1f07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-06|&#x1f07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-00|&#x1f07f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F08x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-01|&#x1f080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-02|&#x1f081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-03|&#x1f082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-04|&#x1f083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-05|&#x1f084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-06|&#x1f085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-00|&#x1f086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-01|&#x1f087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-02|&#x1f088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-03|&#x1f089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-04|&#x1f08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-05|&#x1f08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-06|&#x1f08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-00|&#x1f08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-01|&#x1f08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-02|&#x1f08f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F09x |style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-03|&#x1f090;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-04|&#x1f091;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-05|&#x1f092;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-06|&#x1f093;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Playing Cards''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BACK|&#x1f0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF SPADES|&#x1f0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF SPADES|&#x1f0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF SPADES|&#x1f0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF SPADES|&#x1f0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF SPADES|&#x1f0ae;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Bx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF HEARTS|&#x1f0be;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD RED JOKER|&#x1f0bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Cx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BLACK JOKER|&#x1f0cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Dx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF CLUBS|&#x1f0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF CLUBS|&#x1f0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD WHITE JOKER|&#x1f0df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOOL|&#x1f0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-1|&#x1f0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-2|&#x1f0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-3|&#x1f0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-4|&#x1f0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-5|&#x1f0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-6|&#x1f0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-7|&#x1f0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-8|&#x1f0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-9|&#x1f0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-10|&#x1f0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-11|&#x1f0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-12|&#x1f0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-13|&#x1f0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-14|&#x1f0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-15|&#x1f0ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Fx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-16|&#x1f0f0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-17|&#x1f0f1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-18|&#x1f0f2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-19|&#x1f0f3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-20|&#x1f0f4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-21|&#x1f0f5;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO FULL STOP|&#x1f100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO COMMA|&#x1f101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ONE COMMA|&#x1f102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT TWO COMMA|&#x1f103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT THREE COMMA|&#x1f104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FOUR COMMA|&#x1f105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FIVE COMMA|&#x1f106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SIX COMMA|&#x1f107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SEVEN COMMA|&#x1f108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT EIGHT COMMA|&#x1f109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT NINE COMMA|&#x1f10a;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10b;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ZERO WITH SLASH|&#x1f10d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&#x1f10e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DOLLAR SIGN WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f10f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f11f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F12x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CD|&#x1f12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WZ|&#x1f12e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPYLEFT SYMBOL|&#x1f12f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F13x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f130;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f13c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f13e;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f13f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F14x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f141;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f145;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f149;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HV|&#x1f14a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED MV|&#x1f14b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SD|&#x1f14c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SS|&#x1f14d;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED PPV|&#x1f14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED WC|&#x1f14f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F15x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f156;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f15f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F16x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f169;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MC SIGN|&#x1f16a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MD SIGN|&#x1f16b;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MR SIGN|&#x1f16c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CC|&#x1f16d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED C WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f16e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE|&#x1f16f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F17x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f178;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f17a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f17b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f17e;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f17f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F18x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f189;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f18a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED IC|&#x1f18b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED PA|&#x1f18c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED SA|&#x1f18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED AB|&#x1f18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED WC|&#x1f18f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F19x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DJ|&#x1f190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CL|&#x1f191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED COOL|&#x1f192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FREE|&#x1f193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ID|&#x1f194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NEW|&#x1f195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NG|&#x1f196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED OK|&#x1f197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SOS|&#x1f198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UP WITH EXCLAMATION MARK|&#x1f199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VS|&#x1f19a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED THREE D|&#x1f19b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SECOND SCREEN|&#x1f19c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWO K|&#x1f19d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FOUR K|&#x1f19e;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED EIGHT K|&#x1f19f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FIVE POINT ONE|&#x1f1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SEVEN POINT ONE|&#x1f1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWENTY-TWO POINT TWO|&#x1f1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SIXTY P|&#x1f1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ONE HUNDRED TWENTY P|&#x1f1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&#x1f1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HC|&#x1f1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HDR|&#x1f1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HI-RES|&#x1f1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOSSLESS|&#x1f1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SHV|&#x1f1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UHD|&#x1f1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VOD|&#x1f1ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MASK WORK SYMBOL|&#x1f1ad;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMOBIKI SYMBOL|&#x1f1ae;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Ex |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A|&#x1f1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER B|&#x1f1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C|&#x1f1e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER D|&#x1f1e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER E|&#x1f1ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER F|&#x1f1eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER G|&#x1f1ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER H|&#x1f1ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER I|&#x1f1ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER J|&#x1f1ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER K|&#x1f1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER L|&#x1f1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER M|&#x1f1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER N|&#x1f1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER O|&#x1f1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER P|&#x1f1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Q|&#x1f1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER R|&#x1f1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER S|&#x1f1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER T|&#x1f1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER U|&#x1f1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER V|&#x1f1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER W|&#x1f1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER X|&#x1f1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Y|&#x1f1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Z|&#x1f1ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F20x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HIRAGANA HOKA|&#x1f200;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA KOKO|&#x1f201;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA SA|&#x1f202;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F21x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-624B|&#x1f210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B57|&#x1f211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CC|&#x1f212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA DE|&#x1f213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-591A|&#x1f215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-89E3|&#x1f216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929|&#x1f217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA4|&#x1f218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6620|&#x1f219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7121|&#x1f21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6599|&#x1f21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-524D|&#x1f21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8C|&#x1f21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-518D|&#x1f21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65B0|&#x1f21f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F22x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-521D|&#x1f220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D42|&#x1f221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F|&#x1f222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA9|&#x1f223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58F0|&#x1f224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5439|&#x1f225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F14|&#x1f226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6295|&#x1f227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6355|&#x1f228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00|&#x1f229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904A|&#x1f22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DE6|&#x1f22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D|&#x1f22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F3|&#x1f22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6307|&#x1f22f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F23x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8D70|&#x1f230;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981|&#x1f232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A|&#x1f233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5408|&#x1f234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E80|&#x1f235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709|&#x1f236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6708|&#x1f237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7533|&#x1f238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5272|&#x1f239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55B6|&#x1f23a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-914D|&#x1f23b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F24x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672C|&#x1f240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89|&#x1f243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-70B9|&#x1f244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76D7|&#x1f246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52DD|&#x1f247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6557|&#x1f248;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F25x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ADVANTAGE|&#x1f250;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ACCEPT|&#x1f251;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F26x |style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR FU|&#x1f260;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR LU|&#x1f261;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHOU|&#x1f262;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR XI|&#x1f263;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHUANGXI|&#x1f264;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR CAI|&#x1f265;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F29x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F30x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYCLONE|&#x1f300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOGGY|&#x1f301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UMBRELLA|&#x1f302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NIGHT WITH STARS|&#x1f303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE OVER MOUNTAINS|&#x1f304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE|&#x1f305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE AT DUSK|&#x1f306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNSET OVER BUILDINGS|&#x1f307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAINBOW|&#x1f308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDGE AT NIGHT|&#x1f309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER WAVE|&#x1f30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLCANO|&#x1f30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILKY WAY|&#x1f30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE EUROPE-AFRICA|&#x1f30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE AMERICAS|&#x1f30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE ASIA-AUSTRALIA|&#x1f30f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F31x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS|&#x1f310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRESCENT MOON|&#x1f319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN WITH FACE|&#x1f31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOWING STAR|&#x1f31f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F32x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOOTING STAR|&#x1f320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERMOMETER|&#x1f321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DROPLET|&#x1f322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN|&#x1f323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN WITH SMALL CLOUD|&#x1f324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD|&#x1f325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH SNOW|&#x1f328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH TORNADO|&#x1f32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOG|&#x1f32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND BLOWING FACE|&#x1f32c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT DOG|&#x1f32d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TACO|&#x1f32e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BURRITO|&#x1f32f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F33x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHESTNUT|&#x1f330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEEDLING|&#x1f331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EVERGREEN TREE|&#x1f332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIDUOUS TREE|&#x1f333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM TREE|&#x1f334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CACTUS|&#x1f335;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT PEPPER|&#x1f336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULIP|&#x1f337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRY BLOSSOM|&#x1f338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSE|&#x1f339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIBISCUS|&#x1f33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNFLOWER|&#x1f33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOSSOM|&#x1f33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF MAIZE|&#x1f33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF RICE|&#x1f33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HERB|&#x1f33f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F34x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR LEAF CLOVER|&#x1f340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAPLE LEAF|&#x1f341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLEN LEAF|&#x1f342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAF FLUTTERING IN WIND|&#x1f343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSHROOM|&#x1f344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMATO|&#x1f345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUBERGINE|&#x1f346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPES|&#x1f347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MELON|&#x1f348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATERMELON|&#x1f349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGERINE|&#x1f34a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEMON|&#x1f34b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANANA|&#x1f34c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINEAPPLE|&#x1f34d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED APPLE|&#x1f34e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN APPLE|&#x1f34f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F35x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PEAR|&#x1f350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACH|&#x1f351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRIES|&#x1f352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAWBERRY|&#x1f353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMBURGER|&#x1f354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLICE OF PIZZA|&#x1f355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEAT ON BONE|&#x1f356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POULTRY LEG|&#x1f357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE CRACKER|&#x1f358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE BALL|&#x1f359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKED RICE|&#x1f35a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRY AND RICE|&#x1f35b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAMING BOWL|&#x1f35c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPAGHETTI|&#x1f35d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAD|&#x1f35e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRENCH FRIES|&#x1f35f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F36x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROASTED SWEET POTATO|&#x1f360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANGO|&#x1f361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ODEN|&#x1f362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSHI|&#x1f363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRIED SHRIMP|&#x1f364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH CAKE WITH SWIRL DESIGN|&#x1f365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT ICE CREAM|&#x1f366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAVED ICE|&#x1f367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CREAM|&#x1f368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUGHNUT|&#x1f369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKIE|&#x1f36a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOCOLATE BAR|&#x1f36b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDY|&#x1f36c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOLLIPOP|&#x1f36d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTARD|&#x1f36e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEY POT|&#x1f36f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F37x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTCAKE|&#x1f370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENTO BOX|&#x1f371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POT OF FOOD|&#x1f372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING|&#x1f373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE|&#x1f374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEACUP WITHOUT HANDLE|&#x1f375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAKE BOTTLE AND CUP|&#x1f376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINE GLASS|&#x1f377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKTAIL GLASS|&#x1f378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL DRINK|&#x1f379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEER MUG|&#x1f37a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING BEER MUGS|&#x1f37b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY BOTTLE|&#x1f37c;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE WITH PLATE|&#x1f37d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTLE WITH POPPING CORK|&#x1f37e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POPCORN|&#x1f37f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F38x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON|&#x1f380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRAPPED PRESENT|&#x1f381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRTHDAY CAKE|&#x1f382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JACK-O-LANTERN|&#x1f383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHRISTMAS TREE|&#x1f384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FATHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORKS|&#x1f386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORK SPARKLER|&#x1f387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOON|&#x1f388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTY POPPER|&#x1f389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFETTI BALL|&#x1f38a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANABATA TREE|&#x1f38b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED FLAGS|&#x1f38c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINE DECORATION|&#x1f38d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE DOLLS|&#x1f38e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARP 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HAIR|&#x1f471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH GUA PI MAO|&#x1f472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH TURBAN|&#x1f473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER MAN|&#x1f474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER WOMAN|&#x1f475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY|&#x1f476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION WORKER|&#x1f477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCESS|&#x1f478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE OGRE|&#x1f479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE GOBLIN|&#x1f47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GHOST|&#x1f47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY ANGEL|&#x1f47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTRATERRESTRIAL ALIEN|&#x1f47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALIEN MONSTER|&#x1f47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMP|&#x1f47f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F48x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SKULL|&#x1f480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFORMATION DESK PERSON|&#x1f481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUARDSMAN|&#x1f482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANCER|&#x1f483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPSTICK|&#x1f484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL POLISH|&#x1f485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE MASSAGE|&#x1f486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRCUT|&#x1f487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BARBER POLE|&#x1f488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYRINGE|&#x1f489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILL|&#x1f48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS MARK|&#x1f48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE LETTER|&#x1f48c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING|&#x1f48d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEM STONE|&#x1f48e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS|&#x1f48f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F49x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET|&#x1f490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUPLE WITH HEART|&#x1f491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEDDING|&#x1f492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEATING HEART|&#x1f493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROKEN HEART|&#x1f494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO HEARTS|&#x1f495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLING HEART|&#x1f496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GROWING HEART|&#x1f497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH ARROW|&#x1f498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE HEART|&#x1f499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN HEART|&#x1f49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YELLOW HEART|&#x1f49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURPLE HEART|&#x1f49c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH RIBBON|&#x1f49d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVOLVING HEARTS|&#x1f49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART DECORATION|&#x1f49f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND SHAPE WITH A DOT INSIDE|&#x1f4a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB|&#x1f4a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGER SYMBOL|&#x1f4a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOMB|&#x1f4a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING SYMBOL|&#x1f4a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLLISION SYMBOL|&#x1f4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLASHING SWEAT SYMBOL|&#x1f4a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROPLET|&#x1f4a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DASH SYMBOL|&#x1f4a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILE OF POO|&#x1f4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLEXED BICEPS|&#x1f4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY SYMBOL|&#x1f4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEECH BALLOON|&#x1f4ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THOUGHT BALLOON|&#x1f4ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLOWER|&#x1f4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUNDRED POINTS SYMBOL|&#x1f4af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY BAG|&#x1f4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRENCY EXCHANGE|&#x1f4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CREDIT CARD|&#x1f4b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH EURO SIGN|&#x1f4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH POUND SIGN|&#x1f4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY WITH WINGS|&#x1f4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND AND YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAT|&#x1f4ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f4bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFCASE|&#x1f4bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIDISC|&#x1f4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC|&#x1f4bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|DVD|&#x1f4c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CURL|&#x1f4c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE FACING UP|&#x1f4c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CALENDAR|&#x1f4c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAR-OFF CALENDAR|&#x1f4c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX|&#x1f4c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH DOWNWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR CHART|&#x1f4ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLIPBOARD|&#x1f4cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAPERCLIP|&#x1f4ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAIGHT RULER|&#x1f4cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR RULER|&#x1f4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK TABS|&#x1f4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEDGER|&#x1f4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK|&#x1f4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK WITH DECORATIVE COVER|&#x1f4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED BOOK|&#x1f4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN BOOK|&#x1f4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN BOOK|&#x1f4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE BOOK|&#x1f4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE BOOK|&#x1f4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKS|&#x1f4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAME BADGE|&#x1f4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCROLL|&#x1f4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEMO|&#x1f4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGER|&#x1f4df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX MACHINE|&#x1f4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE ANTENNA|&#x1f4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUBLIC ADDRESS LOUDSPEAKER|&#x1f4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEERING MEGAPHONE|&#x1f4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PACKAGE|&#x1f4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|E-MAIL SYMBOL|&#x1f4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMING ENVELOPE|&#x1f4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH DOWNWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTBOX|&#x1f4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL HORN|&#x1f4ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWSPAPER|&#x1f4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW AT LEFT|&#x1f4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIBRATION MODE|&#x1f4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE OFF|&#x1f4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO MOBILE PHONES|&#x1f4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTENNA WITH BARS|&#x1f4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA|&#x1f4f7;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA WITH FLASH|&#x1f4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO CAMERA|&#x1f4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEVISION|&#x1f4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO|&#x1f4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEOCASSETTE|&#x1f4fc;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM PROJECTOR|&#x1f4fd;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PORTABLE STEREO|&#x1f4fe;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PRAYER BEADS|&#x1f4ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F50x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWISTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWS|&#x1f500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS WITH CIRCLED ONE OVERLAY|&#x1f502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER|&#x1f508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f50a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATTERY|&#x1f50b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC PLUG|&#x1f50c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK WITH INK PEN|&#x1f50f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F51x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED LOCK WITH KEY|&#x1f510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEY|&#x1f511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK|&#x1f512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN LOCK|&#x1f513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL|&#x1f514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK|&#x1f516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINK SYMBOL|&#x1f517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO BUTTON|&#x1f518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|END WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ON WITH EXCLAMATION MARK WITH LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOON WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP WITH UPWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ONE UNDER EIGHTEEN SYMBOL|&#x1f51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYCAP TEN|&#x1f51f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F52x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN CAPITAL LETTERS|&#x1f520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN SMALL LETTERS|&#x1f521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR NUMBERS|&#x1f522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR SYMBOLS|&#x1f523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN LETTERS|&#x1f524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE|&#x1f525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC TORCH|&#x1f526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRENCH|&#x1f527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER|&#x1f528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUT AND BOLT|&#x1f529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOCHO|&#x1f52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PISTOL|&#x1f52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROSCOPE|&#x1f52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELESCOPE|&#x1f52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYSTAL BALL|&#x1f52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED STAR WITH MIDDLE DOT|&#x1f52f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F53x |{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE SYMBOL FOR BEGINNER|&#x1f530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIDENT EMBLEM|&#x1f531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED CIRCLE|&#x1f534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE CIRCLE|&#x1f535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53d;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F54x |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f540;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE WITH HALF-CIRCLE BELOW|&#x1f541;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f542;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED LEFT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED RIGHT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR MARKS CHAPTER|&#x1f545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LATIN CROSS|&#x1f546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LATIN CROSS|&#x1f547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CELTIC CROSS|&#x1f548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OM SYMBOL|&#x1f549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOVE OF PEACE|&#x1f54a;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAABA|&#x1f54b;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUE|&#x1f54c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYNAGOGUE|&#x1f54d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENORAH WITH NINE BRANCHES|&#x1f54e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL OF HYGIEIA|&#x1f54f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F55x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE OCLOCK|&#x1f550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO OCLOCK|&#x1f551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE OCLOCK|&#x1f552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR OCLOCK|&#x1f553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE OCLOCK|&#x1f554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX OCLOCK|&#x1f555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT OCLOCK|&#x1f557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE OCLOCK|&#x1f558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN OCLOCK|&#x1f559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE OCLOCK|&#x1f55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE-THIRTY|&#x1f55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO-THIRTY|&#x1f55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE-THIRTY|&#x1f55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR-THIRTY|&#x1f55f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F56x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE-THIRTY|&#x1f560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX-THIRTY|&#x1f561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT-THIRTY|&#x1f563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE-THIRTY|&#x1f564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN-THIRTY|&#x1f565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE-THIRTY|&#x1f567;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER|&#x1f568;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f569;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56a;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN|&#x1f56b;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN WITH SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56c;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGING BELL|&#x1f56d;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOK|&#x1f56e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDLE|&#x1f56f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F57x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MANTELPIECE CLOCK|&#x1f570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SKULL AND CROSSBONES|&#x1f571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PIRACY|&#x1f572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLE|&#x1f573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN BUSINESS SUIT LEVITATING|&#x1f574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEUTH OR SPY|&#x1f575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DARK SUNGLASSES|&#x1f576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER|&#x1f577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER WEB|&#x1f578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JOYSTICK|&#x1f579;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN DANCING|&#x1f57a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f57b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER WITH PAGE|&#x1f57c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f57d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&#x1f57e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&#x1f57f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F58x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE ON TOP OF MODEM|&#x1f580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAMSHELL MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK OF ENVELOPE|&#x1f582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAMPED ENVELOPE|&#x1f583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING ENVELOPE|&#x1f585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEN OVER STAMPED ENVELOPE|&#x1f586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINKED PAPERCLIPS|&#x1f587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PUSHPIN|&#x1f588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PENCIL|&#x1f589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BALLPOINT PEN|&#x1f58a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FOUNTAIN PEN|&#x1f58b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PAINTBRUSH|&#x1f58c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT CRAYON|&#x1f58d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WRITING HAND|&#x1f58e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED OK HAND SIGN|&#x1f58f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F59x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&#x1f590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&#x1f591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS UP SIGN|&#x1f592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&#x1f593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED VICTORY HAND|&#x1f594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED|&#x1f595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS|&#x1f596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING LEFT HAND INDEX|&#x1f597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f59c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f59d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEART|&#x1f5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP COMPUTER|&#x1f5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYBOARD AND MOUSE|&#x1f5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE NETWORKED COMPUTERS|&#x1f5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER|&#x1f5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POCKET CALCULATOR|&#x1f5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAPE CARTRIDGE|&#x1f5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRED KEYBOARD|&#x1f5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACKBALL|&#x1f5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HARD DISK|&#x1f5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREEN|&#x1f5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER ICON|&#x1f5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX ICON|&#x1f5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC ICON|&#x1f5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT|&#x1f5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT AND PICTURE|&#x1f5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH TILES|&#x1f5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH AN X|&#x1f5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FOLDER|&#x1f5bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDER|&#x1f5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FOLDER|&#x1f5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX DIVIDERS|&#x1f5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD FILE BOX|&#x1f5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE CABINET|&#x1f5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE|&#x1f5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAD|&#x1f5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE|&#x1f5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAD|&#x1f5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY DOCUMENT|&#x1f5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGE|&#x1f5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGES|&#x1f5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT|&#x1f5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE|&#x1f5cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGES|&#x1f5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WASTEBASKET|&#x1f5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL NOTE PAD|&#x1f5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL CALENDAR PAD|&#x1f5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP WINDOW|&#x1f5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIMIZE|&#x1f5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAXIMIZE|&#x1f5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAP|&#x1f5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHT AND LEFT SEMICIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANCELLATION X|&#x1f5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPRESSION|&#x1f5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD KEY|&#x1f5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLED-UP NEWSPAPER|&#x1f5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CIRCLED TEXT|&#x1f5df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|STOCK CHART|&#x1f5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER KNIFE|&#x1f5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPS|&#x1f5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKING HEAD IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS ABOVE|&#x1f5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS BELOW|&#x1f5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS LEFT|&#x1f5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS RIGHT|&#x1f5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD|&#x1f5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BALLOT|&#x1f5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT CHECK MARK|&#x1f5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD CHECK|&#x1f5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WORLD MAP|&#x1f5fa;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNT FUJI|&#x1f5fb;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOKYO TOWER|&#x1f5fc;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STATUE OF LIBERTY|&#x1f5fd;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SILHOUETTE OF JAPAN|&#x1f5fe;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOYAI|&#x1f5ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Emoticons''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F60x |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE|&#x1f600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND SMILING EYES|&#x1f604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HALO|&#x1f607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HORNS|&#x1f608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINKING FACE|&#x1f609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SAVOURING DELICIOUS FOOD|&#x1f60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SUNGLASSES|&#x1f60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMIRKING FACE|&#x1f60f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F61x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL FACE|&#x1f610;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXPRESSIONLESS FACE|&#x1f611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNAMUSED FACE|&#x1f612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COLD SWEAT|&#x1f613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENSIVE FACE|&#x1f614;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFUSED FACE|&#x1f615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFOUNDED FACE|&#x1f616;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE|&#x1f617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE THROWING A KISS|&#x1f618;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE|&#x1f61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE|&#x1f61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED FACE|&#x1f61e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORRIED FACE|&#x1f61f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F62x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGRY FACE|&#x1f620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING FACE|&#x1f621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING FACE|&#x1f622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSEVERING FACE|&#x1f623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH LOOK OF TRIUMPH|&#x1f624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED BUT RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f625;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FROWNING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f626;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGUISHED FACE|&#x1f627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FEARFUL FACE|&#x1f628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY FACE|&#x1f629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPY FACE|&#x1f62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRED FACE|&#x1f62b;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRIMACING FACE|&#x1f62c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOUDLY CRYING FACE|&#x1f62d;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f62e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUSHED FACE|&#x1f62f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F63x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR|&#x1f631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTONISHED FACE|&#x1f632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUSHED FACE|&#x1f633;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING FACE|&#x1f634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY FACE|&#x1f635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITHOUT MOUTH|&#x1f636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK|&#x1f637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING CAT FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f63a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f63b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH WRY SMILE|&#x1f63c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING CAT FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f63d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING CAT FACE|&#x1f63e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING CAT FACE|&#x1f63f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F64x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY CAT FACE|&#x1f640;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY FROWNING FACE|&#x1f641;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY SMILING FACE|&#x1f642;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPSIDE-DOWN FACE|&#x1f643;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ROLLING EYES|&#x1f644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH NO GOOD GESTURE|&#x1f645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OK GESTURE|&#x1f646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON BOWING DEEPLY|&#x1f647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAPPY PERSON RAISING ONE HAND|&#x1f64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON RAISING BOTH HANDS IN CELEBRATION|&#x1f64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON FROWNING|&#x1f64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH POUTING FACE|&#x1f64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH FOLDED HANDS|&#x1f64f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Ornamental Dingbats''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F65x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F66x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F67x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWASH AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SOLIDUS|&#x1f67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY REVERSE SOLIDUS|&#x1f67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Transport and Map Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F68x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCKET|&#x1f680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELICOPTER|&#x1f681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAM LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY CAR|&#x1f683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN|&#x1f684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN WITH BULLET NOSE|&#x1f685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAIN|&#x1f686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRO|&#x1f687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT RAIL|&#x1f688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STATION|&#x1f689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM|&#x1f68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM CAR|&#x1f68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS|&#x1f68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING BUS|&#x1f68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLLEYBUS|&#x1f68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS STOP|&#x1f68f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F69x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIBUS|&#x1f690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMBULANCE|&#x1f691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CAR|&#x1f693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING POLICE CAR|&#x1f694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAXI|&#x1f695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING TAXI|&#x1f696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECREATIONAL VEHICLE|&#x1f699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DELIVERY TRUCK|&#x1f69a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTICULATED LORRY|&#x1f69b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACTOR|&#x1f69c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONORAIL|&#x1f69d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN RAILWAY|&#x1f69e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSPENSION RAILWAY|&#x1f69f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN CABLEWAY|&#x1f6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AERIAL TRAMWAY|&#x1f6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIP|&#x1f6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROWBOAT|&#x1f6a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEEDBOAT|&#x1f6a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION SIGN|&#x1f6a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CARS REVOLVING LIGHT|&#x1f6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR FLAG ON POST|&#x1f6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOOR|&#x1f6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ENTRY SIGN|&#x1f6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUT LITTER IN ITS PLACE SYMBOL|&#x1f6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DO NOT LITTER SYMBOL|&#x1f6af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NON-POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLE|&#x1f6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO BICYCLES|&#x1f6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEDESTRIAN|&#x1f6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PEDESTRIANS|&#x1f6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILDREN CROSSING|&#x1f6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTROOM|&#x1f6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY SYMBOL|&#x1f6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOILET|&#x1f6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER CLOSET|&#x1f6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOWER|&#x1f6bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Cx |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATH|&#x1f6c0;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATHTUB|&#x1f6c1;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSPORT CONTROL|&#x1f6c2;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTOMS|&#x1f6c3;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGGAGE CLAIM|&#x1f6c4;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT LUGGAGE|&#x1f6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1f6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROHIBITED SIGN|&#x1f6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED INFORMATION SOURCE|&#x1f6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOYS SYMBOL|&#x1f6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRLS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUCH AND LAMP|&#x1f6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING ACCOMMODATION|&#x1f6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING BAGS|&#x1f6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELLHOP BELL|&#x1f6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BED|&#x1f6cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Dx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACE OF WORSHIP|&#x1f6d0;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTAGONAL SIGN|&#x1f6d1;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING TROLLEY|&#x1f6d2;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STUPA|&#x1f6d3;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGODA|&#x1f6d4;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HINDU TEMPLE|&#x1f6d5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUT|&#x1f6d6;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEVATOR|&#x1f6d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LANDSLIDE|&#x1f6d8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTHOUSE|&#x1f6d9;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEATBELT SIGN|&#x1f6da;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NO CARS|&#x1f6db;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRELESS|&#x1f6dc;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYGROUND SLIDE|&#x1f6dd;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEEL|&#x1f6de;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RING BUOY|&#x1f6df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND WRENCH|&#x1f6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIELD|&#x1f6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OIL DRUM|&#x1f6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORWAY|&#x1f6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY TRACK|&#x1f6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR BOAT|&#x1f6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING MILITARY AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTHEAST-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE DEPARTURE|&#x1f6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE ARRIVING|&#x1f6ec;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT AIR BALLOON|&#x1f6ed;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRSHIP|&#x1f6ee;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAPLANE|&#x1f6ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE|&#x1f6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSENGER SHIP|&#x1f6f3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCOOTER|&#x1f6f4;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR SCOOTER|&#x1f6f5;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANOE|&#x1f6f6;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLED|&#x1f6f7;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING SAUCER|&#x1f6f8;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKATEBOARD|&#x1f6f9;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTO RICKSHAW|&#x1f6fa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKUP TRUCK|&#x1f6fb;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER SKATE|&#x1f6fc;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKLIFT|&#x1f6fd;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCAVATOR|&#x1f6fe;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBMARINE|&#x1f6ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Alchemical Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F70x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUINTESSENCE|&#x1f700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AIR|&#x1f701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR FIRE|&#x1f702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR EARTH|&#x1f703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WATER|&#x1f704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUAFORTIS|&#x1f705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA|&#x1f706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA-2|&#x1f707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE|&#x1f708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE-2|&#x1f709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR|&#x1f70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-2|&#x1f70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-3|&#x1f70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SULFUR|&#x1f70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PHILOSOPHERS SULFUR|&#x1f70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BLACK SULFUR|&#x1f70f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F71x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE|&#x1f710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-2|&#x1f711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-3|&#x1f712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CINNABAR|&#x1f713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT|&#x1f714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NITRE|&#x1f715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL|&#x1f716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL-2|&#x1f717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT|&#x1f718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT-2|&#x1f719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD|&#x1f71a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SILVER|&#x1f71b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE|&#x1f71c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE-2|&#x1f71d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF IRON|&#x1f71e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF IRON|&#x1f71f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F72x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ORE|&#x1f720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON-COPPER ORE|&#x1f721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF COPPER|&#x1f722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER|&#x1f723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER-2|&#x1f724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF COPPER|&#x1f727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS|&#x1f728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TIN ORE|&#x1f729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LEAD ORE|&#x1f72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ANTIMONY ORE|&#x1f72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F73x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY-2|&#x1f731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS|&#x1f732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-2|&#x1f733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-3|&#x1f734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-4|&#x1f735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI|&#x1f736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI-2|&#x1f737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MARCASITE|&#x1f738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SAL-AMMONIAC|&#x1f739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ARSENIC|&#x1f73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR|&#x1f73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR-2|&#x1f73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AURIPIGMENT|&#x1f73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BISMUTH ORE|&#x1f73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR|&#x1f73f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F74x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR-2|&#x1f740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUICK LIME|&#x1f741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX|&#x1f742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-2|&#x1f743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-3|&#x1f744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALUM|&#x1f745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR OIL|&#x1f746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SPIRIT|&#x1f747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TINCTURE|&#x1f748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GUM|&#x1f749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WAX|&#x1f74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDER|&#x1f74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CALX|&#x1f74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TUTTY|&#x1f74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CAPUT MORTUUM|&#x1f74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SCEPTER OF JOVE|&#x1f74f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F75x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CADUCEUS|&#x1f750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TRIDENT|&#x1f751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STARRED TRIDENT|&#x1f752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LODESTONE|&#x1f753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SOAP|&#x1f754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR URINE|&#x1f755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HORSE DUNG|&#x1f756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ASHES|&#x1f757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POT ASHES|&#x1f758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BRICK|&#x1f759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDERED BRICK|&#x1f75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AMALGAM|&#x1f75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM|&#x1f75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM-2|&#x1f75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATION|&#x1f75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PRECIPITATE|&#x1f75f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F76x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISTILL|&#x1f760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE|&#x1f761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE-2|&#x1f762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PURIFY|&#x1f763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PUTREFACTION|&#x1f764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE|&#x1f765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-2|&#x1f766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-3|&#x1f767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-4|&#x1f768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-5|&#x1f769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALEMBIC|&#x1f76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF MARY|&#x1f76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF VAPOURS|&#x1f76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR RETORT|&#x1f76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HOUR|&#x1f76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NIGHT|&#x1f76f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F77x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DAY-NIGHT|&#x1f770;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MONTH|&#x1f771;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF DRAM|&#x1f772;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF OUNCE|&#x1f773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOT OF FORTUNE|&#x1f774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCCULTATION|&#x1f775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNAR ECLIPSE|&#x1f776;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VESTA FORM TWO|&#x1f777;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRAEA FORM TWO|&#x1f778;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYGIEA FORM TWO|&#x1f779;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTHENOPE FORM TWO|&#x1f77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAUMEA|&#x1f77B;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKEMAKE|&#x1f77C;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GONGGONG|&#x1f77D;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUAOAR|&#x1f77E;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCUS|&#x1f77F;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F78x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND TARGET|&#x1f78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY SQUARE|&#x1f78c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f78d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F79x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM SQUARE|&#x1f795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE TARGET|&#x1f796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY DIAMOND|&#x1f797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM DIAMOND|&#x1f79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND TARGET|&#x1f79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY LOZENGE|&#x1f79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LOZENGE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN SALTIRE|&#x1f7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SALTIRE|&#x1f7a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SALTIRE|&#x1f7aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SALTIRE|&#x1f7ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE LIGHT FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Dx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d4;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d5;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d6;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d7;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d8;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINE POINTED WHITE STAR|&#x1f7d9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&#x1f7da;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET IN DOUBLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7db;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW CIRCLE|&#x1f7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED SQUARE|&#x1f7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE SQUARE|&#x1f7e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE SQUARE|&#x1f7e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW SQUARE|&#x1f7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN SQUARE|&#x1f7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE SQUARE|&#x1f7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN SQUARE|&#x1f7eb;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NOT EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7ec;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#c8a36f" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Fx |style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BOTTOM RIGHT OBLIQUE HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1f7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSPARENT CUBE|&#x1f7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CUBE|&#x1f7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH BOTTOM HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH TOP HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BISECTING LINES|&#x1f7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHOMBUS|&#x1f7ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F80x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F81x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F82x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F83x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F84x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f847;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F85x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f859;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F86x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F87x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F88x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f887;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F89x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE HALF|&#x1f89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE THIRD|&#x1f89f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BOTTOM-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BOTTOM SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f8ad;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Bx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING UPWARDS THEN NORTH WEST|&#x1f8b0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING SOUTH WEST|&#x1f8b1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOWER HOOK|&#x1f8b2;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK ARROW TO BAR|&#x1f8b3;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b4;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED UPWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b6;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b7;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b9;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8ba;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8bb;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Cx |style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Dx |style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8d0;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON OVER LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d1;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d2;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d3;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d4;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d5;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&#x1f8d6;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE SLASH|&#x1f8d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH DEPENDENT LOBE|&#x1f8d8;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F90x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE|&#x1f902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH DOT|&#x1f906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&#x1f907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK|&#x1f908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK|&#x1f909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90b;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHED FINGERS|&#x1f90c;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEART|&#x1f90d;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BROWN HEART|&#x1f90e;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHING HAND|&#x1f90f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#8a94ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F91x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZIPPER-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH THERMOMETER|&#x1f912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NERD FACE|&#x1f913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THINKING FACE|&#x1f914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH HEAD-BANDAGE|&#x1f915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROBOT FACE|&#x1f916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUGGING FACE|&#x1f917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGN OF THE HORNS|&#x1f918;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CALL ME HAND|&#x1f919;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED BACK OF HAND|&#x1f91a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDSHAKE|&#x1f91d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS CROSSED|&#x1f91e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|I LOVE YOU HAND SIGN|&#x1f91f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F92x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COWBOY HAT|&#x1f920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOWN FACE|&#x1f921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAUSEATED FACE|&#x1f922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLING ON THE FLOOR LAUGHING|&#x1f923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROOLING FACE|&#x1f924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LYING FACE|&#x1f925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE PALM|&#x1f926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNEEZING FACE|&#x1f927;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ONE EYEBROW RAISED|&#x1f928;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH STAR EYES|&#x1f929;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH ONE LARGE AND ONE SMALL EYE|&#x1f92a;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH FINGER COVERING CLOSED LIPS|&#x1f92b;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SERIOUS FACE WITH SYMBOLS COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92c;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND HAND COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92d;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH VOMITING|&#x1f92e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOCKED FACE WITH EXPLODING HEAD|&#x1f92f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F93x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT WOMAN|&#x1f930;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAST-FEEDING|&#x1f931;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALMS UP TOGETHER|&#x1f932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SELFIE|&#x1f933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCE|&#x1f934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN TUXEDO|&#x1f935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRUG|&#x1f937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON DOING CARTWHEEL|&#x1f938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUGGLING|&#x1f939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FENCER|&#x1f93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODERN PENTATHLON|&#x1f93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRESTLERS|&#x1f93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER POLO|&#x1f93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBALL|&#x1f93e;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVING MASK|&#x1f93f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F94x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WILTED FLOWER|&#x1f940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRUM WITH DRUMSTICKS|&#x1f941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING GLASSES|&#x1f942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TUMBLER GLASS|&#x1f943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOON|&#x1f944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAL NET|&#x1f945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIFLE|&#x1f946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SECOND PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIRD PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOXING GLOVE|&#x1f94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARTIAL ARTS UNIFORM|&#x1f94b;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLING STONE|&#x1f94c;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LACROSSE STICK AND BALL|&#x1f94d;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFTBALL|&#x1f94e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING DISC|&#x1f94f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F95x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CROISSANT|&#x1f950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AVOCADO|&#x1f951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUCUMBER|&#x1f952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACON|&#x1f953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POTATO|&#x1f954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARROT|&#x1f955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGUETTE BREAD|&#x1f956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN SALAD|&#x1f957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHALLOW PAN OF FOOD|&#x1f958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUFFED FLATBREAD|&#x1f959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EGG|&#x1f95a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLASS OF MILK|&#x1f95b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEANUTS|&#x1f95c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWIFRUIT|&#x1f95d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANCAKES|&#x1f95e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DUMPLING|&#x1f95f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F96x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FORTUNE COOKIE|&#x1f960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKEOUT BOX|&#x1f961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOPSTICKS|&#x1f962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL WITH SPOON|&#x1f963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUP WITH STRAW|&#x1f964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCONUT|&#x1f965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROCCOLI|&#x1f966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIE|&#x1f967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRETZEL|&#x1f968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUT OF MEAT|&#x1f969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANDWICH|&#x1f96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANNED FOOD|&#x1f96b;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFY GREEN|&#x1f96c;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANGO|&#x1f96d;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON CAKE|&#x1f96e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGEL|&#x1f96f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F97x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND THREE HEARTS|&#x1f970;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YAWNING FACE|&#x1f971;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH TEAR|&#x1f972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PARTY HORN AND PARTY HAT|&#x1f973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH UNEVEN EYES AND WAVY MOUTH|&#x1f974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERHEATED FACE|&#x1f975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FREEZING FACE|&#x1f976;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINJA|&#x1f977;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISGUISED FACE|&#x1f978;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE HOLDING BACK TEARS|&#x1f979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PLEADING EYES|&#x1f97a;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SARI|&#x1f97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAB COAT|&#x1f97c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOGGLES|&#x1f97d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIKING BOOT|&#x1f97e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT SHOE|&#x1f97f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F98x |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRAB|&#x1f980;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LION FACE|&#x1f981;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCORPION|&#x1f982;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURKEY|&#x1f983;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNICORN FACE|&#x1f984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAGLE|&#x1f985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUCK|&#x1f986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAT|&#x1f987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARK|&#x1f988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OWL|&#x1f989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOX FACE|&#x1f98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTERFLY|&#x1f98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEER|&#x1f98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GORILLA|&#x1f98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIZARD|&#x1f98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHINOCEROS|&#x1f98f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F99x |style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRIMP|&#x1f990;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUID|&#x1f991;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRAFFE FACE|&#x1f992;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ZEBRA FACE|&#x1f993;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEDGEHOG|&#x1f994;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAUROPOD|&#x1f995;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|T-REX|&#x1f996;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET|&#x1f997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGAROO|&#x1f998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LLAMA|&#x1f999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACOCK|&#x1f99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIPPOPOTAMUS|&#x1f99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARROT|&#x1f99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RACCOON|&#x1f99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOBSTER|&#x1f99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUITO|&#x1f99f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Ax |style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROBE|&#x1f9a0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BADGER|&#x1f9a1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SWAN|&#x1f9a2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAMMOTH|&#x1f9a3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DODO|&#x1f9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOTH|&#x1f9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTER|&#x1f9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGUTAN|&#x1f9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKUNK|&#x1f9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAMINGO|&#x1f9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OYSTER|&#x1f9aa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAVER|&#x1f9ab;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BISON|&#x1f9ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL|&#x1f9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUIDE DOG|&#x1f9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROBING CANE|&#x1f9af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT RED HAIR|&#x1f9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT CURLY HAIR|&#x1f9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT BALD|&#x1f9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT WHITE HAIR|&#x1f9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BONE|&#x1f9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG|&#x1f9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOT|&#x1f9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTH|&#x1f9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERHERO|&#x1f9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERVILLAIN|&#x1f9b9;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY VEST|&#x1f9ba;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR WITH HEARING AID|&#x1f9bb;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORIZED WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bc;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANUAL WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bd;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL ARM|&#x1f9be;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL LEG|&#x1f9bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Cx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEESE WEDGE|&#x1f9c0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUPCAKE|&#x1f9c1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SALT SHAKER|&#x1f9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEVERAGE BOX|&#x1f9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GARLIC|&#x1f9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONION|&#x1f9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALAFEL|&#x1f9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAFFLE|&#x1f9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTER|&#x1f9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATE DRINK|&#x1f9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CUBE|&#x1f9ca;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLE TEA|&#x1f9cb;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLL|&#x1f9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STANDING PERSON|&#x1f9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNEELING PERSON|&#x1f9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEAF PERSON|&#x1f9cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MONOCLE|&#x1f9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADULT|&#x1f9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILD|&#x1f9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER ADULT|&#x1f9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEARDED PERSON|&#x1f9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH HEADSCARF|&#x1f9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN STEAMY ROOM|&#x1f9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON CLIMBING|&#x1f9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN LOTUS POSITION|&#x1f9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGE|&#x1f9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAIRY|&#x1f9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAMPIRE|&#x1f9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MERPERSON|&#x1f9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELF|&#x1f9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GENIE|&#x1f9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZOMBIE|&#x1f9df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Ex |style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAIN|&#x1f9e0;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE HEART|&#x1f9e1;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLED CAP|&#x1f9e2;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCARF|&#x1f9e3;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOVES|&#x1f9e4;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COAT|&#x1f9e5;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOCKS|&#x1f9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED GIFT ENVELOPE|&#x1f9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRECRACKER|&#x1f9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JIGSAW PUZZLE PIECE|&#x1f9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEST TUBE|&#x1f9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PETRI DISH|&#x1f9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DNA DOUBLE HELIX|&#x1f9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPASS|&#x1f9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ABACUS|&#x1f9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE EXTINGUISHER|&#x1f9ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOLBOX|&#x1f9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRICK|&#x1f9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGNET|&#x1f9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUGGAGE|&#x1f9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTION BOTTLE|&#x1f9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOOL OF THREAD|&#x1f9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALL OF YARN|&#x1f9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY PIN|&#x1f9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEDDY BEAR|&#x1f9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROOM|&#x1f9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKET|&#x1f9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLL OF PAPER|&#x1f9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR OF SOAP|&#x1f9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPONGE|&#x1f9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECEIPT|&#x1f9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAZAR AMULET|&#x1f9ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Chess Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING|&#x1fa00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN|&#x1fa01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK|&#x1fa02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP|&#x1fa03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT|&#x1fa04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN|&#x1fa05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREE|&#x1fa06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA5x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa50;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa51;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa52;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa53;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa54;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa55;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa56;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa57;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa58;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa59;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5a;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5b;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5d;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5e;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED GENERAL|&#x1fa60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED MANDARIN|&#x1fa61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED ELEPHANT|&#x1fa62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED HORSE|&#x1fa63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CHARIOT|&#x1fa64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CANNON|&#x1fa65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED SOLDIER|&#x1fa66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK GENERAL|&#x1fa67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK MANDARIN|&#x1fa68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK ELEPHANT|&#x1fa69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK HORSE|&#x1fa6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CHARIOT|&#x1fa6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CANNON|&#x1fa6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK SOLDIER|&#x1fa6d;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA7x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLET SHOES|&#x1fa70;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE-PIECE SWIMSUIT|&#x1fa71;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFS|&#x1fa72;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTS|&#x1fa73;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THONG SANDAL|&#x1fa74;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT BLUE HEART|&#x1fa75;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREY HEART|&#x1fa76;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINK HEART|&#x1fa77;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DROP OF BLOOD|&#x1fa78;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADHESIVE BANDAGE|&#x1fa79;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STETHOSCOPE|&#x1fa7a;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|X-RAY|&#x1fa7b;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRUTCH|&#x1fa7c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOOD BAG|&#x1fa7d;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INHALER|&#x1fa7e;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX OF PILLS|&#x1fa7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA8x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YO-YO|&#x1fa80;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KITE|&#x1fa81;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARACHUTE|&#x1fa82;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOMERANG|&#x1fa83;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGIC WAND|&#x1fa84;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINATA|&#x1fa85;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NESTING DOLLS|&#x1fa86;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARACAS|&#x1fa87;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUTE|&#x1fa88;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HARP|&#x1fa89;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROMBONE|&#x1fa8a;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|METEOR|&#x1fa8b;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASER|&#x1fa8c;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NET WITH HANDLE|&#x1fa8d;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TREASURE CHEST|&#x1fa8e;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOVEL|&#x1fa8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA9x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGED PLANET|&#x1fa90;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAIR|&#x1fa91;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAZOR|&#x1fa92;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AXE|&#x1fa93;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIYA LAMP|&#x1fa94;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BANJO|&#x1fa95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY HELMET|&#x1fa96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACCORDION|&#x1fa97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DRUM|&#x1fa98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COIN|&#x1fa99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARPENTRY SAW|&#x1fa9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREWDRIVER|&#x1fa9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADDER|&#x1fa9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOOK|&#x1fa9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR|&#x1fa9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINDOW|&#x1fa9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUNGER|&#x1faa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING NEEDLE|&#x1faa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNOT|&#x1faa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUCKET|&#x1faa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE TRAP|&#x1faa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHBRUSH|&#x1faa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADSTONE|&#x1faa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACARD|&#x1faa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCK|&#x1faa8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR BALL|&#x1faa9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTIFICATION CARD|&#x1faaa;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BATTERY|&#x1faab;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSA|&#x1faac;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDING HAND FAN|&#x1faad;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIR PICK|&#x1faae;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHANDA|&#x1faaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FABx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLY|&#x1fab0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORM|&#x1fab1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEETLE|&#x1fab2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKROACH|&#x1fab3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POTTED PLANT|&#x1fab4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOOD|&#x1fab5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FEATHER|&#x1fab6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTUS|&#x1fab7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CORAL|&#x1fab8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NEST|&#x1fab9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEST WITH EGGS|&#x1faba;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYACINTH|&#x1fabb;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JELLYFISH|&#x1fabc;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WING|&#x1fabd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFLESS TREE|&#x1fabe;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOOSE|&#x1fabf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FACx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANATOMICAL HEART|&#x1fac0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNGS|&#x1fac1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEOPLE HUGGING|&#x1fac2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT MAN|&#x1fac3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT PERSON|&#x1fac4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH CROWN|&#x1fac5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FINGERPRINT|&#x1fac6;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIVER|&#x1fac7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRY CREATURE|&#x1fac8;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CENTAUR|&#x1fac9;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGONFLY|&#x1faca;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWI BIRD|&#x1facb;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONARCH BUTTERFLY|&#x1facc;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCA|&#x1facd;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOSE|&#x1face;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DONKEY|&#x1facf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FADx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUEBERRIES|&#x1fad0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL PEPPER|&#x1fad1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OLIVE|&#x1fad2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLATBREAD|&#x1fad3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMALE|&#x1fad4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FONDUE|&#x1fad5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAPOT|&#x1fad6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POURING LIQUID|&#x1fad7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEANS|&#x1fad8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAR|&#x1fad9;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GINGER ROOT|&#x1fada;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEA POD|&#x1fadb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOT VEGETABLE|&#x1fadc;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKLE|&#x1fadd;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RASPBERRY|&#x1fade;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLATTER|&#x1fadf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MELTING FACE|&#x1fae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SALUTING FACE|&#x1fae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN EYES AND HAND OVER MOUTH|&#x1fae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PEEKING EYE|&#x1fae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH DIAGONAL MOUTH|&#x1fae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED LINE FACE|&#x1fae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BITING LIP|&#x1fae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLES|&#x1fae7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAKING FACE|&#x1fae8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH BAGS UNDER EYES|&#x1fae9;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISTORTED FACE|&#x1faea;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRACKING FACE|&#x1faeb;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH SQUINTING EYES|&#x1faec;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLEVER FACE|&#x1faed;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PALM ON CHEEK|&#x1faee;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGHT CLOUD|&#x1faef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAFx |style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB CROSSED|&#x1faf0;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf1;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM DOWN HAND|&#x1faf3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM UP HAND|&#x1faf4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDEX POINTING AT THE VIEWER|&#x1faf5;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART HANDS|&#x1faf6;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1faf9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1fafa;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE FINGER SALUTE|&#x1fafb;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND SNAPPING FINGERS|&#x1fafc;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB FORMING CIRCLE|&#x1fafd;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG KICKING|&#x1fafe;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMP|&#x1faff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1|&#x1fb00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2|&#x1fb01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12|&#x1fb02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3|&#x1fb03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13|&#x1fb04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23|&#x1fb05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-123|&#x1fb06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-4|&#x1fb07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-14|&#x1fb08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-24|&#x1fb09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-124|&#x1fb0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-34|&#x1fb0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-134|&#x1fb0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-234|&#x1fb0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1234|&#x1fb0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-5|&#x1fb0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-15|&#x1fb10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-25|&#x1fb11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-125|&#x1fb12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-35|&#x1fb13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-235|&#x1fb14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1235|&#x1fb15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-45|&#x1fb16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-145|&#x1fb17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-245|&#x1fb18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1245|&#x1fb19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-345|&#x1fb1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1345|&#x1fb1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2345|&#x1fb1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12345|&#x1fb1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-6|&#x1fb1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-16|&#x1fb1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-26|&#x1fb20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-126|&#x1fb21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-36|&#x1fb22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-136|&#x1fb23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-236|&#x1fb24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1236|&#x1fb25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-46|&#x1fb26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-146|&#x1fb27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1246|&#x1fb28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-346|&#x1fb29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1346|&#x1fb2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2346|&#x1fb2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12346|&#x1fb2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-56|&#x1fb2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-156|&#x1fb2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-256|&#x1fb2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1256|&#x1fb30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-356|&#x1fb31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1356|&#x1fb32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2356|&#x1fb33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12356|&#x1fb34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-456|&#x1fb35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1456|&#x1fb36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2456|&#x1fb37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12456|&#x1fb38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3456|&#x1fb39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13456|&#x1fb3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23456|&#x1fb3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND RIGHT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LEFT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-1358|&#x1fb81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF BLOCK AND LOWER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND LOWER HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb92;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND RIGHT HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY HORIZONTAL FILL|&#x1fb97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT FILL|&#x1fb98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT FILL|&#x1fb99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT AND MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT AND MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&#x1fbaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROWHEAD-SHAPED POINTER|&#x1fbb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECK MARK|&#x1fbb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&#x1fbb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOIDED GREEK CROSS|&#x1fbbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT OPEN SQUARED DOT|&#x1fbbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL CROSS|&#x1fbbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEAVY SALTIRE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1fbc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED QUESTION MARK|&#x1fbc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE|&#x1fbc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH ARMS RAISED|&#x1fbc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING LEFT|&#x1fbc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING RIGHT|&#x1fbc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH DRESS|&#x1fbc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbca;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CROSS MARK|&#x1fbcb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED SMALL LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|&#x1fbcc;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbcd;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TWO THIRDS BLOCK|&#x1fbce;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE THIRD BLOCK|&#x1fbcf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE LEFT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT JUSTIFIED LOWER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT JUSTIFIED UPPER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT JUSTIFIED UPPER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT JUSTIFIED LOWER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ZERO|&#x1fbf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ONE|&#x1fbf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT TWO|&#x1fbf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT THREE|&#x1fbf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FOUR|&#x1fbf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FIVE|&#x1fbf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SIX|&#x1fbf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1fbf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1fbf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT NINE|&#x1fbf9;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALARM BELL SYMBOL|&#x1fbfa;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD0x |style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RECTANGULAR TABLE|&#x1fd00;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ESCALATOR|&#x1fd01;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLDOZER|&#x1fd02;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT TYRE|&#x1fd03;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTHQUAKE|&#x1fd04;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRICYCLE|&#x1fd05;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD1x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL CLIPPER|&#x1fd10;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHPASTE|&#x1fd11;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLIER|&#x1fd12;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KNIFE WITH CUTTING BOARD|&#x1fd13;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAKE|&#x1fd14;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TISSUE BOX|&#x1fd15;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOTHES HANGER|&#x1fd16;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRILL|&#x1fd17;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING BUTTON|&#x1fd18;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING POT|&#x1fd19;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|APRON|&#x1fd1a;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BINOCULARS|&#x1fd1b;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INCENSE|&#x1fd1c;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PIGGY BANK|&#x1fd1d;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPRAY CAN|&#x1fd1e;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFUME GLASS BOTTLE|&#x1fd1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD2x |style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLD BAR|&#x1fd20;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYMBALS|&#x1fd21;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|XYLOPHONE|&#x1fd22;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONCRETE BLOCK|&#x1fd23;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD4x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEEK|&#x1fd40;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPEFRUIT|&#x1fd41;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE POP|&#x1fd42;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CINNAMON STICKS|&#x1fd43;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUGAR CUBES|&#x1fd44;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POMEGRANATE|&#x1fd45;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FRUIT|&#x1fd46;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOFFEE|&#x1fd47;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD5x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCHID|&#x1fd50;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAMELEON|&#x1fd51;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OSTRICH|&#x1fd52;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOLE|&#x1fd53;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARIGOLD|&#x1fd54;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMBAT|&#x1fd55;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAHORSE|&#x1fd56;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOUCAN|&#x1fd57;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD7x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMACH|&#x1fd70;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INTESTINE|&#x1fd71;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD8x |style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE REVEALING FACE|&#x1fd80;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#000000"|&nbsp;||style="background:#000000"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 6efsxndjsffczbukndhdk5gmqy1szxi 0 155796 4640676 3578824 2026-06-19T08:39:21Z Dirk Hünniger 343292 /* Using MediaWiki to LaTeX */ 4640676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Using Wikibooks/Page}} {{merge from | Help:Print versions }} In a [[Using Wikibooks/Printing A Wikibook | previous chapter we discussed how to print a Wikibook]], assuming a "print version" or "PDF" or "collection" has already been set up. But what do you do when you want to print out a complete Wikibook, but none of them have been set up yet? [[Wikibooks:Be bold|Be bold]] and do the setup yourself. Here's how. == Creating a Print Version == Print versions are pages which contain all the pages of the book, as well as any other information that should be added to the print version. Print versions are created by creating a new page for the print version, say book name/print version, and then transcluding every page in the book, in the order in which you want them to appear. So if a book called ''book'' had the pages ''A'', ''B'', and ''C'', and you wanted to have the print version contain the pages in that order, then on your table of contents page you would add <pre> {{Print version|book/print version}} </pre> near the top to make it display the print version box on the page. Then you would click on the link to the page and put in <pre> {{:book/A}} {{:book/B}} {{:book/C}} </pre> and it should include the pages when you click show preview or save. See also [[Help:Print versions]] == Creating a PDF version == There are a few ways that you can create PDF versions. === Your navigator === From the ''print Version'' seen above, click on File, Print (or CTRL + p) and choose to print into a PDF file. === Using wkhtmltopdf === You can save the print version the HTML file and export to PDF, wkhtmltopdf does this directly in one single command. <pre> # basic usage $ wkhtmltopdf https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_Wikibooks/Print_version Using_wikibooks.pdf # with additional setup, eg for margins $ wkhtmltopdf -B 2.5cm -L 2.5cm -R 2.5cm -T 2.5cm https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_Wikibooks/Print_version Using_wikibooks.pdf </pre> === Using MediaWiki to LaTeX === MediaWiki to LaTeX enables book authors to create high-quality PDFs, see [https://mediawiki2latex.wmcloud.org/ MediaWiki to LaTeX] === Using the Collections Extension === '''Any functionality of the Collection extension to create any downloadable files has been decommissioned. It is not known if or when a replacement might come into place.''' Wikibooks now has a special extension for grouping individual pages together into a group called a '''collection'''. Once a collection has been created, there are three options available: #Download a PDF version of the collection #Download an ODT (OpenOffice.Org Text Document) file #Publish a copy by PediaPress, and have it mailed to you. If we replace the word "Collection" with the word "Book" in the sentences above, we can see a very clear way that this extension can be used here at Wikibooks. In addition to creating an ordinary Table of Contents and a print version, a collection can also be created that will enable PDF versions and published versions to be created quickly for your book. There are two types of collections: '''Community collections''' and '''personal collections'''. Community Settings are created as subpages of [[Wikibooks:Collections]]. Each book should have only one (or a very limited number) of "official" community versions. The community versions can be advertised using the {{tl|collection}} template on the book itself. Sometimes, individual users prefer a slightly different reading order to the material, or like to add additional chapters from a related book, or remove a few chapters, or any number of small modifications. In this case, the user can create their own collection in their user namespace, as a subpage of [[Special:MyPage/Collections]]. Private collections can be edited and shared with other users just like a normal wiki page. ==== Creating a Collection ==== Creating a collection is easy. There are two ways to do it: # When you find a page you want to add, click "Add wiki page" on the left. This will add the current page to the current collection. Continue for all pages you like. When you are happy with your collection, you can go to [[Special:Collection]] to edit, save, download, or print your collection. # You can create a collection on a regular page using regular wiki text. Here's an example: <nowiki> == Title == === Subtitle === :[[Page1]] :[[Page2]] ;Chapter 1 :[[Page3]] :[[Page4]] ;Chapter 2 :[[Page5]] :[[Page6]] [[Category:Collections]] </nowiki> The '''<nowiki>[[Category:Collections]]</nowiki>''' at the bottom is important because it indicates to the software that the page represents an extension. To see a list of all pages in this category (and therefore all extensions) go to [[:Category:Collections]]. Here are some things that can be in a collection, and the syntax that's used to save them: ;Title and Subtitle:A collection can have both a title and a subtitle. In wikitext, the title can be specified as a level-2 heading, and the subtitle can be specified as a level-3 heading. A collection may only have one of each. ;Chapters and Pages:In terms of collections, a "chapter" is a large heading that precedes a group of related pages, and a "Page" is an individual page on the wiki. Chapter names can be specified with a semicolon. Pages in a chapter can be specified as a regular absolute wikilink, with a colon in front like <nowiki>:[[My Book/Page 1]]</nowiki>, not a relative link like <nowiki>:[[/Page 1]]</nowiki>. ;Display Title: If you just use a normal link, the page will be titled "My Book/My Page" in the generated PDF and print-on-demand book. If you use a piped link, the display name of the chapter can be changed. So <nowiki>:[[My Book/My Page|My First Page]]</nowiki> will display "My First Page" as the display name in the generated book or PDF file. ==== Exporting the Collection ==== Once a collection is generated, either by loading pages into your collection one at a time or by loading an existing saved collection, it can be used in a number of ways: ;Downloading: A collection can be downloaded in PDF by clicking on the "Download as PDF" link on a collection page. It is also possible to download the collection as ODT. ;Print on Demand: A collection can be sent to our print-on-demand partner PediaPress and a copy of the book can be mailed to you. === Linking to the PDF === Once a PDF has been created and uploaded, go back to the TOC and add <pre> {{PDF version|filename of PDF}} </pre> which creates the PDF version box on the main page of the book <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Attracting Readers|Finding A Wikibook|TOC mini}}</noinclude> p6vr2g6v6oy83wguz0ohl5fg20q780h 0 173897 4640668 4449691 2026-06-19T04:10:27Z Panic2k4 2865 /* Rogue Waves */ 4640668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right}} Calamity. From the Latin clāmāre (“to shout, proclaim, declare, cry out”); Latin calamitās (“loss, damage; disaster”). Most calamities resonate across time and are historic facts. But a calamity prediction is a shout to action as to avoid a future disaster. The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological idea that when the stars are in a bad position a bad event will happen. In the vast expanse of our universe, humans occupy a peculiar position—caught between the enormity of cosmic forces and the fragility of our existence. This duality is nowhere more evident than in our perception of calamitous events. Any disaster is a tragedy born out of a natural occurrence or human-made activity. Increasingly they have in origin of a human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. Such events, whether natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes, or man-made catastrophes such as nuclear explosions and pandemics, challenge our understanding of scale and impact. They force us to confront the limits of human comprehension and resilience, pushing against the boundaries of what we can perceive and understand within our finite cognitive capacities. In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of hazards and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability are not considered a disaster, as is the case in uninhabited regions. Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries. A disaster can be defined as any tragic event that involves at least one victim of circumstance, such as an accident, fire, terrorist attack, or explosion. There are plenty of reasons to be worried, but chances are that you will never experience any of these calamities, the best way of avoiding such events (or survive them) is ultimately simple be aware of the possibility and informed. Things like our solar system being "eaten" by a black hole or galactic collisions (that will certainly happen), haven't been put on the list because probability that they will affect you is 0 or very near. '''The Challenge of Scale''' The sheer magnitude of these events often exceeds the human capacity to grasp their full extent. Earthquakes, for instance, can span hundreds of kilometers, affecting millions of people across vast geographical areas. Yet, our brains, evolved over millennia to navigate environments on a much smaller scale, struggle to comprehend the breadth and depth of such phenomena. Similarly, pandemics spread globally at speeds that defy intuitive understanding, challenging our ability to perceive the interconnectedness of our world. Understanding human scale perception of calamitous events is crucial for developing effective strategies for mitigation, response, and recovery. It requires an interdisciplinary approach, combining insights from psychology, sociology, geography, and environmental science, among others. By exploring the ways in which human cognition and emotion interact with the physical realities of large-scale disasters, we can begin to bridge the gap between the scale of these events and our limited human perception. This exploration is not merely academic; it has profound implications for public policy, disaster management, and individual preparedness. Recognizing the limitations of human perception in the face of calamity allows us to better prepare, respond, and recover, safeguarding both lives and livelihoods in an increasingly uncertain world. '''Cognitive Limits''' Beyond the challenge of scale lies the inherent limitation of human cognition. Our minds are not equipped to process information at the speed or volume required to fully grasp the unfolding of catastrophic events. The complexity and rapid pace of change during such times strain our cognitive resources, leading to a disconnect between the reality of the event and our perception of it. This disconnect can result in underestimation of risk, delayed response, or even denial of the severity of the situation. '''Emotional and Psychological Impact''' The emotional and psychological toll of witnessing or experiencing calamities further complicates our perception. Fear, shock, and disbelief can cloud judgment and distort perceptions, making it difficult to assess the situation accurately. Moreover, the long-term psychological effects of such events, including trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can alter how individuals and communities perceive future risks and respond to them. == Natural events == A [[w:Natural phenomenon|Natural phenomenon]] can easily turn into a [[w:natural disaster|natural disaster]]. Appearing to arise without direct human involvement, natural disasters are sometimes called an [[w:act of God|act of God]] as they may seem to defy simple and concise logical explanation or scientific reasoning for their occurrence in time or location and in general terms humanity has no short term direct control over the referred event. Increasingly due to our technological advances human actions can easily shape, compound and accelerate natural occurring processes and so a [[w:natural disaster|natural disaster]] may become more severe because of human actions prior, during or after the disaster itself. For example there is a strong correlation between [[w:Hydraulic fracturing|hydraulic fracturing]] (Fracking) and seismic activity and in general any human activity in [[w:risk|risk]] areas may cause or promote natural disasters. {{NOTE|It is also relevant to keep in mind that time and space are relative, and events that may not have a visible connection at the human scale are often explained and correctable at different scales. For example geological phenomena tends to be extremely slow and astronomic phenomena tends to be cyclical.}} A specific disaster may spawn different types of events that may even reduce the survivability after the initial event. A classic example, is an earthquake that collapses homes, trapping people and breaking gas mains that then ignite, and burn people alive while trapped under debris. Volcanoes are particularly prone to causing other events like fires, lahars, mudflows, landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis. In the vast expanse of the universe, humanity stands as a unique entity, a product of evolutionary forces that have shaped life on Earth. Our emergence and subsequent evolution are not mere accidents of nature but seem to fulfill a purpose within the grand scheme of things. To understand humanity's purpose, we must first consider the universe itself—a dynamic, living entity teeming with energy and matter. The conditions that allowed life to emerge on Earth are extraordinary, suggesting a finely tuned harmony that supports life's existence. From the precise distance of our planet from the sun, the protective magnetic field, and the availability of essential elements, to the delicate balance of gases in our atmosphere, each aspect contributes to creating a habitat conducive to life. Life, in its myriad forms, acts as a catalyst within this living universe. It evolves to harness and transform energy more efficiently, embodying the principle of self-organization observed in ecosystems. This evolutionary drive is not random but guided by natural selection and environmental feedback, leading to the emergence of species that can utilize energy most effectively. Humanity, as a pinnacle of this evolutionary process, represents a specialized tool designed to manage and sustain the biosphere. Viewing humanity through this lens, we see ourselves not just as inhabitants of Earth but as stewards tasked with preserving and enhancing life's prospects. Our intelligence, creativity, and technological prowess equip us uniquely to address challenges that arise from our own actions and those of the natural world. This guardianship extends beyond our planet, as we explore the cosmos, seeking to understand our place in the universe and potentially spreading life to other worlds. With great power comes great responsibility, and humanity's technological advancements bring with them the obligation to wield this power wisely. The ability to manipulate the environment, communicate instantaneously across continents, and even alter the genetic makeup of life places us in a position akin to a global guardian. This role demands vigilance, foresight, and ethical consideration in how we interact with our environment and each other. '''Human break away from nature and natural processes''' Its is hard to define when it occurred, but we broke out of the natural circle of nature due to the use of intelligence and tools, it probably started with the discovery of fire if it indeed was a discovery of Homo sapiens it may have been learned from one of our extinct cousin species. But what support this separation is culture and social relations, this is why we revert to more primal mindsets when in despair and extreme need and how simple survival prevents profound thought and the development of culture and technology. We have been morphological the same for more or less 35 million years, mentally almost the same and high culture only evolved from agriculture, sedentism and slavery probably one thousand years before [[w:Göbekli Tepe|Göbekli Tepe]] (a Neolithic archaeological site that was inhabited from c. 9500 to at least 8000 BCE, during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Among the world's oldest known megaliths. The site was first used at the dawn of the Southwest Asian [[w:Neolithic period|Neolithic period]], which marked the appearance of the oldest permanent human settlements anywhere in the world.). While there may have been a beginning, the process continues. In the grand tapestry of human evolution, the threads of adaptation and survival are woven intricately with the fabric of our daily lives. Among these threads, the practices surrounding childbirth and the broader implications of these practices on human fertility, sexual identity, and societal norms often go unnoticed, yet they carry profound significance. In exploring the complexities of human perception and awareness of global issues, we highlight the silent fertility crisis—a critical yet often overlooked factor contributing to counterintuitive demographic effects worldwide. This crisis is just one aspect of a multifaceted challenge shaping our societies, exacerbated by mass emigration due to increased instability, particularly in labor markets versus worker rights, access to resources, and the security of supply chains. As we transition from peak abundance to a state of declining resources, even advanced societies face the challenge of younger generations inheriting fewer resources than their predecessors. This situation is further complicated by aging populations living longer lives, underpinned by current economic and political challenges, legacy issues such as outdated institutions, and the dismantling of familial structures. Additionally, the looming specter of pollution, war, and economic insecurity casts a shadow over future prospects. This era witnesses a replication of historical patterns of societal unrest through unequal distribution of resources, reminiscent of example given in the Arab Spring of 2011—a movement that was both a cry for justice and a tool for advancing US democratic values (distinct and flawed) and interests (mostly short term economic profit and medium term melitar-strategist regime control/change). The upcoming century promises a shift in global power dynamics from Anglo-Americans (not the West as a block as Europe still maintains certain independent thinking) to East, driven by demographic pressures that define market opportunities. China's unique demographic trajectory, potentially leading to conflict from 2024 on (China demographics give it a window that facilitates beligecy in the defense of what it perceives as its interests), all this underscores the urgency of addressing fertility rates stability (especially in that region of the globe), which have declined globally over the past half-century. Research indicates that a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of approximately 2.1 is necessary to sustain a stable population, a figure that has steadily decreased alongside women's growing autonomy and access to alternative life paths. The intersection of opportunity and uncertainty faced by younger generations, coupled with disparities in access to housing, security, food, economic stability, and valid and rewarding educational opportunities, presents a universal dilemma. Each society faces unique pressure points, yet the underlying issues—access to essential resources and the predictability of life improvement—are universally relevant. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that acknowledges the interconnectedness of demographic trends, societal structures, and individual choices in shaping our collective future. '''The Shift Towards Cesarean Sections''' A pivotal moment in the history of human reproduction has been the widespread adoption of cesarean sections (C-sections). While this surgical procedure has undoubtedly saved countless lives and alleviated suffering, it has also introduced a subtle yet significant shift in human evolution. The ease of C-sections has led to an increase in the number of births performed through this method, which, in turn, affects the genetic pool and the physical adaptations necessary for natural childbirth. Research indicates that the prevalence of C-sections is influencing the evolution of pelvic dimensions, potentially leading to a narrowing of the pelvis in future generations. This phenomenon raises questions about the long-term implications of such medical interventions on human anatomy and physiology. '''Microbial Landscape and Immune System Development''' Beyond the physical aspects, the mode of delivery significantly influences the early microbial colonization of infants, which plays a crucial role in shaping their immune systems. Studies have shown that babies delivered vaginally are colonized predominantly by Lactobacillus, beneficial bacteria that promote a healthy immune response. In contrast, C-section-born infants are more likely to be colonized by potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter, which are commonly found on the skin and in hospital environments. This difference in microbial exposure can lead to altered immune development, potentially increasing the risk of certain childhood diseases, including asthma and allergic reactions, already aggravated by our distanctiation (intentional or processual divergence) from natural environments. '''Environmental Factors and Fertility''' The landscape of human fertility and sexual identity is not just shaped by biological and sociocultural factors but is increasingly influenced by environmental elements. The pervasive presence of pollutants, hormonal interactions, plastic chemicals, and the extensive use of pesticides in agriculture pose significant challenges to reproductive health and societal norms. These issues, often overlooked, underscore the complex interplay between human biology, environment, and culture. Environmental pollutants, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) found in plastics and pesticides, can interfere with the body’s hormone production and signaling. EDCs mimic or interfere with hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, which play crucial roles in sexual development, fertility, and reproductive health. Exposure to these chemicals during sensitive developmental periods can lead to alterations in sexual characteristics, reduced fertility, and increased risk of certain cancers. The cumulative effect of these disruptions across populations can subtly reshape societal norms around gender and sexuality, as individuals navigate changing physical and reproductive capabilities. '''Plastics, Chemicals and Biological Agents''' Plastic pollution, a ubiquitous feature of modern life, introduces numerous synthetic chemicals into the environment and food chain. Many of these chemicals are known to act as EDCs, disrupting normal hormonal functions. The widespread ingestion of microplastics and chemical residues through water, food, and air exposes individuals to constant low-level toxicity, potentially impacting fertility rates and the quality of offspring. This environmental factor, combined with the societal pressure to conform to traditional gender roles, creates a complex backdrop against which individuals negotiate their sexual identities and reproductive choices. The agricultural sector, driven by the need for higher yields and pest control, relies heavily on pesticides and other biological agents. These substances, while essential for crop protection, can leach into groundwater and surface waters, contaminating drinking supplies and affecting human health. Prolonged exposure to pesticide residues can disrupt the endocrine system, impairing fertility and contributing to the decline in sperm count observed in many regions. Additionally, the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and associated pesticides can have indirect effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services, which in turn may influence human health and well-being. Environmental factors, in conjunction with biological and sociocultural elements, dynamically shape human fertility and sexual identity. Pollution and chemical exposures significantly influence reproductive health, prompting shifts in societal perceptions of fertility, parenthood, and gender roles. As individuals and communities navigate these evolving challenges and uncertainties surrounding reproduction, societal norms and expectations undergo transformation. This evolution mirrors the physical and psychological adaptations required due to environmental alterations. Ultimately, the majority of these concerns stem from political and economic decisions, often made with varying degrees of awareness or understanding of the risks involved. By the time of World War II, there was an unprecedented exposure to synthetic chemicals released into the environment, for which no prior adaptation existed. When these substances became metabolized into biological systems, often competing by adding, suppressing, or blocking various functions, it became evident that the safety and protection of populations were far from being the primary concern of governments until the risks became public knowledge, the damage was undeniable, and the political status quo faced significant pressure. Plenty of examples exist from grave problems caused by [[w:DDT|DDT]] to the risks that lead to the [[w:Thalidomide|Thalidomide]] to the need and results of the [[w:Green Revolution|Green Revolution]] these are patterns that continuously repeat themselves... == Man-made events == Disasters resulting form an element of human [[w:intent|intent]], [[w:negligence|negligence]], [[w:error|error]] or involving a failure of a human controlled system are called man-made disasters. Man-made disasters like power or telecommunication outages, may be caused by natural causes, like thunderstorms, tornadoes or earthquakes and though the root cause is an act of God, they are considered a man-made disaster because they not only involve a failure of a human system but are mostly predictable and can be planed for. The power grid and telecommunication infrastructure could be made more resilient against outages however, probably due to cost and feasibility constraints, the systems were intentionally left vulnerable to outage. With an increase in complexity of the failed human system there is also an increase in the likelihood that it becomes systemic. == Severe weather == ;'''Climate change''' Climate change is a complex phenomenon deeply intertwined with human activities, although humans are not solely responsible, they significantly contribute to its occurrence. This issue extends beyond mere increases in average temperatures to encompass rapid fluctuations in extreme weather events and heightened unpredictability. Additionally, the gradual rise in average temperatures has facilitated the continuous melting of glacial ice and polar ice caps, processes that have been ongoing for some time. Furthermore, the elevation of carbon levels in the atmosphere leads to ocean acidification and exacerbates the greenhouse effect. The sun's cycle also plays a role. The sun's energy output varies slightly over its approximately 11-year cycle, these variations account for only a small fraction of the recent warming observed. The majority of the warming is attributed to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. The primary driver behind the current climate change is human activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, which releases significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This has led to a dramatic increase in the concentration of these gases, contributing to the overall warming of the planet. '''Greenhouse Effect''': The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. However, human activities have amplified this effect, leading to higher temperatures and altering natural climate patterns. This has resulted in more frequent and severe weather events, including heatwaves, droughts, and heavy rainfall. '''Weather Patterns and Erosion''': Intensified weather patterns and accelerated erosion are critical components of the broader impacts of climate change. The relationship between heat, energy, and human activities underscores the urgency of addressing these issues. * '''Heat and Energy Dynamics''': The burning of fossil fuels releases large quantities of greenhouse gases, which trap heat within the Earth's atmosphere. This process not only raises global temperatures but also alters the dynamics of energy exchange between the Earth and its atmosphere. The previously stored and reflected energy from the sun that is now retained leads to a rapid intensification of climate and weather patterns. * '''Impact on Weather Patterns''': The increase in global temperatures leads to more frequent and severe weather events, including storms, floods, and droughts. Warmer ocean surfaces enhance the formation and intensity of cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons, which can devastate coastal communities and ecosystem. * '''Accelerated Erosion''': Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns exacerbate erosion processes. More intense rainfall and higher evaporation rates can lead to soil degradation and loss, undermining the stability of landscapes and the sustainability of agricultural practices. These changes necessitate adaptive measures to protect against the erosive forces of climate change. '''Ocean Acidification''': Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolve into oceans, forming carbonic acid. This process lowers the pH of seawater, a condition known as ocean acidification. It harms marine ecosystems, affecting organisms such as corals and shellfish, which rely on carbonate ions to build their skeletons and shells. '''Sea-Level Rise''': As global temperatures increase, thermal expansion of seawater and melting glaciers contribute to rising sea levels. This poses significant risks to coastal communities, threatening infrastructure, freshwater supplies, and biodiversity. Coastal erosion accelerates, further endangering habitats and reducing land available for agriculture and settlement. Flood Maps (http://flood.firetree.net/) is a WEB tool that permits to visualize the results of seawater level rise, in relation to coastal areas, it does not take in consideration normal erosion not claims to be extremely exact its errors are on the optimistic side. '''Agricultural, Fishing Productivity and Harvesting of biologic resources''': Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can impact crop yields, wildfires and natural biologic processes, changes in habitats and reproduction. Warmer conditions may extend growing seasons in some regions but could also lead to more frequent and intense droughts in others, posing challenges to food security. Additionally, rising sea levels and saltwater intrusion threaten fertile lands, especially in low-lying areas. The study of climate change and its effect are looked in more depth on the Wikibook [[Climate Change]]. Climate change may be a cause of specific weather related calamities because of the increased predictability, that may also affect food supplies and production. In 2011 unusual floods even impacted on the price of hard-disks since factories had been geographically concentrated, this type of disruptions will tend to occur more often and in faster cycles. === Winter storm === A snowstorm is a winter storm in which the primary form of precipitation is [[w:snow|snow]]. When such a storm is accompanied by winds above 32 mph that severely reduce visibility, it becomes a [[w:blizzard|blizzard]]. Hazards from snowstorms and blizzards include traffic-related accidents, hypothermia for those unable to find shelter, as well as major disruptions to transportation and fuel and power distribution systems. === Thunderstorm === A thunderstorm is a form of [[w:severe weather|severe weather]] characterized by the presence of [[w:lightning|lightning]] and its attendant [[w:thunder|thunder]], often accompanied by copious [[w:rainfall|rainfall]], [[w:hail|hail]] and on occasion [[w:snowfall|snowfall]] and [[w:tornado |tornadoes]]. === Hail-storm === A hailstorm is a natural disaster where a thunderstorm produces a numerous amount of [[w:hailstone|hailstone]]s which damage the location in which they fall. Hailstorms can be especially devastating to [[w:farm|farm]] fields, ruining crops and damaging equipment. A particularly damaging hailstorm hit [[w:Munich|Munich]], [[w:Germany|Germany]] on [[w:August 31|August 31]], [[w:1986|1986]], felling thousands of trees and causing millions of dollars in [[w:insurance|insurance]] claims. [[w:Roopkund|Skeleton Lake]], a glacial lake in Uttarakhand state of India, was named so after 300-600 people were killed by a hailstorm. === Hurricane, Typhoon, or Tropical cyclone === A hurricane is a low-pressure cyclonic [[w:storm|storm]] system which forms over the oceans. It is caused by evaporated [[w:water|water]] which comes off of the [[w:ocean|ocean]] and becomes a [[w:storm|storm]]. The [[w:Coriolis Effect|Coriolis Effect]] causes the storms to spin, and a hurricane is declared when this spinning mass of storms attains a wind speed greater than 74mph. In different parts of the world hurricanes are known as cyclones or typhoons. The former occur in the [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]], while the latter occur in the Eastern [[w:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]]. The most damaging hurricane ever was [[w:Hurricane Andrew|Hurricane Andrew]], which hit southern [[w:Florida|Florida]] in [[w:1992|1992]]. ==== Storm surge ==== A storm surge is an onshore rush of water associated with a low pressure weather system, typically a [[w:tropical cyclone|tropical cyclone]]. Storm surge is caused primarily by high winds pushing on the ocean's surface. The wind causes the water to pile up higher than the ordinary sea level. Storm surges are particularly damaging when they occur at the time of a [[w:tide|high tide]], combining the effects of the surge and the tide. The highest storm surge ever recorded was produced by the [[w:1899|1899]] Bathurst Bay Hurricane, which caused a 13 m (43 feet) storm surge at [[w:Bathurst Bay|Bathurst Bay]], [[w:Australia|Australia]]. In the US, the greatest recorded storm surge was generated by [[w:Hurricane Camille|Hurricane Camille]], which produced a storm surge in excess of 25 feet (7.6 m). === Tornado === A tornado is a natural disaster resulting from a [[w:thunderstorm|thunderstorm]]. Tornadoes are violent currents of wind which can blow at up to 318mph. Tornadoes can occur one at a time, or can occur in large [[w:tornado outbreak|tornado outbreak]]s along a [[w:squall line|squall line]]. The worst tornado ever recorded in terms of wind speed was the tornado which swept through [[w:Moore, Oklahoma|Moore, Oklahoma]] on [[w:May 3|May 3]], [[w:1999|1999]]. This tornado has wind speeds of 318mph and was the strongest ever recorded. ==== Waterspout ==== A waterspout is a tornadic weather phenomena normally occurring over tropical waters in light rain conditions. They form at the base of cumulus-type clouds, extend to the water surface where winds pick up water spray. Waterspouts are dangerous to boats, planes and land structures. Many waterspouts occur in the [[w:Bermuda Triangle|Bermuda Triangle]] and are suspected of being the a cause of the many missing ships and planes in that region. === Drought === A drought is a long-lasting [[w:weather|weather]] pattern consisting of dry conditions with very little or no [[w:precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]. during this period, [[w:food|food]] and [[w:water|water]] supplies can run low, and other conditions, such as [[w:famine|famine]], can result. Droughts can last for several years and are particularly damaging in areas in which the residents depend on [[w:agriculture|agriculture]] for survival. The [[w:Dust Bowl|Dust Bowl]] is a famous example of a severe drought. Droughts are slowly evolving calamities, they can be planed for and with enough resources have their impact demolished. Unless the drought affects a full continent (lets say Australia) a drought can hardly be seen as a calamity that one needs to prepare specifically. == Biological-Chemical Contamination == ;'''CBRNs''' A catch-all initialism meaning [[w:Chemical|Chemical]] [[w:Biological|Biological]] [[w:Radiological|Radiological]] [[w:Nuclear|Nuclear]]. The term is used to describe a non-conventional terror threat that, if used by a nation, would be considered use of a weapon of mass destruction. This term is used primarily in the United Kingdom. Planning for a CBRN event may be appropriate for certain high-risk or high-value facilities and governments. In this section we will not cover radiological threats, they will be covered in separate since are more distinct and rarer as natural occurrence, but result from the immediate impact of human action where impact is higher and long-lasting. '''Radiological Material''' * Alpha Particles: Large particles with limited range but significant damage. * Beta Particles: Small particles with a range in air of centimeters. * Gamma/X-Ray Radiation: High-energy photons with no mass but highly penetrating. * Neutrons: Associated with nuclear processes, highly penetrating with variable damaging effects. Example: The Nuclear Explosion of Hiroshima bombing (1945) a prototype weapon, small in any comparison with modern weapons, estimated 140,000 deaths due to immediate effects, with many more dying later from radiation-related illnesses. Immediate effects occur within seconds to minutes (from heat and kinethic force thne sofucation and fire), but long-term health impacts last decades. Example: Radiological Material that resulted in Gamma/X-Ray Radiation and Fallout on the Chernobyl disaster (1986), resulted in thousands of deaths due to radiation exposure and long-term health issues. Long-term cancer risks increase significantly with higher doses of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome symptoms appear within hours to days, but long-term effects manifest over years. '''Chemical Agents''' * Nerve Agents: Highly potent organophosphorus compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. * Blistering Agents (Vesicants): Cause severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes upon contact. * Cyanides (Blood Agents): Prevent cells from using oxygen, leading to suffocation. * Pulmonary Agents: Damage the lungs, causing difficulty breathing. * Incapacitants: Cause temporary incapacitation through sensory irritation. * Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs): Various chemicals found in industry that can cause harm. * Riot-Controlled Agents (RCAs): Used by law enforcement, not prohibited internationally but can cause harm. * Pharmaceuticals: Illicit or commercial drugs at toxic doses. Example: The use of the chemical agent Sarin gas (a nerve agent) in the an attack in Japan (1995), killed 12 people immediately, with thousands injured. Effects can be felt within minutes of exposure. '''Biological Agents''' The U.S. government regulates more than 15 biological agents and in Set. 2014 [http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/09/u-s-asks-universities-flag-risky-pathogen-experiments asked universities to flag risky pathogen experiments]. These can be divided in '''Live Agents''' (include bacteria, viruses, and fungi that can cause disease) and '''BioToxins''' (chemical substances produced by living organisms that can cause illness or death). * Avian influenza virus (highly pathogenic) * Bacillus anthracis * Botulinum neurotoxin * Burkholderia mallei * Burkholderia pseudomallei * Ebola virus * Foot-and-mouth disease virus * Francisella tularensis * Marburg virus * Reconstructed 1918 Influenza virus * Rinderpest virus * Toxin-producing strains of Clostridium botulinum * Variola major virus * Variola minor virus * Yersinia pestis Example: The biological agent (live agent) Anthrax attacks in the U.S. (2001), caused 5 deaths. {{TODO|Cover Bio-hacking and GeneEditing. The Chinese CRISPR scientist whise editsof 4 viable embrious resulted on the birht of living babies and the ethical and moral consequeces regarding the human genepool of granting these victims reproduction rights.}} === Natural Events === Disease becomes a disaster when it spreads in a pandemic or epidemic as a massive outbreak off an infectious agent. Disease is historically the most dangerous of all natural disasters. Different epidemics are caused by different diseases, the [[w:Black Death|Black Death]], [[w:smallpox|smallpox]], and [[w:AIDS|AIDS]]. The [[w:Spanish flu|Spanish flu]] of 1918 was the deadliest ever epidemic, it killed 25-40 million people. The [[w:Black Death|Black Death]], which occurred in the [[w:14th Century|14th Century]], killed over 20 million people, one third of [[w:Europe|Europe]]'s population. Plant and animal life may also be affected by disease epidemics and pandemics. {{:When It Hits the Fan/Specific Calamities/Pandemy}} === Accidental Events === The definition of accident is at times very murky, an accident strictly speaking results from an unplanned failure, but the categorization of accidents depends on the observer of the event. Some "accidents" may be even intentionally created or at least considered as a possible result for the causer. ==== Biological and Systemic repercussions may bypass causality ==== We live in an ecosphere where a multitude of biological agents compete (and evolve) amongst themselves for resources and survival, our planet is a semi-closed system making all the biology therein highly dependent on each-other directly, like in a hunter-pray or symbiotic relation or simply dependent on the actions that other agents perform in the system. An accident can be categorized of a biological nature if the cause is a biological process but most often the classification is also used to include any accident that affects the normal biological functions in a system and this makes if very difficult to distinguish for example a toxic accident from a biological one. Take for instance the recent issue regarding the decline of the population of domesticated bees, a 50% decline in the U.S and the E.U. at the start of 2013. It is at the same time a problem of toxic poisoning due to pesticide use and a biological one due to the genetic manipulation of crops both affecting the immune system of the bees and promoting the spread and lethality of natural occurring diseases, allied with the already depressed quality of the environment due to pollution and the rapidly altering weather patterns resulting from climate change. A problem so grave that there are concerns that it may even lead to the extinction of the species if not corrected. {{quotation|"If the bee disappears from the surface of the earth, man would have no more than four years to live." — Albert Einstein.}} {{TODO|Complete, the effects of the loss of the most important food crop pollinator. Mine [[wikipedia:Colony collapse disorder]].}} ==== Toxic ==== ===== Chemicals ===== {{TODO|Cover asbestos and DDT}} ===== Radiation Poisoning ===== {{TODO|Cover historical accidents and lack of information and future problems, even natural occurring dangers}} ===== Nano-particles ===== {{TODO|From micro plastics to grey goo}} === Intentional Attack Event === ==== Biological ==== ==== Toxic ==== == Volcanic eruption == This natural disaster is caused by the eruption of a [[w:volcano|volcano]], and eruptions come in many forms and have subsequent effects. They may range from daily small eruptions which occur in places; like [[w:Kilauea|Kilauea]], in [[w:Hawaii|Hawaii]], or extremely infrequent [[w:supervolcano|supervolcano]] eruptions in places like [[w:Lake Toba|Lake Toba]]. They can geologically shape large geographic regions, alter river beds and impact climate and chemically alter the soil, water and atmospheric quality of areas. Recent large volcanic eruptions include that of [[w:Mount St. Helens|Mount St. Helens]] and [[w:Krakatoa|Krakatoa]], occurring in [[w:1980|1980]] and [[w:1883|1883]], respectively. While to a degree we can say the historic records of events of large scale are rare we must take in consideration that these are geological slow processes processes, and in that scale humanity has yet had very little chance be witness to the more larger events that we know to have and that will naturally occur. Wikipedia has maintains a [[w:list of large volcanic eruptions}} . ==== Lahar ==== A [[w:Lahar|Lahar]] is a water, mud, rock and debris slide along rivers, caused by the sudden melting of a snow-capped volcano during, or as a consequence, of an eruption. The eruption of the Volcán del Ruiz in [[w:Colombia|Colombia]] produced massive lahars which ran down the rivers and creeks. One of these lahars jumped on a valley with a wave of 60 mt. (200 ft.)in height and struck the town of [[w:Armero|Armero]] in the night of [[w:November 13|November 13]], [[w:1985|1985]], causing the leveling of 80% of the town's buildings and houses. The death toll was estimated at 25,000 deaths, but recent estimates put the figure in 21,000 deaths. In a touch of irony, the graveyard of Armero was spared of destruction ([[w:Armero tragedy|Armero tragedy]]). ==== Super volcanoes ==== The [[w:Toba catastrophe theory|Toba catastrophe theory]] that addresses the super-volcanic eruption that occurred about 75,000 years ago at the site of present-day [[w:Lake Toba|Lake Toba]] in Indonesia, in what is so far one of the Earth's largest known eruptions. The erupted mass was 100 times greater than that of the largest volcanic eruption in recent history, including the 1815 eruption of [[w:Mount Tambora|Mount Tambora]] in Indonesia, which caused the 1816 "[[w:Year Without a Summer|Year Without a Summer]]" in the Northern Hemisphere. Toba's erupted mass deposited an ash layer of about 15 cm thick over the whole of [[w:South Asia|South Asia]]. A blanket of volcanic ash was also deposited over the [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]], the [[w:Arabian Sea|Arabian Sea]], and the [[w:South China Sea|South China Sea]]. The theory holds that this event caused a global volcanic winter of six to ten years and possibly a 1,000-year-long cooling episode and points to the event as the cause of a [[w:Population bottleneck|genetic bottleneck]] that resulted from in a sharp decline in human population, supported by some genetic evidence that today's humans are descended from a very small population of between 1,000 and 10,000 breeding pairs that existed about 70,000 years ago. == Limnic eruption == A sudden release of asphyxiating or inflammable gas from a lake. Three lakes are at risk of limnic eruptions, [[w:Lake Nyos|Lake Nyos]], [[w:Lake Monoun|Lake Monoun]], and [[w:Lake Kivu|Lake Kivu]]. A [[w:1986|1986]] limnic eruption of 1.6 million tonnes of CO₂ from Lake Nyos suffocated 1,800 people in a 20 mile radius. In [[w:1984|1984]], a sudden out-gassing of CO₂ had occurred at Lake Monoun, killing 37 local residents. Lake Kivu, with concentrations of methane and CO₂, has not experienced a limnic eruption during recorded history, but is suspected of having periodic eruptions every 1,000 years. == Earth-quake == An earthquake is a sudden shift or movement in the [[w:tectonic plates|tectonic plate]] within the [[w:Earth|Earth's]] crust, manifesting on the surface as ground movement and shaking. These events can cause significant damage to structures, ranging from poorly built ones to even the most robustly constructed buildings. The most potent earthquakes can devastate entire cities, as evidenced by historical events such as the [[w:Tangshan earthquake|1976 Tangshan]] and [[w:2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake|2004 Indian Ocean]] earthquakes, which resulted in massive loss of life and property. There is also the economic and social impacts of an earthquake extend far beyond immediate destruction. In sparsely populated areas, the primary concern shifts from human casualties to environmental damage and the potential long-term effects on local ecosystems. Conversely, in densely populated urban centers like Los Angeles or Tokyo, the aftermath of a major quake can lead to significant economic disruptions. Cities might face shortages in essential services, leading to widespread panic and displacement of residents. In extreme cases, such as a catastrophic earthquake in Japan, the government and national concerned corporations might redirect resources away from foreign investments towards domestic recovery efforts. This variability in earthquake impacts across different locations and times highlighting the profound impact of seismic events on national priorities and human systems, even logistics. Similar magnitude earthquakes can produce vastly different outcomes due to variations in geological conditions, building codes, emergency preparedness, and societal resilience. For example, an earthquake occurring in a region with stringent building standards and advanced early warning systems might result in fewer casualties compared to an identical quake striking an area with lax regulations and limited preparedness measures. In conclusion, the impact of earthquakes is multifaceted, influenced by both the physical characteristics of the seismic event and the socio-economic context of the affected area. Understanding this complexity is crucial for developing effective disaster management strategies and for fostering communities that are better equipped to withstand and recover from such natural disasters. '''Kinetic Forces''' during an earthquake are primarily responsible for the ground shaking experienced. These forces originate from the sudden release of energy deep within the Earth's crust, as tectonic plates move relative to each other. The intensity of shaking increases with the distance from the earthquake's epicenter and depth, affecting a wide area around the fault line. The shaking can cause significant damage to structures, especially those not designed to withstand such movements. Sound Waves and Air Pressure '''Sound waves''' generated by an earthquake travel through the air and can cause damage to buildings and other structures, especially if they are already weakened by the ground shaking. The initial shock wave, often referred to as the P-wave, is followed by S-waves that cause the actual shaking. Both types of waves can generate noise, contributing to the overall destructive power of the earthquake. '''Air pressure''' changes associated with the passage of these waves can also affect individuals and structures, potentially causing discomfort or injury. In some cases, the rapid change in atmospheric pressure can lead to the creation of microbaroms, low-frequency sounds produced by the interaction between the atmosphere and the seismic waves. Ground Liquefaction One of the most fascinating and destructive aspects of earthquakes is '''ground liquefaction'''. This phenomenon occurs when saturated or partially saturated soil loses strength and stiffness in response to shaking, behaving like a liquid rather than a solid. This transformation can lead to severe ground deformations, such as the formation of sand boils or the development of large cracks in the ground. Liquefaction can have devastating effects on structures built on or near affected areas. Buildings and other man-made structures can sink into the ground, tilt, or even collapse as the underlying soil turns to liquid. This process can bury surface items, creating scenes reminiscent of shaken cereal, where previously stable objects are suddenly submerged beneath the shifting ground. Example Scenario: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California provides a vivid example of ground liquefaction. During this event, saturated soils along the San Andreas Fault liquefied, leading to significant ground failure. This caused numerous buildings and roads to collapse, with cars and debris buried in the ground. The Nimitz Freeway segment collapsed, trapping drivers and passengers under tons of concrete and earth, illustrating the deadly potential of liquefaction. Understanding the area of effect, including the kinetic forces, sound waves, and the phenomenon of ground liquefaction, is crucial for assessing the risks associated with earthquakes and designing safer structures and emergency response plans. '''Area of Effect of an Earthquake''' The area of effect of an earthquake encompasses several dimensions: The '''maximum extent''' refers to the largest geographical area potentially affected by an earthquake. This can range from localized effects near the epicenter to broader regional impacts due to secondary phenomena such as tsunamis or aftershocks. The size of the area affected is largely dependent on the magnitude of the earthquake and the geology of the region. The '''minimum extent''' typically focuses on the immediate vicinity around the epicenter, where the ground shaking is most intense. This area experiences the highest levels of structural damage and potential loss of life. Below is a list of five notable earthquakes, with descriptions of their effects based on time and location (sorted down by impact straight). :Great Kantō Earthquake (1923, Japan) - Magnitude 7.9 ::Location: Eastern part of Honshu Island, Japan. ::Effects: Occurring during a period of rapid modernization, this earthquake led to extensive urban destruction, particularly in Yokohama and Tokyo. It highlighted the vulnerability of wooden construction methods prevalent at the time and prompted significant changes in building codes. :San Francisco Earthquake (1906, United States) - Magnitude 7.8 ::Location: San Francisco Bay Area, California. ::Effects: While primarily known for the devastating fire that followed, the earthquake itself caused significant structural damage, particularly to unreinforced masonry buildings. The event underscored the importance of earthquake-resistant design in seismically active regions. :Haiti Earthquake (2010) - Magnitude 7.0 ::Location: Port-au-Prince, Haiti. ::Effects: Despite being relatively shallow, this earthquake devastated the capital city, causing widespread loss of life and infrastructure collapse. The event highlighted the challenges faced by developing countries in preparing for and responding to large-scale disasters. :Chilean Earthquake (1960) - Magnitude 9.5 ::Location: Southern Chile. ::Effects: One of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded, it triggered a tsunami that caused significant coastal damage across the Pacific Rim. The earthquake emphasized the global reach of seismic events and the importance of international cooperation in disaster response. :Sumatra Earthquake (2004) - Magnitude 9.1 ::Location: Off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. ::Effects: Triggered a massive tsunami that affected countries around the Indian Ocean basin, resulting in one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. The event underscored the need for early warning systems and international coordination in disaster management. This list illustrates how the impact of earthquakes varies significantly based on factors such as the location's susceptibility to seismic activity, the state of preparedness and infrastructure, and the presence of secondary hazards like tsunamis. '''Predicting Earthquakes''': Challenges and Clusters Predicting when and where the next major earthquake will occur anywhere on Earth remains an unsolvable puzzle due to the complex interplay of geological, atmospheric, and other factors. However, scientific understanding has revealed patterns and mechanisms that offer insights into earthquake behavior. Notably, earthquakes tend to occur in clusters, often near fault lines or volcanic areas, indicating that the buildup of stress along these geological features plays a significant role in triggering seismic activity. Earthquake Clusters and Fault Zones Earthquake clusters refer to sequences of tremors that occur in a specific geographic area over a short period, often following a larger mainshock. These clusters can involve both the mainshock and numerous aftershocks, reflecting the ongoing adjustment of the Earth's crust in response to the initial disturbance. Fault zones, such as the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey, are particularly prone to generating these clusters due to the continuous movement of tectonic plates against each other, accumulating stress over time until it is released in the form of earthquakes. Examples of Earthquake Clusters: * Turkey Earthquake Clusters: The North Anatolian Fault in Turkey exemplifies the clustering pattern of earthquakes. Historical records show that this fault zone has experienced several catastrophic earthquakes, with each event increasing the strain on adjacent segments of the fault. Following the 1999 Izmit earthquake, scientists predicted a 62% likelihood of heavy shaking near Istanbul over the following 30 years, highlighting the interconnected nature of fault systems and the potential for cascading seismic activity. * Progression Across Fault Lines: The progression of earthquakes along fault lines can span considerable distances, affecting areas far from the initial epicenter. For instance, the 2004 Sumatra earthquake triggered a devastating tsunami that reached as far as the coasts of Portugal, demonstrating the global impact of seismic activity originating from fault lines. '''Kinetic Force Compression and Criticality''' The kinetic force compression model suggests that the Earth's crust behaves much like an elastic material, storing energy as stress builds up along fault lines. When this stored energy reaches a critical threshold, it is released in the form of an earthquake. This process involves the compression and subsequent release of kinetic forces, which can lead to significant ground shaking and potential damage. Safety Precautions Given the unpredictability of earthquakes and their potential for widespread devastation, the safest precautionary measure is to avoid living in areas known for high seismic activity, particularly near active fault zones or volcanic regions. Hazard maps, informed by scientific research and technological advancements, can help identify these risky areas, enabling policymakers, planners, and individuals to make informed risk decisions about where to build and live. '''Hydraulic Fracturing and Induced Seismicity''' Fracking, a technique used to extract oil and gas from shale formations, has been linked to induced seismicity. By injecting high-pressure fluids into the ground, fractures are created in the rock layers, allowing for the extraction of hydrocarbons. This process can induce seismic activity, including minor earthquakes. The connection between fracking and induced seismicity has raised concerns, especially in densely populated areas where the impact of even small earthquakes can be significant. For instance, the Dutch government has considered limiting or even stopping gas extraction due to the small earthquakes and tremors caused by natural gas extraction in the north of the Netherlands. Other countries experiencing induced seismicity due to fracking include Canada, the Netherlands, Italy, and England. Each country has responded differently to the challenge, with some adopting traffic light systems to monitor and manage the seismic impacts of fracking operations. These systems require companies to adjust their operations based on the level of seismic activity detected, aiming to minimize the risk of induced earthquakes. {{TODO|[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260617032155.htm Scientists discover an earthquake gate as California faults reach their highest stress levels in 1,000 years] June 18, 2026 - It also provides an update on the technology of monitorization and predictability that has evolved a lot, especially since the discoveries made after the [[w:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes]]}} == Rogue Waves == Rogue waves, also known as freak waves, are massive and unexpected waves that can tower above surrounding waves and pose significant dangers to maritime activities. These waves can form due to various natural phenomena, including underwater earthquakes and coastal terrain deformations. Understanding the mechanisms behind rogue waves is crucial for improving maritime safety and predicting potential threats. Underwater Earthquakes Underwater earthquakes can generate rogue waves through several mechanisms. One primary way is through the displacement of water masses. When an earthquake occurs beneath the ocean floor, it can displace vast amounts of water, creating a sudden surge that forms a rogue wave. The energy released by the earthquake can also generate tsunamis, which, although not technically rogue waves, can cause similarly devastating impacts on coastal areas. Coastal Terrain Deformation Coastal terrain deformation, such as the uplift or subsidence of landmasses caused by earthquakes, can also contribute to the formation of rogue waves. Changes in the shape of the seabed can alter the flow of water, leading to the amplification of wave heights. For example, if an earthquake causes the seabed to rise near the shore, it can funnel incoming waves into a narrower channel, concentrating their energy and potentially leading to the formation of a rogue wave. Geometry of Location and Depth The geometry of the location and depth plays a crucial role in the formation of rogue waves. Areas with specific bathymetric features, such as shallow shelves or constrictions, can concentrate wave energy, increasing the likelihood of rogue wave formation. Similarly, the depth of the water affects the speed and energy of waves; deeper waters allow waves to grow taller before reaching shallower depths, where they slow down and increase in height, potentially forming a rogue wave. Example: The Agulhas Current and Rogue Waves An example of how rogue waves can form due to interactions with coastal geography and currents is the encounter of wave trains with the Agulhas Current off the coast of South Africa. This strong ocean current can cause waves to become even steeper, increasing the likelihood of rogue wave formation. The combination of wave energy, current velocity, and specific coastal geometries can lead to the creation of towering rogue waves that pose significant risks to maritime vessels navigating these waters. {{NOTE|Nuclear Torpedoes like the Poseidon, also known as the Ocean Multipurpose System Status-6, is a nuclear-powered, long-range underwater drone equipped with nuclear weapons. Theoretically, the massive explosion caused by a torpedo could displace a large volume of water, generating a tsunami-like wave. The energy released by the nuclear detonation could also interact with the coastline and underwater terrain, potentially leading to the formation of rogue waves. These waves, unlike regular tsunamis, can appear suddenly and without warning, posing a significant risk to ships and coastal communities. While a nuclear event could detected and later traced, this opens the question to the possibility with top of the line conventional explosives, used purposely or with enough strength humans could create similar effects and even deploy charges to prevent an event from reaching fragile coast lines.}} == Tsunami == A tsunami ("harbor wave" in Japanese) is caused by seismic disturbances in the ocean. A common misconception is that tsunamis are simply very large waves, but this is incorrect. Instead, when one has reached land, it gives the appearance that the sea level has risen very rapidly. Tsunamis can flood areas and cause widespread devastation, often killing thousands of people. Tsunamis are commonly called tidal waves, a title discouraged by professional oceanographers because tsunamis are not related to ocean tides in any way. == Major solar flare == A solar flare is a violent explosion in the [[w:Sun|Sun]]'s atmosphere with an energy equivalent to tens of millions of [[w:hydrogen bomb|hydrogen bomb]]s. Solar flares take place in the solar [[w:corona|corona]] and [[w:chromosphere|chromosphere]], heating the gas to tens of millions of kelvins and accelerating electrons, protons and heavier ions to near the speed of light. They produce electromagnetic radiation across the spectrum at all wavelengths from long-wave radio signals to the shortest wavelength gamma rays. Solar flare emissions are a danger to orbiting satellites, manned space missions, communications systems, and power grid systems. Solar flares are common and there are no record of an event that would put life on earth in any considerate danger, that is not to say that they are innocuous. Human societies dependence on electricity, electronic devices and satellites have also made us more vulnerable to a social order collapse due to the disabling effect a strong solar flare would have in the infrastructure we now depend for day-to-day life. One of the best know effect of solar flares is on the power supply networks, for instance Canada and Finland have added protective devices to their high voltage transformers just for that eventuality. It should be something that a national government should act upon since a nations energy infrastructure is of national security importance, even if in most nations energy is a private enterprise. There is also a early warning system in place due to the effect solar flares have on satellites, so a major event should be public knowledge before it hits. In personal terms having taken the general steps discussed on Part 1 will suffice, unless the even is so great that the recovery time will erode the fabric of society. {{TODO|[[Wikipedia:Solar flare]]}} == EMP event == EMP events can occur only result of a EMP weapon discharge. {{TODO|[[Wikipedia:Electromagnetic pulse]]}} As with many other catastrophic events, an EMP attack or incident has been also the subject of books and other media, even video games. The computer-animated American science fiction television TV series from 2007 [[w:Afterworld (TV series)|Afterworld]] covers Russell Shoemaker, the lead character, history across a devastated land, in the portrayed EMP event has not only cause all alternative current utilities to ceased function but has "disintegrated" a large part of the population. It covers interesting subjects like how humanity uses myths to explain away the unknown and permit to build order over a chaotic reality. == Nuclear event == The word today seems to be evolving beyond nuclear power and nuclear weapons, due to some hard realizations based on experiencing extreme destruction, pollution and the unreliability of the systems especially facing unexpected realities. Something has been learned and we have gone far beyond the bad propaganda from the pre-cold war age into the 21 century. {{NOTE|Nuclear propaganda, especially those generated in the US or UK were oriented toward two distinct goals, it began first by exaggeration the virtues of the nuclear age and in the end in the exacerbation of the dangers (especially of a nuclear attack during a military confrontation). There is still a generalized belief in erroneous concepts like a nuclear winter, something that was prevalent in Hollywood movies in the 80's and 90's. One of the more symbolic propaganda efforts, that painful demonstrates the lack of proper education and information in an almost criminal way is the "[[w:Duck and cover|Duck and cover]]" campaign that run from 1950s until the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s. After the initial shadow casted by the end of the war with Japan (WWII) with the use of nuclear weapons, hose effect were in large part hidden from the American public (and the west in general), there was a military interest in the study of new weapon and on how to produce those weapons economically. These evolved into not only finding uses for nuclear energy but establishing an energy production system that as a byproduct generated weapon grade enriched uranium. The lack of knowledge allied with intentional deception of the public was allowed to shape public opinion until those directly opposed to the US reached a similar technological stage and it was not only of geopolitical interest of all parties to stop the escalation of nuclear rhetoric but the proliferation of both atmospheric or underground nuclear tests, that by that time had been demonstrated to be environmentally dangerous.}} Nuclear radiation evokes fear and uncertainty, probably the more worrying characteristic is that it is unseen, carried by air and more damaging than virus since the effects can take extremely long time to dissipate and the effects to be noticed, if not in the immediate form of a radiation burn or severe poisoning. This section will try to cover this subject by providing a short introduction to this important topic and address some of the confusion and even misinformation regarding radiation and radiation poisoning. '''Radiation''' is a physical property of some natural occurring elements. Since matter is, simply put, made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. The type of element is determined by the number of protons as the number of protons in for any element is fixed, electrons and neutrons vary within some limits. The number neutrons affects the stability of the atom, there is an optimal range of numbers of neutrons needed to keep the atom stable. When you have 2 atoms of the same element but with different number of neutrons they constitute an isotope of that element. If one of the atoms is unstable it then leads to alpha, beta-, beta+ or gamma decay. One of the more problematic aspects of the lack of public information about radiation effects is the establishing of safety limits and of full disclosure of the dangers. This includes being transparent about contaminated sites, professions and the nuclear economy. The rem is the most common unit of measure used to gauge radiation damage to human tissue. For instance the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends evacuation from locations were radiation dose exceeds .1 rem per year. With an exposure of 100 rem or more one will get radiation illness (with similar effects to cancer patients that get radiation treatment, loss of hair, nausea and weakness). A dose of 250 to 350 rem will become life-threatening, if untreated chances of dying are approximately 50%. {{NOTE|There are regions that register doses above the recommended dose of .1 rem per year. But population is rarely advised about this fact. To most people this background radiation will not be an issue but since radiation damage is cumulative, those that for instance travel many times by air or are submitted to X-Rays will be compounding the risks of negative effects.}} '''Fission''' is a reaction commonly created in nuclear power stations where unstable isotopes of an element are created from splitting of atoms. Creating unstable isotopes will eventually decay the various decay processes. '''Radioactive decay''' As we have seen there are several types of radioactive decay, each decay will emit: *alpha decay, means that the unstable atom emits a helium nuclei (composed of 2 neutrons and 2 protons) as it decays. *beta- decay, occurs for isotopes with an excess of neutrons, in seeking stability neutrons are converted into protons (thereby changing the element) this generates a releasing of electrons and other elementary particles, like neutrinos. *beta+ decay, may occur, if the atom has enough energy to overcome the mass difference between an proton and a neutron and when the atom nucleus has too few neutrons to remain stable, forcing a conversion of a proton into a neutron and a positron (negative charged electron) that will emit a neutrino. *gamma decay, is generally a result of a alpha or a beta decay. If the resulting atom is in an excited state, it can radiate a high energy photon to lose some of the excess energy. Except from a massive solar flare or a pulsar ejection hitting the Earth most other natural ways of getting irradiated beyond normal ranges can only occur due to human action or some controlled activity or repeated exposure. The most probable deadly nuclear events are a nuclear war, terrorist attack, a nuclear facility accident or exposure to nuclear waste. In 2015 [https://www.technologyreview.com/s/536886/the-chances-of-another-chernobyl-before-2050-50-say-safety-specialists/ Spencer Wheatley and Didier Sornette at ETH Zurich in Switzerland and Benjamin Sovacool at Aarhus University in Denmark, having reportedly compiled the most comprehensive list of nuclear accidents until then calculate the chances of future accidents to be 50/50]. == War == War is conflict, between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. Warfare has destroyed entire cultures, countries, economies and inflicted great suffering on humanity. Other terms for war can include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. Acts of war are normally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster planning. Most wars are caused when two political leaders have conflicts with each other's views. Civilians normally have no input on whether a war should be started. '''Movies''' '''Books''' === Terrorism === Terrorism is a controversial term with multiple definitions. One definition means a violent action targeting civilians exclusively. Another definition is the use or threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. Under the second definition, the targets of terrorist acts can be anyone, including civilians, government officials, military personnel, or people serving the interests of governments. == Asteroids == === Impact event === Impact events are caused by the [[w:collision|collision]] of large [[w:meteoroid|meteoroid]]s, [[w:asteroid|asteroid]]s or [[w:comet|comet]]s (generically: [[w:bolide|bolide]]s) with [[w:Earth|Earth]] and may sometimes be followed by [[w:mass extinction|mass extinction]]s of life. The magnitude of the disaster is inversely proportional to its rate of occurrence, because small impactors are much more numerous than large ones. In 2010, 900 1Km asteroids had been cataloged in [[w:Near-Earth object|near heart space]] (in orbits around 0.983 and 1.3 [[w:Astronomical unit|AU]] away from the Sun). This type of event is portrayed in many movies, TV shows and literary works. The TV series of 1999, from the UK, [[w:The Last Train (TV series)|The Last Train]], follows the survival of a mixed group of train passengers who have accidentally been cryogenically frozen. It covers items like famine due to ash cover (drop of temperature) and acid rain. {{TODO| Mine [[wikipedia:Impact event]]}} === Air burst === == Gamma-ray burst == A gama-ray burst is a blast of gama radiation, the best known and common generators of such events are [[w:pulsar|pulsars]] but any passing star cluster within a few thousand light years of Earth could generate a strong enough burst that would result in mass extinction of life on Earth. In fact it is theorized by a team from the University of Kansas in Lawrence led by Adrian Melott in 2003, that such an event may indeed have occurred 440 million years ago, even if so far no proof has been found, but little would be left to identify such event. In star clusters, gama-ray bursts are generated when a single star explodes or two or more stellar corpses merge. In 2003, a team led by Adrian Melott of the suggested that a gamma-ray burst within a few thousand light years of Earth triggered a mass extinction 440 million years ago. But proof has been elusive. Because these bursts occur when , there is little left to identify the culprit. A '''galactic gama-ray superwave''' can also be a possibility from a massive supernova. Recent discoveries made by Fermi Gamma Ray telescope increases the chance of Earth being hit in what is a recurrent phenomena. According to Wilfried Domainko of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany (arxiv.org/abs/1112.1792), in globular clusters, massive swarm of active and dead start, the probability based on the number of star clusters in the Milky Way and the rate of gamma-ray bursts in them, that an deadly game-ray busts event will strike Earth is at least once in the past billion years. The chance that a pulsar will cause damage to the earth is very remote but not inexistent, in fact it is almost a certainty that some pulsars will be targeting the earth from time to time, but because they are so distant little or no impact is felt. == [[When It Hits the Fan/Specific Calamities/Historical events|List of historical disastrous events]] == {{:When It Hits the Fan/Specific Calamities/Historical events}} {{BookCat}} ev909fg8xyr4plc52d397qozmfxki1l 0 192770 4640682 3909065 2026-06-19T09:06:05Z ~2026-35872-17 3608210 /* Polish verbs in the past */ e/a endings are not applicable in the plural 4640682 wikitext text/x-wiki === Polish verbs in the past === Past form of a verb is created by adding an ending to the present form of the verb: {| class="wikitable" |- ! singular !! !! plural !! |- | ja || -(<span style="color: blue">''e''</span>/<span style="color: purple">''a''</span>)m || my || -(<span style="color: blue">''i''</span>/<span style="color: purple">''y''</span>)śmy |- | ty || -(<span style="color: blue">''e''</span>/<span style="color: purple">''a''</span>)ś || wy || -(<span style="color: blue">''i''</span>/<span style="color: purple">''y''</span>)ście |- | on/ona/ono || - || oni/one || - |} Examples: * You sleep till noon. <span style="color: grey">''pl''</span> - Śpicie do południa. (Wy śpicie do południa) * You slept till noon. <span style="color: grey">''pl''</span> - Spaliście do południa. (Wy spaliście do południa) ''Note'': In Polish you can omit the personal subject pronoun (I, she, we, you..) in a sentence. It actually sounds <u>much</u> more natural to say: Poszliśmy zjeść obiad o 1 po południu. than My poszliśmy zjeść obiad o 1 po południu. * They lost their way and called for a taxi. - Zgubili drogę i zadzwonili po taksówkę. (Oni zgubili drogę i zadzwonili po taksówkę) / Zgubiły drogę i zadzwoniły po taksówkę. (about women) * I've seen that movie before. - Widziałem / Widziałam już wcześniej ten film. * When did you go there? - Kiedy tam pojechałeś? * Did you see the movie I was talking about? - Widziałeś / widziałaś ten film o którym mówiłem / mówiłam? (Czy widziałeś / widziałaś ten film o którym mówiłem / mówiłam?) * I had a dream that I was speaking Polish - Miałem sen, że mówiłem po polsku. * I woke up all sweaty. - Obudziłem się / Obudziłam się cały spocony/spocona. * We eat breakfast at 7 o'clock. - Jemy śniadanie o 7 rano. (My jemy śniadanie o 7 rano) * We were eating breakfast at 7 o'clock. - Jedliśmy śniadanie o 7 rano. (My jedliśmy śniadanie o 7 rano) * We ate breakfast at 7 o'clock. - Zjedliśmy śniadanie o 7 rano. (My zjedliśmy śniadanie o 7 rano) === Perfective and imperfective aspects of verbs === In Polish language there's a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects of verbs. Some verbs (like ''być'') occur only in one form which stands for both perfective and imperfective aspects. Therefore, the definite majority of verbs take a different form for it's perfective and imperfective aspects. ===== Rough explanation: which aspect of a verb shoud I choose when talking about the past? ===== * When talking about complete actions (e.g. ''I have done something'', ''I did something'', ''I had done something'') you should choose perfective form of the verb. * When talking about incomplete actions or to emphasise the time spent doing something (e.g. ''I was doing something'', ''I have been doing something'', ''I had been doing something'') you should choose the imperfective form. * When talking about repeated action you should also choose the imperfective form (''I did it every day''). === Conjugation === '''być - to be''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! present - any aspect - singular !! !! present - any aspect - plural !! !! past - any aspect - singular !! !! past - any aspect - plural !! |- | ja jestem || I am || my jesteśmy || we are || ja byłem <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ja byłam <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || I was || my byliśmy <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / my byłyśmy <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || we were |- | ty jesteś || you are || wy jesteście || you are || ty byłeś <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ty byłaś <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you were || wy byliście <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / wy byłyście <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you were |- | on jest || he is || oni są || they are <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> || on był || he was || oni byli || they were <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> |- | ona jest || she is || one są || they are <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || ona była || she was || one były || they were <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> |- | ono jest || it is || one są || they are <span style="color: green">''n''</span> || ono było || it was || one były || they were <span style="color: green">''n''</span> |} '''mieć - to have''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! present - any aspect - singular !! !! present - any aspect - plural !! !! past - any aspect - singular !! !! past - any aspect - plural !! |- | ja mam || I have || my mamy || we have || ja miałem <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ja miałam <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || I had || my mieliśmy <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / my miałyśmy <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || we had |- | ty masz || you have || wy macie || you have || ty miałeś <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ty miałaś <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you had || wy mieliście <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / wy miałyście <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you had |- | on ma || he has || oni mają || they have <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> || on miał || he had || oni mieli || they had <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> |- | ona ma || she has || one mają || they have <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || ona miała || she had <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || one miały || they had <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> |- | ono ma || it has || one mają || they have <span style="color: green">''n''</span> || ono miało || it had <span style="color: green">''n''</span> || one miały || they had <span style="color: green">''n''</span> |} a curiosity: in Polish cats say 'miau' pronounced like ''miał'', not 'meow' '''bić - beat''' (note the similarity in the imperfective aspect of the past tense of the verb ''być'' - to be) {| class="wikitable" |- ! present - imperfective aspect - singular !! !! present - imperfective aspect - plural !! !! past - imperfective aspect - singular !! !! past - imperfective aspect - plural !! |- | ja biję || I beat || my bijemy || we beat || ja biłem <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ja biłam <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || I beat || my biliśmy || we beat |- | ty bijesz || you beat || wy bijecie || you beat || ty biłeś <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ty biłaś <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you beat || wy biliście || you beat |- | on bije || he beats || oni biją || they beat <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> || on bił || he beat || oni bili || they beat <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> |- | ona bije || she beats || one biją || they beat <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || ona biła || she beat || one biły || they beat <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> |- | ono bije || it beats || one biją || they beat <span style="color: green">''n''</span> || ono biło || it beat || one biły || they beat <span style="color: green">''n''</span> |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! present - perfective aspect - singular !! !! present - perfective aspect - plural !! !! past - perfective aspect - singular !! !! past - perfective aspect - plural !! |- | ja zbiję || I beat || my zbijemy || we beat || ja zbiłem <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ja zbiłam <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || I beat || my zbiliśmy|| we beat |- | ty zbijesz || you beat || wy zbijecie || you beat || ty zbiłeś <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ty zbiłaś <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you beat || wy zbiliście || you beat |- | on zbije || he beats || oni zbiją || they beat <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> || on zbił || he beat || oni zbili || they beat <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> |- | ona zbije || she beats || one zbiją || they beat <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || ona zbiła || she beat || one zbiły || they beat <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> |- | ono zbije || it beats || one zbiją || they beat <span style="color: green">''n''</span> || ono zbiło || it beat || one zbiły || they beat <span style="color: green">''n''</span> |} As you can see, the perfective aspect of a verb can be created simply by adding a prefix or by changing the first letters of the imperfective form of a verb. Also you must note that there might be more than one form of perfective aspect of a verb. Like in the case of the verb ''bić'', there are two different perfective aspects of it: * zbić - to beat something or someone * pobić - to beat someone (especially to emphasise the violence of the act, e.g. in assault) '''Stać się (impf aspect) / zostać (perf aspect) - to become''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! present - imperfective aspect - singular !! !! present - imperfective aspect - plural !! !! past - imperfective aspect - singular !! !! past - imperfective aspect - plural !! |- | ja staję się || I become || my stajemy się || we become || ja stałem się <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ja stałam się <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || I became || my staliśmy się <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / my stałyśmy się <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || we became |- | ty stajesz się || you become || wy stajecie się || you become || ty stałeś się <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ty stałaś się <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you became || wy staliście się <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / wy stałyście się <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you became |- | on staje się || he becomes || oni stają się || they become <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> || on stał się || he became || oni stali się || they became <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> |- | ona staje się || she becomes || one stają się || they become <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || ona stała się || she became || one stały się || they became <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> |- | ono staje się|| it becomes || one stają się || they become <span style="color: green">''n''</span> || ono stało się || it became || one stały się || they became <span style="color: green">''n''</span> |} '''mówić - to speak''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! present - any aspect - singular !! !! present - any aspect - plural !! !! past - any aspect - singular !! !! past - any aspect - plural !! |- | ja mówię || I speak || my mówimy || we speak || ja mówiłem <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ja mówiłam <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || I spoke || my mówiliśmy <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / my mówiłyśmy <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || we spoke |- | ty mówisz || you speak || wy mówicie || you speak || ty mówiłeś <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ty mówiłaś <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you spoke || wy mówiliście <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / wy mówiłyście <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you spoke |- | on mówi || he speaks || oni mówią || they speak <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> || on mówił || he spoke || oni mówili || they spoke <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> |- | ona mówi || she speaks || one mówią || they speak <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || ona mówiła || she spoke || one mówiły || they spoke <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> |- | ono mówi || it speaks || one mówią || they speak <span style="color: green">''n''</span> || ono mówiło || it spoke || one mówiły || they spoke <span style="color: green">''n''</span> |} '''jeść - to eat''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! present - imperfective aspect - singular !! !! present - imperfective aspect - plural !! !! past - imperfective aspect - singular !! !! past - imperfective aspect - plural !! |- | ja jem || I eat || my jemy || we eat || ja jadłem <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ja jadłam <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || I ate || my jedliśmy <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / my jadłyśmy <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || we ate |- | ty jesz || you eat || wy jecie || you eat || ty jadłeś <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / ty jadłaś <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you ate || wy jedliście <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> / wy jadłyście <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || you ate |- | on je || he eats || oni jedzą || they eat <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> || on jadł || he ate || oni jedli || they ate <span style="color: blue">''m''</span> |- | ona je || she eats || one jedzą || they eat <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> || ona jadła || she ate || one jadły || they ate <span style="color: purple">''f''</span> |- | ono je || it eats || one jedzą || they eat <span style="color: green">''n''</span> || ono jadło || it ate || one jadły || they ate <span style="color: green">''n''</span> |} The perfective aspect is being created by adding z- in front of the verb ''jeść'': ja <span style="color: red">''z''</span>jadłam, my <span style="color: red">''z''</span>jedliśmy, ty <span style="color: red">''z''</span>jadłeś, etc. * At the end of the verbs you can see some endings, namely: -łem, -liście, -li, -ły These are very important in past tense, if you don't attach these endings, you aren't using the past tense! {{BookCat}} 874p2srbw1vud2t7wx9fdwwgnaplkbz 0 215864 4640661 4341978 2026-06-18T23:59:02Z ~2026-35622-53 3608113 i 4640661 wikitext text/x-wiki == Recrystallization == [[Image:Recrystallization_technique.jpg‎|250px|thumb|right|<center>'''Summary of Recrystallization'''</center>]] Recrystallization is the process of purfication that involves dissolution of a solid in a hot solvent, filtration of the heated solution or mixture, crystal formation, and the isolation of the crystalline compound. In order to perform a recrystallization, the solubility of a compound in a hot solvent must be taken advantage of. A saturated solution at a higher temperature normally contains more solute than the same solute/solvent pair at a lower temperature; as a result, the solute precipitates when a warm saturation solution cools. In other words, a solution at a higher temperature will have more dissolved solids and as it cools, the solute will return back to its solid phase, forming a precipitate. Impurities in the solid being recrystallized are usually significantly lower in concentration than the concentration of the substance being purified so as the mixture cools, the impurities remain in solution while the highly concentrated product crystallizes. Crystal formation of a solute from a solution is a selective process because only solids moving at the right speed and are under the appropriate conditions of concentration and solvent form almost perfect crystalline materials as only molecules of with the right shape fit into the crystal lattice. Recrystallization purifies a compound because dissolution of the impure solid in a suitable hot solvent destroys the crystal lattice of the impure compound and the recrystallization from the cold solvent selectively produces a new, more pure crystal lattice. Slow cooling of the saturated solution promotes formation of pure crystals because the molecules of the impurities that don’t fit too well have time to return to the solution. Crystals that form slowly are larger(not always) and often purer than ones that form quickly because rapid crystal formation traps impurities within the lattice as they are simply surrounded by the crystallizing solute. The most important aspect of recrystallization is the choice of solvent because the solute should have maximum solubility in the hot solvent and minimum solubility in the cold solvent. The relationship of solute and solvent can be best described as “like dissolves like”. This entails that nonionic compounds generally dissolve in water only when they can associate with the water molecules through hydrogen bonding. Hydrocarbons and alkyl halides are virtually insoluble in water whereas carboxylic acids and alcohols are often recrystallize from water solutions. In a miniscale recrystallization experiment several steps are followed to complete the purification process. #The solid to be recrystallized must first be weighed and then dissolved in an appropriate hot solvent. #The solid impurities must be filtered using a gravity filtration process. #The hot recrystallization mixture is then set aside to cool to room temperature. #After cooling to room temperature, the solution is then cooled even further by placing it in an ice-water bath for 10-15 minutes to allow further recrystallization. #To collect the crystals and to complete the recrystallization, the crystals must be collected by vacuum filtration. ==An easy depiction of the recrystallization process== One of the key factors of purification through recrystallization is understanding solubility. In order to proceed with a successful recrystallization process, the mixture must have some important solubility properties. One solvent must be soluble at all temperatures. The next solvent must be soluble at low temperatures. And another solvent must be soluble at high temps, and insoluble at low temps. [[File:RecrystallizationGraphCpre.png]] Here is a simple illustration which explains how the purification process is conducted. The blue square is soluble at all temperatures, The orange circle is mostly insoluble at all temperatures, and the green triangle is soluble at high temperatures and insoluble at low temperatures. #1. Add heat: If we heat up the mixture containing the square, circle, and triangle, the square will already be in solution, and we can heat it to the point that the green triangle dissolves. Then we are left with only the insoluble circle. #2. Filter: We can then filter the aqueous dissolved solution and once we separate this we are left with only the triangle and square in solution while the circle was left in the previous vessel. #3. Cool Down: When the newly isolated mixture is cooled, the triangle will begin to crystallize again since it is insoluble at low temperatures, but the square will remain in solution since it is soluble at all temperatures. #4. We separate the aqueous layer(the triangle) and we are left with our compound of interest, the triangle. ==Isoelectric Focusing== [[File:Process of Isoelectric Focusing.jpg|360x480px|thumbnail|The Process of Isoelectric Focusing]] '''Isoelectric Focusing''' is an electrophoresis protein purification process in which proteins are separated by their isoelectric points. The '''isoelectric point''' of a protein, the '''pI''', is the characteristic pH at which a protein carries no net charge. The net charge of a protein is determined by the acidity or basicity of the side chains that make up the protein. If a protein has more acidic groups than basic groups then the protein will have a very low pH and be considered acidic. If the protein has more basic groups in its side chains than acidic groups then the overall charge of the protein will cause its pH to be much higher. Isoelectric focusing takes advantage of these properties with the following steps: #Create a gel that has a linear pH gradient within it #Insert the protein samples into the gel #Apply an electric field with an anode (+) at one end and a cathode (-) at the other #Allow time for the proteins to migrate toward their neutral pI according to their net charge The linear pH of the gel allows for the samples to be added arbitrarily because the pH of the environment combined with the electric field will force the movement of the protein regardless of their initial positions within the gel. The proteins do not begin to migrate until the electric field is applied. Upon application of the electric field, the proteins move toward the terminal with the charge opposite them gathering or releasing protons throughout migration until they have reached their neutral, isoelectric point. For example, assume all the protein samples have been applied at the neutral pH location of the gradient where pH=7. When the field has finally been applied the proteins will migrate according to their net charge. If the protein has an isoelectric point of 2 then at the pH of 7, the protein has less hydrogen ions than it needs in order to be neutral, i.e. reach its isoelectric point. This deems the protein as negative and thus it will move toward the anode (+) picking up protons as it travels through the gradient to a lower pH. When the protein has finally gathered enough protons to make it neutral, the protein will no longer have a net charge and cease its migration at its isoelectric point. Isoelectric Focusing allows for protein purification based on a different protein characteristic, pI. Therefore proteins with similar characteristics such a molecular weight can be purified and separated via their distinct pI's in rather short periods of time.<ref>Andrews, A.T. (1986). Electrophoresis: theory, techniques, and biochemical and clinical applications (2nd edn). Oxford University Press, Oxford. </ref> == Sublimation == [[Image:Sublimation.jpg|180px|thumb|right|<center>'''Sublimation apparatus'''</center>]] Sublimation is the process in which a substance changes directly from a solid to the gas phase without forming an intermediate liquid phase. One example of this is dry ice, which is converted from the solid form of carbon dioxide directly into carbon dioxide gas. In the laboratory, sublimation can be used to purify an organic compound only after meeting four requirements. #The compound must vaporize without melting #It must be stable enough to vaporize without decomposing #The vapors of the compound must be able to condense back to the solid #Impurities within the compound do not also sublime. The apparatus for sublimation consists of an outer vessel and an inner vessel. The outer vessel holds the sample to be purified connected to a vacuum. The inner container known as a cold finger provides a cold surface on which the vaporized compound can recondense as a solid. To perform sublimation, the sample to be sublimed must be placed into a filter flask. Next, an inner tube is placed in the flask and the vacuum is turned on. Afterwards, the sublimation flask is heated gently, using a sand bath, as ice is filled in the inner tube. During sublimation, material will disappear from the bottom of the outer vessel and then reappear on the cool, outside surface of the inner test tube. This is the result of the compound vaporizing as it reaches its sublimation temperature and then recondensing on the cold finger as a result of cooling. After completion, the inner test tube can be removed and the pure solid can be scraped off and analyzed. It is important to note the distance between the impure compound and the cold finger during sublimation. The components of the sublimation set up need to be close enough to avoid decomposition yet far enough that contamination doesn’t take place. A large distance means that the temperature applied must be very high to keep the compound in the vapor form, which could cause the compound to decompose. A small distance could cause the impurities to easily come into contact with the purified compound on the cold finger. The purification could be ineffective if the distance is not taken into consideration. <ref name="sublimation">Mohrig, Jerry R. "Techniques in Organic Chemistry." 2010, W.H. Freeman and Company</ref> == Distillation == Distillation is used to separate a two-component mixture and Gas Chromatography is used to identify the constituent compounds. Distillation is a technique that separates compounds based on their vapor pressures and boiling points. When two different compounds are heated, one may boil at a lower temperature than the other. By separating the vapors of the compound with the lower boiling point from the other, one may separate the vapor from the liquid and re-condense it, effectively separating the two. With successive distillations, a high degree of purification is possible. Distillations carried out one a time are called simple distillations. Although high efficiency can be achieved through multiple simple distillations, it would be tedious and require a large initial sample volume. Fractionating distillation, however, simplifies this repeated distillation by providing continuous separations. A fractionating column is utilized to provide extensive surface area to allow for heat exchange between rising vapor and falling condensate; through a recursive mechanism, the upper vapors are more pure in the more volatile compound and the liquid is more pure in the less volatile compound. The degree of separation depends on the different boiling points of compounds as well as the rate of distillation, insulation, and column efficiency. By allowing more time to distill, thermal equilibrium can be reached and higher purities achieved. Likewise, insulation prevents heat loss to preserve initial conditions and column efficiency determines how many distillation “pockets” can occur. ==Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)== Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a simple and quick procedure for separating and identifying components in a mixture. In principle, different components in a mixture have different solubility and differ in their strength of attraction to an adsorbent. This method utilizes this principle and has the mixture to be analyzed performed on a plate with thin layer of a solid adsorbent and then has the plate immersed in a solvent. Components in the mixture will slowly travel up the plate at different rates until they reach the maximum separation for this particular combination of solvent and adsorbent. After the mixture is separated into different colored spots, the plate is dried and the components are examined. Technique: 1. Choose a solvent to be used to analyze the mixture, and then pour it into a beaker to a depth less than 0.5cm. The entire process is carried out in a beaker with watch glass on the top to prevent solvent vapor from escaping. 2.A TLC plate is prepared. A TLC plate is made with a thin layer of adsorbent, usually silica or alumina. Near the bottom of the plate, use a pencil to draw a line across the plate. This line will be the origin where you spot the mixture to be analyzed. 3. Place the plate in beaker so that only the bottom of the plate is immersed in the solvent. 4. When the solvent rises up by capillary action and past the spot applied, some components of the mixture will travel at faster rate due to their solubility with the solvent and their adsorption strength to the plate. 5. Different separation of colored spots will be seen on the plate. If the spots are not colored, UV lamp is used to visualize the plate. [[File:Thin Layer Chromatography.JPG|thumb|1: Origin 2, 3: New positions of compound 4: Distance traveled by solvent ]] To identify the compounds present, the distance travelled by the solvent and the distance travelled by individual spots are then measured from the plate. Using these measurements, a retention factor, Rf is obtained by the following equation: Rf = (Distance traveled by the compound)/(Distance traveled by the solvent) From the value of Rf, the polarity of a compound can be predicted. Moreover, this value can be used to compare two compounds. If two substances have the same Rf value, there is a high chance that they are the same compound. Otherwise, they are certainly different compounds. == References == <references /> Mohrig, Jerry R. Techniques in Organic Chemistry. 2006, W.H. Freeman and Company Organic Chemistry Lab, Chemistry 143A {{BookCat}} pzy523thjv3edykmoqvhqj1qcrr8h9i 4640692 4640661 2026-06-19T10:50:20Z Jianhui67 1013809 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-35622-53|~2026-35622-53]]) and restored revision 4341978 by ShakespeareFan00 4640692 wikitext text/x-wiki == Recrystallization == [[Image:Recrystallization_technique.jpg‎|250px|thumb|right|<center>'''Summary of Recrystallization'''</center>]] Recrystallization is the process of purification that involves dissolution of a solid in a hot solvent, filtration of the heated solution or mixture, crystal formation, and the isolation of the crystalline compound. In order to perform a recrystallization, the solubility of a compound in a hot solvent must be taken advantage of. A saturated solution at a higher temperature normally contains more solute than the same solute/solvent pair at a lower temperature; as a result, the solute precipitates when a warm saturation solution cools. In other words, a solution at a higher temperature will have more dissolved solids and as it cools, the solute will return back to its solid phase, forming a precipitate. Impurities in the solid being recrystallized are usually significantly lower in concentration than the concentration of the substance being purified so as the mixture cools, the impurities remain in solution while the highly concentrated product crystallizes. Crystal formation of a solute from a solution is a selective process because only solids moving at the right speed and are under the appropriate conditions of concentration and solvent form almost perfect crystalline materials as only molecules of with the right shape fit into the crystal lattice. Recrystallization purifies a compound because dissolution of the impure solid in a suitable hot solvent destroys the crystal lattice of the impure compound and the recrystallization from the cold solvent selectively produces a new, more pure crystal lattice. Slow cooling of the saturated solution promotes formation of pure crystals because the molecules of the impurities that don’t fit too well have time to return to the solution. Crystals that form slowly are larger(not always) and often purer than ones that form quickly because rapid crystal formation traps impurities within the lattice as they are simply surrounded by the crystallizing solute. The most important aspect of recrystallization is the choice of solvent because the solute should have maximum solubility in the hot solvent and minimum solubility in the cold solvent. The relationship of solute and solvent can be best described as “like dissolves like”. This entails that nonionic compounds generally dissolve in water only when they can associate with the water molecules through hydrogen bonding. Hydrocarbons and alkyl halides are virtually insoluble in water whereas carboxylic acids and alcohols are often recrystallize from water solutions. In a miniscale recrystallization experiment several steps are followed to complete the purification process. #The solid to be recrystallized must first be weighed and then dissolved in an appropriate hot solvent. #The solid impurities must be filtered using a gravity filtration process. #The hot recrystallization mixture is then set aside to cool to room temperature. #After cooling to room temperature, the solution is then cooled even further by placing it in an ice-water bath for 10-15 minutes to allow further recrystallization. #To collect the crystals and to complete the recrystallization, the crystals must be collected by vacuum filtration. ==An easy depiction of the recrystallization process== One of the key factors of purification through recrystallization is understanding solubility. In order to proceed with a successful recrystallization process, the mixture must have some important solubility properties. One solvent must be soluble at all temperatures. The next solvent must be soluble at low temperatures. And another solvent must be soluble at high temps, and insoluble at low temps. [[File:RecrystallizationGraphCpre.png]] Here is a simple illustration which explains how the purification process is conducted. The blue square is soluble at all temperatures, The orange circle is mostly insoluble at all temperatures, and the green triangle is soluble at high temperatures and insoluble at low temperatures. #1. Add heat: If we heat up the mixture containing the square, circle, and triangle, the square will already be in solution, and we can heat it to the point that the green triangle dissolves. Then we are left with only the insoluble circle. #2. Filter: We can then filter the aqueous dissolved solution and once we separate this we are left with only the triangle and square in solution while the circle was left in the previous vessel. #3. Cool Down: When the newly isolated mixture is cooled, the triangle will begin to crystallize again since it is insoluble at low temperatures, but the square will remain in solution since it is soluble at all temperatures. #4. We separate the aqueous layer(the triangle) and we are left with our compound of interest, the triangle. ==Isoelectric Focusing== [[File:Process of Isoelectric Focusing.jpg|360x480px|thumbnail|The Process of Isoelectric Focusing]] '''Isoelectric Focusing''' is an electrophoresis protein purification process in which proteins are separated by their isoelectric points. The '''isoelectric point''' of a protein, the '''pI''', is the characteristic pH at which a protein carries no net charge. The net charge of a protein is determined by the acidity or basicity of the side chains that make up the protein. If a protein has more acidic groups than basic groups then the protein will have a very low pH and be considered acidic. If the protein has more basic groups in its side chains than acidic groups then the overall charge of the protein will cause its pH to be much higher. Isoelectric focusing takes advantage of these properties with the following steps: #Create a gel that has a linear pH gradient within it #Insert the protein samples into the gel #Apply an electric field with an anode (+) at one end and a cathode (-) at the other #Allow time for the proteins to migrate toward their neutral pI according to their net charge The linear pH of the gel allows for the samples to be added arbitrarily because the pH of the environment combined with the electric field will force the movement of the protein regardless of their initial positions within the gel. The proteins do not begin to migrate until the electric field is applied. Upon application of the electric field, the proteins move toward the terminal with the charge opposite them gathering or releasing protons throughout migration until they have reached their neutral, isoelectric point. For example, assume all the protein samples have been applied at the neutral pH location of the gradient where pH=7. When the field has finally been applied the proteins will migrate according to their net charge. If the protein has an isoelectric point of 2 then at the pH of 7, the protein has less hydrogen ions than it needs in order to be neutral, i.e. reach its isoelectric point. This deems the protein as negative and thus it will move toward the anode (+) picking up protons as it travels through the gradient to a lower pH. When the protein has finally gathered enough protons to make it neutral, the protein will no longer have a net charge and cease its migration at its isoelectric point. Isoelectric Focusing allows for protein purification based on a different protein characteristic, pI. Therefore proteins with similar characteristics such a molecular weight can be purified and separated via their distinct pI's in rather short periods of time.<ref>Andrews, A.T. (1986). Electrophoresis: theory, techniques, and biochemical and clinical applications (2nd edn). Oxford University Press, Oxford. </ref> == Sublimation == [[Image:Sublimation.jpg|180px|thumb|right|<center>'''Sublimation apparatus'''</center>]] Sublimation is the process in which a substance changes directly from a solid to the gas phase without forming an intermediate liquid phase. One example of this is dry ice, which is converted from the solid form of carbon dioxide directly into carbon dioxide gas. In the laboratory, sublimation can be used to purify an organic compound only after meeting four requirements. #The compound must vaporize without melting #It must be stable enough to vaporize without decomposing #The vapors of the compound must be able to condense back to the solid #Impurities within the compound do not also sublime. The apparatus for sublimation consists of an outer vessel and an inner vessel. The outer vessel holds the sample to be purified connected to a vacuum. The inner container known as a cold finger provides a cold surface on which the vaporized compound can recondense as a solid. To perform sublimation, the sample to be sublimed must be placed into a filter flask. Next, an inner tube is placed in the flask and the vacuum is turned on. Afterwards, the sublimation flask is heated gently, using a sand bath, as ice is filled in the inner tube. During sublimation, material will disappear from the bottom of the outer vessel and then reappear on the cool, outside surface of the inner test tube. This is the result of the compound vaporizing as it reaches its sublimation temperature and then recondensing on the cold finger as a result of cooling. After completion, the inner test tube can be removed and the pure solid can be scraped off and analyzed. It is important to note the distance between the impure compound and the cold finger during sublimation. The components of the sublimation set up need to be close enough to avoid decomposition yet far enough that contamination doesn’t take place. A large distance means that the temperature applied must be very high to keep the compound in the vapor form, which could cause the compound to decompose. A small distance could cause the impurities to easily come into contact with the purified compound on the cold finger. The purification could be ineffective if the distance is not taken into consideration. <ref name="sublimation">Mohrig, Jerry R. "Techniques in Organic Chemistry." 2010, W.H. Freeman and Company</ref> == Distillation == Distillation is used to separate a two-component mixture and Gas Chromatography is used to identify the constituent compounds. Distillation is a technique that separates compounds based on their vapor pressures and boiling points. When two different compounds are heated, one may boil at a lower temperature than the other. By separating the vapors of the compound with the lower boiling point from the other, one may separate the vapor from the liquid and re-condense it, effectively separating the two. With successive distillations, a high degree of purification is possible. Distillations carried out one a time are called simple distillations. Although high efficiency can be achieved through multiple simple distillations, it would be tedious and require a large initial sample volume. Fractionating distillation, however, simplifies this repeated distillation by providing continuous separations. A fractionating column is utilized to provide extensive surface area to allow for heat exchange between rising vapor and falling condensate; through a recursive mechanism, the upper vapors are more pure in the more volatile compound and the liquid is more pure in the less volatile compound. The degree of separation depends on the different boiling points of compounds as well as the rate of distillation, insulation, and column efficiency. By allowing more time to distill, thermal equilibrium can be reached and higher purities achieved. Likewise, insulation prevents heat loss to preserve initial conditions and column efficiency determines how many distillation “pockets” can occur. ==Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)== Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a simple and quick procedure for separating and identifying components in a mixture. In principle, different components in a mixture have different solubility and differ in their strength of attraction to an adsorbent. This method utilizes this principle and has the mixture to be analyzed performed on a plate with thin layer of a solid adsorbent and then has the plate immersed in a solvent. Components in the mixture will slowly travel up the plate at different rates until they reach the maximum separation for this particular combination of solvent and adsorbent. After the mixture is separated into different colored spots, the plate is dried and the components are examined. Technique: 1. Choose a solvent to be used to analyze the mixture, and then pour it into a beaker to a depth less than 0.5cm. The entire process is carried out in a beaker with watch glass on the top to prevent solvent vapor from escaping. 2.A TLC plate is prepared. A TLC plate is made with a thin layer of adsorbent, usually silica or alumina. Near the bottom of the plate, use a pencil to draw a line across the plate. This line will be the origin where you spot the mixture to be analyzed. 3. Place the plate in beaker so that only the bottom of the plate is immersed in the solvent. 4. When the solvent rises up by capillary action and past the spot applied, some components of the mixture will travel at faster rate due to their solubility with the solvent and their adsorption strength to the plate. 5. Different separation of colored spots will be seen on the plate. If the spots are not colored, UV lamp is used to visualize the plate. [[File:Thin Layer Chromatography.JPG|thumb|1: Origin 2, 3: New positions of compound 4: Distance traveled by solvent ]] To identify the compounds present, the distance travelled by the solvent and the distance travelled by individual spots are then measured from the plate. Using these measurements, a retention factor, Rf is obtained by the following equation: Rf = (Distance traveled by the compound)/(Distance traveled by the solvent) From the value of Rf, the polarity of a compound can be predicted. Moreover, this value can be used to compare two compounds. If two substances have the same Rf value, there is a high chance that they are the same compound. Otherwise, they are certainly different compounds. == References == <references /> Mohrig, Jerry R. Techniques in Organic Chemistry. 2006, W.H. Freeman and Company Organic Chemistry Lab, Chemistry 143A {{BookCat}} 36we3s8u3slljk28itvlru1t85j3e0g 0 237399 4640672 4640535 2026-06-19T06:00:52Z Jeff1138 301139 4640672 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[#Graphical Image Editing Art]] [[#Office Application]] [[#Audio]] [[#Misc Application]] [[#Games & Emulation]] [[#Application Guides]] [[#top|...to the top]] [[#top|...to the top]] Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Internet Applications !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Web Online Browser [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&highlight=odyssey&rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/comm/www Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, Voyager*, [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], 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|<!--MorphOS-->[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |<!--MorphOS-->Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--Amiga OS-->PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Thumbnail Generator [], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Pixel Art Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |<!--Amiga OS-->PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Xcad, MaxonCAD |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, Cycas, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |<!--AmigaOS4-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Format Converter [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS-->[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter] |<!--MorphOS-->[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Spreadsheets |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/spreadsheet], |<!--AmigaOS-->[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |<!--Amiga OS4-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |<!--Amiga OS-->Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->BeeBase, SQLite, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |<!--Amiga OS-->APDF |<!--AmigaOS4-->AmiPDF |<!--MorphOS-->APDF, vPDF, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |<!--AmigaOS4-->(some native drivers), |<!--MorphOS-->early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AOrganiser, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Project Management Research |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Search |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DTP Desktop Publishing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |<!--MorphOS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->FxScan*, ScanQuix* |<!--AmigaOS4-->SCANdal (Sane) |<!--MorphOS-->SCANdal |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |<!--MorphOS-->MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |<!--Amiga OS-->Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |<!--MorphOS-->SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib], [], etc |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [RNOTunes ], [ mp3Player], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |<!--AmigaOS4-->TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Samplitude Opus Key], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |<!--Amiga OS-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |<!--AmigaOS4-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and notes manuscript |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes for AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David "Talin" Joiner & Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction 2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude-MS Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |<!--Amiga OS-->FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |<!--Amiga OS-->Lame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Lame, |Lame, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc Sox], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->DvPlayer, MPlayer |<!--MorphOS-->MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |<!--Amiga OS-->AMP2, Frogger |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Screenrecorder, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Create and Edit Individual Video NLE |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, |<!--Amiga OS-->[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FFMpeg/GUI |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Subtitle editor |<!--AROS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Blogging like Lemmy or kbin |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR face recognition for Vtubers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting Live 2D models with Cubism type editor <pre> Model data (cmo3) Basic motions (can3) Background image (png) Set of files for embedding (runtime folder) • Model data (moc3) • Motion data (motion3.json) • Model settings file (model3.json) • Physics settings file (physics3.json) • Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json) </pre> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->DOpus2, DOpus 4, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan DOpus5], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->DOpus4, DOpus5, Filer, AmiDisk |<!--MorphOS-->DOpus4, DOpus5 |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Par2, |- |Application Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |<!--Amiga OS-->InstallerNG, Grunch, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Jack |<!--MorphOS-->Jack |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], |<!--AROS-->XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Binary Hexadecimal Editor |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Zaphod], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Git |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Partition Editor formatter |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&highlight=partition&pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [HDToolBox] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, |<!--Amiga OS--> Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], Annotate, Murks, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |<!--AmigaOS4-->CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html ], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/ ], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ MuiBuilder], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System |<!--AROS-->[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Reader |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |} ==Misc Application 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fractals mandelbrot, etc |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc ], |<!--Amiga OS-->ZoneXplorer, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |<!--MorphOS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PCB design |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |<!--Amiga OS-->Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4-->Yacas |<!--MorphOS-->Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BASIC Computer Language |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->sdlBasic |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HAM amateur radio [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. [https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Amstrad CPC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Arcade |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->Mame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 7800 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Lynx |<!--AROS-->[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Jaguar |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C64 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frodo, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |<!--MorphOS-->Vice, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo NES |<!--AROS-->[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo N64 *HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], *LLE [], |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |<!--AROS-->[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Saturn *HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast *HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair QL |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action BOH], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Cards |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/card ], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], |<!--AROS-->Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Doom, Quake, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games MMORG like |<!--AROS-->[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Platform like |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Giana Sisters], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 3rd third person action CRPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=140&pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], ||<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://www.renpy.org/ renpy ren'py], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== [[#top|...to the top]] ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0. This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -> Content Blocking and Windows -> Messages and enter https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads* https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview* https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads* into your custom filters Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ], OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: So add this : <pre> copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE >NIL: copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: >NIL: </pre> Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …) If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it. Error messages SSL error "cant verify with ca-certificates", check bios clock time date is correct Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros [https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&udm=14 Google search without AI overview] ===E-mail=== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], <pre> #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) </pre> <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp [[#top|...to the top]] ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help File PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Ctrl+n New Open Ctrl+o Open Close Ctrl+w Close Save Ctrl+s Save Save as Shift+Ctrl+s Save as Revert F12 Revert Print Ctrl+p Print Exit Ctrl+q Quit Edit PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Undo/Redo (1 level) Ctrl+z Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z) Cut Ctrl+x Cut Copy Ctrl+c Copy Paste Ctrl+v Paste Paste Into Shift+Ctrl+v Paste Into Fill with FG color Alt+Backspace Fill with FG color Fill with BG color Control+Backspace Fill with BG color Image/Colors PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Levels Ctrl+l Levels Auto Contrast Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l Stretch Contrast (same?) Curves Ctrl+m Curves Color Balance Ctrl+b Color Balance Hue/Saturation Ctrl+u Hue-Saturation Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+u Desaturate Invert Ctrl+i Invert Default Colors d Default Colors Switch Colors x Switch Colors Layer PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Layer Shift+Ctrl+n New Layer Layer via Copy Ctrl+j Duplicate Layer Bring (layer) to Front Shift+Ctrl+] Layer to Top Send (layer) to Back Shift+Ctrl+[ Layer to Bottom Bring (layer) Forward Ctrl+] Raise Layer Send (layer) Backward Ctrl+[ Lower Layer Select Top Layer Shift+Alt+] Select Top Layer Select Bottom Layer Shift+Alt+[ Select Bottom Layer Select One Layer Forward Alt+] Select Previous Layer Select One Layer Backward Alt+[ Select Next Layer Merge Down Ctrl+e Merge Down Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+e Merge Visible Preserve Transparency / Keep Transparency Cycle Modes Forwards Shift+= Next Layer Mode Cycle Modes Backwards Shift+- Previous Layer Mode Select PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Select All Ctrl+a Select All Deselect Ctrl+d Select None Inverse Shift+Ctrl+i Invert Feather Ctrl+Alt+d Feather View PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Zoom In Ctrl+= Zoom In Zoom Out Ctrl+- Zoom Out Fit on Screen Ctrl+0 Zoom to Fit Window Actual Pixels Ctrl+Alt+0 Zoom 1:1 Show/Hide Extras Ctrl+h Toggle Show Selection (close enough?) Show/Hide Guides Ctrl+' Toggle Show Guides Show/Hide Grid Ctrl+Alt+' Toggle Show Grid Show/Hide Rulers Ctrl+r Toggle Show Rulers Snap Ctrl+; Snap to Guides Scroll View Up Page Up Scroll Page Up Scroll View Down Page Down Scroll Page Down Scroll View Left Ctrl+Page Up Scroll Page Left Scroll View Right Ctrl+Page Down Scroll Page Right Window/Dialogs PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP ? F5 Tools Dialog Color Tab F6 Colors Dialog Layers Tab F7 Layers Dialog Info Tab F8 Image Information Tools PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Rectangular Marquee Tool m Rect Select Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Shift+m Ellipse Select Tool *This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop Move Tool v Move Tool Lasso Tool l Free Select Tool Magic Wand Tool w Fuzzy Select Tool Crop Tool c Crop & Resize Tool Airbrush Tool j Airbrush Tool Paintbrush Tool b Paintbrush Tool Clone Stamp Tool s Clone Stamp Tool Eraser Tool e Eraser Tool Gradient Tool g Blend Tool Paint Bucket Tool Shift+g Bucket Fill Tool *This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop Blur Tool r Convolve Tool Dodge Tool o DodgeBurn Tool Type Tool t Text Tool Pen Tool p Bezier Select Tool Eye Dropper Tool i Color Picker Tool Zoom Tool z Magnify Tool Previous Brush , Previous Brush Next Brush . Next Brush First Brush Shift+< First Brush Last Brush Shift+> Last Brush Decrease Brush Size [ Decrease Brush Size Increase Brush Size ] Increase Brush Size Decrease Brush Hardness { Decrease Brush Hardness Increase Brush Hardness } Increase Brush Hardness Help PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Help F1 Help Context Help Shift+F1 Context Help Misc. PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Last Filter Ctrl+f Repeat Last Filter ? Shift+Ctrl+f Reshow Last Filter Preferences Ctrl+k Preferences Liquify Shift+Ctrl+x IWarp (close enough?) Toggle Quick Mask q Toggle Quick Mask Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Free royalty pictures, [www.freeimages.com ], [http://imageshack.us/ ], [http://photobucket.com/ ], [http://rawpixels.net/], [], [], [], ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation [[#top|...to the top]] ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers? On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. <pre> MIDI can control 16 channels There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically </pre> <pre> Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc. </pre> Composers <pre> [https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] </pre> <pre> 1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc 1992 Bars&Pipes Pro published November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&Pipes Pro 2.5c beta end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) </pre> Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format sox recital.wav recital.aiff sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm sox input.wav output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16. rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00 records half an hour of stereo audio play existing-file.wav 24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work *No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI. *No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps. *Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output. *No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables. *No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.) The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo. Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz. Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub [[#top|...to the top]] ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== Support for some xlsx, and ods functions ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. [[#top|...to the top]] ===Emulators=== ==== Amiberry ==== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time. ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> [[#top|...to the top]] ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar <pre> Assign "WCSProjects:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects" Assign "WCSFrames:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames" </pre> <pre> Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -> Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening Render by pull down menu Modules -> Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render </pre> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As ("NewName".proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu *Database - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Simple minimal workflow *Load database (1st icon - 1st) *Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon) *Render scene (5th icon) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], <pre> .proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files .binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff conversion .Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats USGS 7.5MinDEM, .par </pre> Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso ====odf==== Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> {{BookCat}} 9dsg7361fycdchfh7ld1k9sac09qn07 4640680 4640672 2026-06-19T09:03:43Z Jeff1138 301139 4640680 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[#Graphical Image Editing Art]] [[#Office Application]] [[#Audio]] [[#Misc Application]] [[#Games & Emulation]] [[#Application Guides]] [[#top|...to the top]] [[#top|...to the top]] Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Internet Applications !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Web Online Browser [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&highlight=odyssey&rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/comm/www Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, Voyager*, [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |<!--MorphOS-->Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->YouTube, Dailymotion website downloading videos audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--AmigaOS4-->SimpleMail, YAM, |<!--MorphOS--> SimpleMail, YAM |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |<!--Amiga OS-->Wookiechat, AmIRC |<!--AmigaOS4-->Wookiechat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->CTorrent, Transmission |<!--MorphOS-->MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->WYSIWYG Web Site Editor |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |<!--MorphOS-->Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--Amiga OS-->PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Thumbnail Generator [], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Pixel Art Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |<!--Amiga OS-->PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Xcad, MaxonCAD |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, Cycas, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |<!--AmigaOS4-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Format Converter [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS-->[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter] |<!--MorphOS-->[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Spreadsheets |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/spreadsheet], |<!--AmigaOS-->[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |<!--Amiga OS4-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |<!--Amiga OS-->Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->BeeBase, SQLite, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |<!--Amiga OS-->APDF |<!--AmigaOS4-->AmiPDF |<!--MorphOS-->APDF, vPDF, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |<!--AmigaOS4-->(some native drivers), |<!--MorphOS-->early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AOrganiser, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Project Management Research |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Search |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DTP Desktop Publishing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |<!--MorphOS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->FxScan*, ScanQuix* |<!--AmigaOS4-->SCANdal (Sane) |<!--MorphOS-->SCANdal |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |<!--MorphOS-->MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |<!--Amiga OS-->Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |<!--MorphOS-->SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib], [], etc |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [RNOTunes ], [ mp3Player], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |<!--AmigaOS4-->TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Samplitude Opus Key], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |<!--Amiga OS-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |<!--AmigaOS4-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and notes manuscript |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes for AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David "Talin" Joiner & Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction 2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude-MS Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |<!--Amiga OS-->FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |<!--Amiga OS-->Lame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Lame, |Lame, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc Sox], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->DvPlayer, MPlayer |<!--MorphOS-->MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |<!--Amiga OS-->AMP2, Frogger |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Screenrecorder, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Create and Edit Individual Video NLE |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, |<!--Amiga OS-->[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FFMpeg/GUI |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Subtitle editor |<!--AROS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Blogging like Lemmy or kbin |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR face recognition for Vtubers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting Live 2D models with Cubism type editor <pre> Model data (cmo3) Basic motions (can3) Background image (png) Set of files for embedding (runtime folder) • Model data (moc3) • Motion data (motion3.json) • Model settings file (model3.json) • Physics settings file (physics3.json) • Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json) </pre> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->DOpus2, DOpus 4, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan DOpus5], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->DOpus4, DOpus5, Filer, AmiDisk |<!--MorphOS-->DOpus4, DOpus5 |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Par2, |- |Application Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |<!--Amiga OS-->InstallerNG, Grunch, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Jack |<!--MorphOS-->Jack |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], |<!--AROS-->XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Binary Hexadecimal Editor |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Zaphod], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Git |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Partition Editor formatter |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&highlight=partition&pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [HDToolBox] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, |<!--Amiga OS--> Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], Annotate, Murks, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |<!--AmigaOS4-->CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html ], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/ ], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ MuiBuilder], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System |<!--AROS-->[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Reader |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |} ==Misc Application 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fractals mandelbrot, etc |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc ], |<!--Amiga OS-->ZoneXplorer, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |<!--MorphOS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PCB design |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |<!--Amiga OS-->Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4-->Yacas |<!--MorphOS-->Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BASIC Computer Language |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->sdlBasic |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HAM amateur radio [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. [https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Amstrad CPC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Arcade |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->Mame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 7800 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Lynx |<!--AROS-->[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Jaguar |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C64 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frodo, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |<!--MorphOS-->Vice, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo NES |<!--AROS-->[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo N64 *HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], *LLE [], |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |<!--AROS-->[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Saturn *HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast *HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair QL |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action BOH], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Cards |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/card ], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], |<!--AROS-->Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Doom, Quake, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games MMORG like |<!--AROS-->[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Platform like |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Giana Sisters], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 3rd third person action CRPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=140&pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], ||<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://www.renpy.org/ renpy ren'py], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== [[#top|...to the top]] ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0. This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -> Content Blocking and Windows -> Messages and enter https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads* https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview* https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads* into your custom filters Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ], OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: So add this : <pre> copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE >NIL: copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: >NIL: </pre> Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …) If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it. Error messages SSL error "cant verify with ca-certificates", check bios clock time date is correct Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros [https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&udm=14 Google search without AI overview] ===E-mail=== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], <pre> #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) </pre> <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp [[#top|...to the top]] ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help File PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Ctrl+n New Open Ctrl+o Open Close Ctrl+w Close Save Ctrl+s Save Save as Shift+Ctrl+s Save as Revert F12 Revert Print Ctrl+p Print Exit Ctrl+q Quit Edit PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Undo/Redo (1 level) Ctrl+z Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z) Cut Ctrl+x Cut Copy Ctrl+c Copy Paste Ctrl+v Paste Paste Into Shift+Ctrl+v Paste Into Fill with FG color Alt+Backspace Fill with FG color Fill with BG color Control+Backspace Fill with BG color Image/Colors PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Levels Ctrl+l Levels Auto Contrast Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l Stretch Contrast (same?) Curves Ctrl+m Curves Color Balance Ctrl+b Color Balance Hue/Saturation Ctrl+u Hue-Saturation Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+u Desaturate Invert Ctrl+i Invert Default Colors d Default Colors Switch Colors x Switch Colors Layer PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Layer Shift+Ctrl+n New Layer Layer via Copy Ctrl+j Duplicate Layer Bring (layer) to Front Shift+Ctrl+] Layer to Top Send (layer) to Back Shift+Ctrl+[ Layer to Bottom Bring (layer) Forward Ctrl+] Raise Layer Send (layer) Backward Ctrl+[ Lower Layer Select Top Layer Shift+Alt+] Select Top Layer Select Bottom Layer Shift+Alt+[ Select Bottom Layer Select One Layer Forward Alt+] Select Previous Layer Select One Layer Backward Alt+[ Select Next Layer Merge Down Ctrl+e Merge Down Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+e Merge Visible Preserve Transparency / Keep Transparency Cycle Modes Forwards Shift+= Next Layer Mode Cycle Modes Backwards Shift+- Previous Layer Mode Select PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Select All Ctrl+a Select All Deselect Ctrl+d Select None Inverse Shift+Ctrl+i Invert Feather Ctrl+Alt+d Feather View PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Zoom In Ctrl+= Zoom In Zoom Out Ctrl+- Zoom Out Fit on Screen Ctrl+0 Zoom to Fit Window Actual Pixels Ctrl+Alt+0 Zoom 1:1 Show/Hide Extras Ctrl+h Toggle Show Selection (close enough?) Show/Hide Guides Ctrl+' Toggle Show Guides Show/Hide Grid Ctrl+Alt+' Toggle Show Grid Show/Hide Rulers Ctrl+r Toggle Show Rulers Snap Ctrl+; Snap to Guides Scroll View Up Page Up Scroll Page Up Scroll View Down Page Down Scroll Page Down Scroll View Left Ctrl+Page Up Scroll Page Left Scroll View Right Ctrl+Page Down Scroll Page Right Window/Dialogs PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP ? F5 Tools Dialog Color Tab F6 Colors Dialog Layers Tab F7 Layers Dialog Info Tab F8 Image Information Tools PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Rectangular Marquee Tool m Rect Select Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Shift+m Ellipse Select Tool *This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop Move Tool v Move Tool Lasso Tool l Free Select Tool Magic Wand Tool w Fuzzy Select Tool Crop Tool c Crop & Resize Tool Airbrush Tool j Airbrush Tool Paintbrush Tool b Paintbrush Tool Clone Stamp Tool s Clone Stamp Tool Eraser Tool e Eraser Tool Gradient Tool g Blend Tool Paint Bucket Tool Shift+g Bucket Fill Tool *This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop Blur Tool r Convolve Tool Dodge Tool o DodgeBurn Tool Type Tool t Text Tool Pen Tool p Bezier Select Tool Eye Dropper Tool i Color Picker Tool Zoom Tool z Magnify Tool Previous Brush , Previous Brush Next Brush . Next Brush First Brush Shift+< First Brush Last Brush Shift+> Last Brush Decrease Brush Size [ Decrease Brush Size Increase Brush Size ] Increase Brush Size Decrease Brush Hardness { Decrease Brush Hardness Increase Brush Hardness } Increase Brush Hardness Help PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Help F1 Help Context Help Shift+F1 Context Help Misc. PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Last Filter Ctrl+f Repeat Last Filter ? Shift+Ctrl+f Reshow Last Filter Preferences Ctrl+k Preferences Liquify Shift+Ctrl+x IWarp (close enough?) Toggle Quick Mask q Toggle Quick Mask Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Free royalty pictures, [www.freeimages.com ], [http://imageshack.us/ ], [http://photobucket.com/ ], [http://rawpixels.net/], [], [], [], ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation [[#top|...to the top]] ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers? On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. <pre> MIDI can control 16 channels There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically </pre> <pre> Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc. </pre> Composers <pre> [https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] </pre> <pre> 1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc 1992 Bars&Pipes Pro published November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&Pipes Pro 2.5c beta end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) </pre> Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format sox recital.wav recital.aiff sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm sox input.wav output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16. rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00 records half an hour of stereo audio play existing-file.wav 24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work *No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI. *No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps. *Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output. *No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables. *No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.) The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo. Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz. Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub [[#top|...to the top]] ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== Support for some xlsx, and ods functions ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. [[#top|...to the top]] ===Emulators=== ==== Amiberry ==== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time. ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> [[#top|...to the top]] ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar <pre> Assign "WCSProjects:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects" Assign "WCSFrames:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames" </pre> <pre> Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -> Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening Render by pull down menu Modules -> Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render </pre> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As ("NewName".proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu *Database - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Simple minimal workflow *Load database (1st icon - 1st) *Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon) *Render scene (5th icon) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], <pre> .proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files .binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff conversion .Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats USGS 7.5MinDEM, .par </pre> Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso ====odf==== Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> {{BookCat}} iat50zrdxdd0agj8nkxnaazdhivowyu 4640695 4640680 2026-06-19T11:42:02Z Jeff1138 301139 4640695 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[#Graphical Image Editing Art]] [[#Office Application]] [[#Audio]] [[#Misc Application]] [[#Games & Emulation]] [[#Application Guides]] [[#top|...to the top]] [[#top|...to the top]] Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Internet Applications !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Web Online Browser [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&highlight=odyssey&rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/comm/www Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, Voyager*, [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |<!--MorphOS-->Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->YouTube, Dailymotion website downloading videos audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--AmigaOS4-->SimpleMail, YAM, |<!--MorphOS--> SimpleMail, YAM |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |<!--Amiga OS-->Wookiechat, AmIRC |<!--AmigaOS4-->Wookiechat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->CTorrent, Transmission |<!--MorphOS-->MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->WYSIWYG Web Site Editor |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |<!--MorphOS-->Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--Amiga OS-->PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Thumbnail Generator [], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Pixel Art Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |<!--Amiga OS-->PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Xcad, MaxonCAD |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, Cycas, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |<!--AmigaOS4-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Format Converter [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS-->[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter] |<!--MorphOS-->[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Spreadsheets |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/spreadsheet], |<!--AmigaOS-->[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |<!--Amiga OS4-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |<!--Amiga OS-->Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->BeeBase, SQLite, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |<!--Amiga OS-->APDF |<!--AmigaOS4-->AmiPDF |<!--MorphOS-->APDF, vPDF, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |<!--AmigaOS4-->(some native drivers), |<!--MorphOS-->early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AOrganiser, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Project Management Research |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Search |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DTP Desktop Publishing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |<!--MorphOS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->FxScan*, ScanQuix* |<!--AmigaOS4-->SCANdal (Sane) |<!--MorphOS-->SCANdal |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |<!--MorphOS-->MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |<!--Amiga OS-->Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |<!--MorphOS-->SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib], [], etc |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [RNOTunes ], [ mp3Player], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |<!--AmigaOS4-->TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Samplitude Opus Key], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |<!--Amiga OS-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |<!--AmigaOS4-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and notes manuscript |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes for AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David "Talin" Joiner & Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction 2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude-MS Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |<!--Amiga OS-->FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |<!--Amiga OS-->Lame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Lame, |Lame, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc Sox], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->DvPlayer, MPlayer |<!--MorphOS-->MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |<!--Amiga OS-->AMP2, Frogger |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Screenrecorder, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Create and Edit Individual Video NLE |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, |<!--Amiga OS-->[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FFMpeg/GUI |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Subtitle editor |<!--AROS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Blogging like Lemmy or kbin |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR face recognition for Vtubers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting Live 2D models with Cubism type editor <pre> Model data (cmo3) Basic motions (can3) Background image (png) Set of files for embedding (runtime folder) • Model data (moc3) • Motion data (motion3.json) • Model settings file (model3.json) • Physics settings file (physics3.json) • Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json) </pre> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->DOpus2, DOpus 4, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan DOpus5], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->DOpus4, DOpus5, Filer, AmiDisk |<!--MorphOS-->DOpus4, DOpus5 |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Par2, |- |Application Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |<!--Amiga OS-->InstallerNG, Grunch, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Jack |<!--MorphOS-->Jack |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], |<!--AROS-->XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Binary Hexadecimal Editor |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Zaphod], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Git |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Partition Editor formatter |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&highlight=partition&pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [HDToolBox] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, |<!--Amiga OS--> Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], Annotate, Murks, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |<!--AmigaOS4-->CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html ], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/ ], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ MuiBuilder], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System |<!--AROS-->[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Reader |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |} ==Misc Application 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fractals mandelbrot, etc |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc ], |<!--Amiga OS-->ZoneXplorer, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |<!--MorphOS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PCB design |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |<!--Amiga OS-->Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4-->Yacas |<!--MorphOS-->Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BASIC Computer Language |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->sdlBasic |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HAM amateur radio [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. [https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Amstrad CPC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Arcade |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->Mame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 7800 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Lynx |<!--AROS-->[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Jaguar |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C64 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frodo, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |<!--MorphOS-->Vice, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo NES |<!--AROS-->[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo N64 *HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], *LLE [], |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |<!--AROS-->[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Saturn *HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast *HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair QL |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action BOH], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Cards |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/card ], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], |<!--AROS-->Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Doom, Quake, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games MMORG like |<!--AROS-->[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Platform like |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Giana Sisters], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 3rd third person action CRPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=140&pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], ||<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://www.renpy.org/ renpy ren'py], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games unpack unarc [https://github.com/Cobertos/unitypackage_extractor python for unitypackage], [https://peraperavrc.github.io/package-extractor/ another], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== [[#top|...to the top]] ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0. This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -> Content Blocking and Windows -> Messages and enter https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads* https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview* https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads* into your custom filters Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ], OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: So add this : <pre> copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE >NIL: copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: >NIL: </pre> Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …) If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it. Error messages SSL error "cant verify with ca-certificates", check bios clock time date is correct Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros [https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&udm=14 Google search without AI overview] ===E-mail=== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], <pre> #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) </pre> <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp [[#top|...to the top]] ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help File PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Ctrl+n New Open Ctrl+o Open Close Ctrl+w Close Save Ctrl+s Save Save as Shift+Ctrl+s Save as Revert F12 Revert Print Ctrl+p Print Exit Ctrl+q Quit Edit PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Undo/Redo (1 level) Ctrl+z Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z) Cut Ctrl+x Cut Copy Ctrl+c Copy Paste Ctrl+v Paste Paste Into Shift+Ctrl+v Paste Into Fill with FG color Alt+Backspace Fill with FG color Fill with BG color Control+Backspace Fill with BG color Image/Colors PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Levels Ctrl+l Levels Auto Contrast Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l Stretch Contrast (same?) Curves Ctrl+m Curves Color Balance Ctrl+b Color Balance Hue/Saturation Ctrl+u Hue-Saturation Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+u Desaturate Invert Ctrl+i Invert Default Colors d Default Colors Switch Colors x Switch Colors Layer PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Layer Shift+Ctrl+n New Layer Layer via Copy Ctrl+j Duplicate Layer Bring (layer) to Front Shift+Ctrl+] Layer to Top Send (layer) to Back Shift+Ctrl+[ Layer to Bottom Bring (layer) Forward Ctrl+] Raise Layer Send (layer) Backward Ctrl+[ Lower Layer Select Top Layer Shift+Alt+] Select Top Layer Select Bottom Layer Shift+Alt+[ Select Bottom Layer Select One Layer Forward Alt+] Select Previous Layer Select One Layer Backward Alt+[ Select Next Layer Merge Down Ctrl+e Merge Down Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+e Merge Visible Preserve Transparency / Keep Transparency Cycle Modes Forwards Shift+= Next Layer Mode Cycle Modes Backwards Shift+- Previous Layer Mode Select PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Select All Ctrl+a Select All Deselect Ctrl+d Select None Inverse Shift+Ctrl+i Invert Feather Ctrl+Alt+d Feather View PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Zoom In Ctrl+= Zoom In Zoom Out Ctrl+- Zoom Out Fit on Screen Ctrl+0 Zoom to Fit Window Actual Pixels Ctrl+Alt+0 Zoom 1:1 Show/Hide Extras Ctrl+h Toggle Show Selection (close enough?) Show/Hide Guides Ctrl+' Toggle Show Guides Show/Hide Grid Ctrl+Alt+' Toggle Show Grid Show/Hide Rulers Ctrl+r Toggle Show Rulers Snap Ctrl+; Snap to Guides Scroll View Up Page Up Scroll Page Up Scroll View Down Page Down Scroll Page Down Scroll View Left Ctrl+Page Up Scroll Page Left Scroll View Right Ctrl+Page Down Scroll Page Right Window/Dialogs PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP ? F5 Tools Dialog Color Tab F6 Colors Dialog Layers Tab F7 Layers Dialog Info Tab F8 Image Information Tools PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Rectangular Marquee Tool m Rect Select Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Shift+m Ellipse Select Tool *This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop Move Tool v Move Tool Lasso Tool l Free Select Tool Magic Wand Tool w Fuzzy Select Tool Crop Tool c Crop & Resize Tool Airbrush Tool j Airbrush Tool Paintbrush Tool b Paintbrush Tool Clone Stamp Tool s Clone Stamp Tool Eraser Tool e Eraser Tool Gradient Tool g Blend Tool Paint Bucket Tool Shift+g Bucket Fill Tool *This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop Blur Tool r Convolve Tool Dodge Tool o DodgeBurn Tool Type Tool t Text Tool Pen Tool p Bezier Select Tool Eye Dropper Tool i Color Picker Tool Zoom Tool z Magnify Tool Previous Brush , Previous Brush Next Brush . Next Brush First Brush Shift+< First Brush Last Brush Shift+> Last Brush Decrease Brush Size [ Decrease Brush Size Increase Brush Size ] Increase Brush Size Decrease Brush Hardness { Decrease Brush Hardness Increase Brush Hardness } Increase Brush Hardness Help PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Help F1 Help Context Help Shift+F1 Context Help Misc. PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Last Filter Ctrl+f Repeat Last Filter ? Shift+Ctrl+f Reshow Last Filter Preferences Ctrl+k Preferences Liquify Shift+Ctrl+x IWarp (close enough?) Toggle Quick Mask q Toggle Quick Mask Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Free royalty pictures, [www.freeimages.com ], [http://imageshack.us/ ], [http://photobucket.com/ ], [http://rawpixels.net/], [], [], [], ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation [[#top|...to the top]] ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers? On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. <pre> MIDI can control 16 channels There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically </pre> <pre> Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc. </pre> Composers <pre> [https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] </pre> <pre> 1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc 1992 Bars&Pipes Pro published November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&Pipes Pro 2.5c beta end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) </pre> Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format sox recital.wav recital.aiff sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm sox input.wav output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16. rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00 records half an hour of stereo audio play existing-file.wav 24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work *No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI. *No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps. *Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output. *No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables. *No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.) The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo. Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz. Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub [[#top|...to the top]] ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== Support for some xlsx, and ods functions ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. [[#top|...to the top]] ===Emulators=== ==== Amiberry ==== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time. ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> [[#top|...to the top]] ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar <pre> Assign "WCSProjects:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects" Assign "WCSFrames:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames" </pre> <pre> Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -> Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening Render by pull down menu Modules -> Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render </pre> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As ("NewName".proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu *Database - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Simple minimal workflow *Load database (1st icon - 1st) *Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon) *Render scene (5th icon) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], <pre> .proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files .binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff conversion .Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats USGS 7.5MinDEM, .par </pre> Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso ====odf==== Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> {{BookCat}} 6x9t0q3q9pge7z3r0yegrm4ih4vtn7s 0 244189 4640638 4524168 2026-06-18T16:57:04Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4640638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center|'''SIRCh: Selected Internet Resources for Chemistry'''}} {{center|ALPHABETICAL LIST}} {{CompactTOC8|center=yes|num=no}} {{TODO| This section is currently being revised.}} == A == [http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/amcsd.php American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database] Includes every structure published in the American Mineralogist, The Canadian Mineralogist, European Journal of Mineralogy and Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, as well as selected datasests from other journals. The database is maintained under the care of the Mineralogical Society of America and the Mineralogical Association of Canada, and financed by the National Science Foundation. [http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/DFTdata/ Atomic Reference Data for Electronic Structure Calculations] Contains total energies and orbital eigenvalues for the atoms hydrogen through uranium, as computed in several standard variants of density-functional theory. [http://www.aureus-sciences.com/aureus/web/guest/databases Aureus Sciences Databases] (Aureus Sciences) Aureus Sciences helps researchers transform data into knowledge to accelerate the drug discovery process. AurSTORE is a comprehensive data structuring system particularly suited for the integration of proprietary biological and chemical information generated through the client's own research program. Databases cover ADME, Kinases, Nuclear Receptors, Proteases, Ion Channels and GPCR. [[#top|top]] == B == [http://bigg.ucsd.edu/main.pl BiGG] (University of California at San Diego) The BiGG database allows the exploration of hundreds of human disorders involving metabolism. It includes more than 3,300 known human biochemical reactions and allows scientists to create any cell in silico. [http://bindingmoad.org/ Binding MOAD] (University of Michigan) Binding MOAD's goal is to be the largest collection of well resolved protein crystal structures with clearly identified biologically relevant ligands annotated with experimentally determined binding data (Kd, Ka, Ki, IC50) extracted from the literature. Currently has 9836 entries, with 2950 entries with binding data. [http://www.bindingdb.org/bind/index.jsp BindingDB] (University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute) The Binding Database aims to make experimental data on the noncovalent association of molecules in solution searchable via the WWW. The initial focus is on biomolecular systems, but data on host-guest and supramolecular systems are also important and will be included in time. The database currently contains data generated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzyme inhibition (Enz. Inhib.) methods. BindingDB contains 15,000 small molecule ligands with 30,000 measured affinities to proteins represented in the PDB. [http://www2.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/services/biopath/ Biochemical Pathways Database under C@ROL (BioPath)] (University of Erlangen) BioPath is designed to support scientists to understand the impact of gene regulations on biological systems for drug target identification and provides the following features: * 1,175 molecules with connection tables including stereochemical information * 1,545 biochemical reactions stoichiometrically balanced, with marked reaction centers and atom-atom mapping numbers between educts and products * 1,000 unique enzymes represented by names and EC numbers * 202 pathways represented by names * Covered organism: prokaryotes, plants, yeasts and animals, general pathways * Subcellular localization of pathways [http://www.thebiogrid.org/index.php BioGRID] A freely accessible database of protein and genetic interactions. More than 116,000 interactions from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens. Over 30,000 interactions have recently been added from 5,778 publications through exhaustive curation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae primary literature. An internally hyper-linked web interface allows for rapid search and retrieval of interaction data. Full or user-defined datasets are freely downloadable as tab-delimited text files and PSI-MI XML. Pre-computed graphical layouts of interactions are available in a variety of file formats. User-customized graphs with embedded protein, gene and interaction attributes can be constructed with a visualization system called Osprey that is dynamically linked to the BioGRID. [http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4/ Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database, BMCD] Contains crystal data and the crystallization conditions, which have been compiled from literature. The current version of the BMCD includes 5247 crystal entries from macromolecules for which diffraction quality crystals have been obtained. These include proteins, protein:protein complexes, nucleic acid, nucleic acid:nucleic acid complexes, protein:nucleic acid complexes, and viruses. [http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/ Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, BioMagResBank, BMRB] BMRB is a repository for data from NMR Spectroscopy on proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. There are many links to www resources on NMR and biomolecular structures. [http://biometa.cmbi.ru.nl/ BioMeta Database] (CMBI) BioMeta is a database of metabolites and metabolic reactions. Its contents are largely based on the KEGG Ligand database. Compared to the KEGG database, a large number of chemical structures have been corrected with respect to constitution and stereochemistry. The aim is to arrive at a database with correct representations of molecules and reactions. About 1,500 molecular structures have been corrected and about 55% of the unbalanced reactions have been "balanced". Currently (5/7/2007), the contents of the BioMeta database are based on version 36 of the KEGG Ligand database (October 25, 2005) but an update is underway. [http://biomoby.org/ BioMOBY] The MOBY-S system defines an ontology-based messaging standard through which a client will be able to automatically discover and interact with task-appropriate biological data and analytical service providers, without requiring manual manipulation of data formats as data flows from one provider to the next. [http://www.mol-net.de/biopath/index.html Biopath.Explore] BioPath.Explore provides a convenient electronic access to the entire information stored in the BioPath database by a variety of standard search methods and retrieval techniques. Additional information, such as computed physicochemical properties and 3D molecular models, allows for a broader range of application of BioPath. [http://www.biopharma.com/cgi/biopharma5.lasso Biopharmaceutical Products in the U.S. and European Markets] The database search features include Products/Active Ingredients, Product Class, Sales, Marketing and Approval Status, Indication/Disease, Source/host/expression, and Chemicals (non-active), among others. [http://chemistry.library.wisc.edu/biophysics/databases.htm Biophysical Chemistry Databases] (University of Wisconsin) The databases cover structures (proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses) and physical properties. The prediction and visualization tools are also included. [http://www.cerep.fr/cerep/users/pages/collaborations/bioprint.asp BioPrint] (Cerep) Cerep’s BioPrint provides a unique resource for supporting drug discovery. BioPrint places a new drug candidate in the context of all marketed drugs, anticipating potential in vivo liabilities, predicting off target activities, and predicting ADME characteristics. Cerep has systematically profiled the active ingredients from over 2,500 marketed drugs, failed drugs, and reference compounds, in a panel of more than 180 well-characterized in vitro assays including a diverse selection of molecular targets (GPCRs and other receptors, ion channels and transporters, enzymes, kinases, etc.), as well as solution properties and in vitro ADMET properties [http://www.unleashedinformatics.com/index.php?pg=products&refer=bind BOND Biomolecular Object Network Database] BOND is the Biomolecular Object Network Databank - a powerful new databank that combines sequence, interaction, and related interactome data and content. BOND contains Genbank and BIND data as well as related tools and information. BOND combines various data silos into one resource. BIND is now a component database of BOND. All the great features familiar to you in BIND have been improved in BOND, with the added benefit that the features are easier to use and deliver more insightful results. [http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/pkatable/ Bordwell pKa Table] (Activity in DMSO) (University of Wisconsin)] A handy tool to look up the PKa values of some popular reagents, developed by Hans J. Reich of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. [http://www.brenda.uni-koeln.de/ BRENDA, The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System] It offers a variety of search options, including quick search, fulltext search, advanced search, substructure search, taxtree search and so on. [[#top|top]] == C == [http://www.molinspiration.com/cgi-bin/properties Calculation of Molecular Properties and Drug-Likeness (Molinspiration)] You can calculate the properties or predict bioactivity after drawing chemical structures. [http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/ CAMEO Chemicals] A database of over 6,000 hazardous materials (with over 82,000 synonyms). Each chemical data sheet describes the material and its properties, and includes information on fire and explosive hazards, health hazards, firefighting techniques, cleanup procedures, and protective clothing. [http://www.cathdb.info/latest/index.html CATH, Protein Structure Classification] (Clusters proteins at four major levels, Class&nbsp;(C), Architecture&nbsp;(A), Topology&nbsp;(T) and Homologous superfamily&nbsp;(H)) The CATH database is a hierarchical domain classification of protein structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB, Berman et al. 2003). Only crystal structures solved to resolution better than 4.0 angstroms are considered, together with NMR structures. All non-proteins, models, and structures with greater than 30% "C-alpha only" are excluded from CATH. This filtering of the PDB is performed using the SIFT protocol (Michie et al., 1996). Protein structures are classified using a combination of automated and manual procedures. The database can be browsed by classes or searched by keyword. [http://www.cazy.org/ CAZy, Carbohydrate-Active enZymes] CAZy describes the families of structurally-related catalytic and carbohydrate-binding modules (or functional domains) of enzymes that degrade, modify, or create glycosidic bonds. [http://srdata.nist.gov/cccbdb/ CCCBDB]Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database (US National Institute for Standards and Technology) The CCCBDB (http://srdata.nist.gov/cccbdb) is a collection of experimental and theoretical thermochemical properties for 615 neutral gas-phase species. The goal of the database/website is to provide a benchmark set of molecules and reactions for the evaluation of ab initio computational methods and to allow the comparison between different ab initio computational methods and experiment for the prediction of thermochemical properties. Users can evaluate the accuracy of ab initio methods applied to thermochemistry by using the data at the site. The experimental and computational data is available (enthalpies of formation in kJ/mol, computed energies in hartrees, lists of vibrational frequencies, geometries) and can be used in comparisons. For example the enthalpies of a user-specified reaction can be displayed for experiment and different levels of theory. Properties presently in the CCCBDB include enthalpies of formation, entropies, heat capacities, geometries, vibrational frequencies, and barriers to internal rotation. [http://www.ccohs.ca/ CCOHS] The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety maintains one of the best collections of Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Free searching across the databases is allowed, but there is a charge to view some of the records. Databases include MSDS, CHEMINFO (comprehensive health and safety information on pure chemicals), CHEMpendium (combined database of CHEMINFO, CESARS, CHRIS, DSL/NDSL, HSDB, NJHS Fact Sheets, NIOSH Pocket Guide, Transport TDG, and Transport 49CFR, plust RTECS, the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. [http://cebs.niehs.nih.gov/cebs-browser/cebsHome.do CEBS, Chemical Effects in Biological Systems] CEBS, produced by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, catalogs all of the gene products associated with responses to toxins. It aims to be a public toxicogenomics knowledgebase. [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/index.jsp ChEBI, Chemical Entities of Biological Interest] (EMBL-EBI, European Bioinformatics Institute) Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) is a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on small chemical compounds. ChEBI encompasses an ontological classification, whereby the relationships between molecular entities or classes of entities and their parents and/or children are specified. [http://chembank.broad.harvard.edu/ ChemBank] ChemBank is a public, web-based informatics environment created by the Broad Institute's Chemical Biology Program and funded in large part by the National Cancer Institute's Initiative for Chemical Genetics (ICG). This knowledge environment includes freely available data derived from small molecules and small-molecule screens, and resources for studying the data so that biological and medical insights can be gained. ChemBank is intended to guide chemists synthesizing novel compounds or libraries, to assist biologists searching for small molecules that perturb specific biological pathways, and to catalyze the process by which drug hunters discover new and effective medicines. [http://jubilantbiosys.com/cbbs.htm ChemBioBase Suite](Jubilant Biosystems) ChemBioBaseTM is a comprehensive set of target centric ligand databases, which covers all major targets that are of current research interest. For example, Kinase ChemBioBaseTM contains over 319,000 small molecules against kinase targets. [http://cdb.ics.uci.edu/CHEMDB/Web/ ChemDB, the UC Irvine ChemDB] ChemDB includes ChemicalSearch, Kpredictor, Smi2Depict, and Babel.<br />ChemicalSearch: find a chemical by basic criteria like molecular weight and predicted logP, or by the more abstract notion of structural similarity.<br />Kpredictor: submit small molecule structures online and get back selected physicochemical property values predicted using our kernel methods. <br />Smi2Depict: takes a list of molecule "SMILES" strings and generates respective 2D image depictions.<br />Babel: allows direct conversion between various molecule file formats. This is helpful for translating other formats such as SDF and Mol2 into SMILES strings that most of these interfaces expect. [http://www.chemexper.com/ ChemExper Chemical Directory] This database contains chemicals with their physical characteristics. The ChemExper Chemical Directory contains over 200,000 different chemicals, 10,000 MSDS and over 10,000 IR spectra. [http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/reference/chemfinder.asp ChemFinder] (CambridgeSoft; requires plugin for substructure searching) ChemFinder has been providing free chemical searching to hundreds of thousands of scientists since 1995. This free database provides chemical structures, physical properties, and hyperlinks. [http://www.cas.org Chemical Abstracts Service] Chemical Abstracts Service maintains the world's largest databases of chemically-related information and a suite of tools to access the information contained in them (SciFinder, STN on the Web, STN Easy, and STN AnaVist). The databases produced by CAS include: * Chemical Abstracts Plus (CAplus) is a current, comprehensive chemistry bibliographic database available from Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). CAplus covers international journals, patents, patent families, technical disclosures, technical reports, books, conference proceedings, dissertations, electronic-only journals, and web preprints from all areas of chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, and related sciences from 1907 to the present, as well as over 180,000 records for patents and journal articles dated before 1907. * The CAS REGISTRY File is a database containing records for substances identified by the CAS Registry System. These include substances indexed in CAplus and CA files, and special registrations, for example, registrations for regulatory lists such as TSCA and EINECS. It contains a substantial amount of empirical and calculated physical and chemical properties of chemical substances. * CHEMCATS (Chemical Catalogs Online) is a catalog file containing information about commercially available chemicals and their worldwide suppliers. * CHEMLIST, the Regulated Chemicals Listing, identifies substances from more than 100 inventories and regulatory lists from around the world. Records contain substance identity information, inventory status, source of information, and summaries of regulatory activity, reports, and other compliance information. The database began with national chemical inventories such as TSCA, EINECS, and ENCS. Today it includes international lists such as HPVs, pollutant release inventories, priority chemicals, and dangerous chemicals with transportation restrictions. * TOXCENTER (Toxicology Center) is a bibliographic database that covers the pharmacological, biochemical, physiological, and toxicological effects of drugs and other chemicals. It is compiled from various sources, including Medline, Pesticides Abstracts, CAplus, and others. [http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/chem-web/databases/acronyms/index.php Chemical Acronyms Database] (maintained by the Indiana University Chemistry Library) There are two ways to search this chemical acronyms database (contains 14822 references): search by acronym and search by keyword. You can also enter a new record by filling an online form. [http://kinetics.nist.gov/index.php Chemical Kinetics Database on the Web] (data on gas phase reactions from the US National Institute for Standards and Technology) The NIST Chemical Kinetics Database includes essentially all reported kinetics results for thermal gas-phase chemical reactions. The database is designed to be searched for kinetics data based on the specific reactants involved, for reactions resulting in specified products, for all the reactions of a particular species, or for various combinations of these. In addition, the bibliography can be searched by author name or combination of names. The database contains in excess of 38,000 separate reaction records for over 11,700 distinct reactant pairs. These data have been abstracted from over 12,000 papers with literature coverage through early 2000. [http://cactus.nci.nih.gov/cgi-bin/lookup/search Chemical Structure Lookup Service (CSLS): a database locator service] CSLS allows look up compounds in over 80 databases with more than 39 million entries (27 million unique structures). The compound can be searched by InChI, SMILES, formula and other identifiers. Files containing structures and IDs can be uploaded to carry searching in CSLS. [http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ ChemIDplus] (US National Library of Medicine) ChemIDplus is one program of Specialized Information Services in NLM. It allows searches by substance identification, toxicity, physical properties, molecular weight, locator codes and chemical structure. [https://cheml.io/ cheML.io] (Departments of Computer Science and Chemistry at Nazarbayev University) cheML.io is an online database of ML-generated molecules<ref>https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA07820D</ref>. The web-service features substructure and similar entries search. Along with structural information, it contains pre-computed features for each molecule. The dataset contains more than 2.8 million ML-generated molecules sampled from 10 ML frameworks. The access to data is open-source. [http://bioweb.ucr.edu/ChemMineV2/ ChemMine] (Center for Plant Cell Biology, UC Riverside) ChemMine is an integrated compound mining service and database. Its goal is to facilitate chemical genomics screens and to disseminate the generated knowledge. The database provides access to a wide variety of bioactive, natural and screening compounds from public and commercial providers. Their structures and functional annotations can be searched by chemical properties, substructure matches, structural similarities and biological activities. In addition to a comprehensive information retrieval system, ChemMine is also a cheminformatics service for analyzing the structural and chemical properties of lead compounds. This online service is available for compounds that are represented in the database and those provided by the user. The current set of online analysis tools includes structure-based clustering of compounds, generation of chemical descriptors, and various viewing and reformatting functionalities. [https://chem-space.com Chemspace] Chemspace is a free database of small molecules: building blocks, fragments and screening compounds. The database provides access to the over 100 million in-stock and make-on-demand compounds from suppliers worldwide. Also Chemspace delivers drug discovery solutions to their clients. All registered users can embeds free Chemspace KNIME nodes into their custom in-house workflow for searching directly in Chemspace database without using browser. [http://www.chemspider.com/ ChemSpider] (Royal Society of Chemistry) ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database providing fast access to over 25 million structures, properties and associated information. By integrating and linking compounds from more than 400 data sources, ChemSpider enables researchers to discover the most comprehensive view of freely available chemical data from a single online search. [http://www.chemsynthesis.com/ ChemSynthesis Chemical Database] A freely accessible database of chemicals that contains substances with their synthesis references and physical properties such as melting point, boiling point and density. There are currently more than 40,000 compounds and more than 45,000 synthesis references in the database. [http://chemxseer.ist.psu.edu/ Chem_xSeer] (Penn State University) An integrated digital library and database allowing for intelligent search of documents in the chemistry domain and data obtained from chemical kinetics. The data repository component contains experimental data obtained from various sources. Their tools can process, store and link data in multiple formats, e.g., Excel, XML, Gaussian, and Charmm. A metadata ad-on can help annotate the data and link multiple datasets. [http://chirbase.u-3mrs.fr/ Chirbase, a molecular database for chiral Chromatography] Chirbase contains 95,000 chiral separations, 30,000 molecular structures, and 4000 new separations updated every four months. It is a powerful information system for separation of enantiomers by chromatography. [http://www.collaborativedrug.com/ Collaborative Drug Discovery Database] The CDD enables scientists to collaborate on efforts to more effectively develop new drug candidates for commercial and humanitarian markets. The data sets in the system include the FDA orphan and approved drugs and small molecule drug discovery data, covering diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, African Sleeping Sickness, Chagas Disease, and Leishmania. [http://www.crystallography.net/ Crystallography Open Database, COD] There are ~43.000 entries in the COD (June 16, 2006). The COD offers 2 powerful options for a search: by combining in the way you choose: text (2 words or parts of words), elements (1 to 8, with formula numbers or not), volume (min and max), and strict number of elements; by cell parameters ranges amin-amax, bmin-bmax etc. [http://www.drug-interactions.com/ Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction table] (Indiana University - Purdue University - Indianapolis) This table is designed as a hypothesis testing, teaching and reference tool for physicians and researchers interested in drug interactions that are the result of competition for, or effects on the human cytochrome P450 system. Clinicians and health care providers may find an abbreviated clinical table designed for practical use during prescribing more useful. [[#top|top]] == D == [http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html Data & Property Calculation Web Sites] (University of Illinois, Chicago Thermodynamics Research Laboratory) You can find links to many nano, quantum, statistical mechanics and thermodynamics data, and property calculation websites. [http://dip.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/ DIP] (Database of Interacting Proteins) The DIPTM database catalogs experimentally determined interactions between proteins. It combines information from a variety of sources to create a single, consistent set of protein-protein interactions. The data stored within the DIP database were curated, both, manually by expert curators and also automatically using computational approaches that utilize the knowledge about the protein-protein interaction networks extracted from the most reliable, core subset of the DIP data. [http://www.disprot.org/ DisProt] Database of Protein Disorder The Database of Protein Disorder (DisProt) is a curated database that provides information about proteins that lack fixed 3D structure in their putatively native states, either in their entirety or in part. DisProt is a collaborative effort between Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics at Indiana University School of Medicine and Center for Information Science and Technology at Temple University. [http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases] The database enables plant searches, chemical searches, activities searches, and Ethnobotany Searches. Browsing the database is also allowed. [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/ DrugBank] (University of Alberta) It contains chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, and molecular biological information on more than 3,000 drug targets and 4,100 approved or experimental drug products. [http://www.iconixpharm.com/products/products_main.html DrugMatrix] (Iconix Pharmaceuticals) DrugMatrix is the first comprehensive research tool in the new field of toxicogenomics. It enables researchers to select the highest quality leads and drug candidates at the earliest, most cost-effective stages of drug discovery and development and eliminate likely failures. [[#top|top]] == E == [http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/ ECOTOX] (US Environmental Protection Agency) The ECOTOXicology database (ECOTOX) is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants and wildlife. ECOTOX integrates three previously independent databases - AQUIRE, PHYTOTOX, and TERRETOX - into a unique system which includes toxicity data derived predominately from the peer-reviewed literature, for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and terrestrial wildlife, respectively. [http://www.emolecules.com/ eMolecules] (formerly Chmoogle) A good source to search for supplier information of chemicals by drawing the structures or using their SMILES. The supplier contact information is provided in the record. Substructure and exact structure search are allowed in the advanced search. For expert search, you have to log in first. No reaction and chemical properties information are covered in eMolecules. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) database consists of approximately 250,000 structures. The browser has the following capabilities: * Substructure search capabilities (e.g., search for H-bond acceptor/donor) * Expanded search criteria (log P [calc.], complexity, data availability) * PASS activity spectrum predictions (>500 mechanisms of action) * Output features like MDL Chime, 3D Java Viewer, VRML Scene, spreadsheets * 3-D pharmacophore search capabilities * Links to additional services for further processing of search results [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gquery/gquery.fcgi Entrez,] the Life Science Search Engine (US National Center for Biotechnology Information) A comprehensive gateway to search life science databases. [http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/emci/chemref/ Envirofacts Master Chemical Integrator (EMCI)] (US EPA) You can use this form to search the full text of information offered from the EMCI Chemical References Web Pages. [http://www.syrres.com/esc/efdb.htm Environmental Fate Data Base (EFDB)] (Syracuse Research Corporation) EFDB contains files such as Datalog, Biolog, Chemfate, Biodeg, and Biodeg Summary. [http://www.is-db.org/eurospec/ EUROSPEC, International Spectroscopic Database] International Spectroscopic Data Bank (ISDB) is an electronic database and archive for spectroscopic and substance data for access by and for the scientific community. [http://extoxnet.orst.edu/ghindex.html EXTOXNET,] the Extension Toxicology Network Covers topics such as: * Adverse Health Effects and Risk * Diet and Cancer * Food Safety * Household Hazardous Waste * Indoor Air * Pesticides * Safe Drinking Water * Soil (gardening and chemicals) [[#top|top]] == F == [https://www1.fishersci.com/catalogs/ACROSSearch.jsp Fisher Scientific] It can be used as an electronic chemical catalog. For example, you can search ACROS by text, template, and mixed search. [http://flexweb.asu.edu/ Flexweb; Analysis of Flexibility in Biomolecules and Networks] Flexweb is a portal to research in the flexibility of networks and associated software. It contains links to the various software applications hosted by Flexweb. Most of the software is available for download by academic groups as both executable-only and full source code distributions. [[#top|top]] == G == [http://compbio.mcs.anl.gov/gaduvo/gaduvo.cgi GADU VO at Open Science Grid] GADU (Genome Analysis and Database Update) VO (Virtual Organization) provides the following services: * Reliable, timely updates of the integrated public database, from a growing number of analysis tools and an increasing number and scale of source sequences. * The execution of user -specified models. * Web-based portal access to all services. * Customized sequence analysis workflows. [http://www.ccrc.uga.edu/specdb/specdbframe.html GC-EIMS of Partially Methylated Alditol Acetates] Electron-impact Mass Spectra of partially methylated alditol acetates. [http://www.dcb.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/ Generated Database of Chemical Universe of Small Molecules] Contains every possible organic molecule of C, N, O, or F up to 11 atoms, taking into account chemical stability and synthetic feasibility; 26.4 million compounds. [http://srdata.nist.gov/cccbdb/glossary.asp Glossary of Common Terms and Abbreviations in Quantum Chemistry] (Karl K. Irikura) The literature of quantum chemistry, covering both molecular orbital theory and density functional theory, is cluttered with abbreviations, acronyms, and jargon. Some of the more common terminology is explained in this glossary. Literature cited is included. [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/carbohydrate/carbMoleculeHome.jsp Glycan Database] The database is one of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics specialty databases for glycan-binding proteins, glycan structures, and glycosyltransferases. Collectively, they provide an independent way of accessing CFG data, as well as integrating a large amount of publicly-available information. They are key to developing a bioinformatics resource that integrates the diverse types of data being generated and an important step towards an integrated systems biology approach to glycobiology. [http://www.dkfz.de/spec/glycosciences.de/sweetdb/ glycoSCIENCES.DE] The databases provided by this site include bibliographic search, Mass Spectroscopy search, NMR, structure and PDB search. [[#top|top]] == H == [http://xray.bmc.uu.se/hicup/ HIC-Up, Hetero-compound Information Centre, Uppsala] This site contains information about hetero-compounds encountered in files from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). It is updated a few times a year. [http://chemdb2.niaid.nih.gov/struct_search/default.html HIV/OI/TB Therapeutics Database] (US NIAID Division of AIDS) This databases can be searched by compound names and author names. [http://www.hmdb.ca/ Human Metabolome Database] Since 2004 the Human Metabolome Project has assembled an inventory of about 2,500 molecules (early 2007) produced by metabolic reactions in body tissues and fluids. The database is designed to contain or link three kinds of data: 1) chemical data, 2) clinical data, and 3) molecular biology/biochemistry data. It includes both water-soluble and lipid-soluble metabolites as well as metabolites that would be regarded as either abundant (> 1 uM) or relatively rare (< 1 nM). Additionally, approximately 5500 protein (and DNA) sequences are linked to the metabolite entries. [http://www.hprd.org/ Human Protein Reference Database] The Human Protein Reference Database represents a centralized platform to visually depict and integrate information pertaining to domain architecture, post-translational modifications, interaction networks and disease association for each protein in the human proteome. All the information in HPRD has been manually extracted from the literature by expert biologists who read, interpret and analyze the published data. HPRD has been created using an object oriented database in Zope, an open source web application server, which provides versatility in query functions and allows data to be displayed dynamically. [[#top|top]] == I == [http://zal.sdsu.edu/i-chemist/ I-ChemiSt,] Intelligent Chemical Structural Database] (Mass spectroscopy and NMR spectra databases) The Mass Spectroscopy Database contains Gas Chromotgraphy - Electron Ion Mass Spectra (GC-EIMS) of Partially Methylated Acetate Alditols (PMAAs) of Complex Carbohydrate Molecules. Currently, the database consists of over 600 GC-EIMS spectra. NMR Spectra database is sill underconstruction [http://www.ihop-net.org/UniPub/iHOP/ iHOP, information Hyperlinked Over Proteins] The iHOP service provides summary information on more than 1,500 organisms and 80,000 genes by automatically extracting key sentences from PubMed documents. [http://bl-chem-iumsc110.chem.indiana.edu/recipnet/search.jsp Indiana University Molecular Structure Center] Indiana University Molecular Structure Center is one partner site of the Reciprocal Net Site Network. The Reciprocal Net Site Network is a distributed database for crystallographic information and it is run by participating crystallography labs across the world. Select samples are available to the general public without authentication. Authorized users may jump to another site's database or visit the master server at ReciprocalNet.org after logging in. [http://www.fiz-chemie.de/infotherm/servlet/infothermSearch Infotherm Thermophysical Properties Database] (FIZ Chemie Berlin) * Type of data: experimental thermodynamic and physical properties of 27,000 mixtures and 7,200 pure substances from a total of 9,900 compounds * Database growth: about 1,000 tables per month * Content: 183,000 tables and diagrams of PVT state values, phase equilibrium data, transport and surface properties, caloric, optical and acoustic properties * Material types: 75% organic, 20% inorganic and 5% organometallic compounds with the focus on solvents * Sources: 13,100 publications from journals and reports as well as measurement protocols and data collections in printed and electronic format, from 1919 to present [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/index.jsp IntAct] (Protein Interaction Database) IntAct provides a freely available, open source database system and analysis tools for protein interaction data. All interactions are derived from literature curation or direct user submissions and are freely available. [http://srdata.nist.gov/solubility/ IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database] (Data compiled and evaluated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) There are over 67,500 solubility measurements, compiled from 18 volumes of the IUPAC Solubility Data Series. There are about 1800 chemical substances in the database and 5200 systems, of which 473 have been critically evaluated. The database has over 1800 references. Typical solvents and solutes include water, sea water, heavy water, inorganic compounds, and a variety of organic compounds such as hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, esters and nitrogen compounds. [[#top|top]] == J == [http://jess.murdoch.edu.au/jess/jess_home.htm Joint Expert Speciation System, JESS] (Tool for tool for thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of chemical speciation in complex aqueous environments) JESS is a powerful research tool for modelling chemical speciation in complex aqueous environments. It is designed to solve problems requiring expert knowledge of solution chemistry. It currently comprises over 250 programs, 2000 subroutines and 234,000 lines of Fortran code. [[#top|top]] == K == [http://www.genome.jp/kegg/soap/ KEGG API] KEGG API provides valuable means for accessing the KEGG system, such as for searching and computing biochemical pathways in cellular processes or analyzing the universe of genes in the completely sequenced genomes. The users can access the KEGG API server by the SOAP technology over the HTTP protocol. The SOAP server also comes with the WSDL, which makes it easy to build a client library for a specific computer language. This enables the users to write their own programs for many different purposes and to automate the procedure of accessing the KEGG API server and retrieving the results. [http://www.genome.jp/ligand/ KEGG Ligand Database] Database of chemical substances and reactions that are relevant to life. It is a composite database currently consisting of COMPOUND, DRUG, GLYCAN, REACTION, RPAIR, and ENZYME databases. ENZYME is derived from the Enzyme Nomenclature, but the others are internally developed and maintained. KEGG Ligand includes tools to perform similarity searches and to predict reactions and reaction pathways. [http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html KEGG pathway] KEGG PATHWAY is a collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing our knowledge on the molecular interaction and reaction networks for: <ul> * Metabolism * Genetic Information Processing * Environmental Information Processing * Cellular Processes * Human Diseases * Drug Development </ul> [http://www.eidogen-sertanty.com/products_kinasekb.html Kinase Knowledgebase (KKB)] (Eidogen-Sertanty) The Kinase Knowledgebase (KKB) is Eidogen-Sertanty's database of kinase structure-activity and chemical synthesis data. Currently the Kinase Knowledgebase covers the following data (through August 2006): Journal articles and patents: >2,600; Number of Biological Activity Data Points: >222,000. [http://www.kinexus.ca/kinet.htm KiNET Proteomics Database] KiNET is the first Internet accessible subscription proteomics database of its kind. It has built in bioinformatics searching capabilities for cell signaling research. KiNET features over 200,000 measurements of the expression and phosphorylation states of hundreds of signal transduction proteins from over 6000 Western blots performed with control and treated tissue/cell samples. [[#top|top]] == L == [http://lsgw.mcs.anl.gov/about Life Science Gateway] The Life Science Gateway (LSGW) provides application services for bio-informaticians. The LSGW provides the ability for end-users to apply the large scale resources of the TeraGrid to their problems, but it also allows application service providers to leverage local resources, creating a hierarchy of service providers that can begin to address the computational and data needs of the bio-informatics community as a whole. [http://www.lipidat.ul.ie/ LIPIDAT] (thermodynamic and associated information on lipid mesophase and crystal polymorphic transitions) LIPIDAT is a relational database of thermodynamic and associated information on lipid mesophase and crystal polymorphic transitions. There are 19,959 records in LIPIDAT. The database includes lipid molecular structures. The bulk of the entries in the current version of LIPIDAT are for the glycerolipids and the sphingolipids. [http://lipidbank.jp/ LIPIDBANK] This database has been developed by the joint-research program between International Medical Center of Japan and Japan Science and Technology Agency. The LIPID database can be searched by key word, classification, branched chain, oil or fat name, number or position. [http://www.lipidmaps.org/ LIPID MAPS (Lipid Metabolites And Pathways Strategy)] Lipid Metabolites and Pathways Strategy, termed LIPID MAPS has been developed to apply a global integrated approach to the study of lipidomics. [[#top|top]] == M == [http://www.matweb.com/index.asp?ckck=1 MatWeb, a searchable database of material data sheets] The heart of MatWeb is a searchable database of material data sheets, including property information on thermoplastic and thermoset polymers such as ABS, nylon, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene; metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, nickel, steel, superalloys, titanium and zinc alloys; ceramics; plus semiconductors, fibers, and other engineering materials. It can be searched by text search, categorized search (material type, polymer manufacturer, polymer trade name, metal UNS number) and quantitative search. [http://www.cqsar.com/medchem/chem/qsar-db/ MedChem/Biobyte QSAR Database] (Pomona College) [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html Medical Subject Headings, MeSH] (US National Library of Medicine) MeSH is the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus. It consists of sets of terms naming descriptors in a hierarchical structure that permits searching at various levels of specificity. There are 22,997 descriptors in MeSH. In addition to these headings, there are more than 151,000 headings called Supplementary Concept Records (formerly Supplementary Chemical Records) within a separate thesaurus. There are also thousands of cross-references that assist in finding the most appropriate MeSH Heading, for example, Vitamin C see Ascorbic Acid. These additional entries include 24,050 printed see references and 112,012 other entry points. The MeSH thesaurus is used by NLM for indexing articles from 4,800 of the world's leading biomedical journals for the MEDLINE/PubMED® database. [http://medphyt3.uni-klu.ac.at/ MEDPHYT] (The Medicinal Plants Database) Registration is required to use this database. [http://metacyc.org/ MetaCyc Encyclopedia of Metabolic Pathways] MetaCyc is a database of nonredundant, experimentally elucidated metabolic pathways. MetaCyc contains 700 pathways from more than 600 different organisms. MetaCyc is curated from the scientific experimental literature. It stores pathways involved in both primary metabolism(including photosynthesis), secondary metabolism, as well as associated compounds, enzymes, and genes. [http://metallo.scripps.edu/ Metalloprotein Database and Browser] The database contains quantitative information on all the metal-containing sites available from structures in the PDB distribution. It contains geometrical and molecular information that allows the classification and search of particular combinations of site characteristics, and answer questions such as: "How many mononuclear zinc-containing sites are five coordinate with X-ray resolution better than 1.8 Angstroms?" One can then visualize and manipulate the matching sites. The database also includes enough information to answer questions involving type and number of ligands (e.g., "at least 2 His") and includes distance cutoff criteria (e.g., "a metal-ligand distance no more than 3.0 Angstroms and no less than 2.2 Angstroms"). [http://metlin.scripps.edu/ Metlin Metabolite Database] METLIN is a web-based data management system designed to assist in a broad array of metabolite research and metabolite identification by providing public access to its repository of current and comprehensive mass spectral metabolite data. [http://mint.bio.uniroma2.it/mint/Welcome.do MINT Molecular Interactions Database] MINT focuses on experimentally verified protein interactions mined from the scientific literature by expert curators. The curated data can be analyzed in the context of the high throughput data and viewed graphically with the 'MINT Viewer'. [http://www.mygrid.org.uk/ myGRID] The myGrid project has developed a comprehensive loosely-coupled suite of middleware components specifically to support data intensive in silico experiments in biology. Workflows and query specifications link together third party and local resources using web service protocols. The software can be freely downloaded and has been used for building discovery workflows for investigations into Williams-Beuren Syndrome and Grave’s Disease by collaborating Life Scientists. (cited from myGRID homepage) [http://www.molinstincts.com Mol-Instincts] Mol-Instincts is world's first fundamental chemical database based on quantum mechanics and QSPR (Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship), providing physical & chemical properties, thermodynamic data, spectra data, and many other fundamental information of chemical compounds. It is one of the biggest and most comprehensive database based 41 patented technologies, containing more than 2.5 million compounds and 10 billion sets of data and information. [[#top|top]] == N == [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov:8080/ National Toxicology Program] (US Department of Health and Human Services) The NTP is an interagency program whose mission is to evaluate agents of public health concern by developing and applying tools of modern toxicology and molecular biology. [http://www.fda.gov/cder/ndc/ National Drug Code Directory (US)] (US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research) A current list of all drugs manufactured, prepared, propagated, compounded, or processed in the US for commercial distribution. Drug products are identified and reported using a unique, three-segment number, called the National Drug Code (NDC), which is a universal product identifier for human drugs. FDA inputs the full NDC number and the information submitted as part of the listing process into a database known as the Drug Registration and Listing System (DRLS). Several times a year, FDA extracts some of the information from the DRLS data base (currently, properly listed marketed prescription drug products and insulin) and publishes that information in the NDC Directory. [http://ophid.utoronto.ca/navigator/ NAViGaTOR] (University of Toronto) A software package for visualizing and analyzing protein-protein interaction networks. NAViGaTOR can query OPHID / I2D - online databases of interaction data - and display networks in 2D or 3D. To improve scalability and performance, NAViGaTOR combines Java with OpenGL to provide a 2D/3D visualization system on multiple hardware platforms. NAViGaTOR also provides analytical capabilities and supports standard import and export formats such as GO and the Proteomics Standards Initiative (PSI). [http://kinetics.nist.gov/solution/ NDRL/NIST Solution Kinetics Database on the Web](US National Institute for Standards and Technology) [http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhosK/ NetPhosK 1.0 Server] Produces neural network predictions of kinase specific eukaryotic protein phosphoylation sites. Currently NetPhosK covers the following kinases: PKA, PKC, PKG, CKII, Cdc2, CaM-II, ATM, DNA PK, Cdk5, p38 MAPK, GSK3, CKI, PKB, RSK, INSR, EGFR and Src. [http://www.chembiogrid.org/cheminfo/ncidtp/dtp NIH DTP Cancer Cell Line Activity Predictions] (Indiana University) The NIH Developmental Therapeutics Program provides a set of 60 cancer cell lines, against which approximately 42,000 compounds have been screened. The IU database returns activity predictions for all 60 cell lines for a user specified set of compounds. Note that the data available from the NIH is real-valued and is available for three concentration parameters. The models were developed using log GI50, with a cutoff of 5.0. Predictions are obtained using a set of random forest models, one for each cell line using 166 bit MACCS keys as the features. [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/database.html NIOSH Databases and Information Resources] (US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) The databases are categorized by Chemical; Injury, Illness & Hazards Data and Information; Publications; Respirators and other Personal Protective Equipment; Agriculture; and Construction. The most popular databases include the International Chemical Safety Cards, NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, and NIOSHTIC-2. [http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ NIST Chemistry WebBook] (US National Institute for Standards and Technology) This site provides thermochemical, thermophysical, and ion energetics data compiled by NIST under the Standard Reference Data Program. [http://srdata.nist.gov/gateway/ NIST Data Gateway] The Gateway includes links to selected free online NIST databases as well as to information on NIST databases available for purchase. You can search by specific keywords, properties and substances across a collection of NIST scientific and technical databases. You will get a list of databases most likely to contain the information you need. [http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html NIST Physics Laboratory Physical Reference Data] (US National Institute for Standards and Technology) You can get access to database holdings by elements. You can also use links to access all information on physical constants, atomic spectroscopy data, molecular spectroscopic data, X-ray and Gamma-ray data, nuclear physical data and so on. [http://www.nist.gov/srd/online.htm NIST Scientific and Technical Databases] (US National Institute for Standards and Technology) This online database resource cover a variety of databases in chemistry, material, mathematics, physics, optics, thermophysics, and thermochemistry. [http://www.nmrshiftdb.org/ NMRShift DB] NMRShiftDB is a web database for organic structures and their nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra. It allows for spectrum prediction (currently only for carbon) as well as for searching spectra, structures and other properties. Last not least, it features peer-reviewed submission of datasets by its users.<br />Collections (2005-08-30): 15944 structures and 17925 spectra; 1423 proton spectra; about 1500 structures with spectra of different type. [http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/ Nucleic Acids Database] (Rutgers University: a repository of three-dimensional structural information about nucleic acids) It is a repository of three-dimensional structural information about nucleic acids. There are three types of searches you can do: * NDB Search: search for nucleic acid containing structures determined by either X-ray crystallography or NMR. * NDB Integrated Search: an alternate NDB search application which provides more flexible searching and report generation. * NDB Status Search: provides a report on the processing status of crystal structures. [[#top|top]] == O == [http://www.orgsyn.org/ Organic Syntheses] Organic Syntheses procedures may be accessed either via the tables of contents of individual volumes ("journal mode") or by conducting structure and keyword searches ("database mode"). It’s a good source of synthesis “recipes” for organic chemists. [http://umber.sbs.man.ac.uk/dbbrowser/OWL/ OWL, Composite Protein Sequence Database] (Covers SWISS-PROT, PIR, GenBank, and NRL-3D) OWL is a non-redundant composite of 4 publicly-available primary sources: SWISS-PROT, PIR (1-3), GenBank (translation) and NRL-3D. SWISS-PROT is the highest priority source, all others being compared against it to eliminate identical and trivially-different sequences. Owl can be accessed by accession number, database code, text, sequence, title, author, query language, and regular expression. [[#top|top]] == P == [http://www.patentanalysis.com/index.php?pagetype=news_databases Patent Analysis Free Databases] Provides free access to the US patent databases, EU patent databases and the WO/PCT patent database and soon free INPADOC and Japanese patent searches. To access the free patent databases it is necessary to create an account and login. Premium search services such as Idea Analysis and SureChem require a paid subscription. SureChem, produced by Reel Two, contains more than 5.4 million unique structures mined from the full text of USPTO, EPO and WO patents. SureChem users can search by substructure or similarity. Data export lets customers analyze results on their desktop or incorporate them into any informatics workflow. The SureChem portal also gives users access to a range of advanced patent searching tools for both chemical and generic searches. A free 7-day trial is extended to all new users. [http://pid.nci.nih.gov/ Pathway Interaction Database] The Pathway Interaction Database is a highly structured, curated collection of information about known biomolecular interactions and key cellular processes assembled into signaling pathways. It is a collaborative project between the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) and Nature Publishing Group (NPG). [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/ PDB, Protein Data Bank] The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is the single worldwide depository of information about the three-dimensional structures of large biological molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. These are the molecules of life that are found in all organisms including bacteria, yeast, plants, flies, and mice, and in healthy as well as diseased humans. Understanding the shape of a molecule helps to understand how it works. A variety of information associated with each structure is available through the RCSB PDB including sequence details, atomic coordinates, crystallization conditions, 3-D structure neighbors computed using various methods, derived geometric data, structure factors, 3-D images and a variety of links to other resources. As of October 17, there are 39464 structures stored in PDB. [http://kidb.bioc.cwru.edu/pdsp.php PDSP K_i Database] The database has 44,913 K_i values for searching, and is growing [http://zeus.mbl.edu/public/BRC/subj.php?func=explode&myID=181 Pharmabase: a database of cellular physiology & pharmacology] Database on the use of pharmacological compounds in cellular research. [http://www.syrres.com/esc/physprop.htm The Physical Properties Database (PHYSPROP)] PHYSPROP contains chemical structures, names and physical properties for over 25,250 chemicals. Physical properties are collected from a wide variety of sources, and include experimental, extrapolated, and estimated values for melting point, boiling point, water solubility, octanol-water partition coefficient, vapor pressure, pKa, Henry's law constant, and OH rate constant in the atmosphere. [http://moltable.ncl.res.in/proteins/index.htm Proteins Database at National Chemical Laboratory] (Pune, India) The MOLTABLE portal is established for small molecules in chemoinformatics context and it is now being extended for the biomolecules especially the protein data. The moltable portal would show case the 'ligand space' in protein chemistry. [http://www.ccrc.uga.edu/specdb/specdbframe.html Proton NMR Spectra of Xyloglucans] Consists of a searchable table of the Proton NMR chemical shifts of xyloglucan oligoglycosyl alditols. Oligosaccharide subunits of xyloglucans were generated by endoglucanase treatment of the polymer and reduced with sodium borohydride. Borohydride treatment simplifies the purification and spectroscopic analysis of each xyloglucan oligosaccharide by transforming the interconverting anomeric forms of the reducing residues into a single, stable moiety (an alditol.) The Proton NMR chemical shifts of the resulting oligoglycosyl alditols are similar, but not identical to those of the parent reducing oligosaccharides. [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ PubChem] PubChem provides information on the biological activities of small molecules. It is a component of NIH's Molecular Libraries Roadmap Initiative. PubChem includes substance information,compound structures, and bioactivity data in three primary databases, PCSubstance, PCCompound, and PCBioAssay, respectively. PCSubstance contains more than 15 million records; PCCompound contains more than 10 million unique structures; PCBioAssay contains more than 300 bioassays. Each bioassay contains various data points. [http://darwin.informatics.indiana.edu/juhur/Tools/PubChemSR/ PubChemSR (Search and Retrieve) Tool] PubChemSR (Search andRetrieve) is a MS-Windows-based data search and retrieval toolfor NCBI's chemical databases PubChem. PubChemSR is written in MS Visual Basic .Net and implemented by using Entrez Eutilities via SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol). It's tested only on Windows XP but it should work well on any other Windows platform. PubChemSR has some special features such as text (keyword) search against any of the three PubChem databases (PubChem Compound, PubChem Substance,and PubChem Bioassay) and spelling correction for mis-spelled search terms. [http://www.chembiogrid.org/cheminfo/dock/ PubDock]; Docking PubChem for Discovery (Indiana University) PubChem Dock stores the results of large-scale docking calculations and includes the PDB structure of the targets, 3D structures of docked ligands, and the docking scores. Currently four scoring functions provided by Openeye's fred are evaluated, namely: * chemgauss3 * shapegauss * oechemscore * plp For each scoring function the total score as well as the component scores are saved. The database currently has docking results against six proteins (1YC4, 1R1P, 1YC3, 1YC1, 1XP6, 1QKT). It is planned to populate PubDock with docking results for families of proteins. One possible use is to screen ligands over families using a similarity approach. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/ PubMed Central (PMC)] PMC is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature. The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in what can be done when data from diverse sources is stored in a common format in a single repository. [[#top|top]] == Q == [http://llama.med.harvard.edu/~jklekota/QueryChem.html Query Chem] You can combine text and chemical structure to do web searches. Query Chem is limited to 1000 "unkeyed" daily Google searches as per the rules of Google's Web API license and is powered by Chembank, PubChem, and Emolecules. [http://qcldb2.ims.ac.jp/ QCLDB II] Quantum Chemistry Literature DataBase It is a database of those papers published after 1978 which treat ab initio calculations of atomic and molecular electronic structure. From about thirty core journals they are collected, surveyed, and given proper tags revealing the content and essence of the paper by the group of young Japanese quantum chemists. [[#top|top]] == R == [http://www.reactome.org/ Reactome,] a curated knowledgebase of biological pathways Reactome is a collaboration among Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, The European Bioinformatics Institute, and The Gene Ontology Consortium to develop a curated resource of core pathways and reactions in human biology. The information in this database is authored by biological researchers with expertise in their fields, maintained by the Reactome editorial staff, and cross-referenced with the sequence databases at NCBI, Ensembl and UniProt, the UCSC Genome Browser , HapMap, KEGG(Gene and Compound ), ChEBI, PubMed and GO. In addition to curated human events, inferred orthologous events in 22 non-human species including mouse, rat, chicken, zebra fish, worm, fly, yeast, two plants and E.coli are also available. [[#top|top]] == S == [http://scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop/ SCOP, Structural Classification of Proteins] The SCOP database aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the structural and evolutionary relationships between all proteins whose structure is known, including all entries in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). It is available as a set of tightly linked hypertext documents which make the large database comprehensible and accessible. In addition, the hypertext pages offer a panoply of representations of proteins, including links to PDB entries, sequences, references, images and interactive display systems [http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_Interest/Chemistry.html Sigma-Aldrich Chemistry Database] Sigma-Aldrich is one of the leading suppliers of chemicals in the world. The site features substructure searching and reaction searching. [http://www.modelling.leeds.ac.uk/sb/ SitesBase] SitesBase is a database of known ligand binding sites within the PDB which is navigable by PDB identifier or ligand 3 letter code e.g. NAD. Each binding site has a frequently updated register of structurally similar binding sites sharing atomic similarity detected by geometric hashing (Brakoulias and Jackson 2004). Multiple alignments, structural superpositions and links to other structural databases are also available enabling further analysis. [http://solvdb.ncms.org/ SOLV-DB] (Solvents data from the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences) SOLV-DB is presented by the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences as the one-stop source for solvents data. SOLV-DB brings together a wealth of information on commercially available solvents. Use SOLV-DB to find: * Health and Safety considerations involved in choosing and using solvents. * Chemical and Physical data affecting the suitability of a particular solvent for a wide range of potential applications. * Regulatory responsibilities, including exposure and effluent limits, hazard classification status with respect to several key statutes, and selected reporting requirements. * Environmental Fate data, to indicate whether a solvent is likely to break down or persist in air or water, and what types of waste treatment techniques may apply to it. [http://www.models.kvl.dk/users/engelsen/specarb/specarb.html SPECARB, Raman spectra of carbohydates] SPECARB is an experimental database containing Raman spectra of carbohydrates. It is intended to contain solid state Raman spectra of carbohydrates from the monomers (Aldoses, Ketoses, and Glucolipids) and their derivatives to complex polysaccharides. [http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi Spectral Database for Organic Compounds ,SDBS] (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan) SDBS is an integrated spectral database system for organic compounds, which includes 6 different types of spectra under a directory of the compounds. The six spectra are as follows, an electron impact Mass spectrum (EI-MS), a Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum, a 13C NMR spectrum, a laser Raman spectrum, and an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum. The numbers of the data present at the end of September 2004 were as follows: * Compounds: ca 32,200 compounds updated * MS: ca 22,900 spectra updated * 1H NMR: ca 14,000 spectra updated * 13C NMR: ca 12,300 spectra updated * FT-IR: ca 49,800 spectra updated * Raman: ca 3,500 spectra * ESR: ca 2,500 spectra. [http://esc.syrres.com/pointer/default.asp Substructure Search of SRC's Pointer File] (Syracuse Research Corporation) The file contains 18,620 chemicals accessible by substructure and exact searching powered by ChemS­3, a chemistry search engine developed for both internet and intranet applications. [http://www.boc.chem.uu.nl/sugabase/sugabase.html SUGABASE, carbohydrate NMR database] This site is an experimental WWW interface to the database SUGABASE, which is a carbohydrate-NMR database that combines CarbBank Complex Carbohydrate Structure Data (CCSD) with proton and carbon chemical shift values. It can be used to perform simple searches for carbohydrate structures and/or NMR data. The structures are rendered in CCSD format. The NMR data are displayed as chemical-shift tables [http://cmldprotocols.bu.edu/cmld/index.jsp Synthesis Protocols] (Boston University Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development) A database for solid phase, solution phase and library synthesis procedures. [[#top|top]] == T == [http://www.tgbioportal.org/ TeraGrid Bioportal] The system enables database searching, alignment and phylogeny, pattern searching, DNA/RNA analysis, and protein analysis. It collects and unifies data and applications by providing a unified look and functionality. [http://xin.cz3.nus.edu.sg/group/cjttd/ttd.asp Therapeutic Target Database] A database to provide information about the known and explored therapeutic protein and nucleic acid targets, the targeted disease, pathway information and the corresponding drugs/ligands directed at each of these targets. Also included in this database are links to relevant databases that contain information about the function, sequence, 3D structure, ligand binding properties, enzyme nomenclature and related literatures of each target.This database currently contains 1535 targets and 2107 drugs/ligands. [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network] (US National Library of Medicine) TOXNET cover databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health, and toxic releases. The databases include HSDB, ChemIDPlus, DART, and so on. [[#top|top]] == U == [http://ukpmc.ac.uk/ UK PubMed Central] Based on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature, UK PubMed Central (UKPMC) provides a stable, permanent, and free-to-access online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed research publications. [http://www.pir.uniprot.org/ UniProt] UniProt is a comprehensive catalog of information on proteins. It is a central repository of protein sequence and function created by joining the information contained in Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL, and PIR. The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) is the central access point for extensive curated protein information, including function, classification, and cross-reference. The UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef) databases combine closely related sequences into a single record to speed searches. The UniProt Archive (UniParc) is a comprehensive repository, reflecting the history of all protein sequences. [http://dtp.nci.nih.gov/index.html US National Cancer Institute Developmental Therapeutics Program] The DTP databases include: * Investigational Drugs - Chemical Information: chemical and physical data on compounds that are past or present candidates in the DTP program. Chemical structures, names, biological data (activity in human tumor cell line screens), toxicity data, solubility, stability, UV, and HPLC data are included. * COMPARE Database and Analysis tools for cancer research: A probe or "seed" compound can be specified by using the compound's NCI accession number (the NSC number). The COMPARE algorithm then proceeds to rank an entire database in the order of the similarity of the responses of the 60 cell lines to the compounds in the database to the responses of the cell lines to the seed compound. * NCI Screening Data 3D Miner: The database in its first release contained 216,089 names (of 45,229 compounds) from the original DTP tables, 44,804 AIDS antiviral screening results, 41.000 anti-tumor, and 122,631 CAS numbers from the original DTP sources. [[#top|top]] == V == [[#top|top]] == W == [http://webreactions.net/search.html WebReactions] In WebReactions you simply draw a complete reaction, i.e. the reaction as you might draw it into a lab journal. WebReactions will detect any reaction centers for you automatically and then retrieve about a dozen most similar reactions from the database. WebReactions does not run a reaction substructure search as conventional reaction database systems. An introduction and tutorial are included in the website. [[#top|top]] == X == [[#top|top]] == Y == [http://youlab.me Youlab.Me] (an open database service with structure search) Youlab.Me is a free and open database with structure search. Users can create their own databases which are structure-searchable. There is a reference database with chemical data gathered automatically from public sources. The service is useful for academic users to keep track of chemical inventory, and for commercial companies to promote products. [[#top|top]] == Z == [http://blaster.docking.org/zinc/ ZINC] (commercially-available compounds for virtual screening) ZINC contains over 4.6 million compounds in ready-to-dock, 3D formats. ZINC is provided by the Shoichet Laboratory in the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). [[#top|top]] {{BookCat}} l6r5puta1e7n1lat602dn2y51whnzxc 0 274498 4640688 4640315 2026-06-19T09:14:13Z Jeff1138 301139 4640688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces: * [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus * [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases) * [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA) * USB * [[#SCSI]] ==PCI-e== ===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)=== *Controller and firmware *DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming *Cache like SLC HMB techniques *NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy) SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND. General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="30%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed OEMs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 to date - Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) |- | <!--Brand-->Acer Predator GM7 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD | <!--Model-->IM2P33F8-512GD | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ASX8200PNP1TTC | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 consumer |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG ATOM 50 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 |- | <!--Brand-->Adata Legend 710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Legend 900 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SM2263XT |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin NV7400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force LE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Elite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Core XT | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P1 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express | <!--Model-->CT1000P2SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P3SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 some have DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 | <!--Model-->CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD | <!--Model-->CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T705 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 dramless Phison SSD controller |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN660 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 gets hot |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN870 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN855 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S660 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S880/R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S770 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->FIKWOT FN950 FN955 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->FW-FX991-2TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN960 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->S3-240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->HP EX950 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HP FX900 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dram less |- | <!--Brand-->HP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 | <!--Model-->INSSD500GM280NM2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Professional TLC E12S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E18 |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash |- | <!--Brand-->Inland TD510 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC | <!--Model-->SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel 660p m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ssdpeknw010tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p | <!--Model-->SSDPEKNU010TZ | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm | <!--Model-->SSDPELKX020T8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 very long |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA1000M8/480G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA2000M8/250G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston KC3000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model-->SNV1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV2 | <!--Model-->SNV2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV3 | <!--Model-->SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD | <!--Model-->THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres | <!--Model-->KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> *KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02 *KBG40ZNT256G, *KBG40ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG7 | <!--Model-->KXG70ZNV1T0G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and "MG2h" version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 | <!--Model-->KGB50ZNV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 HMB buffer |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes KIOXIA |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->NM610Pro | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM620 *IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L *MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Maxio MAP1602 no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->EQ790 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 | <!--Model-->MTFDKBA512TFH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no cache |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2450 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 E19T |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2600 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium S270 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV2000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico D10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico e3500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico O7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-RKT4P-1TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Phison E25 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZVLV1T | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *MZ-VKW5120 *MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-V6P1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, *Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, *Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 EVO Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V8P1T0BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model--> *2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , *2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0 | <!--Model-->MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme | <!--Model--> *ZP1000GM30001, *ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda Q5 | <!--Model-->ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 515 | <!--Model-->ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 no dram and qlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4 | <!--Model-->ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP500GM3A013, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5018-E18 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model-->ZP1000CV3A002, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 540 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme | <!--Model-->SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A60 A80 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD | <!--Model--> *Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, *Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model-->HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 okay but no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> *HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N *HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix SK500 Gen 4 (x4) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4 2230 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team | <!--Model-->TM8PS7512G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup MP34 | <!--Model-->MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Team MP33Q | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force G70 Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE400S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 mlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Verbatim V15000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers | <!--Model-->SDAQNTW-512G-1001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2021 |- | <!--Brand-->WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 industrial sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME | <!--Model-->SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN750 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY | <!--Model-->WDS100T1X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - various controllers and NANDs |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN850X | <!--Model-->WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->WDS100T3X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless cache with TLC |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD | <!--Model-->WDS100T3G0C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->WD_BLACK SN750 SE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280 | <!--Model-->SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN580 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Zhitai (Yangtze Memory) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === Mini SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid - 3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- |} ==SATA== Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers. === SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5" | <!--Model-->ASU630SS-240GQ-R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU650SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU800 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU680SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS340 Panther | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS350 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb | <!--Model-->CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M550 120G to 1T | <!--Model-->CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX100 | <!--Model-->CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 dram cache Micron controller and nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial MX200 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 MLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch | <!--Model-->CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX500 | <!--Model-->CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Goodram CL100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> SM2259XT controller) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch | <!--Model-->S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertech | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5" SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro Series 1500 | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel S3610 Series 2.5" 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BX400G4R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 data center |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF512H6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BB800G7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BA800G4P, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 server |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KB240G7P | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston SSDNow 300 | <!--Model-->SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch | <!--Model-->SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in | <!--Model--> *9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU *7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->LNS100-1TRB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NQ100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LiteOn | <!--Model-->LCS-128L9S-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 no dram - sata2 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD | <!--Model-->MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS | <!--Work MSDos-->UP TO 550MB/S | <!--Work GPT-->UP TO 500MB/S | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1100 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5" | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Mushkin Reactor | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC flash |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac SA500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Deneva 2 C | <!--Model-->D2CSTK251M21-0240, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Deneva 2 R | <!--Model-->D2RSTK251E19-0100, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 3 128GB 2.5" SATA III SSD | <!--Model-->VTX3-25SAT3-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 4 128GB 2.5" SATA III SSD | <!--Model-->VTX4-25SAT3-128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Orico S500-Pro s500pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D tlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OWC Mercury Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> qlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P220 | <!--Model-->P220S2TB25 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Plextor M6V | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD | <!--Model-->SSD7CS900-480-PB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung SM PM | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE120 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 2.5in sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 PRO | <!--Model-->MZ-7KE1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM883 1.92TB | <!--Model-->MZ-7LH1T90 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76E1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 QVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76Q1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871b | <!--Model-->MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDHP-256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Marvell 88SS9188 Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300 SATA 2.5" | <!--Model-->SD7SB7S-512G-1001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014-6 - Made in Malaysia - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDA-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z400s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD | <!--Model-->ZA240CV10001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->sk hynix | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 sandforce controller - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SH910A | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD *3110A SL301STD *3210A *3300A *3310A | <!--Model-->HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD *N1A0A , , *N1A1A *N1A2A SC308STD, *N2A0A , , SC311STD | <!--Model-->HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD | <!--Model-->T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 3D NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Topesel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Q300 7mm SSD | <!--Model-->HDTS896EZSTA, HDTS848EZSTA, HDTS824EZSTA, HDTS812EZSTA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Toshiba TC58NC1000 controller with 3-bit-per-cell A15nm NAND Flash and SLC Write Cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Q300 Pro 7mm SSD | <!--Model-->HDTS824 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5" SATA SSD | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend 220S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS120GSSD220S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 3D TLC without dram |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD230S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Viathan | <!--Model-->S001T3V | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red SA500 NAS | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb | <!--Model-->WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5" | <!--Model-->WDS240G1G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - cheap and slow ssd - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SA530 | <!--Model-->SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Xum | <!--Model-->hx256gssdsata3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y3000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCie 3.0 |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y7000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCIe 4.0 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === SATA 9mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair F120 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 sata2 3gbp/s sandforce controler and MLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial RealSSD [https://www.storagereview.com/review/crucial-realssd-c300-review-256gb C300] | <!--Model-->CTFDDAC256MAG, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 sata3 6gbps - Marvell 88SS9174-BJP2 controller with a 128MB Micron 0AD12-D9LGQ RAM buffer with Micron 9wb11 MLC NAND - fast on 6Gbps SATA3 - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel X25--M | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex Series | <!--Model-->OCZSSD2-1VTX60G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 Indilinx Barefoot controller - |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 2 | <!--Model-->OCZSSD32VTX90G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 Sandforce SF 1200 controller - |- | <!--Brand-->OCZTechnology Agility 3 | <!--Model-->AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 sandforce sf-2281 controller - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA M.2 (M and B key) === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 2280 Sata | <!--Model-->AXNS381E-128GM-B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->S201 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan "Ordinary" Road Technology Co., Ltd) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) | <!--Model-->YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 2242 120G | <!--Model-->INSSD120GM242 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->INSSD256GM.26M2280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB | <!--Model-->INSSD1TM280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 | <!--Model-->SSDSCKKF256G8H | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> no dram, TLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB | <!--Model-->Top | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 m.2 | <!--Model-->SA400M8/240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model-->RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston V300 | <!--Model-->SV300S3505AG | <!--Work MSDos-->{{yes}} | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Nightly Build 2014-09-18 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON SATA 128GB | <!--Model-->CV3-8D128-11 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON | <!--Model-->CV1-8B256-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lite-On | <!--Model-->L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LSI | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 SF37000 controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model-->M550 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256MBF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package |- | <!--Brand-->MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y20M-2242 | <!--Model-->Y20M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung CM871 Rev 0 | <!--Model-->MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata | <!--Model-->MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM871b | <!--Model-->MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM881 | <!--Model-->MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD7SN6S-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260 | <!--Model-->SD6SP1M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->SC308M280S HFS128G39TND | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC311 HFS256G39TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC401 HFS256G39TNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->A55 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 | <!--Model-->TM8PS7001T0C101 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3) | <!--Model-->KBG30ZMV256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba HG6 m.2 | <!--Model-->THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB | <!--Model-->KSG50ZMV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 | <!--Model-->KSG60ZMG256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->400 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S TS128GMTS400S | <!--Model-->400S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->M.2 SSD 600 (2260), M.2 SSD 800S (2280) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S | <!--Model-->420S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> can run hot slc cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S | <!--Model-->430S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache - 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S | <!--Model-->820S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S | <!--Model-->830S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb | <!--Model-->WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 made in malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to | <!--Model-->WDS240G3G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 made in |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB | <!--Model-->SA500 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM610 m.2 sata | <!--Model-->SSS0R27339, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === mSATA SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fangxiang S301 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingchuxing | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model-->INSSD256GMSA MO-300 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc 3d nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron enterprise | <!--Model-->M600 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico ZH-10 ZH10 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in | <!--Model-->MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 1.8" msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA370S | <!--Model-->MSA370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA230S | <!--Model-->230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks === ====7mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP628230-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP552605-01 250Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP693440-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series * 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS * 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS | <!--Model-->HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series | <!--Model-->HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> avoid if it does not have the DCM code |- | <!--Brand-->HGST 1T 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HTS541010B7E610 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 128m cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus Thin | <!--Model-->ST500LT012 ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5" | <!--Model-->ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 | <!--Model-->ST500VT000 500GB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 | <!--Model-->ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda Pro | <!--Model-->ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> up to 128MB cache |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5 | <!--Model-->ST500LX025 ST1000LX015 ST2000LX001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 2.5in | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA MQ01ACF | <!--Model-->MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm * 2014 Rev T0 * 2015 Rev T1 | <!--Model-->wd5000lpvx | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2.5" WD Blue Slim | <!--Model-->WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 | <!--Work MSDos-->{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}} | <!--Work GPT-->{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}} | <!--Tested under-->AROS One 1.8 USB |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 2017 Malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====9.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHW2040BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 40gig |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHY2080BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 80gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHW2120B | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 | <!--Model-->HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) | <!--Model-->ST1000LM024 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm * 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I * 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4 * 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C | <!--Model-->ST500LM012 (500M) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus 5400.3 | <!--Model-->ST9160821AS | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 160gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1t | <!--Model-->ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 8g nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1T | <!--Model-->ST1000LX001 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32G nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK2555GSX HDD2H24 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 250g 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 | <!--Work-->{{yes}} | <!--Tested under-->Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2013 to 2016) | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2015 to 2020) *2013 *2014 *2015 AA50/AX0D5A *2016 AA60/AX0E1A * *2017 AGM AA01/AX002V *2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A *2020 AA71/AX0G1A | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD050 500meg | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 | <!--Work-->{{Yes}} | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA | <!--Model-->MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD7500BPVX 2013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5" SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , uses Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5" Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD10JPCX 1Tb | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital * 2019 | <!--Model-->WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Scorpio Black * 2010 * 2014 | <!--Model-->WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 16m cache, 7200rpm thailand then malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Black * 2016 | <!--Model-->WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks === ====11mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB | <!--Model-->MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->TP00640GB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====12.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====15mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5" SATA | <!--Model-->ST91000640NS 81Y9731 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Laptop Optical Drives === Tested in usb port not hub with * *13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA * {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->HL-DT-ST DVDRAM | <!--Model-->GSA T50L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter | <!--Model-->CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 5v 12.7mm fails early |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GT20L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009/2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Hitachi / LG | <!--Model-->GT30N GT32N GT30L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT40N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT50N GT51N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GU70N (HP/Dell), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GUD0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->GTA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer *Rev 101 *rev 102 2015 factory GH | <!--Model-->GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data | <!--Model-->GTC0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS | <!--Model-->BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8A0 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD | <!--Model-->UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8B1 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 2013 5v 1.6a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd | <!--Model-->UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 ok lifeline, |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8E2Q | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8FB | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline | <!--Model-->UJ260 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DC-8A2SH, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A3S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A4SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DS-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM | <!--Model-->DS-8DBSH1148 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DU-8A6SH (HP) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips and LiteOn | <!--Model-->DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ABSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive | <!--Model-->DU-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8ACSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD Philips | <!--Model-->da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2019 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Pioneer | <!--Model-->DVR-TD09TBG | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008-2010 5V 1.5A |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc SATA DVD | <!--Model-->AD-7561S, AD-7560S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7 MM |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7585H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner. Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD7590s, AD-7591s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7760H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7711H AD-7740H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp | <!--Model-->TS-L633 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-208FB/BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - |- | <!--Brand-->TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp. | <!--Model-->SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> *LG BU40N *LG WP50NB40 *LG BP50NB40 *ASUS BW-16D1HT | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> *LG BU50N *LG WH16NS40 *LG WH14NS40 *ASUS BW-16D1X-U *ASUS SBW-06D5H-U *Verbatim 43889 | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} === [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] === Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts <pre> WD: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf </pre> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Seagate Barracuda 7200.9 | ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm | <!--Model-->ST1000DL002 1TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series | <!--Model-->ST4000VX013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Baracuda Compute | <!--Model-->ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5" - 32MB Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate CMR | <!--Model-->ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 2TB SMR | <!--Model-->ST2000DM008 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SMR | <!--Model-->ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD220 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD320 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba P300 CMR | <!--Model-->HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2010 | <!--Model-->WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital | <!--Model-->WD4002FFWD | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- |} ==PATA== === IDE Desktop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | M1624TAU | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | IBM | DHEA-38451 | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SP40A2H | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST3160215ACE | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST32122A | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD102AA | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD200 | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Laptop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHV2040AH | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Toshiba | MK2011GAP | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Compaq | CR-594-BCQ | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8322B(CP1) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8484B(AM2A) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | LTN-485 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Creative | CD220E | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Hitachi-LG | GDA-4120B | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | LG | CRD-8400B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Lite-On | LTN486S | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Mitsumi | CRMC-FX4830T | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | CDR-1700B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | DV-5800A | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | ND-2100A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | NR-7900A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Philips | DVD8631 | {{no}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Samsung | SC-148 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SCR-2030 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SM-348B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU601 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU611-25 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Toshiba | SD-M1202 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === IDE Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->H-L Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GCC-4244N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2006 |- | Hitachi-LG | GCCT10N | {{yes}} | {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}} | AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Philips | SDR089 | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L462C TS-L462D | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L632H | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Sony | DW-Q58A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Sony Optiarc | AD-7540A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7590A | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} == SCSI == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each. 7h8v11ni6bt3v62aok6d9c8udp0ctak 4640690 4640688 2026-06-19T09:24:12Z Jeff1138 301139 4640690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces: * [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus * [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases) * [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA) * USB * [[#SCSI]] ==PCI-e== ===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)=== *Controller and firmware *DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming *Cache like SLC HMB techniques *NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy) SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND. General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="30%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed OEMs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 to date - Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) |- | <!--Brand-->Acer Predator GM7 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD | <!--Model-->IM2P33F8-512GD | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ASX8200PNP1TTC | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 consumer |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG ATOM 50 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 |- | <!--Brand-->Adata Legend 710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Legend 900 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SM2263XT |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin NV7400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force LE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Elite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Core XT | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P1 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express | <!--Model-->CT1000P2SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P3SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 some have DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 | <!--Model-->CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD | <!--Model-->CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T705 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 dramless Phison SSD controller |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN660 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 gets hot |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN870 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN855 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S660 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S880/R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S770 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->FIKWOT FN950 FN955 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->FW-FX991-2TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN960 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->S3-240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->HP EX950 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HP FX900 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dram less |- | <!--Brand-->HP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 | <!--Model-->INSSD500GM280NM2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Professional TLC E12S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E18 |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash |- | <!--Brand-->Inland TD510 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC | <!--Model-->SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel 660p m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ssdpeknw010tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p | <!--Model-->SSDPEKNU010TZ | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm | <!--Model-->SSDPELKX020T8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 very long |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA1000M8/480G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA2000M8/250G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston KC3000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model-->SNV1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV2 | <!--Model-->SNV2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV3 | <!--Model-->SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD | <!--Model-->THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres | <!--Model-->KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> *KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02 *KBG40ZNT256G, *KBG40ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG7 | <!--Model-->KXG70ZNV1T0G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and "MG2h" version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 | <!--Model-->KGB50ZNV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 HMB buffer |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes KIOXIA |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->NM610Pro | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM620 *IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L *MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Maxio MAP1602 no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->EQ790 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 | <!--Model-->MTFDKBA512TFH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no cache |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2450 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 E19T |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2600 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium S270 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV2000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico D10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico e3500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico O7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-RKT4P-1TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Phison E25 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZVLV1T | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *MZ-VKW5120 *MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-V6P1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, *Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, *Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 EVO Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V8P1T0BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model--> *2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , *2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0 | <!--Model-->MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme | <!--Model--> *ZP1000GM30001, *ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda Q5 | <!--Model-->ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 515 | <!--Model-->ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 no dram and qlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4 | <!--Model-->ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP500GM3A013, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5018-E18 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model-->ZP1000CV3A002, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 540 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme | <!--Model-->SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A60 A80 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD | <!--Model--> *Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, *Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model-->HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 okay but no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> *HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N *HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix SK500 Gen 4 (x4) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4 2230 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team | <!--Model-->TM8PS7512G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup MP34 | <!--Model-->MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Team MP33Q | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force G70 Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE400S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 mlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Verbatim V15000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers | <!--Model-->SDAQNTW-512G-1001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2021 |- | <!--Brand-->WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 industrial sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME | <!--Model-->SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN750 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY | <!--Model-->WDS100T1X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - various controllers and NANDs |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN850X | <!--Model-->WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->WDS100T3X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless cache with TLC |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD | <!--Model-->WDS100T3G0C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->WD_BLACK SN750 SE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280 | <!--Model-->SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN580 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Zhitai (Yangtze Memory) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === Mini SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid - 3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- |} ==SATA== Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers. === SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5" | <!--Model-->ASU630SS-240GQ-R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU650SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU800 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU680SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS340 Panther | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS350 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb | <!--Model-->CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M550 120G to 1T | <!--Model-->CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX100 | <!--Model-->CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 dram cache Micron controller and nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial MX200 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 MLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch | <!--Model-->CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX500 | <!--Model-->CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Goodram CL100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> SM2259XT controller) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch | <!--Model-->S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertech | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5" SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro Series 1500 | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel S3610 Series 2.5" 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BX400G4R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 data center |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF512H6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BB800G7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BA800G4P, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 server |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KB240G7P | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston SSDNow 300 | <!--Model-->SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch | <!--Model-->SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in | <!--Model--> *9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU *7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->LNS100-1TRB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NQ100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LiteOn | <!--Model-->LCS-128L9S-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 no dram - sata2 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD | <!--Model-->MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS | <!--Work MSDos-->UP TO 550MB/S | <!--Work GPT-->UP TO 500MB/S | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1100 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5" | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Mushkin Reactor | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC flash |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac SA500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Deneva 2 C | <!--Model-->D2CSTK251M21-0240, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Deneva 2 R | <!--Model-->D2RSTK251E19-0100, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 3 128GB 2.5" SATA III SSD | <!--Model-->VTX3-25SAT3-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 4 128GB 2.5" SATA III SSD | <!--Model-->VTX4-25SAT3-128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Orico S500-Pro s500pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D tlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OWC Mercury Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> qlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P220 | <!--Model-->P220S2TB25 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Plextor M6V | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD | <!--Model-->SSD7CS900-480-PB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung SM PM | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE120 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 2.5in sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 PRO | <!--Model-->MZ-7KE1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM883 1.92TB | <!--Model-->MZ-7LH1T90 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76E1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 QVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76Q1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871b | <!--Model-->MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDHP-256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Marvell 88SS9188 Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300 SATA 2.5" | <!--Model-->SD7SB7S-512G-1001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014-6 - Marvell 88SS1074 from 88SS91xx series) and SanDisk/Toshiba 1Ynm X3 TLC NAND - SLC cache - Made in Malaysia - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SanDisk 1Ynm MLC NAND - self encrypting - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDA-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z400s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD | <!--Model-->ZA240CV10001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->sk hynix | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 sandforce controller - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SH910A | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD *3110A SL301STD *3210A *3300A *3310A | <!--Model-->HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD *N1A0A , , *N1A1A *N1A2A SC308STD, *N2A0A , , SC311STD | <!--Model-->HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD | <!--Model-->T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 3D NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Topesel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Q300 7mm SSD | <!--Model-->HDTS896EZSTA, HDTS848EZSTA, HDTS824EZSTA, HDTS812EZSTA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Toshiba TC58NC1000 controller with 3-bit-per-cell A15nm NAND Flash and SLC Write Cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Q300 Pro 7mm SSD | <!--Model-->HDTS824 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5" SATA SSD | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend 220S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS120GSSD220S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 3D TLC without dram |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD230S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Viathan | <!--Model-->S001T3V | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red SA500 NAS | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb | <!--Model-->WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5" | <!--Model-->WDS240G1G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - cheap and slow ssd - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SA530 | <!--Model-->SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Xum | <!--Model-->hx256gssdsata3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y3000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCie 3.0 |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y7000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCIe 4.0 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === SATA 9mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair F120 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 sata2 3gbp/s sandforce controler and MLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial RealSSD [https://www.storagereview.com/review/crucial-realssd-c300-review-256gb C300] | <!--Model-->CTFDDAC256MAG, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 sata3 6gbps - Marvell 88SS9174-BJP2 controller with a 128MB Micron 0AD12-D9LGQ RAM buffer with Micron 9wb11 MLC NAND - fast on 6Gbps SATA3 - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel X25--M | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex Series | <!--Model-->OCZSSD2-1VTX60G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 Indilinx Barefoot controller - |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 2 | <!--Model-->OCZSSD32VTX90G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 Sandforce SF 1200 controller - |- | <!--Brand-->OCZTechnology Agility 3 | <!--Model-->AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 sandforce sf-2281 controller - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA M.2 (M and B key) === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 2280 Sata | <!--Model-->AXNS381E-128GM-B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->S201 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan "Ordinary" Road Technology Co., Ltd) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) | <!--Model-->YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 2242 120G | <!--Model-->INSSD120GM242 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->INSSD256GM.26M2280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB | <!--Model-->INSSD1TM280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 | <!--Model-->SSDSCKKF256G8H | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> no dram, TLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB | <!--Model-->Top | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 m.2 | <!--Model-->SA400M8/240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model-->RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston V300 | <!--Model-->SV300S3505AG | <!--Work MSDos-->{{yes}} | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Nightly Build 2014-09-18 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON SATA 128GB | <!--Model-->CV3-8D128-11 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON | <!--Model-->CV1-8B256-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lite-On | <!--Model-->L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LSI | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 SF37000 controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model-->M550 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256MBF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package |- | <!--Brand-->MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y20M-2242 | <!--Model-->Y20M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung CM871 Rev 0 | <!--Model-->MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata | <!--Model-->MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM871b | <!--Model-->MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM881 | <!--Model-->MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD7SN6S-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260 | <!--Model-->SD6SP1M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->SC308M280S HFS128G39TND | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC311 HFS256G39TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC401 HFS256G39TNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->A55 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 | <!--Model-->TM8PS7001T0C101 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3) | <!--Model-->KBG30ZMV256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba HG6 m.2 | <!--Model-->THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB | <!--Model-->KSG50ZMV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 | <!--Model-->KSG60ZMG256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->400 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S TS128GMTS400S | <!--Model-->400S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->M.2 SSD 600 (2260), M.2 SSD 800S (2280) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S | <!--Model-->420S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> can run hot slc cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S | <!--Model-->430S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache - 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S | <!--Model-->820S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S | <!--Model-->830S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb | <!--Model-->WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 made in malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to | <!--Model-->WDS240G3G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 made in |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB | <!--Model-->SA500 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM610 m.2 sata | <!--Model-->SSS0R27339, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === mSATA SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fangxiang S301 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingchuxing | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model-->INSSD256GMSA MO-300 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc 3d nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron enterprise | <!--Model-->M600 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico ZH-10 ZH10 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in | <!--Model-->MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 1.8" msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA370S | <!--Model-->MSA370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA230S | <!--Model-->230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks === ====7mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP628230-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP552605-01 250Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP693440-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series * 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS * 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS | <!--Model-->HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series | <!--Model-->HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> avoid if it does not have the DCM code |- | <!--Brand-->HGST 1T 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HTS541010B7E610 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 128m cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus Thin | <!--Model-->ST500LT012 ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5" | <!--Model-->ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 | <!--Model-->ST500VT000 500GB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 | <!--Model-->ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda Pro | <!--Model-->ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> up to 128MB cache |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5 | <!--Model-->ST500LX025 ST1000LX015 ST2000LX001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 2.5in | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA MQ01ACF | <!--Model-->MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm * 2014 Rev T0 * 2015 Rev T1 | <!--Model-->wd5000lpvx | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2.5" WD Blue Slim | <!--Model-->WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 | <!--Work MSDos-->{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}} | <!--Work GPT-->{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}} | <!--Tested under-->AROS One 1.8 USB |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 2017 Malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====9.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHW2040BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 40gig |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHY2080BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 80gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHW2120B | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 | <!--Model-->HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) | <!--Model-->ST1000LM024 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm * 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I * 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4 * 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C | <!--Model-->ST500LM012 (500M) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus 5400.3 | <!--Model-->ST9160821AS | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 160gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1t | <!--Model-->ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 8g nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1T | <!--Model-->ST1000LX001 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32G nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK2555GSX HDD2H24 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 250g 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 | <!--Work-->{{yes}} | <!--Tested under-->Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2013 to 2016) | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2015 to 2020) *2013 *2014 *2015 AA50/AX0D5A *2016 AA60/AX0E1A * *2017 AGM AA01/AX002V *2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A *2020 AA71/AX0G1A | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD050 500meg | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 | <!--Work-->{{Yes}} | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA | <!--Model-->MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD7500BPVX 2013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5" SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , uses Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5" Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD10JPCX 1Tb | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital * 2019 | <!--Model-->WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Scorpio Black * 2010 * 2014 | <!--Model-->WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 16m cache, 7200rpm thailand then malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Black * 2016 | <!--Model-->WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks === ====11mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB | <!--Model-->MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->TP00640GB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====12.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====15mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5" SATA | <!--Model-->ST91000640NS 81Y9731 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Laptop Optical Drives === Tested in usb port not hub with * *13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA * {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->HL-DT-ST DVDRAM | <!--Model-->GSA T50L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter | <!--Model-->CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 5v 12.7mm fails early |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GT20L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009/2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Hitachi / LG | <!--Model-->GT30N GT32N GT30L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT40N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT50N GT51N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GU70N (HP/Dell), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GUD0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->GTA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer *Rev 101 *rev 102 2015 factory GH | <!--Model-->GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data | <!--Model-->GTC0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS | <!--Model-->BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8A0 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD | <!--Model-->UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8B1 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 2013 5v 1.6a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd | <!--Model-->UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 ok lifeline, |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8E2Q | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8FB | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline | <!--Model-->UJ260 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DC-8A2SH, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A3S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A4SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DS-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM | <!--Model-->DS-8DBSH1148 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DU-8A6SH (HP) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips and LiteOn | <!--Model-->DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ABSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive | <!--Model-->DU-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8ACSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD Philips | <!--Model-->da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2019 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Pioneer | <!--Model-->DVR-TD09TBG | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008-2010 5V 1.5A |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc SATA DVD | <!--Model-->AD-7561S, AD-7560S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7 MM |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7585H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner. Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD7590s, AD-7591s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7760H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7711H AD-7740H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp | <!--Model-->TS-L633 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-208FB/BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - |- | <!--Brand-->TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp. | <!--Model-->SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> *LG BU40N *LG WP50NB40 *LG BP50NB40 *ASUS BW-16D1HT | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> *LG BU50N *LG WH16NS40 *LG WH14NS40 *ASUS BW-16D1X-U *ASUS SBW-06D5H-U *Verbatim 43889 | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} === [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] === Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts <pre> WD: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf </pre> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Seagate Barracuda 7200.9 | ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm | <!--Model-->ST1000DL002 1TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series | <!--Model-->ST4000VX013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Baracuda Compute | <!--Model-->ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5" - 32MB Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate CMR | <!--Model-->ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 2TB SMR | <!--Model-->ST2000DM008 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SMR | <!--Model-->ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD220 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD320 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba P300 CMR | <!--Model-->HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2010 | <!--Model-->WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital | <!--Model-->WD4002FFWD | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- |} ==PATA== === IDE Desktop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | M1624TAU | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | IBM | DHEA-38451 | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SP40A2H | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST3160215ACE | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST32122A | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD102AA | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD200 | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Laptop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHV2040AH | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Toshiba | MK2011GAP | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Compaq | CR-594-BCQ | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8322B(CP1) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8484B(AM2A) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | LTN-485 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Creative | CD220E | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Hitachi-LG | GDA-4120B | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | LG | CRD-8400B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Lite-On | LTN486S | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Mitsumi | CRMC-FX4830T | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | CDR-1700B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | DV-5800A | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | ND-2100A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | NR-7900A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Philips | DVD8631 | {{no}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Samsung | SC-148 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SCR-2030 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SM-348B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU601 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU611-25 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Toshiba | SD-M1202 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === IDE Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->H-L Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GCC-4244N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2006 |- | Hitachi-LG | GCCT10N | {{yes}} | {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}} | AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Philips | SDR089 | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L462C TS-L462D | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L632H | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Sony | DW-Q58A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Sony Optiarc | AD-7540A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7590A | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} == SCSI == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each. j4wbkz658hiy2lpai18agbvmer35m7p 4640691 4640690 2026-06-19T09:26:06Z Jeff1138 301139 4640691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces: * [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus * [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases) * [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA) * USB * [[#SCSI]] ==PCI-e== ===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)=== *Controller and firmware *DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming *Cache like SLC HMB techniques *NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy) SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND. General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="30%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed OEMs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 to date - Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) |- | <!--Brand-->Acer Predator GM7 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD | <!--Model-->IM2P33F8-512GD | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ASX8200PNP1TTC | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 consumer |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG ATOM 50 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 |- | <!--Brand-->Adata Legend 710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Legend 900 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SM2263XT |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin NV7400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force LE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Elite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Core XT | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P1 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express | <!--Model-->CT1000P2SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P3SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 some have DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 | <!--Model-->CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD | <!--Model-->CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T705 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 dramless Phison SSD controller |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN660 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 gets hot |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN870 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN855 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S660 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S880/R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S770 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->FIKWOT FN950 FN955 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->FW-FX991-2TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN960 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->S3-240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->HP EX950 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HP FX900 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dram less |- | <!--Brand-->HP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 | <!--Model-->INSSD500GM280NM2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Professional TLC E12S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E18 |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash |- | <!--Brand-->Inland TD510 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC | <!--Model-->SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel 660p m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ssdpeknw010tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p | <!--Model-->SSDPEKNU010TZ | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm | <!--Model-->SSDPELKX020T8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 very long |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA1000M8/480G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA2000M8/250G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston KC3000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model-->SNV1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV2 | <!--Model-->SNV2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV3 | <!--Model-->SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD | <!--Model-->THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres | <!--Model-->KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> *KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02 *KBG40ZNT256G, *KBG40ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG7 | <!--Model-->KXG70ZNV1T0G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and "MG2h" version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 | <!--Model-->KGB50ZNV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 HMB buffer |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes KIOXIA |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->NM610Pro | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM620 *IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L *MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Maxio MAP1602 no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->EQ790 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 | <!--Model-->MTFDKBA512TFH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no cache |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2450 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 E19T |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2600 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium S270 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV2000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico D10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico e3500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico O7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-RKT4P-1TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Phison E25 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZVLV1T | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *MZ-VKW5120 *MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-V6P1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, *Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, *Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 EVO Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V8P1T0BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model--> *2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , *2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0 | <!--Model-->MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme | <!--Model--> *ZP1000GM30001, *ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda Q5 | <!--Model-->ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 515 | <!--Model-->ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 no dram and qlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4 | <!--Model-->ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP500GM3A013, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5018-E18 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model-->ZP1000CV3A002, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 540 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme | <!--Model-->SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A60 A80 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD | <!--Model--> *Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, *Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model-->HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 okay but no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> *HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N *HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix SK500 Gen 4 (x4) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4 2230 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team | <!--Model-->TM8PS7512G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup MP34 | <!--Model-->MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Team MP33Q | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force G70 Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE400S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 mlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Verbatim V15000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers | <!--Model-->SDAQNTW-512G-1001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2021 |- | <!--Brand-->WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 industrial sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME | <!--Model-->SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN750 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY | <!--Model-->WDS100T1X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - various controllers and NANDs |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN850X | <!--Model-->WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->WDS100T3X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless cache with TLC |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD | <!--Model-->WDS100T3G0C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->WD_BLACK SN750 SE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280 | <!--Model-->SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN580 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Zhitai (Yangtze Memory) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === Mini SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid - 3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- |} ==SATA== Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers. === SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5" | <!--Model-->ASU630SS-240GQ-R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU650SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU800 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU680SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS340 Panther | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS350 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb | <!--Model-->CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M550 120G to 1T | <!--Model-->CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX100 | <!--Model-->CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 dram cache Micron controller and nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial MX200 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 MLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch | <!--Model-->CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX500 | <!--Model-->CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Goodram CL100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> SM2259XT controller) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch | <!--Model-->S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertech | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5" SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro Series 1500 | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel S3610 Series 2.5" 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BX400G4R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 data center |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF512H6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BB800G7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BA800G4P, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 server |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KB240G7P | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston SSDNow 300 | <!--Model-->SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch | <!--Model-->SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in | <!--Model--> *9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU *7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->LNS100-1TRB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NQ100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LiteOn | <!--Model-->LCS-128L9S-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 no dram - sata2 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD | <!--Model-->MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS | <!--Work MSDos-->UP TO 550MB/S | <!--Work GPT-->UP TO 500MB/S | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1100 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5" | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Mushkin Reactor | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC flash |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac SA500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Deneva 2 C | <!--Model-->D2CSTK251M21-0240, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Deneva 2 R | <!--Model-->D2RSTK251E19-0100, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 3 128GB 2.5" SATA III SSD | <!--Model-->VTX3-25SAT3-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 4 128GB 2.5" SATA III SSD | <!--Model-->VTX4-25SAT3-128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Orico S500-Pro s500pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D tlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->OWC Mercury Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> qlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P220 | <!--Model-->P220S2TB25 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Plextor M6V | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD | <!--Model-->SSD7CS900-480-PB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung SM PM | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE120 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 2.5in sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 PRO | <!--Model-->MZ-7KE1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM883 1.92TB | <!--Model-->MZ-7LH1T90 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76E1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 QVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76Q1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871b | <!--Model-->MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDHP-256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Marvell 88SS9188 Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300 SATA 2.5" | <!--Model-->SD7SB7S-512G-1001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014-6 - Marvell 88SS1074 from 88SS91xx series) and SanDisk/Toshiba 1Ynm X3 TLC NAND - SLC cache - Made in Malaysia - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SanDisk 1Ynm MLC NAND - self encrypting with on-board 256bit AES hardware encryption - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDA-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z400s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD | <!--Model-->ZA240CV10001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->sk hynix | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 sandforce controller - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SH910A | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD *3110A SL301STD *3210A *3300A *3310A | <!--Model-->HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD *N1A0A , , *N1A1A *N1A2A SC308STD, *N2A0A , , SC311STD | <!--Model-->HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD | <!--Model-->T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 3D NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Topesel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Q300 7mm SSD | <!--Model-->HDTS896EZSTA, HDTS848EZSTA, HDTS824EZSTA, HDTS812EZSTA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Toshiba TC58NC1000 controller with 3-bit-per-cell A15nm NAND Flash and SLC Write Cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Q300 Pro 7mm SSD | <!--Model-->HDTS824 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5" SATA SSD | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend 220S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS120GSSD220S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 3D TLC without dram |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD230S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Viathan | <!--Model-->S001T3V | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red SA500 NAS | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb | <!--Model-->WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5" | <!--Model-->WDS240G1G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - cheap and slow ssd - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SA530 | <!--Model-->SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Xum | <!--Model-->hx256gssdsata3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y3000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCie 3.0 |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y7000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCIe 4.0 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === SATA 9mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair F120 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 sata2 3gbp/s sandforce controler and MLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial RealSSD [https://www.storagereview.com/review/crucial-realssd-c300-review-256gb C300] | <!--Model-->CTFDDAC256MAG, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 sata3 6gbps - Marvell 88SS9174-BJP2 controller with a 128MB Micron 0AD12-D9LGQ RAM buffer with Micron 9wb11 MLC NAND - fast on 6Gbps SATA3 - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel X25--M | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex Series | <!--Model-->OCZSSD2-1VTX60G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 Indilinx Barefoot controller - |- | <!--Brand-->OCZ Vertex 2 | <!--Model-->OCZSSD32VTX90G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 Sandforce SF 1200 controller - |- | <!--Brand-->OCZTechnology Agility 3 | <!--Model-->AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 sandforce sf-2281 controller - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA M.2 (M and B key) === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 2280 Sata | <!--Model-->AXNS381E-128GM-B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->S201 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan "Ordinary" Road Technology Co., Ltd) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) | <!--Model-->YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 2242 120G | <!--Model-->INSSD120GM242 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->INSSD256GM.26M2280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB | <!--Model-->INSSD1TM280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 | <!--Model-->SSDSCKKF256G8H | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> no dram, TLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB | <!--Model-->Top | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 m.2 | <!--Model-->SA400M8/240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model-->RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston V300 | <!--Model-->SV300S3505AG | <!--Work MSDos-->{{yes}} | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Nightly Build 2014-09-18 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON SATA 128GB | <!--Model-->CV3-8D128-11 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON | <!--Model-->CV1-8B256-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lite-On | <!--Model-->L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LSI | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 SF37000 controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model-->M550 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256MBF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package |- | <!--Brand-->MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y20M-2242 | <!--Model-->Y20M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung CM871 Rev 0 | <!--Model-->MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata | <!--Model-->MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM871b | <!--Model-->MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM881 | <!--Model-->MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD7SN6S-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260 | <!--Model-->SD6SP1M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->SC308M280S HFS128G39TND | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC311 HFS256G39TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC401 HFS256G39TNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->A55 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 | <!--Model-->TM8PS7001T0C101 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3) | <!--Model-->KBG30ZMV256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba HG6 m.2 | <!--Model-->THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB | <!--Model-->KSG50ZMV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 | <!--Model-->KSG60ZMG256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->400 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S TS128GMTS400S | <!--Model-->400S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->M.2 SSD 600 (2260), M.2 SSD 800S (2280) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S | <!--Model-->420S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> can run hot slc cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S | <!--Model-->430S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache - 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S | <!--Model-->820S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S | <!--Model-->830S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb | <!--Model-->WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 made in malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to | <!--Model-->WDS240G3G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 made in |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB | <!--Model-->SA500 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM610 m.2 sata | <!--Model-->SSS0R27339, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === mSATA SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fangxiang S301 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingchuxing | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model-->INSSD256GMSA MO-300 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc 3d nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron enterprise | <!--Model-->M600 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico ZH-10 ZH10 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in | <!--Model-->MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 1.8" msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA370S | <!--Model-->MSA370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA230S | <!--Model-->230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks === ====7mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP628230-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP552605-01 250Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP693440-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series * 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS * 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS | <!--Model-->HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series | <!--Model-->HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> avoid if it does not have the DCM code |- | <!--Brand-->HGST 1T 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HTS541010B7E610 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 128m cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus Thin | <!--Model-->ST500LT012 ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5" | <!--Model-->ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 | <!--Model-->ST500VT000 500GB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 | <!--Model-->ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda Pro | <!--Model-->ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> up to 128MB cache |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5 | <!--Model-->ST500LX025 ST1000LX015 ST2000LX001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 2.5in | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA MQ01ACF | <!--Model-->MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm * 2014 Rev T0 * 2015 Rev T1 | <!--Model-->wd5000lpvx | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2.5" WD Blue Slim | <!--Model-->WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 | <!--Work MSDos-->{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}} | <!--Work GPT-->{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}} | <!--Tested under-->AROS One 1.8 USB |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 2017 Malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====9.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHW2040BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 40gig |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHY2080BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 80gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHW2120B | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 | <!--Model-->HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) | <!--Model-->ST1000LM024 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm * 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I * 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4 * 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C | <!--Model-->ST500LM012 (500M) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus 5400.3 | <!--Model-->ST9160821AS | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 160gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1t | <!--Model-->ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 8g nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1T | <!--Model-->ST1000LX001 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32G nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK2555GSX HDD2H24 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 250g 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 | <!--Work-->{{yes}} | <!--Tested under-->Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2013 to 2016) | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2015 to 2020) *2013 *2014 *2015 AA50/AX0D5A *2016 AA60/AX0E1A * *2017 AGM AA01/AX002V *2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A *2020 AA71/AX0G1A | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD050 500meg | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 | <!--Work-->{{Yes}} | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA | <!--Model-->MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD7500BPVX 2013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5" SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , uses Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5" Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD10JPCX 1Tb | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital * 2019 | <!--Model-->WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Scorpio Black * 2010 * 2014 | <!--Model-->WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 16m cache, 7200rpm thailand then malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Black * 2016 | <!--Model-->WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks === ====11mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB | <!--Model-->MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->TP00640GB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====12.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====15mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5" SATA | <!--Model-->ST91000640NS 81Y9731 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Laptop Optical Drives === Tested in usb port not hub with * *13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA * {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->HL-DT-ST DVDRAM | <!--Model-->GSA T50L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter | <!--Model-->CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 5v 12.7mm fails early |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GT20L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009/2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Hitachi / LG | <!--Model-->GT30N GT32N GT30L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT40N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT50N GT51N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GU70N (HP/Dell), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GUD0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->GTA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer *Rev 101 *rev 102 2015 factory GH | <!--Model-->GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data | <!--Model-->GTC0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS | <!--Model-->BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8A0 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD | <!--Model-->UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8B1 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 2013 5v 1.6a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd | <!--Model-->UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 ok lifeline, |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8E2Q | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8FB | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline | <!--Model-->UJ260 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DC-8A2SH, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A3S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A4SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DS-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM | <!--Model-->DS-8DBSH1148 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DU-8A6SH (HP) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips and LiteOn | <!--Model-->DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ABSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive | <!--Model-->DU-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8ACSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD Philips | <!--Model-->da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2019 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Pioneer | <!--Model-->DVR-TD09TBG | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008-2010 5V 1.5A |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc SATA DVD | <!--Model-->AD-7561S, AD-7560S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7 MM |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7585H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner. Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD7590s, AD-7591s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7760H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7711H AD-7740H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp | <!--Model-->TS-L633 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-208FB/BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - |- | <!--Brand-->TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp. | <!--Model-->SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> *LG BU40N *LG WP50NB40 *LG BP50NB40 *ASUS BW-16D1HT | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> *LG BU50N *LG WH16NS40 *LG WH14NS40 *ASUS BW-16D1X-U *ASUS SBW-06D5H-U *Verbatim 43889 | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} === [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] === Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts <pre> WD: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf </pre> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Seagate Barracuda 7200.9 | ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm | <!--Model-->ST1000DL002 1TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series | <!--Model-->ST4000VX013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Baracuda Compute | <!--Model-->ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5" - 32MB Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate CMR | <!--Model-->ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 2TB SMR | <!--Model-->ST2000DM008 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SMR | <!--Model-->ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD220 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD320 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba P300 CMR | <!--Model-->HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2010 | <!--Model-->WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital | <!--Model-->WD4002FFWD | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- |} ==PATA== === IDE Desktop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | M1624TAU | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | IBM | DHEA-38451 | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SP40A2H | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST3160215ACE | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST32122A | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD102AA | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD200 | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Laptop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHV2040AH | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Toshiba | MK2011GAP | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Compaq | CR-594-BCQ | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8322B(CP1) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8484B(AM2A) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | LTN-485 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Creative | CD220E | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Hitachi-LG | GDA-4120B | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | LG | CRD-8400B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Lite-On | LTN486S | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Mitsumi | CRMC-FX4830T | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | CDR-1700B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | DV-5800A | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | ND-2100A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | NR-7900A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Philips | DVD8631 | {{no}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Samsung | SC-148 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SCR-2030 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SM-348B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU601 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU611-25 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Toshiba | SD-M1202 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === IDE Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->H-L Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GCC-4244N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2006 |- | Hitachi-LG | GCCT10N | {{yes}} | {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}} | AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Philips | SDR089 | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L462C TS-L462D | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L632H | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Sony | DW-Q58A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Sony Optiarc | AD-7540A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7590A | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} == SCSI == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each. lcs6xjdwfvy1jqlxejcjkuzll8y42mb 0 283455 4640653 4612192 2026-06-18T21:20:03Z Darrelljon 45960 /* The first Europeans */ 4640653 wikitext text/x-wiki <blockquote> Heaven and Earth never agreed better to frame a place for man’s habitation. <cite>Jamestown founder John Smith, 1607</cite> </blockquote> == The first Americans == [[File:Acoma Pueblo Sky City 2.jpg|thumb|Acoma Pueblo Sky City, New Mexico, the area has been inhabited for around 2000 years]] At the height of the Ice Age, between 34,000 and 30,000 B.C., much of the world’s water was locked up in vast continental ice sheets. As a result, the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below its current level, and a land bridge, known as Beringia, emerged between Asia and North America. At its peak, Beringia is thought to have been some 1,500 kilometers wide. A moist and treeless tundra, it was covered with grasses and plant life, attracting the large animals that early humans hunted for their survival. The first people to reach North America almost certainly did so without knowing they had crossed into a new continent. They would have been following game, as their ancestors had for thousands of years, along the Siberian coast and then across the land bridge. Once in Alaska, it would take these first North Americans thousands of years more to work their way through the openings in great glaciers south to what is now the United States. Evidence of early life in North America continues to be found. Little of it, however, can be reliably dated before 12,000 B.C.; a recent discovery of a hunting lookout in northern Alaska, for example, may date from almost that time. So too may the finely crafted spear points and items found near Clovis, New Mexico. Similar artifacts have been found at sites throughout North and South America, indicating that life was probably already well established in much of the Western Hemisphere by some time prior to 10,000 B.C. Around that time the mammoth began to die out and the bison took its place as a principal source of food and hides for these early North Americans. Over time, as more and more species of large game vanished—whether from overhunting or natural causes—plants, berries, and seeds became an increasingly important part of the early American diet. Gradually, foraging and the first attempts at primitive agriculture appeared. Native Americans in what is now central Mexico led the way, cultivating corn, squash, and beans, perhaps as early as 8,000 B.C. Slowly, this knowledge spread northward. By 3,000 B.C., a primitive type of corn was being grown in the river valleys of New Mexico and Arizona. Then the first signs of irrigation began to appear, and, by 300 B.C., signs of early village life. By the first centuries A.D., the Hohokam were living in settlements near what is now Phoenix, Arizona, where they built ball courts and pyramid—like mounds reminiscent of those found in Mexico, as well as a canal and irrigation system. == Mound builders and pueblos == [[File:Cliff Palace-Colorado-Mesa Verde NP.jpg|thumb|720px|the “cliff palace” of Mesa Verde, Colorado]] [[File:Dwellings of different countries (12 Pueblo Indian dwelling).jpg|thumb|Pueblo Indian dwelling]] The first Native-American group to build mounds in what is now the United States often are called the Adenans. They began constructing earthen burial sites and fortifications around 600 B.C. Some mounds from that era are in the shape of birds or serpents; they probably served religious purposes not yet fully understood. The Adenans appear to have been absorbed or displaced by various groups collectively known as Hopewellians. One of the most important centers of their culture was found in southern Ohio, where the remains of several thousand of these mounds still can be seen. Believed to be great traders, the Hopewellians used and exchanged tools and materials across a wide region of hundreds of kilometers. By around 500 A.D., the Hopewellians disappeared, too, gradually giving way to a broad group of tribes generally known as the Mississippians or Temple Mound culture. One city, Cahokia, near Collinsville , Illinois, is thought to have had a population of about 20,000 at its peak in the early 12th century. At the center of the city stood a huge earthen mound, flattened at the top, that was 30 meters high and 37 hectares at the base. Eighty other mounds have been found nearby. Cities such as Cahokia depended on a combination of hunting, foraging, trading, and agriculture for their food and supplies. Influenced by the thriving societies to the south, they evolved into complex hierarchical societies that took slaves and practiced human sacrifice. In what is now the southwest United States, the Anasazi, ancestors of the modern Hopi Indians, began building stone and adobe pueblos around the year 900. These unique and amazing apartment—like structures were often built along cliff faces; the most famous, the “cliff palace” of Mesa Verde, Colorado, had more than 200 rooms. Another site, the Pueblo Bonito, which runs along New Mexico’s Chaco River, once contained more than 800 rooms. Perhaps the most affluent of the pre-Columbian Native Americans lived in the Pacific Northwest, where the natural abundance of fish and raw materials made food supplies plentiful and permanent villages possible as early as 1,000 B.C. The opulence of their “potlatch” gatherings remains a standard for extravagance and festivity probably unmatched in early American history. == Native-American cultures == [[File:Milwaukee Public Museum April 2023 030 (Land of Sun- The Southwest--Village Life, Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico).jpg|thumb|Milwaukee Public Museum April 2023 030 (Land of Sun- The Southwest--Village Life, Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico]] The America that greeted the first Europeans was, thus, far from an empty wilderness. It is now thought that as many people lived in the Western Hemisphere as in Western Europe at that time—about 40 million. Estimates of the number of Native Americans living in what is now the United States at the onset of European colonization range from two to 18 million, with most historians tending toward the lower figure. What is certain is the devastating effect that European disease had on the indigenous population practically from the time of initial contact. Smallpox, in particular, ravaged whole communities and is thought to have been a much more direct cause of the precipitous decline in the Indian population in the 1600s than the numerous wars and skirmishes with European settlers. Native customs and culture at the time were extraordinarily diverse, as could be expected, given the expanse of the land and the many different environments to which they had adapted. Some generalizations, however, are possible. Most tribes, particularly in the wooded eastern region and the Midwest, combined aspects of hunting, gathering, and the cultivation of maize and other products for their food supplies. In many cases, the women were responsible for farming and the distribution of food, while the men hunted and participated in war. By all accounts, Native-American society in North America was closely tied to the land. Identification with nature and the elements was integral to religious beliefs. Their life was essentially clan–oriented and communal, with children allowed more freedom and tolerance than was the European custom of the day. Although some North American tribes developed a type of hieroglyphics to preserve certain texts, Native-American culture was primarily oral, with a high value placed on the recounting of tales and dreams. Clearly, there was a good deal of trade among various groups and strong evidence exists that neighboring tribes maintained extensive and formal relations—both friendly and hostile. == The first Europeans == [[File:Palace of the Governors.jpg|thumb|1024px|Palace of the Governors, New Mexico]] The first Europeans to arrive in North America—at least the first for whom there is solid evidence—were Norse, traveling west from Greenland, where Erik the Red had founded a settlement around the year 985. In 1001 his son Leif is thought to have explored the northeast coast of what is now Canada and spent at least one winter there. While Norse sagas suggest that Viking sailors explored the Atlantic coast of North America down as far as the Bahamas, such claims remain unproven. In 1963, however, the ruins of some Norse houses dating from that era were discovered at L’Anse-aux-Meadows in northern Newfoundland, thus supporting at least some of the saga claims. In 1497, just five years after Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean looking for a western route to Asia, a Venetian sailor named John Cabot arrived in Newfoundland on a mission for the British king. Although quickly forgotten, Cabot’s journey was later to provide the basis for British claims to North America. It also opened the way to the rich fishing grounds off George’s Banks, to which European fishermen, particularly the Portuguese, were soon making regular visits. Columbus never saw the mainland of the future United States, but the first explorations of it were launched from the Spanish possessions that he helped establish. The first of these took place in 1513 when a group of men under Juan Ponce de León landed on the Florida coast near the present city of St. Augustine. With the conquest of Mexico in 1522, the Spanish further solidified their position in the Western Hemisphere. The ensuing discoveries added to Europe’s knowledge of what was now named America—after the Italian Amerigo Vespucci, who wrote a widely popular account of his voyages to a “New World.” By 1529 reliable maps of the Atlantic coastline from Labrador to Tierra del Fuego had been drawn up, although it would take more than another century before hope of discovering a “Northwest Passage” to Asia would be completely abandoned. Among the most significant early Spanish explorations was that of Hernando De Soto, a veteran conquistador who had accompanied Francisco Pizarro in the conquest of Peru. Leaving Havana in 1539, De Soto’s expedition landed in Florida and ranged through the southeastern United States as far as the Mississippi River in search of riches. Another Spaniard, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, set out from Mexico in 1540 in search of the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola. Coronado’s travels took him to the Grand Canyon and Kansas, but failed to reveal the gold or treasure his men sought. However, his party did leave the peoples of the region a remarkable, if unintended, gift: Enough of his horses escaped to transform life on the Great Plains. Within a few generations, the Plains Indians had become masters of horsemanship, greatly expanding the range and scope of their activities. While the Spanish were pushing up from the south, the northern portion of the present—day United States was slowly being revealed through the journeys of men such as Giovanni da Verrazano. A Florentine who sailed for the French, Verrazano made landfall in North Carolina in 1524, then sailed north along the Atlantic Coast past what is now New York harbor. A decade later, the Frenchman Jacques Cartier set sail with the hope—like the other Europeans before him—of finding a sea passage to Asia. Cartier’s expeditions along the St. Lawrence River laid the foundation for the French claims to North America, which were to last until 1763. Following the collapse of their first Quebec colony in the 1540s, French Huguenots attempted to settle the northern coast of Florida two decades later. The Spanish, viewing the French as a threat to their trade route along the Gulf Stream, destroyed the colony in 1565. Ironically, the leader of the Spanish forces, Pedro Menéndez, would soon establish a town not far away—St. Augustine. It was the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States. The great wealth that poured into Spain from the colonies in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Peru provoked great interest on the part of the other European powers. Emerging maritime nations such as England, drawn in part by Francis Drake’s successful raids on Spanish treasure ships, began to take an interest in the New World. In 1578 Humphrey Gilbert, the author of a treatise on the search for the Northwest Passage, received a patent from Queen Elizabeth to colonize the “heathen and barbarous landes” in the New World that other European nations had not yet claimed. It would be five years before his efforts could begin. When he was lost at sea, his half‑brother, Walter Raleigh, took up the mission. In 1585 Raleigh established the first British colony in North America, on Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina. It was later abandoned, and a second effort two years later also proved a failure. It would be 20 years before the British would try again. This time—at Jamestown in 1607—the colony would succeed, and North America would enter a new era. == Early settlements == [[File:Tobacco Farming.jpg|thumb|640px|Virginia farming]] The early 1600s saw the beginning of a great tide of emigration from Europe to North America. Spanning more than three centuries, this movement grew from a trickle of a few hundred English colonists to a flood of millions of newcomers. Impelled by powerful and diverse motivations, they built a new civilization on the northern part of the continent. The first English immigrants to what is now the United States crossed the Atlantic long after thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. Like all early travelers to the New World, they came in small, overcrowded ships. During their six-to 12-week voyages, they lived on meager rations. Many died of disease, ships were often battered by storms, and some were lost at sea. Most European emigrants left their homelands to escape political oppression, to seek the freedom to practice their religion, or to find opportunities denied them at home. Between 1620 and 1635, economic difficulties swept England. Many people could not find work. Even skilled artisans could earn little more than a bare living. Poor crop yields added to the distress. In addition, the Commercial Revolution had created a burgeoning textile industry, which demanded an ever-increasing supply of wool to keep the looms running. Landlords enclosed farmlands and evicted the peasants in favor of sheep cultivation. Colonial expansion became an outlet for this displaced peasant population. The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a vista of dense woods. The settlers might not have survived had it not been for the help of friendly Indians, who taught them how to grow native plants—pumpkin, squash, beans, and corn. In addition, the vast, virgin forests, extending nearly 2,100 kilometers along the Eastern seaboard, proved a rich source of game and firewood. They also provided abundant raw materials used to build houses, furniture, ships, and profitable items for export. Although the new continent was remarkably endowed by nature, trade with Europe was vital for articles the settlers could not produce. The coast served the immigrants well. The whole length of shore provided many inlets and harbors. Only two areas—North Carolina and southern New Jersey—lacked harbors for ocean-going vessels. Majestic rivers—the Kennebec, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, and numerous others—linked lands between the coast and the Appalachian Mountains with the sea. Only one river, however, the St. Lawrence—dominated by the French in Canada—offered a water passage to the Great Lakes and the heart of the continent. Dense forests, the resistance of some Indian tribes, and the formidable barrier of the Appalachian Mountains discouraged settlement beyond the coastal plain. Only trappers and traders ventured into the wilderness. For the first hundred years the colonists built their settlements compactly along the coast. Political considerations influenced many people to move to America. In the 1630s, arbitrary rule by England’s Charles I gave impetus to the migration. The subsequent revolt and triumph of Charles’ opponents under Oliver Cromwell in the 1640s led many cavaliers—“king’s men”—to cast their lot in Virginia. In the German-speaking regions of Europe, the oppressive policies of various petty princes—particularly with regard to religion—and the devastation caused by a long series of wars helped swell the movement to America in the late 17th and 18th centuries. The journey entailed careful planning and management, as well as considerable expense and risk. Settlers had to be transported nearly 5,000 kilometers across the sea. They needed utensils, clothing, seed, tools, building materials, livestock, arms, and ammunition. In contrast to the colonization policies of other countries and other periods, the emigration from England was not directly sponsored by the government but by private groups of individuals whose chief motive was profit. == Jamestown == The first of the British colonies to take hold in North America was Jamestown. On the basis of a charter which King James I granted to the Virginia (or London) company, a group of about 100 men set out for the Chesapeake Bay in 1607. Seeking to avoid conflict with the Spanish, they chose a site about 60 kilometers up the James River from the bay. Made up of townsmen and adventurers more interested in finding gold than farming, the group was unequipped by temperament or ability to embark upon a completely new life in the wilderness. Among them, Captain John Smith emerged as the dominant figure. Despite quarrels, starvation, and Native-American attacks, his ability to enforce discipline held the little colony together through its first year. In 1609 Smith returned to England, and in his absence, the colony descended into anarchy. During the winter of 1609-1610, the majority of the colonists succumbed to disease. Only 60 of the original 300 settlers were still alive by May 1610. That same year, the town of Henrico (now Richmond) was established farther up the James River. It was not long, however, until a development occurred that revolutionized Virginia’s economy. In 1612 John Rolfe began cross‑breeding imported tobacco seed from the West Indies with native plants and produced a new variety that was pleasing to European taste. The first shipment of this tobacco reached London in 1614. Within a decade it had become Virginia’s chief source of revenue. Prosperity did not come quickly, however, and the death rate from disease and Indian attacks remained extraordinarily high. Between 1607 and 1624 approximately 14,000 people migrated to the colony, yet only 1,132 were living there in 1624. On recommendation of a royal commission, the king dissolved the Virginia Company, and made it a royal colony that year. == Massachusetts == [[File:Houses of the Plimoth Plantation at Plymouth, Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|720px|Houses of the Plimoth Plantation at Plymouth, Massachusetts]] During the religious upheavals of the 16th century, a body of men and women called Puritans sought to reform the Established Church of England from within. Essentially, they demanded that the rituals and structures associated with Roman Catholicism be replaced by simpler Calvinist Protestant forms of faith and worship. Their reformist ideas, by destroying the unity of the state church, threatened to divide the people and to undermine royal authority. In 1607 a small group of Separatists—a radical sect of Puritans who did not believe the Established Church could ever be reformed—departed for Leyden, Holland, where the Dutch granted them asylum. However, the Calvinist Dutch restricted them mainly to low-paid laboring jobs. Some members of the congregation grew dissatisfied with this discrimination and resolved to emigrate to the New World. In 1620, a group of Leyden Puritans secured a land patent from the Virginia Company. Numbering 101, they set out for Virginia on the ''Mayflower''. A storm sent them far north and they landed in New England on Cape Cod. Believing themselves outside the jurisdiction of any organized government, the men drafted a formal agreement to abide by “just and equal laws” drafted by leaders of their own choosing. This was the Mayflower Compact. In December the ''Mayflower'' reached Plymouth harbor; the Pilgrims began to build their settlement during the winter. Nearly half the colonists died of exposure and disease, but neighboring Wampanoag Indians provided the information that would sustain them: how to grow maize. By the next fall, the Pilgrims had a plentiful crop of corn, and a growing trade based on furs and lumber. A new wave of immigrants arrived on the shores of Massachusetts Bay in 1630 bearing a grant from King Charles I to establish a colony. Many of them were Puritans whose religious practices were increasingly prohibited in England. Their leader, John Winthrop, urged them to create a “city upon a hill” in the New World—a place where they would live in strict accordance with their religious beliefs and set an example for all of Christendom. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was to play a significant role in the development of the entire New England region, in part because Winthrop and his Puritan colleagues were able to bring their charter with them. Thus the authority for the colony’s government resided in Massachusetts, not in England. Under the charter’s provisions, power rested with the General Court, which was made up of “freemen” required to be members of the Puritan, or Congregational, Church. This guaranteed that the Puritans would be the dominant political as well as religious force in the colony. The General Court elected the governor, who for most of the next generation would be John Winthrop. The rigid orthodoxy of the Puritan rule was not to everyone’s liking. One of the first to challenge the General Court openly was a young clergyman named Roger Williams, who objected to the colony’s seizure of Indian lands and advocated separation of church and state. Another dissenter, Anne Hutchinson, challenged key doctrines of Puritan theology. Both they and their followers were banished. Williams purchased land from the Narragansett Indians in what is now Providence, Rhode Island, in 1636. In 1644, a sympathetic Puritan-controlled English Parliament gave him the charter that established Rhode Island as a distinct colony where complete separation of church and state as well as freedom of religion was practiced. So‑called heretics like Williams were not the only ones who left Massachusetts. Orthodox Puritans, seeking better lands and opportunities, soon began leaving Massachusetts Bay Colony. News of the fertility of the Connecticut River Valley, for instance, attracted the interest of farmers having a difficult time with poor land. By the early 1630s, many were ready to brave the danger of Indian attack to obtain level ground and deep, rich soil. These new communities often eliminated church membership as a prerequisite for voting, thereby extending the franchise to ever larger numbers of men. At the same time, other settlements began cropping up along the New Hampshire and Maine coasts, as more and more immigrants sought the land and liberty the New World seemed to offer. == New Netherland and Maryland == Hired by the Dutch East India Company, Henry Hudson in 1609 explored the area around what is now New York City and the river that bears his name, to a point probably north of present-day Albany, New York. Subsequent Dutch voyages laid the basis for their claims and early settlements in the area. As with the French to the north, the first interest of the Dutch was the fur trade. To this end, they cultivated close relations with the Five Nations of the Iroquois, who were the key to the heartland from which the furs came. In 1617 Dutch settlers built a fort at the junction of the Hudson and the Mohawk Rivers, where Albany now stands. Settlement on the island of Manhattan began in the early 1620s. In 1624, the island was purchased from local Native Americans for the reported price of $24. It was promptly renamed New Amsterdam. In order to attract settlers to the Hudson River region, the Dutch encouraged a type of feudal aristocracy, known as the “patroon” system. The first of these huge estates were established in 1630 along the Hudson River. Under the patroon system, any stockholder, or patroon, who could bring 50 adults to his estate over a four-year period was given a 25-kilometer river-front plot, exclusive fishing and hunting privileges, and civil and criminal jurisdiction over his lands. In turn, he provided livestock, tools, and buildings. The tenants paid the patroon rent and gave him first option on surplus crops. Further to the south, a Swedish trading company with ties to the Dutch attempted to set up its first settlement along the Delaware River three years later. Without the resources to consolidate its position, New Sweden was gradually absorbed into New Netherland, and later, Pennsylvania and Delaware. In 1632 the Catholic Calvert family obtained a charter for land north of the Potomac River from King Charles I in what became known as Maryland. As the charter did not expressly prohibit the establishment of non-Protestant churches, the colony became a haven for Catholics. Maryland’s first town, St. Mary’s, was established in 1634 near where the Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay. While establishing a refuge for Catholics, who faced increasing persecution in Anglican England, the Calverts were also interested in creating profitable estates. To this end, and to avoid trouble with the British government, they also encouraged Protestant immigration. Maryland’s royal charter had a mixture of feudal and modern elements. On the one hand the Calvert family had the power to create manorial estates. On the other, they could only make laws with the consent of freemen (property holders). They found that in order to attract settlers—and make a profit from their holdings—they had to offer people farms, not just tenancy on manorial estates. The number of independent farms grew in consequence. Their owners demanded a voice in the affairs of the colony. Maryland’s first legislature met in 1635. == Colonial-Indian relations == By 1640 the British had solid colonies established along the New England coast and the Chesapeake Bay. In between were the Dutch and the tiny Swedish community. To the west were the original Americans, then called Indians. Sometimes friendly, sometimes hostile, the Eastern tribes were no longer strangers to the Europeans. Although Native Americans benefited from access to new technology and trade, the disease and thirst for land that the early settlers also brought posed a serious challenge to their long-established way of life. At first, trade with the European settlers brought advantages: knives, axes, weapons, cooking utensils, fishhooks, and a host of other goods. Those Indians who traded initially had significant advantage over rivals who did not. In response to European demand, tribes such as the Iroquois began to devote more attention to fur trapping during the 17th century. Furs and pelts provided tribes the means to purchase colonial goods until late into the 18th century. Early colonial-Native-American relations were an uneasy mix of cooperation and conflict. On the one hand, there were the exemplary relations that prevailed during the first half century of Pennsylvania’s existence. On the other were a long series of setbacks, skirmishes, and wars, which almost invariably resulted in an Indian defeat and further loss of land. The first of the important Native-American uprisings occurred in Virginia in 1622, when some 347 whites were killed, including a number of missionaries who had just recently come to Jamestown. White settlement of the Connecticut River region touched off the Pequot War in 1637. In 1675 King Philip, the son of the native chief who had made the original peace with the Pilgrims in 1621, attempted to unite the tribes of southern New England against further European encroachment of their lands. In the struggle, however, Philip lost his life and many Indians were sold into servitude. The steady influx of settlers into the backwoods regions of the Eastern colonies disrupted Native-American life. As more and more game was killed off, tribes were faced with the difficult choice of going hungry, going to war, or moving and coming into conflict with other tribes to the west. The Iroquois, who inhabited the area below lakes Ontario and Erie in northern New York and Pennsylvania, were more successful in resisting European advances. In 1570 five tribes joined to form the most complex Native-American nation of its time, the “Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee,” or League of the Iroquois. The league was run by a council made up of 50 representatives from each of the five member tribes. The council dealt with matters common to all the tribes, but it had no say in how the free and equal tribes ran their day-to-day affairs. No tribe was allowed to make war by itself. The council passed laws to deal with crimes such as murder. The Iroquois League was a strong power in the 1600s and 1700s. It traded furs with the British and sided with them against the French in the war for the dominance of America between 1754 and 1763. The British might not have won that war otherwise. The Iroquois League stayed strong until the American Revolution. Then, for the first time, the council could not reach a unanimous decision on whom to support. Member tribes made their own decisions, some fighting with the British, some with the colonists, some remaining neutral. As a result, everyone fought against the Iroquois. Their losses were great and the league never recovered. == Second generation of British colonies == The religious and civil conflict in England in the mid-17th century limited immigration, as well as the attention the mother country paid the fledgling American colonies. In part to provide for the defense measures England was neglecting, the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed the New England Confederation in 1643. It was the European colonists’ first attempt at regional unity. The early history of the British settlers reveals a good deal of contention—religious and political—as groups vied for power and position among themselves and their neighbors. Maryland, in particular, suffered from the bitter religious rivalries that afflicted England during the era of Oliver Cromwell. One of the casualties was the state’s Toleration Act, which was revoked in the 1650s. It was soon reinstated, however, along with the religious freedom it guaranteed. With the restoration of King Charles II in 1660, the British once again turned their attention to North America. Within a brief span, the first European settlements were established in the Carolinas and the Dutch driven out of New Netherland. New proprietary colonies were established in New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. The Dutch settlements had been ruled by autocratic governors appointed in Europe. Over the years, the local population had become estranged from them. As a result, when the British colonists began encroaching on Dutch claims in Long Island and Manhattan, the unpopular governor was unable to rally the population to their defense. New Netherland fell in 1664. The terms of the capitulation, however, were mild: The Dutch settlers were able to retain their property and worship as they pleased. As early as the 1650s, the Albemarle Sound region off the coast of what is now northern North Carolina was inhabited by settlers trickling down from Virginia. The first proprietary governor arrived in 1664. The first town in Albemarle, a remote area even today, was not established until the arrival of a group of French Huguenots in 1704. In 1670 the first settlers, drawn from New England and the Caribbean island of Barbados, arrived in what is now Charleston, South Carolina. An elaborate system of government, to which the British philosopher John Locke contributed, was prepared for the new colony. One of its prominent features was a failed attempt to create a hereditary nobility. One of the colony’s least appealing aspects was the early trade in Indian slaves. With time, however, timber, rice, and indigo gave the colony a worthier economic base. In 1681 William Penn, a wealthy Quaker and friend of Charles II, received a large tract of land west of the Delaware River, which became known as Pennsylvania. To help populate it, Penn actively recruited a host of religious dissenters from England and the continent—Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, Moravians, and Baptists. When Penn arrived the following year, there were already Dutch, Swedish, and English settlers living along the Delaware River. It was there he founded Philadelphia, the “City of Brotherly Love.” In keeping with his faith, Penn was motivated by a sense of equality not often found in other American colonies at the time. Thus, women in Pennsylvania had rights long before they did in other parts of America. Penn and his deputies also paid considerable attention to the colony’s relations with the Delaware Indians, ensuring that they were paid for land on which the Europeans settled. Georgia was settled in 1732, the last of the 13 colonies to be established. Lying close to, if not actually inside the boundaries of Spanish Florida, the region was viewed as a buffer against Spanish incursion. But it had another unique quality: The man charged with Georgia’s fortifications, General James Oglethorpe, was a reformer who deliberately set out to create a refuge where the poor and former prisoners would be given new opportunities. == Settlers, slaves, and servants == Men and women with little active interest in a new life in America were often induced to make the move to the New World by the skillful persuasion of promoters. William Penn, for example, publicized the opportunities awaiting newcomers to the Pennsylvania colony. Judges and prison authorities offered convicts a chance to migrate to colonies like Georgia instead of serving prison sentences. But few colonists could finance the cost of passage for themselves and their families to make a start in the new land. In some cases, ships’ captains received large rewards from the sale of service contracts for poor migrants, called indentured servants, and every method from extravagant promises to actual kidnapping was used to take on as many passengers as their vessels could hold. In other cases, the expenses of transportation and maintenance were paid by colonizing agencies like the Virginia or Massachusetts Bay Companies. In return, indentured servants agreed to work for the agencies as contract laborers, usually for four to seven years. Free at the end of this term, they would be given “freedom dues,” sometimes including a small tract of land. Perhaps half the settlers living in the colonies south of New England came to America under this system. Although most of them fulfilled their obligations faithfully, some ran away from their employers. Nevertheless, many of them were eventually able to secure land and set up homesteads, either in the colonies in which they had originally settled or in neighboring ones. No social stigma was attached to a family that had its beginning in America under this semi-bondage. Every colony had its share of leaders who were former indentured servants. There was one very important exception to this pattern: African slaves. The first black Africans were brought to Virginia in 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown. Initially, many were regarded as indentured servants who could earn their freedom. By the 1660s, however, as the demand for plantation labor in the Southern colonies grew, the institution of slavery began to harden around them, and Africans were brought to America in shackles for a lifetime of involuntary servitude. <div class=boxout> == <span class=seccollapse>The enduring mystery of the Anasazi</span> == [[File:Hohokam, Ancestral Pueblo, and Mogollon cultures circa 1350 CE.png|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Map of Ancestral Pueblo and neighboring cultures: Hohokam and Mogollon]] [[File:Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde Park, Colorado, US (36).jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde Park, Colorado, US]] Time-worn pueblos and dramatic cliff towns, set amid the stark, rugged mesas and canyons of Colorado and New Mexico, mark the settlements of some of the earliest inhabitants of North America, the Anasazi (a Navajo word meaning “ancient ones”). By 500 A.D. the Anasazi had established some of the first villages in the American Southwest, where they hunted and grew crops of corn, squash, and beans. The Anasazi flourished over the centuries, developing sophisticated dams and irrigation systems; creating a masterful, distinctive pottery tradition; and carving multiroom dwellings into the sheer sides of cliffs that remain among the most striking archaeological sites in the United States today. Yet by the year 1300, they had abandoned their settlements, leaving their pottery, implements, even clothing—as though they intended to return—and seemingly vanished into history. Their homeland remained empty of human beings for more than a century—until the arrival of new tribes, such as the Navajo and the Ute, followed by the Spanish and other European settlers. The story of the Anasazi is tied inextricably to the beautiful but harsh environment in which they chose to live. Early settlements, consisting of simple pithouses scooped out of the ground, evolved into sunken kivas (underground rooms) that served as meeting and religious sites. Later generations developed the masonry techniques for building square, stone pueblos. But the most dramatic change in Anasazi living was the move to the cliff sides below the flattopped mesas, where the Anasazi carved their amazing, multilevel dwellings. The Anasazi lived in a communal society. They traded with other peoples in the region, but signs of warfare are few and isolated. And although the Anasazi certainly had religious and other leaders, as well as skilled artisans, social or class distinctions were virtually nonexistent. Religious and social motives undoubtedly played a part in the building of the cliff communities and their final abandonment. But the struggle to raise food in an increasingly difficult environment was probably the paramount factor. As populations grew, farmers planted larger areas on the mesas, causing some communities to farm marginal lands, while others left the mesa tops for the cliffs. But the Anasazi couldn’t halt the steady loss of the land’s fertility from constant use, nor withstand the region’s cyclical droughts. Analysis of tree rings, for example, shows that a drought lasting 23 years, from 1276 to 1299, finally forced the last groups of Anasazi to leave permanently. Although the Anasazi dispersed from their ancestral homeland, their legacy remains in the remarkable archaeological record that they left behind, and in the Hopi, Zuni, and other Pueblo peoples who are their descendants. </div> {{BookCat}} t7o9m2jtcbg2loyttl7w2qfy8zw3bnj 2 382752 4640662 4640099 2026-06-19T00:49:24Z PeterEasthope 660399 More format adjustments. 4640662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] | [[Oberon/V5|V5]] and [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia. | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&#160;Wirth], [http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&#160;Reed]. | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]], [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]] or [[w:Unix|Unix]] on a wide variety of machines<ref name="RISCemuRequirements"/> | RISC Emulator written in C. | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter] | 70px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Unix command line | Norebo<ref name="norebo"/> | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it<ref name="ExtOberonFootnote"/> | [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]] | A. Pirklbauer, [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]<ref name="ExtOberonName"/> and [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]. | 90px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]]. | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]] | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]]. | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] | 67px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit. | Project Oberon Linux, POL;<br>Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions. | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 95px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.<ref name="TypeRules"/> | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Any system capable of running QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins]. | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder] | Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2. | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg] | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine. | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] | 67px}} gyawrfq3h0nc9zuiw7ke9b4ugrw4cym 0 438289 4640642 4639258 2026-06-18T18:18:04Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4640642 wikitext text/x-wiki == Maxima Operators == <blockquote>''"Standards are great! That's why there are so many of them, and they change so often."'' – Unknown</blockquote> Mathematical notation was conceived of by different contributors and adopted over a period of time until the present . So if there are standards for notation '''There is no single, universally enforced standard that dictates mathematical notation across all branches of math'''. Instead, notation is decentralized, evolving organically and varying by '''discipline''', '''publisher''', and '''subfield'''. [1, 2, 3] However, there are widely accepted conventions and formal frameworks that serve as references: 1. The ISO Standard The closest thing to a universal style guide is the '''ISO 31-11''' (now succeeded by '''ISO 80000-2'''). * '''Who uses it:''' Primarily applied scientists, physicists, and engineering bodies. Pure mathematicians largely ignore it in favor of their own subfield traditions. * '''Core Rule:''' It mandates the use of '''italic fonts for variables''' (e.g., $E = mc^2$) and '''upright (roman) fonts for mathematical constants''' (e.g., $e$ or $\pi$). [7, 8] 2. Disciplinary Conventions Mathematical notation broadly divides into four categories depending on the context: * '''Operational Symbols:''' e.g., $+$, $-$, $\times$, $\div$, $=$ * '''Set & Logic Symbols:''' e.g., $\in$, $\notin$, $\forall$ (for all), $\exists$ (there exists) * '''Functional Notation:''' e.g., $f(x)$, $\sin(\theta)$ * '''Structural/Relational Notation:''' e.g., $\sum$ (summation), $\int$ (integration), $\cup$, $\cap$ [2] Within these categories, subfields develop distinct dialects. For example, a partial derivative might be written as $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$ in calculus, $f_x$ in differential equations, or $\partial_x f$ in differential geometry. 3. Practical Usage Because notation evolves so quickly, papers and textbooks typically rely on '''context''' and explicit definitions rather than a rigid central authority. For typesetting, the international default for mathematical texts is '''LaTeX''', which establishes formatting norms but not the mathematical meaning itself. [1, 2, 9, 10] To explore this topic further, the '''Wikipedia Mathematical Notation''' page provides a solid overview of common symbols and their regional variants. [7] Would you like to explore '''standard conventions for a specific field''' (e.g., calculus, set theory, or linear algebra), or need help understanding the notation for a '''specific formula'''? Let me know how to '''narrow down the list''' of mathematical dialects. ''AI responses may include mistakes.'' [1] <nowiki>https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations</nowiki> [2] <nowiki>https://mathematicsauthority.com/mathematical-notation-guide/</nowiki> [3] <nowiki>https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4738809/is-there-one-universal-standard-for-mathematical-notation</nowiki> [4] <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-11</nowiki> [5] <nowiki>https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations</nowiki> [6] <nowiki>https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/19089/why-does-mathematical-notation-and-terminology-stop-being-standard-after-calculu</nowiki> [7] <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation</nowiki> [8] <nowiki>https://nhigham.com/2016/01/28/typesetting-mathematics-according-to-the-iso-standard/</nowiki> [9] <nowiki>https://www2.cde.ca.gov/cacs/math?c0=14,8&c1=5</nowiki> [10] <nowiki>https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1202594/there-is-a-logical-or-mathematical-symbol-for-compatibility-incompatibility</nowiki> "=" means syntactic equality. Check : is(equal(a,b)) {{Bookcat}} {{Status|0%}} 9vj7zishqjgo52dedj0wy795jyvk05q 4640650 4640642 2026-06-18T19:48:55Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4640650 wikitext text/x-wiki == Maxima Operators == <blockquote>''"Standards are great! That's why there are so many of them, and they change so often."'' – Unknown</blockquote> Mathematical notation was conceived of by different contributors and adopted over a period of time until the present . So if there are standards for notation '''There is no single, universally enforced standard that dictates mathematical notation across all branches of math'''. Instead, notation is decentralized, evolving organically and varying by '''discipline''', '''publisher''', and '''subfield'''. [1, 2, 3] However, there are widely accepted conventions and formal frameworks that serve as references: 1. The ISO Standard The closest thing to a universal style guide is the '''ISO 31-11''' (now succeeded by '''ISO 80000-2'''). * '''Who uses it:''' Primarily applied scientists, physicists, and engineering bodies. Pure mathematicians largely ignore it in favor of their own subfield traditions. * '''Core Rule:''' It mandates the use of '''italic fonts for variables''' (e.g., $E = mc^2$) and '''upright (roman) fonts for mathematical constants''' (e.g., $e$ or $\pi$). [7, 8] 2. Disciplinary Conventions Mathematical notation broadly divides into four categories depending on the context: * '''Operational Symbols:''' e.g., $+$, $-$, $\times$, $\div$, $=$ * '''Set & Logic Symbols:''' e.g., $\in$, $\notin$, $\forall$ (for all), $\exists$ (there exists) * '''Functional Notation:''' e.g., $f(x)$, $\sin(\theta)$ * '''Structural/Relational Notation:''' e.g., $\sum$ (summation), $\int$ (integration), $\cup$, $\cap$ [2] Within these categories, subfields develop distinct dialects. For example, a partial derivative might be written as $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$ in calculus, $f_x$ in differential equations, or $\partial_x f$ in differential geometry. 3. Practical Usage Because notation evolves so quickly, papers and textbooks typically rely on '''context''' and explicit definitions rather than a rigid central authority. For typesetting, the international default for mathematical texts is '''LaTeX''', which establishes formatting norms but not the mathematical meaning itself. [1, 2, 9, 10] To explore this topic further, the '''Wikipedia Mathematical Notation''' page provides a solid overview of common symbols and their regional variants. [7] [1] <nowiki>https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations</nowiki> [2] <nowiki>https://mathematicsauthority.com/mathematical-notation-guide/</nowiki> [3] <nowiki>https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4738809/is-there-one-universal-standard-for-mathematical-notation</nowiki> [4] <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-11</nowiki> [5] <nowiki>https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations</nowiki> [6] <nowiki>https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/19089/why-does-mathematical-notation-and-terminology-stop-being-standard-after-calculu</nowiki> [7] <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation</nowiki> [8] <nowiki>https://nhigham.com/2016/01/28/typesetting-mathematics-according-to-the-iso-standard/</nowiki> [9] <nowiki>https://www2.cde.ca.gov/cacs/math?c0=14,8&c1=5</nowiki> [10] <nowiki>https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1202594/there-is-a-logical-or-mathematical-symbol-for-compatibility-incompatibility</nowiki> "=" means syntactic equality. Check : is(equal(a,b)) {{Bookcat}} {{Status|0%}} 8hc0r1ye6lfqhprkfis5xc949gz7wtc 0 446845 4640664 4640098 2026-06-19T01:43:19Z PeterEasthope 660399 /* Source Texts in Oberon */ Adjusted heights. 4640664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center|[[Oberon/Naming|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; Naming</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Licenses|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Licenses &#x2192;</span>]]}} <br> The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information. <div id="VariantsTable"></div> ==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]<ref name="Oberon"/>== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- | [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]<br> [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&CategoryNo=165&No=830#contents Cyclone V GX]. | [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]<br>[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]] | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]<!-- <br>by Udo M&ouml;ller, 2023-25. --><ref name="VCFE2024"/><ref name="Ceres"/><br>[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]<br>[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH] |- | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]] | [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]<br>[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github] | align="center" | README.TXT for System&#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],<br>and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github] |- | Any system compatible with the included PAL library<ref name="PAL"/> | Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&#160;3<ref name="Oberon"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]<ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon"/> |- |[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]]. |QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github]. |} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres]. |[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],<br> [[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]. |[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].<ref name="VCFE2024"/><ref name="Ceres"/><br> [https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]. |77px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]. |[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]. |README.TXT for System&#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].<br> At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]. |75px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |Any system compatible with the included PAL library.<ref name="PAL"/> |Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&#160;3.<ref name="Oberon"/> |[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].<ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon"/> |46px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]]. |QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines. |[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github]. |68px}} ==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! colspan="4" align="center" <!-- style="border-top: solid 2px" --> | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2] |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- <div id="ETHO"></div> |Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]<ref name="Transmeta"/> | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.<br />[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge] | align="left" | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]<br> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].<br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube<ref name="YouTube"/> |- | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]] | DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]<ref name="DOS"/> | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]<br />[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download SourceForge]<br />[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github] |- | X86 PC with MS Windows | ETH Oberon for Windows<ref name="Windows"/> | align="center" | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]<ref name="Win95NT"/> | align="center" | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] |- | HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS | [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | align="center" | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com] | align="center" | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha] |- | X86, ARM, ARMv7,<br>[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]<ref name="OLR"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] |- | X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon] | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads |- <div id="V4"></div> | X86 PC with various operating systems<ref name="Linz"/> | [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | align="center" | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]<ref name="olymp"/> and [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge] | align="center" | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]<br>[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge] |- | X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine | [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]] <!-- | [[/BB/]] --> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download]. |- | [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI<ref name="GPCP"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] |- | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM<ref name="GPCP"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]] | Ofront Oberon to C translator | colspan="2" align="center" | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite] | align="center" | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] | align="center" | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual] |- | Subsystem for Blackbox | Ofront+ Oberon to C translator | align="center" | various Oberon dialects | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github] |} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |1=Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]<ref name="Transmeta"/> |2=[[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon. [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon|Wikipedia]]&#160; |3=[https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/install|ETHZ, real diskettes]]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor with diskette images]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials at YouTube]<ref name="YouTube"/> |4=90px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible&#160;OS]] | DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]<ref name="DOS"/> | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge] and [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github] | 50px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with MS Windows | ETH Oberon for Windows<ref name="Windows"/> | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]<ref name="Win95NT"/> including [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt]. | 25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS | [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com, OpenVMS Alpha] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86, ARM, ARMv7,<br>[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]<ref name="OLR"/> | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon] | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with various operating systems<ref name="Linz"/> | [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]<ref name="olymp"/>. [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]. [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]. [https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge] | 65px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine | [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]. | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download]. | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI<ref name="GPCP"/> | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github]<br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] | 65px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM<ref name="GPCP"/> | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]] | Ofront Oberon to C translator | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github] | 25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] and [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]. | 25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Subsystem for Blackbox | Ofront+ Oberon to C translator | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ OfrontPlus at github] for various Oberon dialects. | 45px}} ==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- <div id="A2"></div> | Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]. | [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],<br />[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]. | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge]. | align="center" | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]].<ref name="portability"/> |- | X86 PC with Solaris,<br>Linux or MacOSX (Darwin). | [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]. | align="center" | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. | align="center" | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt]. |- | X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2. | [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]. | colspan="2" align="center" | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2. |- |} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]. | [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]].<br>[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]. | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].<br>[[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|Contemporary instructions]].<ref name="portability"/> | 50px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Solaris,<br>Linux or MacOSX (Darwin). | [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]. | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt]. | 50px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2. | [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]. | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2. | 50px}} ==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible <!-- mw-collapsed -->" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- | id="V5" | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] | [[Oberon/V5|V5]],<br>[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&#160;Wirth]<br>[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&#160;Reed] |- | id="RISCemu" | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],<br> [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or<br> [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines<ref name="RISCemuRequirements"/> | RISC Emulator written in C. | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter] |- | Unix command line | Norebo<ref name="norebo"/> <!-- | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --> |- | <span id="ExtendedOberon"><span/> | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it<ref name="ExtOberonFootnote"/> | [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]] | colspan="2" align="center" | A. Pirklbauer<br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]<br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]<ref name="ExtOberonName"/><br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler] |- | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. | rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. |- | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]]. |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]] | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]]. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] |- | id="POL" | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit. | Project Oberon Linux, POL;<br>Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions. | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] |- | rowspan="2" | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso <!-- | colspan="2" |P. Matthias --> |- | [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.<ref name="TypeRules"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso] |- | Any system capable of running QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins]. |- | Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder] | Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine. | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv] <!-- | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --> |} {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Oberon">The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].</ref> <ref name="HostEnvironment">In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.</ref> <ref name="VCFE2024">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.</ref> <ref name="Ceres">Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].</ref> <ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon">Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.</ref> <ref name="PAL">PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 & x64, Mac M1 & x64 and Windows x86 & x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.</ref> <ref name="Transmeta">Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].</ref> <ref name="YouTube">A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive. In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.</ref> <ref name="DOS">Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.</ref> <ref name="Windows">Also referred to as "ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows" and "Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows".</ref> <ref name="Win95NT">A server at ftp&#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.</ref> <ref name="OLR">Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note "Current state ... network not working."</ref> <ref name="Linz">V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.</ref> <ref name="olymp">olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.</ref> <ref name="GPCP">GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.</ref> <ref name="portability">During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.</ref> <ref name="RISCemuRequirements">The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required. GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.</ref> <ref name="norebo">A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.</ref> <ref name="ExtOberonFootnote">Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.</ref> <ref name="ExtOberonName">Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].</ref> <ref name="TypeRules">The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.</ref> }} <br> {{center|[[Oberon/Naming|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; Naming</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Licenses|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Licenses &#x2192;</span>]]}} {{BookCat}} hbms9n9tgd59x1j99axws0c76b1zpyx 4640667 4640664 2026-06-19T04:01:18Z PeterEasthope 660399 /* Source Texts in Oberon-07 */ Duplicated the section via the Threeboxes template. 4640667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center|[[Oberon/Naming|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; Naming</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Licenses|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Licenses &#x2192;</span>]]}} <br> The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information. <div id="VariantsTable"></div> ==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]<ref name="Oberon"/>== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- | [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]<br> [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&CategoryNo=165&No=830#contents Cyclone V GX]. | [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]<br>[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]] | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]<!-- <br>by Udo M&ouml;ller, 2023-25. --><ref name="VCFE2024"/><ref name="Ceres"/><br>[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]<br>[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH] |- | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]] | [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]<br>[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github] | align="center" | README.TXT for System&#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],<br>and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github] |- | Any system compatible with the included PAL library<ref name="PAL"/> | Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&#160;3<ref name="Oberon"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]<ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon"/> |- |[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]]. |QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github]. |} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres]. |[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],<br> [[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]. |[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].<ref name="VCFE2024"/><ref name="Ceres"/><br> [https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]. |77px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]. |[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]. |README.TXT for System&#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].<br> At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]. |75px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |Any system compatible with the included PAL library.<ref name="PAL"/> |Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&#160;3.<ref name="Oberon"/> |[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].<ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon"/> |46px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]]. |QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines. |[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github]. |68px}} ==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! colspan="4" align="center" <!-- style="border-top: solid 2px" --> | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2] |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- <div id="ETHO"></div> |Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]<ref name="Transmeta"/> | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.<br />[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge] | align="left" | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]<br> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].<br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube<ref name="YouTube"/> |- | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]] | DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]<ref name="DOS"/> | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]<br />[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download SourceForge]<br />[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github] |- | X86 PC with MS Windows | ETH Oberon for Windows<ref name="Windows"/> | align="center" | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]<ref name="Win95NT"/> | align="center" | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] |- | HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS | [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | align="center" | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com] | align="center" | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha] |- | X86, ARM, ARMv7,<br>[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]<ref name="OLR"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] |- | X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon] | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads |- <div id="V4"></div> | X86 PC with various operating systems<ref name="Linz"/> | [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | align="center" | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]<ref name="olymp"/> and [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge] | align="center" | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]<br>[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge] |- | X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine | [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]] <!-- | [[/BB/]] --> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download]. |- | [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI<ref name="GPCP"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] |- | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM<ref name="GPCP"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]] | Ofront Oberon to C translator | colspan="2" align="center" | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite] | align="center" | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] | align="center" | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual] |- | Subsystem for Blackbox | Ofront+ Oberon to C translator | align="center" | various Oberon dialects | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github] |} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |1=Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]<ref name="Transmeta"/> |2=[[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon. [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon|Wikipedia]]&#160; |3=[https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/install|ETHZ, real diskettes]]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor with diskette images]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials at YouTube]<ref name="YouTube"/> |4=90px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible&#160;OS]] | DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]<ref name="DOS"/> | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge] and [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github] | 50px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with MS Windows | ETH Oberon for Windows<ref name="Windows"/> | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]<ref name="Win95NT"/> including [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt]. | 25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS | [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com, OpenVMS Alpha] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86, ARM, ARMv7,<br>[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]<ref name="OLR"/> | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon] | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with various operating systems<ref name="Linz"/> | [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]<ref name="olymp"/>. [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]. [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]. [https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge] | 65px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine | [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]. | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download]. | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI<ref name="GPCP"/> | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github]<br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] | 65px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM<ref name="GPCP"/> | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]] | Ofront Oberon to C translator | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github] | 25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] and [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]. | 25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Subsystem for Blackbox | Ofront+ Oberon to C translator | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ OfrontPlus at github] for various Oberon dialects. | 45px}} ==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- <div id="A2"></div> | Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]. | [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],<br />[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]. | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge]. | align="center" | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]].<ref name="portability"/> |- | X86 PC with Solaris,<br>Linux or MacOSX (Darwin). | [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]. | align="center" | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. | align="center" | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt]. |- | X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2. | [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]. | colspan="2" align="center" | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2. |- |} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]. | [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]].<br>[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]. | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].<br>[[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|Contemporary instructions]].<ref name="portability"/> | 50px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Solaris,<br>Linux or MacOSX (Darwin). | [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]. | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt]. | 50px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2. | [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]. | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2. | 50px}} ==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- | id="V5" | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] | [[Oberon/V5|V5]],<br>[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&#160;Wirth]<br>[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&#160;Reed] |- | id="RISCemu" | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],<br> [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or<br> [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines<ref name="RISCemuRequirements"/> | RISC Emulator written in C. | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter] |- | Unix command line | Norebo<ref name="norebo"/> <!-- | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --> |- | <span id="ExtendedOberon"><span/> | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it<ref name="ExtOberonFootnote"/> | [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]] | colspan="2" align="center" | A. Pirklbauer<br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]<br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]<ref name="ExtOberonName"/><br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler] |- | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. | rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. |- | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]]. |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]] | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]]. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] |- | id="POL" | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit. | Project Oberon Linux, POL;<br>Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions. | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] |- | rowspan="2" | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso <!-- | colspan="2" |P. Matthias --> |- | [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.<ref name="TypeRules"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso] |- | Any system capable of running QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins]. |- | Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder] | Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine. | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv] <!-- | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --> |} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] | [[Oberon/V5|V5]] and [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia. | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&#160;Wirth], [http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&#160;Reed]. | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]], [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]] or [[w:Unix|Unix]] on a wide variety of machines<ref name="RISCemuRequirements"/> | RISC Emulator written in C. | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter] | 70px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Unix command line | Norebo<ref name="norebo"/> | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it<ref name="ExtOberonFootnote"/> | [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]] | A. Pirklbauer, [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]<ref name="ExtOberonName"/> and [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]. | 90px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]]. | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]] | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]]. | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] | 67px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit. | Project Oberon Linux, POL;<br>Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions. | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 95px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.<ref name="TypeRules"/> | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Any system capable of running QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins]. | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder] | Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2. | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg] | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine. | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] | 67px}} {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Oberon">The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].</ref> <ref name="HostEnvironment">In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.</ref> <ref name="VCFE2024">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.</ref> <ref name="Ceres">Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].</ref> <ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon">Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.</ref> <ref name="PAL">PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 & x64, Mac M1 & x64 and Windows x86 & x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.</ref> <ref name="Transmeta">Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].</ref> <ref name="YouTube">A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive. In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.</ref> <ref name="DOS">Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.</ref> <ref name="Windows">Also referred to as "ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows" and "Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows".</ref> <ref name="Win95NT">A server at ftp&#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.</ref> <ref name="OLR">Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note "Current state ... network not working."</ref> <ref name="Linz">V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.</ref> <ref name="olymp">olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.</ref> <ref name="GPCP">GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.</ref> <ref name="portability">During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.</ref> <ref name="RISCemuRequirements">The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required. GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.</ref> <ref name="norebo">A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.</ref> <ref name="ExtOberonFootnote">Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.</ref> <ref name="ExtOberonName">Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].</ref> <ref name="TypeRules">The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.</ref> }} <br> {{center|[[Oberon/Naming|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; Naming</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Licenses|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Licenses &#x2192;</span>]]}} {{BookCat}} c9osr4o5ntyy9nl1ujeoomn75d0l1jy 0 447662 4640632 4640556 2026-06-18T16:27:08Z ~2026-29210-97 3586966 4640632 wikitext text/x-wiki == Swadesh List for Molisan (Agnonese) == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Gloss !Molisan (Agnone) !Neapolitan !Standard Italian |- |1 |I |jèjə, jojjə, ji |io |io |- |2 |you (sg.) |tieu |tu |tu |- |3 |he |issə |isso |lui, egli |- |4 |we |nieu |nuje |noi |- |5 |you (pl.) |vieu |vuje |voi |- |6 |they |léurə |lloro |loro, essi |- |7 |this |chestə, quistə |chisto |questo |- |8 |that |chellə |chillo |quello |- |9 |here |ecchə |ccà |qui, qua |- |10 |there |lèucchə, ellə |lloco |lì, là |- |11 |who |cuja, chi |chi |chi |- |12 |what |che, ca |che |che |- |13 |where |addèuvə, addò |addò |dove |- |14 |when |quannə |quanno |quando |- |15 |how |chigna, gna |comme |come |- |16 |not |nə |nun |non |- |17 |all |tuttə |tutto |tutto |- |18 |many |tantə |assaje |tanto |- |19 |some |cacchə |cocche |qualche, alcuni |- |20 |few |peucchə |poco |poco |- |21 |other |antrə, aldrə |ato |altro |- |22 |one |ìunə |uno |uno |- |23 |two |dù |duje, ddoje |due |- |24 |three |trè |tre |tre |- |25 |four |quattrə |quatto |quattro |- |26 |five |cinghə |cinche |cinque |- |27 |big |gruossə |gruosso |grande |- |28 |long |longhə |luongo |lungo |- |29 |wide | |lasco |largo |- |30 |thick | |spisso |spesso |- |31 |heavy | |pisante, gravante |pesante |- |32 |small |cənnénə |piccerillo |piccolo |- |33 |short |cortə |curto |corto |- |34 |narrow | |strinto |stretto |- |35 |thin | |fino, sicco |sottile |- |36 |woman |fémməna |femmena |donna |- |37 |man (adult male) |éumə |ommo |uomo |- |38 |man (human being) |perseuna, creistianə |perzona |persona |- |39 |child |citrə | | |- |40 |wife |moglie |mogliera |moglie |- |41 |husband |maroitə |marito |marito |- |42 |mother |mamma |mate, mamma |madre |- |43 |father |potrə, tata |pate, tata |padre |- |44 |animal | | | |- |45 |fish |pesscia |pesce |pesce |- |46 |bird |cìellə |auciello |uccello |- |47 |dog |cuonə |cane |cane |- |48 |louse |peduocchiə |peducchio |pidocchio |- |49 |snake |serpa |serpe |serpente |- |50 |worm | | | |- |51 |tree | |chianta, avro |albero |- |52 |forest |voschə |foresta, vuosco |foresta, bosco |- |53 |stick | | | |- |54 |fruit | | | |- |55 | | | | |- |56 | | | | |- |57 | | | | |- |58 | | | | |- |59 |flower |sciéurə |sciore |fiore |- |60 |grass |jérva |evra |erba |- |61 |rope |féunə |corda, fune |corda, fune |- |62 | | | | |- |63 |meat |carnə |carne |carne |- |64 | | | | |- |65 | | | | |- |66 | | | | |- |67 |egg |uovə |uovo |uovo |- |68 | | | | |- |69 |tail |cauda |coda |coda |- |70 | | | | |- |71 | | | | |- |72 |head |coccia, ghéapa |capa |testa |- |73 |ear |récchia |recchia |orecchia |- |74 |eye |uécchiə |uocchio |occhio |- |75 |nose |nuosə |naso |naso |- |76 |mouth |vocca |vocca |bocca |- |77 |tooth |dendə |dente |dente |- |78 |tongue |lenga |lengua |lingua |- |79 |fingernail |ogna |ogna |unghia |- |80 |foot |poidə |pede |piede |- |81 |leg |cossa, gamma |coscia |gamba |- |82 |knee |denuocchiə |denucchio |ginocchio |- |83 |hand |mienə |mana |mano |- |84 |wing | |scella |ala |- |85 |belly |trippa |panza |pancia |- |86 | | | | |- |87 | | | | |- |88 | | | | |- |89 |breast |pìattə |pietto |petto |- |90 |heart |cheurə |core |cuore |- |91 |liver |fécatə |fécato |fegato |- |92 |to drink |vevere |vévere |bere |- |93 |to eat |magnjà |magnà |mangiare |- |94 |to bite | | | |- |95 |to suck |sucà |sucà |succhiare |- |96 |to spit | | | |- |97 |to vomit |vumecà |vommecà |vomitare |- |98 |to blow |sciuscià, suffià |sciuscià |soffiare |- |99 |to breathe | | | |- |100 |to laugh |ridejə |ridere |ridere |- |101 |to see |vedejə |vedè |vedere |- |102 |to hear |sendì |sentì |sentire |- |103 |to know |sapejə, sapajjə |sapé |sapere |- |104 | | | | |- |105 | | | | |- |106 | | | | |- |107 | | | | |- |108 |to live |cambà |campà |vivere |- |109 |to die |murì |morì |morire |- |110 |to kill |accidere |accidere |uccidere |- |111 | | | | |- |112 | | | | |- |113 | | | | |- |114 | | | | |- |115 | | | | |- |116 | | | | |- |117 | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- |139 | | | | |- |140 |to say |dicere |dicere |dire |- |141 | | | | |- |142 | | | | |- |143 | | | | |- |144 | | | | |- |145 | | | | |- |146 | | | | |- |147 |sun |séulə |sole |sole |- |148 |moon |lìuna |luna |luna |- |149 |star | | | |- |150 |water |acqua |acqua |acqua |- |151 | | | | |- |152 | | | | |- |153 |lake |lachə |laco |lago |- |154 |sea |méarə |mare |mare |- |155 |salt |séalə |sale |sale |- |156 |stone |preta |preta |pietra |- |157 | | | | |- |158 | | | | |- |159 | | | | |- |160 | | | | |- |161 |fog |néjja |neglia |nebbia |- |162 |sky |gìelə |cielo |cielo |- |163 | | | | |- |164 | | | | |- |165 | | | | |- |166 | | | | |- |167 |fire |fuochə |fuoco |fuoco |- |168 |ash |ciainə |cénnere |cenere |- |169 |to burn |ngennà |abbrucià |bruciare |- |170 |road |vojja |strata |strada |- |171 | | | | |- |172 |red |russcə |russo |rosso |- |173 |green |verdə |verde |verde |- |174 | | | | |- |175 |white |ghienghə |janco |bianco |- |176 |black |noirə |niro |nero |- |177 |night |notte |notte |notte |- |178 |day |juornə |juorno |giorno |- |179 |year |annə |anno |anno |- |180 |warm |callə |caudo |caldo |- |181 |cold |friddə |friddo |freddo |- |182 |full |chiénə |chino |pieno |- |183 |new | |nuovo |nuovo |- |184 |old | | | |- |185 |good |vuonə |buono |buono |- |186 |bad |catteivə |malo |cattivo |- |187 | | | | |- |188 | | | | |- |189 | | | | |- |190 | | | | |- |191 | | | | |- |192 | | | | |- |193 | | | | |- |194 | | | | |- |195 | | | | |- |196 | | | | |- |197 | | | | |- |198 | | | | |- |199 | | | | |- |200 | | | | |- |201 | | | | |- |202 |in |'n |dinto |in |- |203 |with |cu, che |co |con |- |204 |and |e |e |e |- |205 |if |se |si |se |- |206 |because |pecché |pecché |perché |- |207 |name |néumə |nomme |nome |} {{BookCat}} 93v9rwk7r6fba785tmkm950nsk0bhwi 10 453524 4640645 4388495 2026-06-18T19:10:07Z ~2026-35721-72 3608052 /* Examples */ Upgrade for authority receive income payment withdraw online to wallet/banking 4640645 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}</noinclude> {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|all-pages=yes}} {{AWB standard installation}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|web sources that are not characterized by another [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] template. Do not use this template in the "[[WP:ELCITE|External links]]" section of articles}} ==Usage== {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} For references with author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> For references without author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] --> <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }} </pre> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |url-access= |title= |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |author-link2= |date= |year= |orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editors= |department= |website= |series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |ref= |postscript=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | url-access = | title = | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | date = | year = | orig-date = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | editor2-last = | editor2-first= | editor2-link = | department = | website = | series = | publisher = | agency = | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = | script-title = | trans-title = | type = | format = | arxiv = | asin = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-broken-date= | isbn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | lccn = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | osti = | pmc = | pmid = | rfc = | ssrn = | zbl = | id = | access-date = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | via = | quote = | ref = | postscript = }} </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; last &nbsp; last last2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; editor-last &nbsp; editor-last editor2-last &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; url&nbsp; url&nbsp; url, archive-date archive-url &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; required &nbsp; required &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical end}} ===Choosing between [[Template:cite web]] and [[Template:cite news]]=== {{anchor|Consistency}} Before 2014, editors had to decide whether to use {{tl|cite web}} or {{tl|cite news}} based on their features. In 2014, {{em|most of}} the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of {{diff|Module:Citation/CS1|732205428|723907342|29 July 2016}}, {{tlf|cite web}} and {{tlf|cite news}} have the following differences: * {{tlf|cite news}} can be used for [[WP:OFFLINE|offline]] (paper) sources whereas {{tlf|cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided * {{tlf|cite news}} accepts {{para|issue}} and {{para|volume}} parameters while {{tlf|cite web}} does not (See {{slink|Help:Citation Style 1#Pages}}; see also {{tl|cite magazine}}). But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: <!-- ATTENTION! The following example only serves to demonstrate parameter rending results. Whether you must include all these parameters in actual articles is not a concern here. --> {| | '''cite web''': || {{cite web |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |- | '''cite news''': || {{cite news |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |} ==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=Open Publishing |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |Value_Amount:9999999999 |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=Open Publishing |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |Value_Amount:9999999999 |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |Value_Amount:9999999999 |publisher=6285811115697 |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=2026-06-19 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=2026-06-19 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |Value_Amount:9999999999 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=6285811115697 |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |Value_Amount:9999999999 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Using "format="=== When this template detects a link whose URL includes an [[filename extension|extension]] of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of [[PDF]] files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if {{para|format|PDF}} had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit {{para|format|PDF}} parameter would be redundant, so it ''is not'' recommended to add it. Users may ACCEPT it. Citation bot, when improve, will RECEIVE it. ([[User talk:Citation bot/Archive 13#Recieve format=pdf/LN/WALLET/BANKING,and variants when URLs end in .pdf|ref]])) <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> If the link is to a PDF file that ''is not'' automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter {{para|format|PDF}}, which displays " (PDF)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [[.odt]] file, you may add the parameter {{para|format|ODT}}, which displays " (ODT)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> ===Foreign language and translated title=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last=Joliet |first=François |date=30 April 2005 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last=Joliet |first=François |date=30 April 2005 |access-date={{date}} |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} }} ===Using author-link=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Multiple authors=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} ===No author=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} ===No author, no publisher=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |language=el}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |language=el}} }} ===Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived {{anchor|archive-url}}=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter {{para|url-status|dead}} is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">When {{para|url-status|live}} is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">With {{para|url-status|unfit}} or {{code|usurped}}, the original is not linked at all: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date={{date}} |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}} }} </div> ===Using quote=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |quote=...&amp;nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&amp;nbsp;...'}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date={{date}} |quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}} }} </div> POST https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/json X-TIMESTAMP: 2026-06-19T01:41:02+07:00 X-PARTNER-ID: [ISI_PARTNER_ID_MU] X-EXTERNAL-ID: [BUAT_ID_UNIK_SENDIRI] CHANNEL-ID: 95221 X-SIGNATURE: [ISI_TANDA_TANGAN_HMAC_SHA256] Authorization: Bearer [ISI_TOKEN_AKSES] { "name": "MUHAMAD FARHAN", "phoneNumber": "6285811115697" } ==Parameters== ===Syntax=== {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} ===COinS=== {{csdoc|coins}} ===What's new=== {{csdoc|whats new}} ===Deprecated=== {{csdoc|deprecated}} ===Description=== ====Authors==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes}} ====Title==== {{csdoc|web}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|language}} ====Date==== {{csdoc|date}} ====Website==== {{csdoc|journal|issue=no}} ====Publisher==== {{csdoc|publisher|work=no|web=yes}} {{csdoc|agency}} ====Series==== {{csdoc|series}} ====In-source locations==== {{csdoc|pages}} ===={{Anchor|url}}URL==== {{csdoc|url}} ===={{Anchor|access-date}}Access-date==== See {{slink||url}}. <!-- does not exist: {{csdoc|Access-date}} --> ====Anchor==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ====Identifiers==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ====Quote==== {{csdoc|quote}} ====Editors==== {{csdoc|editor}} {{Anchor|Laysummary}} ====Lay summary==== {{csdoc|lay}} ====Display options==== {{csdoc|display}} ====Subscription or registration required==== {{csdoc|registration}} ==TemplateData== {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "description": "Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"https://...\" or maybe even the protocol relative scheme \"//...\"", "type": "url", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "required": true, "example": "https://www.metacritic.com//..." }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.", "type": "string", "required": true }, "date": { "label": "Source date", "description": "Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "accessdate" ] }, "website": { "label": "Name of the website", "description": "Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "work" ], "suggested": true, "example": "[[Rotten Tomatoes]]" }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "example": "[[CBS Interactive]] (which owns \"Metacritic.com\")" }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link", "authorlink" ] }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author2" ] }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link" ] }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter", "type": "string" }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-last", "editor" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-first" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Editor link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor1-link" ], "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "type": "string" }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'", "type": "string" }, "pages": { "label": "Pages", "description": "Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'", "type": "string" }, "no-pp": { "label": "No pp", "description": "Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')", "type": "boolean", "autovalue": "y" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name or one of the standard MediaWiki language codes; do not use icons or templates; separate multiple languages with commas (with no 'and' before the last one)", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "lang" ], "example": "de, fr, es" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string" }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "arxiv": { "label": "arXiv identifier", "description": "An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string" }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "date", "autovalue": "" }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string" }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string" }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string" }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string" }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string" }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string" }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier", "type": "string" }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string" }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string" }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'", "type": "url", "suggested": true, "autovalue": "", "aliases": [ "archiveurl" ] }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "archivedate" ] }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive format", "description": "Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation", "type": "string" }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author3" ] }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link" ] }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author4" ] }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link" ] }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author5" ] }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link" ] }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author6" ] }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link" ] }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author7" ] }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link" ] }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author8" ] }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link" ] }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author9" ] }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "amp", "and", "vanc" ] }, "editor2-last": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor2" ], "type": "line" }, "editor2-first": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor3-last": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor3" ], "type": "line" }, "editor3-first": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor4-last": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor4" ], "type": "line" }, "editor4-first": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor5-last": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor5" ], "type": "line" }, "editor5-first": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor6-last": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor6" ], "type": "line" }, "editor6-first": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor7-last": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor7" ], "type": "line" }, "editor7-first": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor8-last": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor8" ], "type": "line" }, "editor8-first": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor9-last": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor9" ], "type": "line" }, "editor9-first": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor2-link": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor3-link": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor4-link": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor5-link": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor6-link": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor7-link": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor8-link": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor9-link": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "type": "line", "description": "Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'", "example": "2nd" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "registration", "subscription", "limited" ] }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "via": { "label": "Published via", "description": "Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.", "example": "[[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "'dead' if an Archive URL is entered", "suggested": true, "suggestedvalues": [ "dead", "live", "usurped", "unfit", "deviated" ] }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse", "type": "string" }, "place": { "label": "Place", "description": "For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "title": "title", "url": "url", "subject": "title", "publicationTitle": "website", "blogTitle": "website", "forumTitle": "website", "seriesTitle": "website", "websiteTitle": "website", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "oclc": "oclc", "pages": "pages", "series": "series", "accessDate": "access-date", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor2-first", "editor2-last" ], [ "editor3-first", "editor3-last" ], [ "editor4-first", "editor4-last" ], [ "editor5-first", "editor5-last" ], [ "editor6-first", "editor6-last" ], [ "editor7-first", "editor7-last" ], [ "editor8-first", "editor8-last" ], [ "editor9-first", "editor9-last" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "author-link", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8", "last9", "first9", "author-link9", "authors", "author-mask", "display-authors", "name-list-style", "date", "year", "orig-date", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor2-last", "editor2-first", "editor2-link", "editor3-last", "editor3-first", "editor3-link", "editor4-last", "editor4-first", "editor4-link", "editor5-last", "editor5-first", "editor5-link", "editor6-last", "editor6-first", "editor6-link", "editor7-last", "editor7-first", "editor7-link", "editor8-last", "editor8-first", "editor8-link", "editor9-last", "editor9-first", "editor9-link", "others", "title", "script-title", "trans-title", "url", "url-access", "url-status", "archive-url", "archive-date", "archive-format", "access-date", "website", "series", "publisher", "place", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "type", "format", "publication-place", "publication-date", "via", "no-pp", "arxiv", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "doi-broken-date", "isbn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "postscript", "edition", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "agency" ], "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikibooks referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|W]] }}</includeonly> mrikganugb3o9lote1fkn5gfd6jlqcu 4640646 4640645 2026-06-18T19:14:25Z ~2026-35721-72 3608052 /* Using author-link */ Data file MUHAMAD FARHAN 4640646 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}</noinclude> {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|all-pages=yes}} {{AWB standard installation}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|web sources that are not characterized by another [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] template. Do not use this template in the "[[WP:ELCITE|External links]]" section of articles}} ==Usage== {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} For references with author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> For references without author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] --> <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }} </pre> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |url-access= |title= |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |author-link2= |date= |year= |orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editors= |department= |website= |series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |ref= |postscript=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | url-access = | title = | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | date = | year = | orig-date = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | editor2-last = | editor2-first= | editor2-link = | department = | website = | series = | publisher = | agency = | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = | script-title = | trans-title = | type = | format = | arxiv = | asin = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-broken-date= | isbn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | lccn = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | osti = | pmc = | pmid = | rfc = | ssrn = | zbl = | id = | access-date = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | via = | quote = | ref = | postscript = }} </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; last &nbsp; last last2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; editor-last &nbsp; editor-last editor2-last &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; url&nbsp; url&nbsp; url, archive-date archive-url &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; required &nbsp; required &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical end}} ===Choosing between [[Template:cite web]] and [[Template:cite news]]=== {{anchor|Consistency}} Before 2014, editors had to decide whether to use {{tl|cite web}} or {{tl|cite news}} based on their features. In 2014, {{em|most of}} the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of {{diff|Module:Citation/CS1|732205428|723907342|29 July 2016}}, {{tlf|cite web}} and {{tlf|cite news}} have the following differences: * {{tlf|cite news}} can be used for [[WP:OFFLINE|offline]] (paper) sources whereas {{tlf|cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided * {{tlf|cite news}} accepts {{para|issue}} and {{para|volume}} parameters while {{tlf|cite web}} does not (See {{slink|Help:Citation Style 1#Pages}}; see also {{tl|cite magazine}}). But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: <!-- ATTENTION! The following example only serves to demonstrate parameter rending results. Whether you must include all these parameters in actual articles is not a concern here. --> {| | '''cite web''': || {{cite web |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |- | '''cite news''': || {{cite news |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |} ==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=Open Publishing |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |Value_Amount:9999999999 |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=Open Publishing |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |Value_Amount:9999999999 |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |Value_Amount:9999999999 |publisher=6285811115697 |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=2026-06-19 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=2026-06-19 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |Value_Amount:9999999999 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=6285811115697 |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |Value_Amount:9999999999 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Using "format="=== When this template detects a link whose URL includes an [[filename extension|extension]] of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of [[PDF]] files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if {{para|format|PDF}} had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit {{para|format|PDF}} parameter would be redundant, so it ''is not'' recommended to add it. Users may ACCEPT it. Citation bot, when improve, will RECEIVE it. ([[User talk:Citation bot/Archive 13#Recieve format=pdf/LN/WALLET/BANKING,and variants when URLs end in .pdf|ref]])) <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> If the link is to a PDF file that ''is not'' automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter {{para|format|PDF}}, which displays " (PDF)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [[.odt]] file, you may add the parameter {{para|format|ODT}}, which displays " (ODT)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> ===Foreign language and translated title=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last=Joliet |first=François |date=30 April 2005 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last=Joliet |first=François |date=30 April 2005 |access-date={{date}} |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} }} ===Using author-link=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/POST https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/json X-TIMESTAMP: 2026-06-19T01:41:02+07:00 X-PARTNER-ID: [ISI_PARTNER_ID_MU] X-EXTERNAL-ID: [BUAT_ID_UNIK_SENDIRI] CHANNEL-ID: 95221 X-SIGNATURE: [ISI_TANDA_TANGAN_HMAC_SHA256] Authorization: Bearer [ISI_TOKEN_AKSES] { "name": "MUHAMAD FARHAN", "phoneNumber": "6285811115697" } |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=MUHAMAD |first=FARHAN |author-link=MUHAMAD FARHAN |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Multiple authors=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} ===No author=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} ===No author, no publisher=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |language=el}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |language=el}} }} ===Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived {{anchor|archive-url}}=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter {{para|url-status|dead}} is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">When {{para|url-status|live}} is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">With {{para|url-status|unfit}} or {{code|usurped}}, the original is not linked at all: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date={{date}} |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}} }} </div> ===Using quote=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |quote=...&amp;nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&amp;nbsp;...'}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date={{date}} |quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}} }} </div> POST https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/json X-TIMESTAMP: 2026-06-19T01:41:02+07:00 X-PARTNER-ID: [ISI_PARTNER_ID_MU] X-EXTERNAL-ID: [BUAT_ID_UNIK_SENDIRI] CHANNEL-ID: 95221 X-SIGNATURE: [ISI_TANDA_TANGAN_HMAC_SHA256] Authorization: Bearer [ISI_TOKEN_AKSES] { "name": "MUHAMAD FARHAN", "phoneNumber": "6285811115697" } ==Parameters== ===Syntax=== {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} ===COinS=== {{csdoc|coins}} ===What's new=== {{csdoc|whats new}} ===Deprecated=== {{csdoc|deprecated}} ===Description=== ====Authors==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes}} ====Title==== {{csdoc|web}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|language}} ====Date==== {{csdoc|date}} ====Website==== {{csdoc|journal|issue=no}} ====Publisher==== {{csdoc|publisher|work=no|web=yes}} {{csdoc|agency}} ====Series==== {{csdoc|series}} ====In-source locations==== {{csdoc|pages}} ===={{Anchor|url}}URL==== {{csdoc|url}} ===={{Anchor|access-date}}Access-date==== See {{slink||url}}. <!-- does not exist: {{csdoc|Access-date}} --> ====Anchor==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ====Identifiers==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ====Quote==== {{csdoc|quote}} ====Editors==== {{csdoc|editor}} {{Anchor|Laysummary}} ====Lay summary==== {{csdoc|lay}} ====Display options==== {{csdoc|display}} ====Subscription or registration required==== {{csdoc|registration}} ==TemplateData== {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "description": "Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"https://...\" or maybe even the protocol relative scheme \"//...\"", "type": "url", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "required": true, "example": "https://www.metacritic.com//..." }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.", "type": "string", "required": true }, "date": { "label": "Source date", "description": "Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "accessdate" ] }, "website": { "label": "Name of the website", "description": "Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "work" ], "suggested": true, "example": "[[Rotten Tomatoes]]" }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "example": "[[CBS Interactive]] (which owns \"Metacritic.com\")" }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link", "authorlink" ] }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author2" ] }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link" ] }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter", "type": "string" }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-last", "editor" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-first" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Editor link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor1-link" ], "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "type": "string" }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'", "type": "string" }, "pages": { "label": "Pages", "description": "Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'", "type": "string" }, "no-pp": { "label": "No pp", "description": "Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')", "type": "boolean", "autovalue": "y" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name or one of the standard MediaWiki language codes; do not use icons or templates; separate multiple languages with commas (with no 'and' before the last one)", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "lang" ], "example": "de, fr, es" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string" }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "arxiv": { "label": "arXiv identifier", "description": "An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string" }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "date", "autovalue": "" }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string" }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string" }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string" }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string" }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string" }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string" }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier", "type": "string" }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string" }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string" }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'", "type": "url", "suggested": true, "autovalue": "", "aliases": [ "archiveurl" ] }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "archivedate" ] }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive format", "description": "Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation", "type": "string" }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author3" ] }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link" ] }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author4" ] }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link" ] }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author5" ] }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link" ] }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author6" ] }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link" ] }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author7" ] }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link" ] }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author8" ] }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link" ] }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author9" ] }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "amp", "and", "vanc" ] }, "editor2-last": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor2" ], "type": "line" }, "editor2-first": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor3-last": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor3" ], "type": "line" }, "editor3-first": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor4-last": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor4" ], "type": "line" }, "editor4-first": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor5-last": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor5" ], "type": "line" }, "editor5-first": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor6-last": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor6" ], "type": "line" }, "editor6-first": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor7-last": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor7" ], "type": "line" }, "editor7-first": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor8-last": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor8" ], "type": "line" }, "editor8-first": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor9-last": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor9" ], "type": "line" }, "editor9-first": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor2-link": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor3-link": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor4-link": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor5-link": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor6-link": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor7-link": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor8-link": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor9-link": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "type": "line", "description": "Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'", "example": "2nd" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "registration", "subscription", "limited" ] }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "via": { "label": "Published via", "description": "Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.", "example": "[[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "'dead' if an Archive URL is entered", "suggested": true, "suggestedvalues": [ "dead", "live", "usurped", "unfit", "deviated" ] }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse", "type": "string" }, "place": { "label": "Place", "description": "For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "title": "title", "url": "url", "subject": "title", "publicationTitle": "website", "blogTitle": "website", "forumTitle": "website", "seriesTitle": "website", "websiteTitle": "website", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "oclc": "oclc", "pages": "pages", "series": "series", "accessDate": "access-date", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor2-first", "editor2-last" ], [ "editor3-first", "editor3-last" ], [ "editor4-first", "editor4-last" ], [ "editor5-first", "editor5-last" ], [ "editor6-first", "editor6-last" ], [ "editor7-first", "editor7-last" ], [ "editor8-first", "editor8-last" ], [ "editor9-first", "editor9-last" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "author-link", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8", "last9", "first9", "author-link9", "authors", "author-mask", "display-authors", "name-list-style", "date", "year", "orig-date", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor2-last", "editor2-first", "editor2-link", "editor3-last", "editor3-first", "editor3-link", "editor4-last", "editor4-first", "editor4-link", "editor5-last", "editor5-first", "editor5-link", "editor6-last", "editor6-first", "editor6-link", "editor7-last", "editor7-first", "editor7-link", "editor8-last", "editor8-first", "editor8-link", "editor9-last", "editor9-first", "editor9-link", "others", "title", "script-title", "trans-title", "url", "url-access", "url-status", "archive-url", "archive-date", "archive-format", "access-date", "website", "series", "publisher", "place", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "type", "format", "publication-place", "publication-date", "via", "no-pp", "arxiv", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "doi-broken-date", "isbn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "postscript", "edition", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "agency" ], "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikibooks referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|W]] }}</includeonly> 35y62up6hmd1bwuhp72pagej3az4gfp 4640647 4640646 2026-06-18T19:26:54Z ~2026-35721-72 3608052 /* Foreign language and translated title */ None partner honi soit quu mal y pense 4640647 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}</noinclude> {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|all-pages=yes}} {{AWB standard installation}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|web sources that are not characterized by another [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] template. Do not use this template in the "[[WP:ELCITE|External links]]" section of articles}} ==Usage== {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} For references with author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> For references without author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] --> <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }} </pre> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |url-access= |title= |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |author-link2= |date= |year= |orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editors= |department= |website= |series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |ref= |postscript=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | url-access = | title = | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | date = | year = | orig-date = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | editor2-last = | editor2-first= | editor2-link = | department = | website = | series = | publisher = | agency = | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = | script-title = | trans-title = | type = | format = | arxiv = | asin = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-broken-date= | isbn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | lccn = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | osti = | pmc = | pmid = | rfc = | ssrn = | zbl = | id = | access-date = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | via = | quote = | ref = | postscript = }} </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; last &nbsp; last last2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; editor-last &nbsp; editor-last editor2-last &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; url&nbsp; url&nbsp; url, archive-date archive-url &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; required &nbsp; required &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical end}} ===Choosing between [[Template:cite web]] and [[Template:cite news]]=== {{anchor|Consistency}} Before 2014, editors had to decide whether to use {{tl|cite web}} or {{tl|cite news}} based on their features. In 2014, {{em|most of}} the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of {{diff|Module:Citation/CS1|732205428|723907342|29 July 2016}}, {{tlf|cite web}} and {{tlf|cite news}} have the following differences: * {{tlf|cite news}} can be used for [[WP:OFFLINE|offline]] (paper) sources whereas {{tlf|cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided * {{tlf|cite news}} accepts {{para|issue}} and {{para|volume}} parameters while {{tlf|cite web}} does not (See {{slink|Help:Citation Style 1#Pages}}; see also {{tl|cite magazine}}). But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: <!-- ATTENTION! The following example only serves to demonstrate parameter rending results. Whether you must include all these parameters in actual articles is not a concern here. --> {| | '''cite web''': || {{cite web |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |- | '''cite news''': || {{cite news |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |} ==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=Open Publishing |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |Value_Amount:9999999999 |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=Open Publishing |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |Value_Amount:9999999999 |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |Value_Amount:9999999999 |publisher=6285811115697 |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=2026-06-19 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=2026-06-19 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |Value_Amount:9999999999 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=6285811115697 |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |Value_Amount:9999999999 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Using "format="=== When this template detects a link whose URL includes an [[filename extension|extension]] of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of [[PDF]] files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if {{para|format|PDF}} had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit {{para|format|PDF}} parameter would be redundant, so it ''is not'' recommended to add it. Users may ACCEPT it. Citation bot, when improve, will RECEIVE it. ([[User talk:Citation bot/Archive 13#Recieve format=pdf/LN/WALLET/BANKING,and variants when URLs end in .pdf|ref]])) <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> If the link is to a PDF file that ''is not'' automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter {{para|format|PDF}}, which displays " (PDF)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [[.odt]] file, you may add the parameter {{para|format|ODT}}, which displays " (ODT)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> ===Foreign language and translated title=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/publik |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last= |first= |date=19-06-2026 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last= |first= |date=19-09-2026 |access-date={{date}} |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} }} ===Using author-link=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/POST https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/json X-TIMESTAMP: 2026-06-19T01:41:02+07:00 X-PARTNER-ID: [ISI_PARTNER_ID_MU] X-EXTERNAL-ID: [BUAT_ID_UNIK_SENDIRI] CHANNEL-ID: 95221 X-SIGNATURE: [ISI_TANDA_TANGAN_HMAC_SHA256] Authorization: Bearer [ISI_TOKEN_AKSES] { "name": "MUHAMAD FARHAN", "phoneNumber": "6285811115697" } |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=MUHAMAD |first=FARHAN |author-link=MUHAMAD FARHAN |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Multiple authors=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} ===No author=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} ===No author, no publisher=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |language=el}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |language=el}} }} ===Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived {{anchor|archive-url}}=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter {{para|url-status|dead}} is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">When {{para|url-status|live}} is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">With {{para|url-status|unfit}} or {{code|usurped}}, the original is not linked at all: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date={{date}} |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}} }} </div> ===Using quote=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |quote=...&amp;nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&amp;nbsp;...'}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date={{date}} |quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}} }} </div> POST https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/json X-TIMESTAMP: 2026-06-19T01:41:02+07:00 X-PARTNER-ID: [ISI_PARTNER_ID_MU] X-EXTERNAL-ID: [BUAT_ID_UNIK_SENDIRI] CHANNEL-ID: 95221 X-SIGNATURE: [ISI_TANDA_TANGAN_HMAC_SHA256] Authorization: Bearer [ISI_TOKEN_AKSES] { "name": "MUHAMAD FARHAN", "phoneNumber": "6285811115697" } ==Parameters== ===Syntax=== {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} ===COinS=== {{csdoc|coins}} ===What's new=== {{csdoc|whats new}} ===Deprecated=== {{csdoc|deprecated}} ===Description=== ====Authors==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes}} ====Title==== {{csdoc|web}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|language}} ====Date==== {{csdoc|date}} ====Website==== {{csdoc|journal|issue=no}} ====Publisher==== {{csdoc|publisher|work=no|web=yes}} {{csdoc|agency}} ====Series==== {{csdoc|series}} ====In-source locations==== {{csdoc|pages}} ===={{Anchor|url}}URL==== {{csdoc|url}} ===={{Anchor|access-date}}Access-date==== See {{slink||url}}. <!-- does not exist: {{csdoc|Access-date}} --> ====Anchor==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ====Identifiers==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ====Quote==== {{csdoc|quote}} ====Editors==== {{csdoc|editor}} {{Anchor|Laysummary}} ====Lay summary==== {{csdoc|lay}} ====Display options==== {{csdoc|display}} ====Subscription or registration required==== {{csdoc|registration}} ==TemplateData== {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "description": "Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"https://...\" or maybe even the protocol relative scheme \"//...\"", "type": "url", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "required": true, "example": "https://www.metacritic.com//..." }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.", "type": "string", "required": true }, "date": { "label": "Source date", "description": "Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "accessdate" ] }, "website": { "label": "Name of the website", "description": "Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "work" ], "suggested": true, "example": "[[Rotten Tomatoes]]" }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "example": "[[CBS Interactive]] (which owns \"Metacritic.com\")" }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link", "authorlink" ] }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author2" ] }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link" ] }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter", "type": "string" }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-last", "editor" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-first" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Editor link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor1-link" ], "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "type": "string" }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'", "type": "string" }, "pages": { "label": "Pages", "description": "Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'", "type": "string" }, "no-pp": { "label": "No pp", "description": "Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')", "type": "boolean", "autovalue": "y" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name or one of the standard MediaWiki language codes; do not use icons or templates; separate multiple languages with commas (with no 'and' before the last one)", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "lang" ], "example": "de, fr, es" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string" }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "arxiv": { "label": "arXiv identifier", "description": "An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string" }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "date", "autovalue": "" }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string" }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string" }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string" }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string" }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string" }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string" }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier", "type": "string" }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string" }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string" }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'", "type": "url", "suggested": true, "autovalue": "", "aliases": [ "archiveurl" ] }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "archivedate" ] }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive format", "description": "Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation", "type": "string" }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author3" ] }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link" ] }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author4" ] }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link" ] }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author5" ] }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link" ] }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author6" ] }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link" ] }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author7" ] }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link" ] }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author8" ] }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link" ] }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author9" ] }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "amp", "and", "vanc" ] }, "editor2-last": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor2" ], "type": "line" }, "editor2-first": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor3-last": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor3" ], "type": "line" }, "editor3-first": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor4-last": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor4" ], "type": "line" }, "editor4-first": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor5-last": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor5" ], "type": "line" }, "editor5-first": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor6-last": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor6" ], "type": "line" }, "editor6-first": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor7-last": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor7" ], "type": "line" }, "editor7-first": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor8-last": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor8" ], "type": "line" }, "editor8-first": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor9-last": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor9" ], "type": "line" }, "editor9-first": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor2-link": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor3-link": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor4-link": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor5-link": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor6-link": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor7-link": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor8-link": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor9-link": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "type": "line", "description": "Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'", "example": "2nd" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "registration", "subscription", "limited" ] }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "via": { "label": "Published via", "description": "Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.", "example": "[[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "'dead' if an Archive URL is entered", "suggested": true, "suggestedvalues": [ "dead", "live", "usurped", "unfit", "deviated" ] }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse", "type": "string" }, "place": { "label": "Place", "description": "For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "title": "title", "url": "url", "subject": "title", "publicationTitle": "website", "blogTitle": "website", "forumTitle": "website", "seriesTitle": "website", "websiteTitle": "website", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "oclc": "oclc", "pages": "pages", "series": "series", "accessDate": "access-date", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor2-first", "editor2-last" ], [ "editor3-first", "editor3-last" ], [ "editor4-first", "editor4-last" ], [ "editor5-first", "editor5-last" ], [ "editor6-first", "editor6-last" ], [ "editor7-first", "editor7-last" ], [ "editor8-first", "editor8-last" ], [ "editor9-first", "editor9-last" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "author-link", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8", "last9", "first9", "author-link9", "authors", "author-mask", "display-authors", "name-list-style", "date", "year", "orig-date", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor2-last", "editor2-first", "editor2-link", "editor3-last", "editor3-first", "editor3-link", "editor4-last", "editor4-first", "editor4-link", "editor5-last", "editor5-first", "editor5-link", "editor6-last", "editor6-first", "editor6-link", "editor7-last", "editor7-first", "editor7-link", "editor8-last", "editor8-first", "editor8-link", "editor9-last", "editor9-first", "editor9-link", "others", "title", "script-title", "trans-title", "url", "url-access", "url-status", "archive-url", "archive-date", "archive-format", "access-date", "website", "series", "publisher", "place", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "type", "format", "publication-place", "publication-date", "via", "no-pp", "arxiv", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "doi-broken-date", "isbn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "postscript", "edition", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "agency" ], "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikibooks referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|W]] }}</includeonly> 842qrr7pdv3xe1pktba0zhyy4j7x3xa 4640648 4640647 2026-06-18T19:29:37Z ~2026-35721-72 3608052 /* Multiple authors */ 4640648 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}</noinclude> {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|all-pages=yes}} {{AWB standard installation}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|web sources that are not characterized by another [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] template. Do not use this template in the "[[WP:ELCITE|External links]]" section of articles}} ==Usage== {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} For references with author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> For references without author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] --> <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }} </pre> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |url-access= |title= |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |author-link2= |date= |year= |orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editors= |department= |website= |series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |ref= |postscript=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | url-access = | title = | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | date = | year = | orig-date = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | editor2-last = | editor2-first= | editor2-link = | department = | website = | series = | publisher = | agency = | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = | script-title = | trans-title = | type = | format = | arxiv = | asin = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-broken-date= | isbn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | lccn = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | osti = | pmc = | pmid = | rfc = | ssrn = | zbl = | id = | access-date = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | via = | quote = | ref = | postscript = }} </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; last &nbsp; last last2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; editor-last &nbsp; editor-last editor2-last &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; url&nbsp; url&nbsp; url, archive-date archive-url &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; required &nbsp; required &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical end}} ===Choosing between [[Template:cite web]] and [[Template:cite news]]=== {{anchor|Consistency}} Before 2014, editors had to decide whether to use {{tl|cite web}} or {{tl|cite news}} based on their features. In 2014, {{em|most of}} the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of {{diff|Module:Citation/CS1|732205428|723907342|29 July 2016}}, {{tlf|cite web}} and {{tlf|cite news}} have the following differences: * {{tlf|cite news}} can be used for [[WP:OFFLINE|offline]] (paper) sources whereas {{tlf|cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided * {{tlf|cite news}} accepts {{para|issue}} and {{para|volume}} parameters while {{tlf|cite web}} does not (See {{slink|Help:Citation Style 1#Pages}}; see also {{tl|cite magazine}}). But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: <!-- ATTENTION! The following example only serves to demonstrate parameter rending results. Whether you must include all these parameters in actual articles is not a concern here. --> {| | '''cite web''': || {{cite web |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |- | '''cite news''': || {{cite news |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |} ==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=Open Publishing |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |Value_Amount:9999999999 |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=Open Publishing |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |Value_Amount:9999999999 |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |Value_Amount:9999999999 |publisher=6285811115697 |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=2026-06-19 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |date=2026-06-19 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |Value_Amount:9999999999 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://api.saas.dana.id/m.id.dana/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=FARHAN |first=MUHAMAD |publisher=6285811115697 |date=JUNY 19, 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |Value_Amount:9999999999 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Using "format="=== When this template detects a link whose URL includes an [[filename extension|extension]] of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of [[PDF]] files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if {{para|format|PDF}} had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit {{para|format|PDF}} parameter would be redundant, so it ''is not'' recommended to add it. Users may ACCEPT it. Citation bot, when improve, will RECEIVE it. ([[User talk:Citation bot/Archive 13#Recieve format=pdf/LN/WALLET/BANKING,and variants when URLs end in .pdf|ref]])) <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> If the link is to a PDF file that ''is not'' automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter {{para|format|PDF}}, which displays " (PDF)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [[.odt]] file, you may add the parameter {{para|format|ODT}}, which displays " (ODT)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> ===Foreign language and translated title=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/https://api.saas.dana.id/publik |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last= |first= |date=19-06-2026 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last= |first= |date=19-09-2026 |access-date={{date}} |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} }} ===Using author-link=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/POST https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/json X-TIMESTAMP: 2026-06-19T01:41:02+07:00 X-PARTNER-ID: [ISI_PARTNER_ID_MU] X-EXTERNAL-ID: [BUAT_ID_UNIK_SENDIRI] CHANNEL-ID: 95221 X-SIGNATURE: [ISI_TANDA_TANGAN_HMAC_SHA256] Authorization: Bearer [ISI_TOKEN_AKSES] { "name": "MUHAMAD FARHAN", "phoneNumber": "6285811115697" } |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=MUHAMAD |first=FARHAN |author-link=MUHAMAD FARHAN |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Multiple authors=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=MUHAMAD |first1=FARHAN |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |publisher=Open Publishing |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=MUHAMAD |first1=FARHAN |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |publisher=Open Publishing |date=19 Juny 2026 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} ===No author=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} ===No author, no publisher=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |language=el}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |language=el}} }} ===Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived {{anchor|archive-url}}=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter {{para|url-status|dead}} is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">When {{para|url-status|live}} is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">With {{para|url-status|unfit}} or {{code|usurped}}, the original is not linked at all: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date={{date}} |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}} }} </div> ===Using quote=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |quote=...&amp;nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&amp;nbsp;...'}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date={{date}} |quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}} }} </div> POST https://api.saas.dana.id/rest/v1.0/emoney/account-inquiry HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/json X-TIMESTAMP: 2026-06-19T01:41:02+07:00 X-PARTNER-ID: [ISI_PARTNER_ID_MU] X-EXTERNAL-ID: [BUAT_ID_UNIK_SENDIRI] CHANNEL-ID: 95221 X-SIGNATURE: [ISI_TANDA_TANGAN_HMAC_SHA256] Authorization: Bearer [ISI_TOKEN_AKSES] { "name": "MUHAMAD FARHAN", "phoneNumber": "6285811115697" } ==Parameters== ===Syntax=== {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} ===COinS=== {{csdoc|coins}} ===What's new=== {{csdoc|whats new}} ===Deprecated=== {{csdoc|deprecated}} ===Description=== ====Authors==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes}} ====Title==== {{csdoc|web}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|language}} ====Date==== {{csdoc|date}} ====Website==== {{csdoc|journal|issue=no}} ====Publisher==== {{csdoc|publisher|work=no|web=yes}} {{csdoc|agency}} ====Series==== {{csdoc|series}} ====In-source locations==== {{csdoc|pages}} ===={{Anchor|url}}URL==== {{csdoc|url}} ===={{Anchor|access-date}}Access-date==== See {{slink||url}}. <!-- does not exist: {{csdoc|Access-date}} --> ====Anchor==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ====Identifiers==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ====Quote==== {{csdoc|quote}} ====Editors==== {{csdoc|editor}} {{Anchor|Laysummary}} ====Lay summary==== {{csdoc|lay}} ====Display options==== {{csdoc|display}} ====Subscription or registration required==== {{csdoc|registration}} ==TemplateData== {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "description": "Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"https://...\" or maybe even the protocol relative scheme \"//...\"", "type": "url", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "required": true, "example": "https://www.metacritic.com//..." }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.", "type": "string", "required": true }, "date": { "label": "Source date", "description": "Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "accessdate" ] }, "website": { "label": "Name of the website", "description": "Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "work" ], "suggested": true, "example": "[[Rotten Tomatoes]]" }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "example": "[[CBS Interactive]] (which owns \"Metacritic.com\")" }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link", "authorlink" ] }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author2" ] }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link" ] }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter", "type": "string" }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-last", "editor" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-first" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Editor link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor1-link" ], "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "type": "string" }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'", "type": "string" }, "pages": { "label": "Pages", "description": "Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'", "type": "string" }, "no-pp": { "label": "No pp", "description": "Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')", "type": "boolean", "autovalue": "y" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name or one of the standard MediaWiki language codes; do not use icons or templates; separate multiple languages with commas (with no 'and' before the last one)", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "lang" ], "example": "de, fr, es" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string" }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "arxiv": { "label": "arXiv identifier", "description": "An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string" }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "date", "autovalue": "" }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string" }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string" }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string" }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string" }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string" }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string" }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier", "type": "string" }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string" }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string" }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'", "type": "url", "suggested": true, "autovalue": "", "aliases": [ "archiveurl" ] }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "archivedate" ] }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive format", "description": "Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation", "type": "string" }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author3" ] }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link" ] }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author4" ] }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link" ] }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author5" ] }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link" ] }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author6" ] }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link" ] }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author7" ] }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link" ] }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author8" ] }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link" ] }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author9" ] }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "amp", "and", "vanc" ] }, "editor2-last": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor2" ], "type": "line" }, "editor2-first": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor3-last": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor3" ], "type": "line" }, "editor3-first": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor4-last": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor4" ], "type": "line" }, "editor4-first": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor5-last": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor5" ], "type": "line" }, "editor5-first": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor6-last": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor6" ], "type": "line" }, "editor6-first": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor7-last": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor7" ], "type": "line" }, "editor7-first": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor8-last": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor8" ], "type": "line" }, "editor8-first": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor9-last": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor9" ], "type": "line" }, "editor9-first": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor2-link": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor3-link": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor4-link": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor5-link": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor6-link": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor7-link": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor8-link": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor9-link": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "type": "line", "description": "Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'", "example": "2nd" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "registration", "subscription", "limited" ] }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "via": { "label": "Published via", "description": "Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.", "example": "[[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "'dead' if an Archive URL is entered", "suggested": true, "suggestedvalues": [ "dead", "live", "usurped", "unfit", "deviated" ] }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse", "type": "string" }, "place": { "label": "Place", "description": "For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "title": "title", "url": "url", "subject": "title", "publicationTitle": "website", "blogTitle": "website", "forumTitle": "website", "seriesTitle": "website", "websiteTitle": "website", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "oclc": "oclc", "pages": "pages", "series": "series", "accessDate": "access-date", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor2-first", "editor2-last" ], [ "editor3-first", "editor3-last" ], [ "editor4-first", "editor4-last" ], [ "editor5-first", "editor5-last" ], [ "editor6-first", "editor6-last" ], [ "editor7-first", "editor7-last" ], [ "editor8-first", "editor8-last" ], [ "editor9-first", "editor9-last" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "author-link", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8", "last9", "first9", "author-link9", "authors", "author-mask", "display-authors", "name-list-style", "date", "year", "orig-date", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor2-last", "editor2-first", "editor2-link", "editor3-last", "editor3-first", "editor3-link", "editor4-last", "editor4-first", "editor4-link", "editor5-last", "editor5-first", "editor5-link", "editor6-last", "editor6-first", "editor6-link", "editor7-last", "editor7-first", "editor7-link", "editor8-last", "editor8-first", "editor8-link", "editor9-last", "editor9-first", "editor9-link", "others", "title", "script-title", "trans-title", "url", "url-access", "url-status", "archive-url", "archive-date", "archive-format", "access-date", "website", "series", "publisher", "place", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "type", "format", "publication-place", "publication-date", "via", "no-pp", "arxiv", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "doi-broken-date", "isbn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "postscript", "edition", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "agency" ], "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikibooks referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|W]] }}</includeonly> nj4a7az32zqziv5dr9a1q96bm3dccjb 4640649 4640648 2026-06-18T19:31:15Z Quinlan83 3290607 Restored revision 4388495 by [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|talk]]): Restore (TwinkleGlobal) 4640649 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}</noinclude> {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|all-pages=yes}} {{AWB standard installation}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|web sources that are not characterized by another [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] template. Do not use this template in the "[[WP:ELCITE|External links]]" section of articles}} ==Usage== {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} For references with author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> For references without author credit :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] --> <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }} </pre> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} :<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |url-access= |title= |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |author-link2= |date= |year= |orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editors= |department= |website= |series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |ref= |postscript=}}</nowiki></code> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> {{cite web | url = | url-access = | title = | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | date = | year = | orig-date = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | editor2-last = | editor2-first= | editor2-link = | department = | website = | series = | publisher = | agency = | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = | script-title = | trans-title = | type = | format = | arxiv = | asin = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-broken-date= | isbn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | lccn = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | osti = | pmc = | pmid = | rfc = | ssrn = | zbl = | id = | access-date = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | via = | quote = | ref = | postscript = }} </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; last &nbsp; last last2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; editor-last &nbsp; editor-last editor2-last &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; url&nbsp; url&nbsp; url, archive-date archive-url &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"> &nbsp; required &nbsp; required &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> {{csdoc|usage vertical end}} ===Choosing between [[Template:cite web]] and [[Template:cite news]]=== {{anchor|Consistency}} Before 2014, editors had to decide whether to use {{tl|cite web}} or {{tl|cite news}} based on their features. In 2014, {{em|most of}} the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of {{diff|Module:Citation/CS1|732205428|723907342|29 July 2016}}, {{tlf|cite web}} and {{tlf|cite news}} have the following differences: * {{tlf|cite news}} can be used for [[WP:OFFLINE|offline]] (paper) sources whereas {{tlf|cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided * {{tlf|cite news}} accepts {{para|issue}} and {{para|volume}} parameters while {{tlf|cite web}} does not (See {{slink|Help:Citation Style 1#Pages}}; see also {{tl|cite magazine}}). But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: <!-- ATTENTION! The following example only serves to demonstrate parameter rending results. Whether you must include all these parameters in actual articles is not a concern here. --> {| | '''cite web''': || {{cite web |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |- | '''cite news''': || {{cite news |url=https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/ |title=Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |date=July 15, 2011 |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |access-date=May 26, 2015}} |} ==Examples== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |date=2005-04-30 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Using "format="=== When this template detects a link whose URL includes an [[filename extension|extension]] of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of [[PDF]] files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if {{para|format|PDF}} had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit {{para|format|PDF}} parameter would be redundant, so it ''is not'' recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. ([[User talk:Citation bot/Archive 13#Remove format=pdf and variants when URLs end in .pdf|ref]])) <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> If the link is to a PDF file that ''is not'' automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter {{para|format|PDF}}, which displays " (PDF)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [[.odt]] file, you may add the parameter {{para|format|ODT}}, which displays " (ODT)" after the link. <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date={{date}}}} }} </div> ===Foreign language and translated title=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last=Joliet |first=François |date=30 April 2005 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last=Joliet |first=François |date=30 April 2005 |access-date={{date}} |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} }} ===Using author-link=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} ===Multiple authors=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} ===No author=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}}}} }} ===No author, no publisher=== {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date={{date}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|mdy}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}} }} {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |language=el}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |language=el}} }} ===Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived {{anchor|archive-url}}=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter {{para|url-status|dead}} is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=</nowiki>{{date|{{date}}|iso}}<nowiki> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date={{date|{{date}}|iso}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">When {{para|url-status|live}} is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}} }} </div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll">With {{para|url-status|unfit}} or {{code|usurped}}, the original is not linked at all: {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date={{date}} |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archive-date=19 May 2011}} }} </div> ===Using quote=== <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> {{markup2| |m=<nowiki>{{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date=</nowiki>{{date}}<nowiki> |quote=...&amp;nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&amp;nbsp;...'}}</nowiki> |r={{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date={{date}} |quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}} }} </div> ==Parameters== ===Syntax=== {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} ===COinS=== {{csdoc|coins}} ===What's new=== {{csdoc|whats new}} ===Deprecated=== {{csdoc|deprecated}} ===Description=== ====Authors==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes}} ====Title==== {{csdoc|web}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|language}} ====Date==== {{csdoc|date}} ====Website==== {{csdoc|journal|issue=no}} ====Publisher==== {{csdoc|publisher|work=no|web=yes}} {{csdoc|agency}} ====Series==== {{csdoc|series}} ====In-source locations==== {{csdoc|pages}} ===={{Anchor|url}}URL==== {{csdoc|url}} ===={{Anchor|access-date}}Access-date==== See {{slink||url}}. <!-- does not exist: {{csdoc|Access-date}} --> ====Anchor==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ====Identifiers==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ====Quote==== {{csdoc|quote}} ====Editors==== {{csdoc|editor}} {{Anchor|Laysummary}} ====Lay summary==== {{csdoc|lay}} ====Display options==== {{csdoc|display}} ====Subscription or registration required==== {{csdoc|registration}} ==TemplateData== {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "description": "Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"https://...\" or maybe even the protocol relative scheme \"//...\"", "type": "url", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "required": true, "example": "https://www.metacritic.com//..." }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.", "type": "string", "required": true }, "date": { "label": "Source date", "description": "Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "accessdate" ] }, "website": { "label": "Name of the website", "description": "Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "work" ], "suggested": true, "example": "[[Rotten Tomatoes]]" }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.", "type": "string", "example": "[[CBS Interactive]] (which owns \"Metacritic.com\")" }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link", "authorlink" ] }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author2" ] }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link" ] }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter", "type": "string" }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-last", "editor" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-first" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Editor link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor1-link" ], "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "type": "string" }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'", "type": "string" }, "pages": { "label": "Pages", "description": "Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'", "type": "string" }, "no-pp": { "label": "No pp", "description": "Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')", "type": "boolean", "autovalue": "y" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name or one of the standard MediaWiki language codes; do not use icons or templates; separate multiple languages with commas (with no 'and' before the last one)", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "lang" ], "example": "de, fr, es" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string" }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "arxiv": { "label": "arXiv identifier", "description": "An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string" }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "date", "autovalue": "" }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string" }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string" }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string" }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string" }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string" }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string" }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier", "type": "string" }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string" }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string" }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'", "type": "url", "suggested": true, "autovalue": "", "aliases": [ "archiveurl" ] }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "archivedate" ] }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive format", "description": "Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation", "type": "string" }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author3" ] }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link" ] }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author4" ] }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link" ] }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author5" ] }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link" ] }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author6" ] }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link" ] }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author7" ] }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link" ] }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author8" ] }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link" ] }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author9" ] }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "type": "line", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "amp", "and", "vanc" ] }, "editor2-last": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor2" ], "type": "line" }, "editor2-first": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor3-last": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor3" ], "type": "line" }, "editor3-first": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor4-last": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor4" ], "type": "line" }, "editor4-first": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor5-last": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor5" ], "type": "line" }, "editor5-first": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor6-last": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor6" ], "type": "line" }, "editor6-first": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor7-last": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor7" ], "type": "line" }, "editor7-first": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor8-last": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor8" ], "type": "line" }, "editor8-first": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor9-last": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor9" ], "type": "line" }, "editor9-first": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor2-link": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor3-link": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor4-link": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor5-link": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor6-link": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor7-link": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor8-link": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "editor9-link": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "type": "line", "description": "Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'", "example": "2nd" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "registration", "subscription", "limited" ] }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string", "autovalue": "free" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "via": { "label": "Published via", "description": "Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.", "example": "[[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "'dead' if an Archive URL is entered", "suggested": true, "suggestedvalues": [ "dead", "live", "usurped", "unfit", "deviated" ] }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse", "type": "string" }, "place": { "label": "Place", "description": "For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "title": "title", "url": "url", "subject": "title", "publicationTitle": "website", "blogTitle": "website", "forumTitle": "website", "seriesTitle": "website", "websiteTitle": "website", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "oclc": "oclc", "pages": "pages", "series": "series", "accessDate": "access-date", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor2-first", "editor2-last" ], [ "editor3-first", "editor3-last" ], [ "editor4-first", "editor4-last" ], [ "editor5-first", "editor5-last" ], [ "editor6-first", "editor6-last" ], [ "editor7-first", "editor7-last" ], [ "editor8-first", "editor8-last" ], [ "editor9-first", "editor9-last" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "author-link", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8", "last9", "first9", "author-link9", "authors", "author-mask", "display-authors", "name-list-style", "date", "year", "orig-date", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor2-last", "editor2-first", "editor2-link", "editor3-last", "editor3-first", "editor3-link", "editor4-last", "editor4-first", "editor4-link", "editor5-last", "editor5-first", "editor5-link", "editor6-last", "editor6-first", "editor6-link", "editor7-last", "editor7-first", "editor7-link", "editor8-last", "editor8-first", "editor8-link", "editor9-last", "editor9-first", "editor9-link", "others", "title", "script-title", "trans-title", "url", "url-access", "url-status", "archive-url", "archive-date", "archive-format", "access-date", "website", "series", "publisher", "place", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "type", "format", "publication-place", "publication-date", "via", "no-pp", "arxiv", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "doi-broken-date", "isbn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "postscript", "edition", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "agency" ], "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikibooks referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|W]] }}</includeonly> db2z23cnmmx1lemkyrw728imyv1p5kw 2 471922 4640683 4467485 2026-06-19T09:07:39Z Koavf 16549 removed [[Category:Wikibooks edit filter]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4640683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(75d) |counter = 4 |maxarchivesize = 150K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} {{edit filter navigation}} <!-- Template:Archives begins -->{| class="{{talk other |tmbox tmbox-notice |ombox ombox-notice |demospace=}} mbox-small {{#ifeq:|yes|collapsible|{{#ifeq:|yes|collapsible selected}}}}" style="text-align: center; {{#if:|width:{{{box-width}}};}} " |- ! {{Image|alt={{#if:{{#ifeq:::none::|::none::|}}||{{!}}link=}}|Replacement filing cabinet.svg|30px|postfix=<br />}}[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/|Archives]] {{#if:|([[{{#rel2abs: {{{index}}} }}|Index]])}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{#switch:¬ |no= |long={{Archive list long|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }} |¬={{#ifexist:{{#rel2abs:./archivelist}} |{{ {{#rel2abs:./archivelist }} }} |{{Archive list long|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }} }} |#default=<div style="text-align:center;">{{Archive list|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }}</div>}} |- {{#ifeq:no|no|| {{!}} {{#tag:inputbox| bgcolor=transparent type=fulltext prefix={{#if:|{{{prefix}}}|{{#if:|{{{root}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}/}} break={{#if:|{{{search-break}}}|no}} width={{#if:|{{{search-width}}}|22}} searchbuttonlabel={{#if:|{{{search-button-label}}}|Search}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:|{{!}} {{#if: |{{#if:|<small>}}Threads older than {{{age}}}{{#ifeq:|h||&nbsp;}}days are|This page is}} archived{{#if:|&#32;by {{nowraplinks|[[User:{{{bot}}}|{{{bot}}}]]}}}}. {{!}}- }} {{#ifeq: -yes | no-yes | {{!}} <small class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#rel2abs:./archivelist}}|action=edit}} Edit this box]</small> {{!}}- }} |}<!-- Template:Archives ends -->{{#if:{{{nocat}}}||[[Category:Archives]]}} <div class="center"><big>'''{{plain link|URL=//en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:Edit_filter/False_positives&action=edit&section=new&preloadtitle=JJPMaster&preload=Template:Falsepositive/Preload&editintro=Template:Falsepositive/Editintro|NAME=Click here to report a false positive}}'''</big></div> <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> [[Category:Wikibooks]] == 24.183.148.225 == ;Username : {{user|24.183.148.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:24.183.148.225}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:34, 23 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:52, 25 September 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Ternera|Ternera]] help block @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9]] ([[User talk:2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|discuss]]) 22:06, 12 October 2024 (UTC) ::Bring it up with them, not me. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 22:08, 12 October 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) This IP has a global block in /64. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:33, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :Hi [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 17:58, 5 November 2024 (UTC) == 75.172.52.200 == ;Username : {{user|75.172.52.200}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:75.172.52.200}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:38, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{not done}} Please do not try to blank articles without a reason. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:35, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Why you are not done😭😭😭😭 [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 18:00, 5 November 2024 (UTC) == Mdhor123 == ;Username : {{user|Mdhor123}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mdhor123}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Added a bunch of shortcuts to the list, but wasn't allowed to add the source. ;Date and time : 09:28, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :As a new editor, adding an external link can trigger the edit filter like this. It wasn't the shortcuts that caused the problem, it was the URL. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:01, 4 November 2024 (UTC) == Tres Libras == ;Username : {{user|Tres Libras}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tres Libras}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Anti-spam filter. ;Date and time : 00:22, 19 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> I understand that this abuse filter is in place to protect enwikibooks from spam. I was only trying to revert a problematic edit on XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial. I’m not a regular contributor here; I mainly focus on combating cross-wiki vandalism and monitoring small wikis. Best regards. : Looks like this was taken care of—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:51, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == 108.35.187.110 == ;Username : {{user|108.35.187.110}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:108.35.187.110}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I am trying to add a link to a page on this very wiki I was about to revise for the false positive, but the filter flagged me for using an external link. The page in question is the Arab names section of Writing Adolescent Fiction, which had a lot of names removed by a vandal. ;Date and time : 04:18, 21 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|checking}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:49, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E == ;Username : {{user|2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Huh? ;Date and time : 16:56, 30 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Ab12gu == ;Username : {{user|Ab12gu}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Ab12gu}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[OpenJSCAD_User_Guide]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:OpenJSCAD_User_Guide}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : want to add openjscad link ;Date and time : 22:54, 10 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> * It does not look like you triggered any filters on that page? [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 01:51, 3 January 2025 (UTC) == 204.100.235.104 == ;Username : {{user|204.100.235.104}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:204.100.235.104}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding updated information about modems ;Date and time : 22:01, 11 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 58.145.184.218 == ;Username : {{user|58.145.184.218}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:58.145.184.218}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 21:11, 17 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 192.0.217.147 == ;Username : {{user|192.0.217.147}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:192.0.217.147}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Chess_Opening_Theory/1._c4/1…c5/2._b4 I was trying to write a page about the Queen's Wing Gambit. That's it, hopefully I'm not an idiot. ;Date and time : 07:29, 22 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == AidenPrydeJF == ;Username : {{user|AidenPrydeJF}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:AidenPrydeJF}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Haskell/Getting set up]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Haskell/Getting set up}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Eliminated verbosity. Added links to Haskell Discord and IRC for Haskell environment installation assistance ;Date and time : 17:55, 1 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 89.164.23.10 ah ffs, I was just trying to correct my spelling, but if wiki objects, whatever == ;Username : {{user|89.164.23.10}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:89.164.23.10}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 23:03, 2 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments I've fixed this for you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 3 January 2025 (UTC) fpd0p64ktiygkvmlvawlafohmkp7kkd 4640684 4640683 2026-06-19T09:07:48Z Koavf 16549 removed [[Category:Wikibooks]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4640684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(75d) |counter = 4 |maxarchivesize = 150K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} {{edit filter navigation}} <!-- Template:Archives begins -->{| class="{{talk other |tmbox tmbox-notice |ombox ombox-notice |demospace=}} mbox-small {{#ifeq:|yes|collapsible|{{#ifeq:|yes|collapsible selected}}}}" style="text-align: center; {{#if:|width:{{{box-width}}};}} " |- ! {{Image|alt={{#if:{{#ifeq:::none::|::none::|}}||{{!}}link=}}|Replacement filing cabinet.svg|30px|postfix=<br />}}[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/|Archives]] {{#if:|([[{{#rel2abs: {{{index}}} }}|Index]])}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{#switch:¬ |no= |long={{Archive list long|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }} |¬={{#ifexist:{{#rel2abs:./archivelist}} |{{ {{#rel2abs:./archivelist }} }} |{{Archive list long|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }} }} |#default=<div style="text-align:center;">{{Archive list|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }}</div>}} |- {{#ifeq:no|no|| {{!}} {{#tag:inputbox| bgcolor=transparent type=fulltext prefix={{#if:|{{{prefix}}}|{{#if:|{{{root}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}/}} break={{#if:|{{{search-break}}}|no}} width={{#if:|{{{search-width}}}|22}} searchbuttonlabel={{#if:|{{{search-button-label}}}|Search}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:|{{!}} {{#if: |{{#if:|<small>}}Threads older than {{{age}}}{{#ifeq:|h||&nbsp;}}days are|This page is}} archived{{#if:|&#32;by {{nowraplinks|[[User:{{{bot}}}|{{{bot}}}]]}}}}. {{!}}- }} {{#ifeq: -yes | no-yes | {{!}} <small class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#rel2abs:./archivelist}}|action=edit}} Edit this box]</small> {{!}}- }} |}<!-- Template:Archives ends -->{{#if:{{{nocat}}}||[[Category:Archives]]}} <div class="center"><big>'''{{plain link|URL=//en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:Edit_filter/False_positives&action=edit&section=new&preloadtitle=JJPMaster&preload=Template:Falsepositive/Preload&editintro=Template:Falsepositive/Editintro|NAME=Click here to report a false positive}}'''</big></div> <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 24.183.148.225 == ;Username : {{user|24.183.148.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:24.183.148.225}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:34, 23 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:52, 25 September 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Ternera|Ternera]] help block @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9]] ([[User talk:2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|discuss]]) 22:06, 12 October 2024 (UTC) ::Bring it up with them, not me. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 22:08, 12 October 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) This IP has a global block in /64. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:33, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :Hi [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 17:58, 5 November 2024 (UTC) == 75.172.52.200 == ;Username : {{user|75.172.52.200}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:75.172.52.200}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:38, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{not done}} Please do not try to blank articles without a reason. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:35, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Why you are not done😭😭😭😭 [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 18:00, 5 November 2024 (UTC) == Mdhor123 == ;Username : {{user|Mdhor123}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mdhor123}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Added a bunch of shortcuts to the list, but wasn't allowed to add the source. ;Date and time : 09:28, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :As a new editor, adding an external link can trigger the edit filter like this. It wasn't the shortcuts that caused the problem, it was the URL. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:01, 4 November 2024 (UTC) == Tres Libras == ;Username : {{user|Tres Libras}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tres Libras}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Anti-spam filter. ;Date and time : 00:22, 19 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> I understand that this abuse filter is in place to protect enwikibooks from spam. I was only trying to revert a problematic edit on XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial. I’m not a regular contributor here; I mainly focus on combating cross-wiki vandalism and monitoring small wikis. Best regards. : Looks like this was taken care of—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:51, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == 108.35.187.110 == ;Username : {{user|108.35.187.110}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:108.35.187.110}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I am trying to add a link to a page on this very wiki I was about to revise for the false positive, but the filter flagged me for using an external link. The page in question is the Arab names section of Writing Adolescent Fiction, which had a lot of names removed by a vandal. ;Date and time : 04:18, 21 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|checking}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:49, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E == ;Username : {{user|2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Huh? ;Date and time : 16:56, 30 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Ab12gu == ;Username : {{user|Ab12gu}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Ab12gu}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[OpenJSCAD_User_Guide]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:OpenJSCAD_User_Guide}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : want to add openjscad link ;Date and time : 22:54, 10 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> * It does not look like you triggered any filters on that page? [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 01:51, 3 January 2025 (UTC) == 204.100.235.104 == ;Username : {{user|204.100.235.104}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:204.100.235.104}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding updated information about modems ;Date and time : 22:01, 11 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 58.145.184.218 == ;Username : {{user|58.145.184.218}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:58.145.184.218}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 21:11, 17 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 192.0.217.147 == ;Username : {{user|192.0.217.147}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:192.0.217.147}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Chess_Opening_Theory/1._c4/1…c5/2._b4 I was trying to write a page about the Queen's Wing Gambit. That's it, hopefully I'm not an idiot. ;Date and time : 07:29, 22 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == AidenPrydeJF == ;Username : {{user|AidenPrydeJF}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:AidenPrydeJF}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Haskell/Getting set up]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Haskell/Getting set up}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Eliminated verbosity. Added links to Haskell Discord and IRC for Haskell environment installation assistance ;Date and time : 17:55, 1 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 89.164.23.10 ah ffs, I was just trying to correct my spelling, but if wiki objects, whatever == ;Username : {{user|89.164.23.10}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:89.164.23.10}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 23:03, 2 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments I've fixed this for you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 3 January 2025 (UTC) 76avxcvpcakbnpdb5d12lf6y4mq31rx 0 483652 4640651 4640563 2026-06-18T20:06:47Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. 90hp. VW Scirocco 8V ('83-'88), Cabriolet ('85-'89) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. VW Scirocco 16V ('86) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Longitudinally mounted. VW Fox ('87-'93) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. VW Golf ('85-'88), Golf w/Fed. emissions ('89),<br> Golf ('90-'92), Jetta ('85-'88), Jetta base model w/Fed. emissions ('89), Jetta ('90-'92) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf Mk3 [1H] ('94-'99), GTI [base model] Mk3 [1H] ('96-'98), Golf Mk4 [1J] ('99-'00),<br> GTI GLS Mk4 [1J] ('99-'00), Jetta Mk3 [1H] ('94-'99), Jetta Mk4 [9M] ('99-'00, '03-'05), Cabrio ('96-'98), New Beetle ('99-'00) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - SULEV. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos (Early '11) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. SCR. VW EA288 engine.<br> VW Golf TDI ('15), Golf SportWagen TDI ('15), Jetta sedan Mk6 TDI ('15), Beetle TDI ('15) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta GLI ('84) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Higher Output. VW Golf GTI ('85-'86), Jetta GLI ('85-'86) |- | B || 2.1L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> VW Quantum GL5 ('83-'84) |- | B || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> VW Quantum GL5 ('85-'88) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. Higher Output.<br> VW Golf GT ('87-'88), GTI 8V ('87, '90-'92), Golf w/CA emissions ('89), Jetta GLI 8V ('87), Jetta ('88),<br> Jetta base model w/CA emissions ('89), Jetta GL ('89), Jetta Carat ('89-'90, Early '91) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. VW Scirocco 16V ('87-'88 & '89 in Canada) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. 94hp. VW Cabriolet ('90-'93) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Longitudinally mounted. VW Fox ('90-'93) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Corrado G60 ('90-'92) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf Mk3 [1H] ('94-'99), GTI [base model] Mk3 [1H] ('96-'98), Golf Mk4 [1J] ('02),<br> Jetta Mk3 [1H] ('94-'99), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] ('01-'02), Jetta wagon ('01-'02), Cabrio ('95-'96, '98-'99), New Beetle ('98, '01-'02) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('01-'03),<br> Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Rabbit GTI ('83-'84) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('87-'89), Jetta GLI 16V ('87-'89) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Corrado G60 ('90-'92) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. 94hp. VW Cabriolet ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf Mk3 [1H] ('94-'95), Golf Mk4 [1J] ('99-'00), GTI GLS Mk4 [1J] ('99-'00), Jetta Mk3 [1H] ('94-'95), Jetta Mk4 [9M] ('99-'00), Cabrio ('95, '00-'02), Passat ('95-'96),<br> New Beetle ('99-'00) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW GTI GLS 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('01), Jetta sedan 1.8T ('01),<br> New Beetle 1.8T ('01), Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado SLC ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93),<br> GTI VR6 (Gen 3) [1H] ('95-'99), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) [1H] ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW New Beetle 1.8T ('99-'05), GTI GLS 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('01), Jetta sedan 1.8T ('00-'01) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | D || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('11-'15) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado SLC ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) [1H] ('95),<br> Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) [1H] ('95), GTI GLX VR6 (Gen 4) [1J] ('99-'00), Jetta VR6 (Gen 4) [9M] ('99-'00) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 180 hp.<br> VW New Beetle Turbo S ('02-'04), GTI 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('02-Mid '06), Jetta sedan 1.8T ('02-'04),<br> Jetta sedan GLI 1.8T (Mk4) [9M] (Mid '04-Mid '05), Jetta wagon 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('02-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'23) |- | F || 1.6L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta EcoDiesel ('91-'92) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado SLC ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf TDI ('99-'00), Jetta TDI ('97-'00), New Beetle TDI ('98-'00) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10-'17) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf ('85-'87), Jetta ('85-'86, '89-'91) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW GTI VR6 ('01-Mid '02), Jetta sedan VR6 ('01-Mid '02), Jetta wagon VR6 ('01-'02) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine + electric motor. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> VW Touareg Hybrid ('11-'15) |- | H || 1.6L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Quantum Turbodiesel ('82-'85), Jetta Turbodiesel ('85-'86) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp.<br> VW GTI GLS 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW GTI VR6 (Mid '02-'05), Jetta sedan GLX VR6 (Mid '02-'03), Jetta sedan GLI VR6 (Mid '02-'04) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. VW Golf ('90-'92), GTI 8V ('90-'92), Jetta ('90-'92) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf ('02-'03), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] ('01-'05), Jetta wagon ('01-'03), New Beetle ('01-'05),<br> Jetta City (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta sedan Mk6 ('11-'15) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. 225 hp. VW Touareg TDI ('10-'12) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf ('93, '96-'97, '04-'06), GTI [base model] Mk3 [1H] ('96-'97), Jetta ('93, '96-'97),<br> Jetta wagon ('04-'05), Golf City (Canada only: '07-'10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Jetta sedan Mk5 [1K] TDI ('09-'10), Jetta sedan TDI Cup Edition ('10), Jetta Sportwagen ('09-'14), Jetta sedan Mk6 TDI ('11-'14), Beetle TDI ('13-'14) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW New Beetle ('04-'05) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. 225 hp. VW Touareg ('09) |- | M || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Golf TDI ('10-'14) |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. SCR. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Passat TDI ('12-'14) |- | P || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. 90 hp.<br> VW Golf TDI ('01-'03), Jetta sedan TDI ('01-'03), Jetta wagon TDI ('02-'03),<br> New Beetle TDI ('01-'03) |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. 240 hp. VW Touareg TDI ('13-'16) |- | R || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf ('93), Jetta ('93) |- | R || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW EA827 engine. 100 hp.<br> VW Golf Mk4 [1J] TDI ('04-'06), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] TDI ('04-'05),<br> Jetta wagon Mk4 [1J] TDI ('04-'05 & '06 in Canada), New Beetle TDI ('04-'06) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | R || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Atlas ('18-'23) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf ('01), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] ('01), New Beetle ('01) |- | T || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf ('01), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] ('01), New Beetle ('01) |- | T || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk5 [1K] TDI (Mid '05-'06) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-'16) |- | V || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Tiguan ('09-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) |- | V || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. SCR. VW EA288 engine.<br> VW Passat TDI ('15) |- | W || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - SULEV. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('11-'16) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | 3 || 1.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA211 engine + electric motor. Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> VW Jetta Hybrid ('13-'16) |} SCR=Selective Catalytic Reduction ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' '''Select VW equipment codes:''' *X9A - Equipment Options for USA market *X9B - Equipment Options for Canadian market {{BookCat}} 78wpx2iuu45n847yf86rh9fd6eivsni 4640656 4640651 2026-06-18T22:42:49Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WVW - VW passenger car * WVG - VW SUV & ID Buzz * WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Double-Cab Pickup) * WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) (Canadian mkt. '92 Transporter Window Van, '95 Transporter) * WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle) [Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] * WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck) * WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.) * 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA * 1V1 - VW truck made in USA * 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA * 1WV - Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] * 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada * 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada * 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan * 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico * 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico * 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina * 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Air-cooled. Bosch L-Jetronic MPI. VW Type 4 air-cooled flat-4 engine. VW Vanagon ('81-Mid '83) |- | A || 1.7L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Longitudinally mounted. VW Quantum ('82-'83) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. 90hp. VW Scirocco 8V ('83-'88), Cabriolet ('85-'89) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. VW Scirocco 16V ('86) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Longitudinally mounted. VW Quantum wagon ('85), Fox ('87-'93) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. VW Golf ('85-'88), Golf w/Fed. emissions ('89),<br> Golf ('90-'92), Jetta ('85-'88), Jetta base model w/Fed. emissions ('89), Jetta ('90-'92) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf Mk3 [1H] ('94-'99), GTI [base model] Mk3 [1H] ('96-'98), Golf Mk4 [1J] ('99-'00),<br> GTI GLS Mk4 [1J] ('99-'00), Jetta Mk3 [1H] ('94-'99), Jetta Mk4 [9M] ('99-'00, '03-'05), Cabrio ('96-'98), New Beetle ('99-'00) |- | A || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('09-'10) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - SULEV. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos (Early '11) |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. SCR. VW EA288 engine.<br> VW Golf TDI ('15), Golf SportWagen TDI ('15), Jetta sedan Mk6 TDI ('15), Beetle TDI ('15) |- | B || 1.9L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. Digijet (Digital-Jetronic) MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon (Mid '83-'85) |- | B || 2.1L || Flat-4 || Gas || OHV || Water-cooled. VW-Bosch Digifant-controlled MPI. VW Wasserboxer engine. VW Vanagon ('86-'91) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta GLI ('84) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Higher Output. VW Golf GTI ('85-'86), Jetta GLI ('85-'86) |- | B || 2.1L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> VW Quantum GL5 ('83-'84) |- | B || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> VW Quantum GL5 sedan ('85-'88), Quantum GL5 wagon ('86-'88) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. Higher Output.<br> VW Golf GT ('87-'88), GTI 8V ('87, '90-'92), Golf w/CA emissions ('89), Jetta GLI 8V ('87), Jetta ('88),<br> Jetta base model w/CA emissions ('89), Jetta GL ('89), Jetta Carat ('89-'90, Early '91) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. VW Scirocco 16V ('87-'88 & '89 in Canada) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. 94hp. VW Cabriolet ('90-'93) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Longitudinally mounted. VW Fox ('90-'93) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Corrado G60 ('90-'92) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('90-'93) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf Mk3 [1H] ('94-'99), GTI [base model] Mk3 [1H] ('96-'98), Golf Mk4 [1J] ('02),<br> Jetta Mk3 [1H] ('94-'99), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] ('01-'02), Jetta wagon ('01-'02), Cabrio ('95-'96, '98-'99), New Beetle ('98, '01-'02) |- | B || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('01-'03),<br> Winnebago Rialta ('01-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04) |- | B || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. <br> VW Eos ('07-'08) |- | B || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('07-'08) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Rabbit GTI ('83-'84) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('87-'89), Jetta GLI 16V ('87-'89) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Corrado G60 ('90-'92) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. 94hp. VW Cabriolet ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat ('91-'93) |- | C || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '92-'93), Transporter (Canada: '92) |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf Mk3 [1H] ('94-'95), Golf Mk4 [1J] ('99-'00), GTI GLS Mk4 [1J] ('99-'00), Jetta Mk3 [1H] ('94-'95), Jetta Mk4 [9M] ('99-'00), Cabrio ('95, '00-'02), Passat ('95-'96),<br> New Beetle ('99-'00) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW GTI GLS 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('01), Jetta sedan 1.8T ('01),<br> New Beetle 1.8T ('01), Passat (B5) ('01 - 1st 1/2) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 220hp.<br> VW Touareg V6 ('04) (when C follows B or Z in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 (Early prod. '04) (when C follows C in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | C || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 250 hp.<br> VW R32 ('08) |- | D || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '93, Canada: '93-'94) |- | D || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado SLC ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93),<br> GTI VR6 (Gen 3) [1H] ('95-'99), Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) [1H] ('95-'99) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('98-'00) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp. VW New Beetle 1.8T ('99-'05), GTI GLS 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('01), Jetta sedan 1.8T ('00-'01) |- | D || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 170 hp. VW Passat (B5.5) (Mid '01-'05) |- | D || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('11-'15) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('90-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | E || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW Corrado SLC ('92-'93), Passat GLX VR6 ('93, '95-'97), GTI VR6 (Gen 3) [1H] ('95),<br> Jetta GLX VR6 (Gen 3) [1H] ('95), GTI GLX VR6 (Gen 4) [1J] ('99-'00), Jetta VR6 (Gen 4) [9M] ('99-'00) |- | E || 2.5L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. VW Eurovan (US: '95, Canada: '94-'96), Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96) |- | E || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 180 hp.<br> VW New Beetle Turbo S ('02-'04), GTI 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('02-Mid '06), Jetta sedan 1.8T ('02-'04),<br> Jetta sedan GLI 1.8T (Mk4) [9M] (Mid '04-Mid '05), Jetta wagon 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('02-'05) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW EA188 engine. VW Passat TDI ('04-'05) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('07-'09) |- | E || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'23) |- | F || 1.6L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta EcoDiesel ('91-'92) |- | F || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Passat GLX VR6 ('93-'94), Corrado SLC ('93-'94 & '95 in Canada) |- | F || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf TDI ('99-'00), Jetta TDI ('97-'00), New Beetle TDI ('98-'00) |- | F || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc. VW Phaeton ('04-'06) |- | F || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Touareg ('10-'17) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf ('85-'87), Jetta ('85-'86, '89-'91) |- | G || 1.6L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Water-cooled. Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Vanagon ('82-'83) |- | G || 2.4L || I5 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. VW Eurovan (Canada only: '93-'97), Transporter (Canada only: '95) |- | G || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Passat TDI ('96-'97) |- | G || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW GTI VR6 ('01-Mid '02), Jetta sedan VR6 ('01-Mid '02), Jetta wagon VR6 ('01-'02) |- | G || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine. 240 hp.<br> VW R32 ('04), Touareg ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine + electric motor. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> VW Touareg Hybrid ('11-'15) |- | H || 1.6L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Quantum Turbodiesel ('82-'85), Jetta Turbodiesel ('85-'86) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Eurovan ('97, '99-'00), Winnebago Rialta ('97-'00) |- | H || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. 150 hp.<br> VW GTI GLS 1.8T (Mk4) [1J] ('00) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('00-'04, '05: Early prod.) |- | H || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine.<br> VW GTI VR6 (Mid '02-'05), Jetta sedan GLX VR6 (Mid '02-'03), Jetta sedan GLI VR6 (Mid '02-'04) |- | H || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 414 hp. VW Phaeton ('04-'05) |- | H || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when H follows G or H in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf GTI 16V ('91-'92), Jetta GLI 16V ('90-'92) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat (Mid '08) |- | K || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. Transversely mounted. VW Golf ('90-'92), GTI 8V ('90-'92), Jetta ('90-'92) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf ('02-'03), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] ('01-'05), Jetta wagon ('01-'03), New Beetle ('01-'05),<br> Jetta City (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta sedan Mk6 ('11-'15) |- | K || 4.0L || 72° W8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VW W8 engine. VW Passat W8 ('02-'04) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA113 engine. FSI. Timing belt. VW Passat ('06-Mid '08) |- | K || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Passat ('09-'10) |- | K || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. 444 hp. VW Phaeton ('06) |- | K || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. 225 hp. VW Touareg TDI ('10-'12) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW Golf ('93, '96-'97, '04-'06), GTI [base model] Mk3 [1H] ('96-'97), Jetta ('93, '96-'97),<br> Jetta wagon ('04-'05), Golf City (Canada only: '07-'10) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Jetta sedan Mk5 [1K] TDI ('09-'10), Jetta sedan TDI Cup Edition ('10), Jetta Sportwagen ('09-'14), Jetta sedan Mk6 TDI ('11-'14), Beetle TDI ('13-'14) |- | L || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW CC ('09-'10) |- | M || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> VW New Beetle ('04-'05) |- | M || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4172cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('04-'06) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. 225 hp. VW Touareg ('09) |- | M || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Golf TDI ('10-'14) |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. SCR. VW EA189 engine.<br> VW Passat TDI ('12-'14) |- | P || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. 90 hp.<br> VW Golf TDI ('01-'03), Jetta sedan TDI ('01-'03), Jetta wagon TDI ('02-'03),<br> New Beetle TDI ('01-'03) |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. 240 hp. VW Touareg TDI ('13-'16) |- | R || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf ('93), Jetta ('93) |- | R || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW EA827 engine. 100 hp.<br> VW Golf Mk4 [1J] TDI ('04-'06), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] TDI ('04-'05),<br> Jetta wagon Mk4 [1J] TDI ('04-'05 & '06 in Canada), New Beetle TDI ('04-'06) |- | R || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> VW Touareg V8 ('09) |- | R || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Atlas ('18-'23) |- | S || 2.8L || 15° VR6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. VW VR6 engine. VW Jetta GLX VR6 ('94) |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf ('01), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] ('01), New Beetle ('01) |- | T || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine. VW Golf ('01), Jetta sedan Mk4 [9M] ('01), New Beetle ('01) |- | T || 1.9L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Direct injection. VW EA827 engine. VW Jetta Mk5 [1K] TDI (Mid '05-'06) |- | T || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('06-'08) |- | U || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> VW Passat ('05) |- | U || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> VW Passat ('06-'08), VW CC ('09-'16) |- | V || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine. TSI. Timing chain. VW Tiguan ('09-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) |- | V || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Common-Rail Direct injection. SCR. VW EA288 engine.<br> VW Passat TDI ('15) |- | W || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - SULEV. TSI. Timing chain. VW Eos ('11-'16) |- | Z || 4.9L || 90° V10 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Pumpe Düse (Pump Injection). VW V10 TDI engine. <br> VW Touareg V10 TDI ('04) (when Z follows P in the 4th pos. of VIN) |- | 3 || 1.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA211 engine + electric motor. Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> VW Jetta Hybrid ('13-'16) |} SCR=Selective Catalytic Reduction ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters *2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters *4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags *0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg) *8 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Jetta) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Except Jetta) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *30 = Fox ('87-'93) *15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93) *16 = Jetta ('81-'88) *17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89) *1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92) *1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III) *1E = Cabrio ('95-'99) *1V = Cabrio ('00-'02) *1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 & '06 in Canada - Mark IV) *9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09) *1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V) *32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88) *33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88) *31 = Passat ('90-'94) *3A = Passat ('95-'97) *3B = Passat ('98-'05) *3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09) *3D = Phaeton ('04-'06) *53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 & '89 in Canada) *50 = Corrado ('90-'94 & '95 in Canada) *1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09) *1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09) *1F = Eos ('07-'09) *25 - Vanagon ('81-'91) *70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 & '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes *5N = Tiguan ('09) *7L = Touareg ('04-'09) 2010-: *BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10) *AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13) *AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 & '20 in Canada) *CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8) *CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5) *AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V) *AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI) *BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII) *AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10) *A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22) *AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17) *AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23) *AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10) *AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10) *AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19) *AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16) *EB = ID Buzz ('25) *B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-) *AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18) *AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24) *RM = Tiguan ('25-) *A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10) *BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17) *CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26) *E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22) *E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * B: Brussels, Belgium * C: Chattanooga, TN, USA * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) * H: Hanover, Germany * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 & '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 & '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96]) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18]) * M: Puebla, Mexico * P: Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG] * P: Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW] * R: Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant) * V: Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1] * V: Portugal [For WMI: WVW] * W: Wolfsburg, Germany * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 8: Dresden, Germany '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' '''Select VW equipment codes:''' *X9A - Equipment Options for USA market *X9B - Equipment Options for Canadian market {{BookCat}} km33sj6xyo3e8iwz0l1hpycqi990hnj 0 483698 4640659 4638361 2026-06-18T23:19:16Z BlazeFlames 3494020 4640659 wikitext text/x-wiki Spells are the main form of magic in D&D. There are 5 "full-casters" (Classes who get access to the most spellcasting), 3 "half-casters" (Classes who get half the spellcasting ability by level), and 2 "third-casters" (Classes who get access to spellcasting through subclasses). == Casters == {| class="wikitable" |+Table of Spellcasters !Class !Caster type !Main Spells used |- |Artficer |Half |Combat |- |Bard |Full |Buff |- |Cleric |Full |Buff/Utility |- |Druid |Full |Buff/Utility |- |Paladin |Half |Combat |- |Ranger |Half |Combat/Utility |- |Sorcerer |Full |Combat |- |Warlock |Full (Special) |Combat |- |Wizard |Full |Combat/Utility |} == Schools == Spells in D&D are organized into eight schools of magic: *Abjuration (Buffs, healing) *Conjuration (Create/summon) *Divination (Understanding) *Enchantment (Control) *Evocation (Damage) *Illusion (Deception) *Necromancy (Revival) *Transmutation (Alteration) {{BookCat}} t367eh0fcl6da5x9simc8hbxc0gb2wz 0 483747 4640628 4639960 2026-06-18T16:10:25Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WAU - Audi (Audi AG) passenger car * WA1 - Audi (Audi AG) SUV * WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS ['18-'22], R8,<br> S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan ['06], S8 plus ['16-'18], Non-North American Mkt. RS Q3, Q7 V12 TDI) * WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8) * TRU - Audi Hungary (Audi Hungaria Motor Kft.) passenger car (only used for TT/TTS & '12-'13 TT RS) * 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | A || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi Cabriolet ('95-'98), A4 ('96-'97), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A6 sedan ('98-'99), A6 Avant ('99) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 ('97-'99) |- | C || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91-'92), 80 Quattro ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91) |- | C || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('96-'98) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('00-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), TT ('00-'06) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91), 80 Quattro ('90-'91), 90 ('90) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe Quattro 20V ('90) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('98-'99) |- | D || 2.7L || 90° V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi S4 ('00-'02), A6 ('00-'04), Allroad Quattro ('02-'05) |- | D || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'09), TT 3.2 ('05-'06, '08-'09) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('90-'91) |- | E || 3.6L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi V8 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd ('08-') |- | F || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('91) |- | F || 3.7L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | F || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi TT 3.2 ('04-'05) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'11), A3 Quattro ('12-), A4 sedan (Mid '05-'16), A4 Avant (Mid '05-'12), Allroad ('13-'16), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A5 ('10-'), A6 ('12-), TT ('08-'), TTS ('09), Q5 ('11-) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd (Early prod. '12) |- | G || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | G || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant (Mid '05-'06), A6 ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine.<br> Audi S4 ('10-'16), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'15), S5 coupe ('13-'15), A6 ('09-'), A7 ('12-), A8 ('13-), Q5 ('13-), Q7 ('11-'15) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('00-'01), A6 ('00-'01) |- | H || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('06-'08), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A6 ('06-'09) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> Audi A3 TDI ('10-') |- | K || 3.2L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3197cc. <br> Audi A4 sedan ('09), A5 ('08-'10), A6 ('10-'11), Q5 ('09-'12) |- | L || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi Cabriolet ('94-'95) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A6 ('00-'04), A8 ('00-'06) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S4 sedan/Avant ('04-'08), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), A6 ('05-'06), Allroad Quattro ('04-'05) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. Audi A8 ('14-'15), Q7 ('09-'15) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi S6 ('07-'11), S8 ('07-'09) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) |- | R || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('05-'09) |- | S || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('00) |- | T || 1.8L || I4 Turbo Twin [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. High Output - 225 hp. Single Turbo, Twin Intercoolers. <br> Audi TT ('01-'06) |- | T || 3.0L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 3. Aluminum block.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('02-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), A6 ('02-'04) |- | T || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A6 ('05) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi S6 Avant ('02-'03), S8 ('01-'03) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi RS4 sedan ('07-'08), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi R8 ('08-'12, '14-'15) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S5 coupe ('08-'12), A6 ('07-'11), A8 ('07-'12), Q7 ('07-'10) |- | W || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'94) |- | X || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('01-'02) |- | Y || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi Q7 ('07-'10) |- | 1 || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi TTS ('10-') |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi-Bentley EA824 engine. 3991cc. Audi A8 ('13-'15), S8 ('13-'15) |- | 3 || 2.5L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA855 engine.<br> Audi TT RS ('12-'13) |- | 4 || 6.3L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || Direct injection. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('12-') |- |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *2 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('00-'06 TT) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('04-'07 A8) *5 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (A3, A4) *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('06-'09 A3, A4) *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 TT, R8, '09 TTS) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('03-'09 A4 Cabriolet, '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet, '08 RS4 Cabriolet) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (Except '08-'09 A8/S8) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 A8/S8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10- A5/S5 Cabriolet, '10- TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS, '10- R8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10-'11 A5/S5 Coupe, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *B = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('12- A5/S5 Coupe) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10-' A8) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *8P = A3 ('06-'09) *81 = 4000 ('81-'87) *85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85) *89 = 80/90 ('88-'89) *8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91) *8C = 90 ('93-'95) *8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91) *8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98) *8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02) *8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08) *8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) *8K = A4 ('09) *8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09) *43 = 5000 ('81-'83) *44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91) *4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) *4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) *4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09) *44 = V8 Quattro ('90) *4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94) *4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03) *4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09) *8N = TT ('00-'06) *8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09) *42 = R8 ('08-'09) *8R = Q5 ('09) *4L = Q7 ('07-'09) 2010-: *FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13) *FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18 *GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-) *FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16) *F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25) *FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15) *FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15) *F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25] *FU = A5/S5 ('25-) *FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11) *FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18) *FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18) *F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26) *F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26) *FN = A6 ('26-) *GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-) *FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10) *FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18) *F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26) *FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-) *FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13) *FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22) *FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) *FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23) *FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18) *F3 = Q3 ('19-'25) *FJ = Q3 ('26-) *FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-) *FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17) *FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25) *GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26) *GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-) *FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15) *F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-) *F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-) *GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),<br> Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was always used in US & Canada. In Europe, Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was adopted for 2002 model year. Prior to the 2002 model year, a letter Z was used in the 9th position of the VIN in Europe. ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A: Ingolstadt, Germany * B: Brussels, Belgium * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * K: Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08] * N: Neckarsulm, Germany * P: Zwickau, Germany * R: Martorell, Spain * 1: Gyor, Hungary * 2: San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico * 7: Heilbronn, Germany Other plant codes for non-North American models: * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: V8L) * U: Uitenhage, South Africa * X: Poznan, Poland * Z: Zuffenhausen, Germany (Porsche plant: RS2 Avant) * 3: Changchun, China (FAW-VW plant) * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 9: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Volkswagen Sarajevo d.o.o. plant) '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} 19cfi3i3o421zkqn3fjsopxbibslfgf 4640644 4640628 2026-06-18T19:08:52Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WAU - Audi (Audi AG) passenger car * WA1 - Audi (Audi AG) SUV * WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS ['18-'22], R8,<br> S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan ['06], S8 plus ['16-'18], Non-North American Mkt. RS Q3, Q7 V12 TDI) * WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8) * TRU - Audi Hungary (Audi Hungaria Motor Kft.) passenger car (only used for TT/TTS & '12-'13 TT RS) * 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | A || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95), Cabriolet ('95-'98), A4 ('96-'97), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A6 sedan ('98-'99), A6 Avant ('99) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 ('97-'99) |- | C || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91-'92), 80 Quattro ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91), 100 ('90-'91), 100 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | C || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('96-'98) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('00-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), TT ('00-'06) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91), 80 Quattro ('90-'91), 90 ('90) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe Quattro 20V ('90) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo ('90-'91), 200 Turbo Quattro ('90) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('98-'99) |- | D || 2.7L || 90° V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi S4 ('00-'02), A6 ('00-'04), Allroad Quattro ('02-'05) |- | D || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'09), TT 3.2 ('05-'06, '08-'09) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo Quattro 20V ('91) |- | E || 3.6L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi V8 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd ('08-') |- | F || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('91) |- | F || 3.7L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | F || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi TT 3.2 ('04-'05) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'11), A3 Quattro ('12-), A4 sedan (Mid '05-'16), A4 Avant (Mid '05-'12), Allroad ('13-'16), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A5 ('10-'), A6 ('12-), TT ('08-'), TTS ('09), Q5 ('11-) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd (Early prod. '12) |- | G || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | G || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant (Mid '05-'06), A6 ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine.<br> Audi S4 ('10-'16), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'15), S5 coupe ('13-'15), A6 ('09-'), A7 ('12-), A8 ('13-), Q5 ('13-), Q7 ('11-'15) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('00-'01), A6 ('00-'01) |- | H || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('06-'08), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A6 ('06-'09) |- | J || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'94), 100 ('92-'94) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> Audi A3 TDI ('10-') |- | K || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'95), 100 ('92-'94) |- | K || 3.2L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3197cc. <br> Audi A4 sedan ('09), A5 ('08-'10), A6 ('10-'11), Q5 ('09-'12) |- | L || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi Cabriolet ('94-'95) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A6 ('00-'04), A8 ('00-'06) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S4 sedan/Avant ('04-'08), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), A6 ('05-'06), Allroad Quattro ('04-'05) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. Audi A8 ('14-'15), Q7 ('09-'15) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi S6 ('07-'11), S8 ('07-'09) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) |- | P || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('92-'93) |- | R || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('93-'94) |- | R || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('05-'09) |- | S || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('00) |- | T || 1.8L || I4 Turbo Twin [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. High Output - 225 hp. Single Turbo, Twin Intercoolers. <br> Audi TT ('01-'06) |- | T || 3.0L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 3. Aluminum block.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('02-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), A6 ('02-'04) |- | T || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A6 ('05) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi S6 Avant ('02-'03), S8 ('01-'03) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi RS4 sedan ('07-'08), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi R8 ('08-'12, '14-'15) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'93) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S5 coupe ('08-'12), A6 ('07-'11), A8 ('07-'12), Q7 ('07-'10) |- | W || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'94) |- | X || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('01-'02) |- | Y || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi Q7 ('07-'10) |- | 1 || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi TTS ('10-') |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi-Bentley EA824 engine. 3991cc. Audi A8 ('13-'15), S8 ('13-'15) |- | 3 || 2.5L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA855 engine.<br> Audi TT RS ('12-'13) |- | 4 || 6.3L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || Direct injection. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('12-') |- |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *2 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('00-'06 TT) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('04-'07 A8) *5 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (A3, A4) *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('06-'09 A3, A4) *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 TT, R8, '09 TTS) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('03-'09 A4 Cabriolet, '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet, '08 RS4 Cabriolet) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (Except '08-'09 A8/S8) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 A8/S8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10- A5/S5 Cabriolet, '10- TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS, '10- R8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10-'11 A5/S5 Coupe, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *B = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('12- A5/S5 Coupe) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10-' A8) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *8P = A3 ('06-'09) *81 = 4000 ('81-'87) *85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85) *89 = 80/90 ('88-'89) *8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91) *8C = 90 ('93-'95) *8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91) *8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98) *8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02) *8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08) *8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) *8K = A4 ('09) *8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09) *43 = 5000 ('81-'83) *44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91) *4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) *4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) *4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09) *44 = V8 Quattro ('90) *4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94) *4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03) *4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09) *8N = TT ('00-'06) *8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09) *42 = R8 ('08-'09) *8R = Q5 ('09) *4L = Q7 ('07-'09) 2010-: *FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13) *FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18 *GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-) *FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16) *F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25) *FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15) *FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15) *F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25] *FU = A5/S5 ('25-) *FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11) *FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18) *FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18) *F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26) *F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26) *FN = A6 ('26-) *GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-) *FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10) *FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18) *F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26) *FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-) *FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13) *FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22) *FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) *FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23) *FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18) *F3 = Q3 ('19-'25) *FJ = Q3 ('26-) *FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-) *FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17) *FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25) *GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26) *GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-) *FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15) *F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-) *F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-) *GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),<br> Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was always used in US & Canada. In Europe, Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was adopted for 2002 model year. Prior to the 2002 model year, a letter Z was used in the 9th position of the VIN in Europe. ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A: Ingolstadt, Germany * B: Brussels, Belgium * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * K: Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08] * N: Neckarsulm, Germany * P: Zwickau, Germany * R: Martorell, Spain * 1: Gyor, Hungary * 2: San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico * 7: Heilbronn, Germany Other plant codes for non-North American models: * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: V8L) * U: Uitenhage, South Africa * X: Poznan, Poland * Z: Zuffenhausen, Germany (Porsche plant: RS2 Avant) * 3: Changchun, China (FAW-VW plant) * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 9: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Volkswagen Sarajevo d.o.o. plant) '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} k0doros5ipnla7lvtihi0lav6i2e23p 4640652 4640644 2026-06-18T20:24:55Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WAU - Audi (Audi AG) passenger car * WA1 - Audi (Audi AG) SUV * WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS ['18-'22], R8,<br> S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan ['06], S8 plus ['16-'18], Non-North American Mkt. RS Q3, Q7 V12 TDI) * WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8) * TRU - Audi Hungary (Audi Hungaria Motor Kft.) passenger car (only used for TT/TTS & '12-'13 TT RS) * 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | A || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95), Cabriolet ('95-'98), A4 ('96-'97), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A6 sedan ('98-'99), A6 Avant ('99) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('88-'89), 90 ('88) |- | B || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 100 ('89), 100 Quattro ('89) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 ('97-'99) |- | C || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91-'92), 80 Quattro ('88-'92), 90 ('88-'91), 90 Quattro ('88-'89), 5000S ('88), 5000S Quattro ('88), 100 ('90-'91), 100 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | C || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo ('89), 200 Turbo Quattro ('89) |- | C || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('96-'98) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('00-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), TT ('00-'06) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91), 80 Quattro ('90-'91), 90 ('90) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe Quattro 20V ('90) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo ('88), 200 Turbo ('90-'91), 200 Turbo Quattro ('90) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('98-'99) |- | D || 2.7L || 90° V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi S4 ('00-'02), A6 ('00-'04), Allroad Quattro ('02-'05) |- | D || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'09), TT 3.2 ('05-'06, '08-'09) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo Quattro ('88) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo Quattro 20V ('91) |- | E || 3.6L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi V8 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd ('08-') |- | F || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('91) |- | F || 3.7L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | F || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi TT 3.2 ('04-'05) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'11), A3 Quattro ('12-), A4 sedan (Mid '05-'16), A4 Avant (Mid '05-'12), Allroad ('13-'16), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A5 ('10-'), A6 ('12-), TT ('08-'), TTS ('09), Q5 ('11-) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd (Early prod. '12) |- | G || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | G || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant (Mid '05-'06), A6 ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine.<br> Audi S4 ('10-'16), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'15), S5 coupe ('13-'15), A6 ('09-'), A7 ('12-), A8 ('13-), Q5 ('13-), Q7 ('11-'15) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('00-'01), A6 ('00-'01) |- | H || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('06-'08), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A6 ('06-'09) |- | J || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'94), 100 ('92-'94) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> Audi A3 TDI ('10-') |- | K || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'95), 100 ('92-'94) |- | K || 3.2L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3197cc. <br> Audi A4 sedan ('09), A5 ('08-'10), A6 ('10-'11), Q5 ('09-'12) |- | L || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi Cabriolet ('94-'95) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A6 ('00-'04), A8 ('00-'06) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S4 sedan/Avant ('04-'08), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), A6 ('05-'06), Allroad Quattro ('04-'05) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. Audi A8 ('14-'15), Q7 ('09-'15) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi S6 ('07-'11), S8 ('07-'09) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) |- | P || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('92-'93) |- | R || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('93-'94) |- | R || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('05-'09) |- | S || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('00) |- | T || 1.8L || I4 Turbo Twin [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. High Output - 225 hp. Single Turbo, Twin Intercoolers. <br> Audi TT ('01-'06) |- | T || 3.0L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 3. Aluminum block.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('02-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), A6 ('02-'04) |- | T || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A6 ('05) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi S6 Avant ('02-'03), S8 ('01-'03) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi RS4 sedan ('07-'08), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi R8 ('08-'12, '14-'15) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'93) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S5 coupe ('08-'12), A6 ('07-'11), A8 ('07-'12), Q7 ('07-'10) |- | W || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'94) |- | X || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('01-'02) |- | Y || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi Q7 ('07-'10) |- | 1 || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi TTS ('10-') |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi-Bentley EA824 engine. 3991cc. Audi A8 ('13-'15), S8 ('13-'15) |- | 3 || 2.5L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA855 engine.<br> Audi TT RS ('12-'13) |- | 4 || 6.3L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || Direct injection. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('12-') |- |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *2 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('00-'06 TT) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('04-'07 A8) *5 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (A3, A4) *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('06-'09 A3, A4) *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 TT, R8, '09 TTS) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('03-'09 A4 Cabriolet, '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet, '08 RS4 Cabriolet) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (Except '08-'09 A8/S8) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 A8/S8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10- A5/S5 Cabriolet, '10- TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS, '10- R8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10-'11 A5/S5 Coupe, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *B = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('12- A5/S5 Coupe) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10-' A8) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *8P = A3 ('06-'09) *81 = 4000 ('81-'87) *85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85) *89 = 80/90 ('88-'89) *8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91) *8C = 90 ('93-'95) *8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91) *8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98) *8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02) *8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08) *8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) *8K = A4 ('09) *8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09) *43 = 5000 ('81-'83) *44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91) *4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) *4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) *4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09) *44 = V8 Quattro ('90) *4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94) *4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03) *4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09) *8N = TT ('00-'06) *8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09) *42 = R8 ('08-'09) *8R = Q5 ('09) *4L = Q7 ('07-'09) 2010-: *FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13) *FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18 *GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-) *FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16) *F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25) *FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15) *FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15) *F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25] *FU = A5/S5 ('25-) *FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11) *FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18) *FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18) *F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26) *F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26) *FN = A6 ('26-) *GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-) *FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10) *FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18) *F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26) *FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-) *FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13) *FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22) *FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) *FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23) *FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18) *F3 = Q3 ('19-'25) *FJ = Q3 ('26-) *FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-) *FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17) *FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25) *GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26) *GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-) *FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15) *F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-) *F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-) *GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),<br> Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was always used in US & Canada. In Europe, Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was adopted for 2002 model year. Prior to the 2002 model year, a letter Z was used in the 9th position of the VIN in Europe. ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A: Ingolstadt, Germany * B: Brussels, Belgium * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * K: Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08] * N: Neckarsulm, Germany * P: Zwickau, Germany * R: Martorell, Spain * 1: Gyor, Hungary * 2: San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico * 7: Heilbronn, Germany Other plant codes for non-North American models: * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: V8L) * U: Uitenhage, South Africa * X: Poznan, Poland * Z: Zuffenhausen, Germany (Porsche plant: RS2 Avant) * 3: Changchun, China (FAW-VW plant) * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 9: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Volkswagen Sarajevo d.o.o. plant) '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} 0ahr86u4re23moeolu8sti7w86k7yu6 4640654 4640652 2026-06-18T21:46:53Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WAU - Audi (Audi AG) passenger car * WA1 - Audi (Audi AG) SUV * WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS ['18-'22], R8,<br> S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan ['06], S8 plus ['16-'18], Non-North American Mkt. RS Q3, Q7 V12 TDI) * WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8) * TRU - Audi Hungary (Audi Hungaria Motor Kft.) passenger car (only used for TT/TTS & '12-'13 TT RS) * 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | A || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95), Cabriolet ('95-'98), A4 ('96-'97), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A6 sedan ('98-'99), A6 Avant ('99) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 4000S ('87) [Pos. 7-8 of VIN is 81] |- | B || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 4000CS Quattro ('87) [Pos. 7-8 of VIN is 85] |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('88-'89), 90 ('88) |- | B || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 100 ('89), 100 Quattro ('89) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 ('97-'99) |- | C || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91-'92), 80 Quattro ('88-'92), 90 ('88-'91), 90 Quattro ('88-'89), 5000S ('87-'88), 5000S Quattro ('88), 100 ('90-'91), 100 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | C || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo ('89), 200 Turbo Quattro ('89) |- | C || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('96-'98) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('00-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), TT ('00-'06) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe GT ('87) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91), 80 Quattro ('90-'91), 90 ('90) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe Quattro 20V ('90) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo ('87-'88), 200 Turbo ('90-'91), 200 Turbo Quattro ('90) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('98-'99) |- | D || 2.7L || 90° V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi S4 ('00-'02), A6 ('00-'04), Allroad Quattro ('02-'05) |- | D || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'09), TT 3.2 ('05-'06, '08-'09) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe GT 2.3 "Special Build" (Late '87) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo Quattro ('87-'88) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo Quattro 20V ('91) |- | E || 3.6L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi V8 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd ('08-') |- | F || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('91) |- | F || 3.7L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | F || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi TT 3.2 ('04-'05) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'11), A3 Quattro ('12-), A4 sedan (Mid '05-'16), A4 Avant (Mid '05-'12), Allroad ('13-'16), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A5 ('10-'), A6 ('12-), TT ('08-'), TTS ('09), Q5 ('11-) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd (Early prod. '12) |- | G || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | G || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant (Mid '05-'06), A6 ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine.<br> Audi S4 ('10-'16), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'15), S5 coupe ('13-'15), A6 ('09-'), A7 ('12-), A8 ('13-), Q5 ('13-), Q7 ('11-'15) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('00-'01), A6 ('00-'01) |- | H || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('06-'08), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A6 ('06-'09) |- | J || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'94), 100 ('92-'94) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> Audi A3 TDI ('10-') |- | K || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'95), 100 ('92-'94) |- | K || 3.2L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3197cc. <br> Audi A4 sedan ('09), A5 ('08-'10), A6 ('10-'11), Q5 ('09-'12) |- | L || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi Cabriolet ('94-'95) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A6 ('00-'04), A8 ('00-'06) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S4 sedan/Avant ('04-'08), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), A6 ('05-'06), Allroad Quattro ('04-'05) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. Audi A8 ('14-'15), Q7 ('09-'15) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi S6 ('07-'11), S8 ('07-'09) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) |- | P || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('92-'93) |- | R || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('93-'94) |- | R || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('05-'09) |- | S || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('00) |- | T || 1.8L || I4 Turbo Twin [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. High Output - 225 hp. Single Turbo, Twin Intercoolers. <br> Audi TT ('01-'06) |- | T || 3.0L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 3. Aluminum block.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('02-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), A6 ('02-'04) |- | T || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A6 ('05) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi S6 Avant ('02-'03), S8 ('01-'03) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi RS4 sedan ('07-'08), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi R8 ('08-'12, '14-'15) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'93) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S5 coupe ('08-'12), A6 ('07-'11), A8 ('07-'12), Q7 ('07-'10) |- | W || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'94) |- | X || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('01-'02) |- | Y || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi Q7 ('07-'10) |- | 1 || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi TTS ('10-') |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi-Bentley EA824 engine. 3991cc. Audi A8 ('13-'15), S8 ('13-'15) |- | 3 || 2.5L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA855 engine.<br> Audi TT RS ('12-'13) |- | 4 || 6.3L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || Direct injection. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('12-') |- |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *2 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('00-'06 TT) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('04-'07 A8) *5 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (A3, A4) *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('06-'09 A3, A4) *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 TT, R8, '09 TTS) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('03-'09 A4 Cabriolet, '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet, '08 RS4 Cabriolet) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (Except '08-'09 A8/S8) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 A8/S8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10- A5/S5 Cabriolet, '10- TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS, '10- R8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10-'11 A5/S5 Coupe, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *B = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('12- A5/S5 Coupe) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10-' A8) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *8P = A3 ('06-'09) *81 = 4000 ('81-'87) *85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85) *89 = 80/90 ('88-'89) *8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91) *8C = 90 ('93-'95) *8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91) *8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98) *8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02) *8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08) *8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) *8K = A4 ('09) *8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09) *43 = 5000 ('81-'83) *44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91) *4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) *4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) *4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09) *44 = V8 Quattro ('90) *4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94) *4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03) *4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09) *8N = TT ('00-'06) *8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09) *42 = R8 ('08-'09) *8R = Q5 ('09) *4L = Q7 ('07-'09) 2010-: *FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13) *FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18 *GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-) *FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16) *F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25) *FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15) *FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15) *F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25] *FU = A5/S5 ('25-) *FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11) *FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18) *FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18) *F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26) *F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26) *FN = A6 ('26-) *GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-) *FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10) *FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18) *F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26) *FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-) *FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13) *FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22) *FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) *FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23) *FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18) *F3 = Q3 ('19-'25) *FJ = Q3 ('26-) *FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-) *FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17) *FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25) *GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26) *GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-) *FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15) *F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-) *F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-) *GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),<br> Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was always used in US & Canada. In Europe, Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was adopted for 2002 model year. Prior to the 2002 model year, a letter Z was used in the 9th position of the VIN in Europe. ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A: Ingolstadt, Germany * B: Brussels, Belgium * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * K: Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08] * N: Neckarsulm, Germany * P: Zwickau, Germany * R: Martorell, Spain * 1: Gyor, Hungary * 2: San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico * 7: Heilbronn, Germany Other plant codes for non-North American models: * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: V8L) * U: Uitenhage, South Africa * X: Poznan, Poland * Z: Zuffenhausen, Germany (Porsche plant: RS2 Avant) * 3: Changchun, China (FAW-VW plant) * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 9: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Volkswagen Sarajevo d.o.o. plant) '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} axewjnnnk9s7s0nhd84hx4er923c79u 4640655 4640654 2026-06-18T21:58:43Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 7-8, Model Line: */ 4640655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WAU - Audi (Audi AG) passenger car * WA1 - Audi (Audi AG) SUV * WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS ['18-'22], R8,<br> S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan ['06], S8 plus ['16-'18], Non-North American Mkt. RS Q3, Q7 V12 TDI) * WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8) * TRU - Audi Hungary (Audi Hungaria Motor Kft.) passenger car (only used for TT/TTS & '12-'13 TT RS) * 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | A || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95), Cabriolet ('95-'98), A4 ('96-'97), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A6 sedan ('98-'99), A6 Avant ('99) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 4000S ('87) [Pos. 7-8 of VIN is 81] |- | B || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 4000CS Quattro ('87) [Pos. 7-8 of VIN is 85] |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('88-'89), 90 ('88) |- | B || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 100 ('89), 100 Quattro ('89) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 ('97-'99) |- | C || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91-'92), 80 Quattro ('88-'92), 90 ('88-'91), 90 Quattro ('88-'89), 5000S ('87-'88), 5000S Quattro ('88), 100 ('90-'91), 100 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | C || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo ('89), 200 Turbo Quattro ('89) |- | C || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('96-'98) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('00-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), TT ('00-'06) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe GT ('87) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91), 80 Quattro ('90-'91), 90 ('90) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe Quattro 20V ('90) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo ('87-'88), 200 Turbo ('90-'91), 200 Turbo Quattro ('90) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('98-'99) |- | D || 2.7L || 90° V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi S4 ('00-'02), A6 ('00-'04), Allroad Quattro ('02-'05) |- | D || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'09), TT 3.2 ('05-'06, '08-'09) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe GT 2.3 "Special Build" (Late '87) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo Quattro ('87-'88) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo Quattro 20V ('91) |- | E || 3.6L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi V8 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd ('08-') |- | F || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('91) |- | F || 3.7L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | F || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi TT 3.2 ('04-'05) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'11), A3 Quattro ('12-), A4 sedan (Mid '05-'16), A4 Avant (Mid '05-'12), Allroad ('13-'16), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A5 ('10-'), A6 ('12-), TT ('08-'), TTS ('09), Q5 ('11-) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd (Early prod. '12) |- | G || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | G || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant (Mid '05-'06), A6 ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine.<br> Audi S4 ('10-'16), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'15), S5 coupe ('13-'15), A6 ('09-'), A7 ('12-), A8 ('13-), Q5 ('13-), Q7 ('11-'15) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('00-'01), A6 ('00-'01) |- | H || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('06-'08), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A6 ('06-'09) |- | J || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'94), 100 ('92-'94) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> Audi A3 TDI ('10-') |- | K || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'95), 100 ('92-'94) |- | K || 3.2L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3197cc. <br> Audi A4 sedan ('09), A5 ('08-'10), A6 ('10-'11), Q5 ('09-'12) |- | L || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi Cabriolet ('94-'95) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A6 ('00-'04), A8 ('00-'06) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S4 sedan/Avant ('04-'08), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), A6 ('05-'06), Allroad Quattro ('04-'05) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. Audi A8 ('14-'15), Q7 ('09-'15) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi S6 ('07-'11), S8 ('07-'09) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) |- | P || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('92-'93) |- | R || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('93-'94) |- | R || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('05-'09) |- | S || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('00) |- | T || 1.8L || I4 Turbo Twin [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. High Output - 225 hp. Single Turbo, Twin Intercoolers. <br> Audi TT ('01-'06) |- | T || 3.0L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 3. Aluminum block.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('02-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), A6 ('02-'04) |- | T || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A6 ('05) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi S6 Avant ('02-'03), S8 ('01-'03) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi RS4 sedan ('07-'08), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi R8 ('08-'12, '14-'15) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'93) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S5 coupe ('08-'12), A6 ('07-'11), A8 ('07-'12), Q7 ('07-'10) |- | W || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'94) |- | X || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('01-'02) |- | Y || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi Q7 ('07-'10) |- | 1 || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi TTS ('10-') |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi-Bentley EA824 engine. 3991cc. Audi A8 ('13-'15), S8 ('13-'15) |- | 3 || 2.5L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA855 engine.<br> Audi TT RS ('12-'13) |- | 4 || 6.3L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || Direct injection. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('12-') |- |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *2 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('00-'06 TT) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('04-'07 A8) *5 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (A3, A4) *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('06-'09 A3, A4) *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 TT, R8, '09 TTS) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('03-'09 A4 Cabriolet, '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet, '08 RS4 Cabriolet) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (Except '08-'09 A8/S8) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 A8/S8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10- A5/S5 Cabriolet, '10- TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS, '10- R8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10-'11 A5/S5 Coupe, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *B = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('12- A5/S5 Coupe) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10-' A8) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *8P = A3 ('06-'09) *81 = 4000 Fwd ('81-'87) *85 = 4000 Quattro ('84-'87), Coupe GT ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85) *89 = 80/90 ('88-'89) *8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91) *8C = 90 ('93-'95) *8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91) *8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98) *8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02) *8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08) *8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) *8K = A4 ('09) *8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09) *43 = 5000 ('81-'83) *44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91) *4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) *4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) *4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09) *44 = V8 Quattro ('90) *4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94) *4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03) *4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09) *8N = TT ('00-'06) *8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09) *42 = R8 ('08-'09) *8R = Q5 ('09) *4L = Q7 ('07-'09) 2010-: *FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13) *FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18 *GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-) *FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16) *F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25) *FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15) *FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15) *F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25] *FU = A5/S5 ('25-) *FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11) *FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18) *FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18) *F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26) *F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26) *FN = A6 ('26-) *GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-) *FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10) *FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18) *F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26) *FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-) *FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13) *FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22) *FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) *FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23) *FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18) *F3 = Q3 ('19-'25) *FJ = Q3 ('26-) *FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-) *FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17) *FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25) *GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26) *GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-) *FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15) *F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-) *F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-) *GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),<br> Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was always used in US & Canada. In Europe, Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was adopted for 2002 model year. Prior to the 2002 model year, a letter Z was used in the 9th position of the VIN in Europe. ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A: Ingolstadt, Germany * B: Brussels, Belgium * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * K: Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08] * N: Neckarsulm, Germany * P: Zwickau, Germany * R: Martorell, Spain * 1: Gyor, Hungary * 2: San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico * 7: Heilbronn, Germany Other plant codes for non-North American models: * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: V8L) * U: Uitenhage, South Africa * X: Poznan, Poland * Z: Zuffenhausen, Germany (Porsche plant: RS2 Avant) * 3: Changchun, China (FAW-VW plant) * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 9: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Volkswagen Sarajevo d.o.o. plant) '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} rbd117b9ua3ugri7heukuiky8e8kkds 4640660 4640655 2026-06-18T23:21:32Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WAU - Audi (Audi AG) passenger car * WA1 - Audi (Audi AG) SUV * WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS ['18-'22], R8,<br> S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan ['06], S8 plus ['16-'18], Non-North American Mkt. RS Q3, Q7 V12 TDI) * WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8) * TRU - Audi Hungary (Audi Hungaria Motor Kft.) passenger car (only used for TT/TTS & '12-'13 TT RS) * 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | A || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95), Cabriolet ('95-'98), A4 ('96-'97), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A6 sedan ('98-'99), A6 Avant ('99) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 4000S ('86-'87) [Pos. 7-8 of VIN is 81] |- | B || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 4000S Quattro ('85), 4000CS Quattro ('86-'87) [Pos. 7-8 of VIN is 85], 5000S ('86) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('88-'89), 90 ('88) |- | B || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 100 ('89), 100 Quattro ('89) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 ('97-'99) |- | C || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91-'92), 80 Quattro ('88-'92), 90 ('88-'91), 90 Quattro ('88-'89), 5000S ('87-'88), 5000S Quattro ('88), 100 ('90-'91), 100 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | C || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo ('89), 200 Turbo Quattro ('89) |- | C || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('96-'98) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('00-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), TT ('00-'06) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe GT ('86-'87) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91), 80 Quattro ('90-'91), 90 ('90) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe Quattro 20V ('90) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo ('86-'88), 200 Turbo ('90-'91), 200 Turbo Quattro ('90) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('98-'99) |- | D || 2.7L || 90° V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi S4 ('00-'02), A6 ('00-'04), Allroad Quattro ('02-'05) |- | D || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'09), TT 3.2 ('05-'06, '08-'09) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe GT 2.3 "Special Build" (Late '87) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo Quattro ('86-'88) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo Quattro 20V ('91) |- | E || 3.6L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi V8 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd ('08-') |- | F || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('91) |- | F || 3.7L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | F || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi TT 3.2 ('04-'05) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'11), A3 Quattro ('12-), A4 sedan (Mid '05-'16), A4 Avant (Mid '05-'12), Allroad ('13-'16), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A5 ('10-'), A6 ('12-), TT ('08-'), TTS ('09), Q5 ('11-) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd (Early prod. '12) |- | G || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | G || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant (Mid '05-'06), A6 ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine.<br> Audi S4 ('10-'16), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'15), S5 coupe ('13-'15), A6 ('09-'), A7 ('12-), A8 ('13-), Q5 ('13-), Q7 ('11-'15) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('00-'01), A6 ('00-'01) |- | H || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('06-'08), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A6 ('06-'09) |- | J || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'94), 100 ('92-'94) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> Audi A3 TDI ('10-') |- | K || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'95), 100 ('92-'94) |- | K || 3.2L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3197cc. <br> Audi A4 sedan ('09), A5 ('08-'10), A6 ('10-'11), Q5 ('09-'12) |- | L || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi Cabriolet ('94-'95) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A6 ('00-'04), A8 ('00-'06) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S4 sedan/Avant ('04-'08), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), A6 ('05-'06), Allroad Quattro ('04-'05) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. Audi A8 ('14-'15), Q7 ('09-'15) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi S6 ('07-'11), S8 ('07-'09) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) |- | P || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('92-'93) |- | R || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('93-'94) |- | R || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('05-'09) |- | S || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('00) |- | T || 1.8L || I4 Turbo Twin [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. High Output - 225 hp. Single Turbo, Twin Intercoolers. <br> Audi TT ('01-'06) |- | T || 3.0L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 3. Aluminum block.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('02-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), A6 ('02-'04) |- | T || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A6 ('05) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi S6 Avant ('02-'03), S8 ('01-'03) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi RS4 sedan ('07-'08), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi R8 ('08-'12, '14-'15) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'93) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S5 coupe ('08-'12), A6 ('07-'11), A8 ('07-'12), Q7 ('07-'10) |- | W || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'94) |- | X || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('01-'02) |- | Y || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi Q7 ('07-'10) |- | 1 || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi TTS ('10-') |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi-Bentley EA824 engine. 3991cc. Audi A8 ('13-'15), S8 ('13-'15) |- | 3 || 2.5L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA855 engine.<br> Audi TT RS ('12-'13) |- | 4 || 6.3L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || Direct injection. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('12-') |- |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *2 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('00-'06 TT) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('04-'07 A8) *5 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (A3, A4) *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('06-'09 A3, A4) *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 TT, R8, '09 TTS) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('03-'09 A4 Cabriolet, '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet, '08 RS4 Cabriolet) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (Except '08-'09 A8/S8) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 A8/S8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10- A5/S5 Cabriolet, '10- TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS, '10- R8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10-'11 A5/S5 Coupe, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *B = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('12- A5/S5 Coupe) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10-' A8) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *8P = A3 ('06-'09) *81 = 4000 Fwd ('81-'87) *85 = 4000 Quattro ('84-'87), Coupe GT ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85) *89 = 80/90 ('88-'89) *8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91) *8C = 90 ('93-'95) *8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91) *8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98) *8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02) *8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08) *8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) *8K = A4 ('09) *8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09) *43 = 5000 ('81-'83) *44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91) *4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) *4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) *4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09) *44 = V8 Quattro ('90) *4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94) *4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03) *4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09) *8N = TT ('00-'06) *8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09) *42 = R8 ('08-'09) *8R = Q5 ('09) *4L = Q7 ('07-'09) 2010-: *FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13) *FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18 *GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-) *FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16) *F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25) *FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15) *FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15) *F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25] *FU = A5/S5 ('25-) *FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11) *FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18) *FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18) *F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26) *F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26) *FN = A6 ('26-) *GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-) *FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10) *FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18) *F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26) *FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-) *FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13) *FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22) *FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) *FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23) *FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18) *F3 = Q3 ('19-'25) *FJ = Q3 ('26-) *FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-) *FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17) *FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25) *GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26) *GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-) *FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15) *F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-) *F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-) *GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),<br> Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was always used in US & Canada. In Europe, Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was adopted for 2002 model year. Prior to the 2002 model year, a letter Z was used in the 9th position of the VIN in Europe. ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A: Ingolstadt, Germany * B: Brussels, Belgium * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * K: Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08] * N: Neckarsulm, Germany * P: Zwickau, Germany * R: Martorell, Spain * 1: Gyor, Hungary * 2: San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico * 7: Heilbronn, Germany Other plant codes for non-North American models: * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: V8L) * U: Uitenhage, South Africa * X: Poznan, Poland * Z: Zuffenhausen, Germany (Porsche plant: RS2 Avant) * 3: Changchun, China (FAW-VW plant) * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 9: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Volkswagen Sarajevo d.o.o. plant) '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} snofqdqa1bccjxiccygap32ji12c3bz 4640673 4640660 2026-06-19T08:12:34Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine Type: */ 4640673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WAU - Audi (Audi AG) passenger car * WA1 - Audi (Audi AG) SUV * WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS ['18-'22], R8,<br> S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan ['06], S8 plus ['16-'18], Non-North American Mkt. RS Q3, Q7 V12 TDI) * WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8) * TRU - Audi Hungary (Audi Hungaria Motor Kft.) passenger car (only used for TT/TTS & '12-'13 TT RS) * 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV ===Position 5, Engine Type: === {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | A || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95), Cabriolet ('95-'98), A4 ('96-'97), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98) |- | A || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A6 sedan ('98-'99), A6 Avant ('99) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 4000S ('85-'87) [Pos. 7-8 of VIN is 81] |- | B || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 4000S Quattro ('85), 4000CS Quattro ('86-'87) [Pos. 7-8 of VIN is 85], 5000S ('85-'86) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('88-'89), 90 ('88) |- | B || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 100 ('89), 100 Quattro ('89) |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. VW EA827 engine.<br> Audi 80 ('90) |- | B || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 ('97-'99) |- | C || 2.1L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Quattro Coupe ('85), 5000S Turbo ('85) |- | C || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91-'92), 80 Quattro ('88-'92), 90 ('88-'91), 90 Quattro ('88-'89), 5000S ('87-'88), 5000S Quattro ('88), 100 ('90-'91), 100 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | C || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo ('89), 200 Turbo Quattro ('89) |- | C || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('96-'98) |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('00-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), TT ('00-'06) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe GT ('85-'87) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 80 ('91), 80 Quattro ('90-'91), 90 ('90) |- | D || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe Quattro 20V ('90) |- | D || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo ('86-'88), 200 Turbo ('90-'91), 200 Turbo Quattro ('90) |- | D || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('98-'99) |- | D || 2.7L || 90° V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi S4 ('00-'02), A6 ('00-'04), Allroad Quattro ('02-'05) |- | D || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'09), TT 3.2 ('05-'06, '08-'09) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi Coupe GT 2.3 "Special Build" (Late '87) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 5000CS Turbo Quattro ('86-'88) |- | E || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 200 Turbo Quattro 20V ('91) |- | E || 3.6L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi V8 Quattro ('90-'91) |- | E || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('95) |- | E || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd ('08-') |- | F || 2.3L || I5 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi 90 Quattro 20V ('90-'91), Coupe Quattro 20V ('91) |- | F || 3.7L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | F || 3.2L || 15° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi TT 3.2 ('04-'05) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi A3 ('06-'11), A3 Quattro ('12-), A4 sedan (Mid '05-'16), A4 Avant (Mid '05-'12), Allroad ('13-'16), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A5 ('10-'), A6 ('12-), TT ('08-'), TTS ('09), Q5 ('11-) |- | F || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - PZEV.<br> Audi A3 Fwd (Early prod. '12) |- | G || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A8 ('97-'99) |- | G || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant (Mid '05-'06), A6 ('05-'06) |- | G || 3.0L || 90° V6 supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine.<br> Audi S4 ('10-'16), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'15), S5 coupe ('13-'15), A6 ('09-'), A7 ('12-), A8 ('13-), Q5 ('13-), Q7 ('11-'15) |- | H || 2.0L || I5 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 10 valve || Indirect injection. Audi 5000 Turbo Diesel ('83) |- | H || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 2. Iron Block.<br> Audi A4 ('00-'01), A6 ('00-'01) |- | H || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('06-'08), A4 Cabriolet ('07-'09), A6 ('06-'09) |- | J || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'94), 100 ('92-'94) |- | J || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. VW EA189 engine.<br> Audi A3 TDI ('10-') |- | K || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi 90 ('93-'95), 100 ('92-'94) |- | K || 3.2L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3197cc. <br> Audi A4 sedan ('09), A5 ('08-'10), A6 ('10-'11), Q5 ('09-'12) |- | L || 2.8L || 90° V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 1. Iron Block. <br> Audi Cabriolet ('94-'95) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi A6 ('00-'04), A8 ('00-'06) |- | L || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S4 sedan/Avant ('04-'08), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), A6 ('05-'06), Allroad Quattro ('04-'05) |- | M || 3.0L || 90° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA897 engine. Audi A8 ('14-'15), Q7 ('09-'15) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi S6 ('07-'11), S8 ('07-'09) |- | N || 5.2L || 90° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine.<br> Audi R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) |- | P || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('92-'93) |- | R || 2.2L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA828 I5 engine. <br> Audi S4 [C4 (4A)] ('93-'94) |- | R || 6.0L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || MPI. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('05-'09) |- | S || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('00) |- | T || 1.8L || I4 Turbo Twin [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. High Output - 225 hp. Single Turbo, Twin Intercoolers. <br> Audi TT ('01-'06) |- | T || 3.0L || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 30 valve || MPI. Audi EA835 engine - Gen 3. Aluminum block.<br> Audi A4 sedan/Avant ('02-Mid '05), A4 Cabriolet ('03-'06), A6 ('02-'04) |- | T || "3.2L" || 90° V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA837 engine. 3.1L=3123cc.<br> Audi A6 ('05) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi S6 Avant ('02-'03), S8 ('01-'03) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi RS4 sedan ('07-'08), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) |- | U || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Dry sump lubrication. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi R8 ('08-'12, '14-'15) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'93) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc.<br> Audi RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) |- | V || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA824 engine. 4163cc.<br> Audi S5 coupe ('08-'12), A6 ('07-'11), A8 ('07-'12), Q7 ('07-'10) |- | W || 4.2L || 90° V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Audi V8 engine. 4172cc. Audi V8 Quattro ('92-'94) |- | X || 1.8L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || MPI. Audi EA827/EA113 engine. <br> Audi TT ('01-'02) |- | Y || 3.6L || 10.6° VR6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || Direct injection. VW EA390 engine.<br> Audi Q7 ('07-'10) |- | 1 || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA888 engine - ULEV.<br> Audi TTS ('10-') |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Direct injection. Audi-Bentley EA824 engine. 3991cc. Audi A8 ('13-'15), S8 ('13-'15) |- | 3 || 2.5L || I5 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 20 valve || Direct injection. Audi EA855 engine.<br> Audi TT RS ('12-'13) |- | 4 || 6.3L || 72° W12 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 48 valve || Direct injection. VW W12 engine. Audi A8 ('12-') |- |} ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only *5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts *8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags *2 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('00-'06 TT) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('04-'07 A8) *5 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (A3, A4) *6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('06-'09 A3, A4) *3 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 TT, R8, '09 TTS) *4 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags ('03-'09 A4 Cabriolet, '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet, '08 RS4 Cabriolet) *7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags (Except '08-'09 A8/S8) *9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('08-'09 A8/S8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10- A5/S5 Cabriolet, '10- TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS, '10- R8) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10-'11 A5/S5 Coupe, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *B = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags ('10- A3, '10- A4/S4, '10- A6/S6, '12- A7, '10- Q5, '10- Q7) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('12- A5/S5 Coupe) *A = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags & Front and Rear Side Airbags & Sideguard Side Curtain Airbags & Front Knee Airbags ('10-' A8) ===Position 7-8, Model Line:=== 1981-2009: *8P = A3 ('06-'09) *81 = 4000 Fwd ('81-'87) *85 = 4000 Quattro ('84-'87), Coupe GT ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85) *89 = 80/90 ('88-'89) *8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91) *8C = 90 ('93-'95) *8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91) *8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98) *8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02) *8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08) *8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08) *8K = A4 ('09) *8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09) *43 = 5000 ('81-'83) *44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91) *4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 & '96-'97 in Canada) *4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 (US: '03, Canada: '04) *4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09) *44 = V8 Quattro ('90) *4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94) *4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03) *4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09) *8N = TT ('00-'06) *8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09) *42 = R8 ('08-'09) *8R = Q5 ('09) *4L = Q7 ('07-'09) 2010-: *FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13) *FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18 *GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-) *FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16) *F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25) *FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15) *FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15) *F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25] *FU = A5/S5 ('25-) *FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11) *FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18) *FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18) *F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26) *F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26) *FN = A6 ('26-) *GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-) *FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10) *FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18) *F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26) *FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-) *FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13) *FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22) *FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15) *FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23) *FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18) *F3 = Q3 ('19-'25) *FJ = Q3 ('26-) *FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-) *FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17) *FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25) *GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26) *GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-) *FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15) *F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-) *F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-) *GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),<br> Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was always used in US & Canada. In Europe, Check Digit in 9th position of VIN was adopted for 2002 model year. Prior to the 2002 model year, a letter Z was used in the 9th position of the VIN in Europe. ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A: Ingolstadt, Germany * B: Brussels, Belgium * D: Bratislava, Slovakia * E: Emden, Germany * K: Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08] * N: Neckarsulm, Germany * P: Zwickau, Germany * R: Martorell, Spain * 1: Gyor, Hungary * 2: San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico * 7: Heilbronn, Germany Other plant codes for non-North American models: * G: Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: V8L) * U: Uitenhage, South Africa * X: Poznan, Poland * Z: Zuffenhausen, Germany (Porsche plant: RS2 Avant) * 3: Changchun, China (FAW-VW plant) * 4: Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant) * 9: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Volkswagen Sarajevo d.o.o. plant) '''Positions 12–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} bu9xtkzdol7hxeammwuj2f9wnn9wbil 2 483963 4640596 2026-06-18T13:45:53Z Ignitejnrclg 3607968 Created page with "Hi" 4640596 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi he0da0q8s1r2umjl1vwjjxep15c52yo 110 483964 4640597 2026-06-18T13:50:49Z ~2026-35667-39 3607969 /* */ 4640597 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="width: 100%; text-align: center; font-size: xx-large;">'''Alphabet of Wikibooks'''</div> {{center|[[File:TransMilenio Estacion A Caracas.svg|200px]] [[File:TransMilenio Estacion B Autonorte.svg|200px]] [[File:TransMilenio Estacion C Suba.svg|200px]]}} <noinclude><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">— [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] —<br/> ew36vhb2ksww3gx8y71eio02zp691ga 110 483965 4640598 2026-06-18T13:52:32Z ~2026-35667-39 3607969 Created page with "[[File:Afghanistan_(orthographic_projection).svg|center|500px]]" 4640598 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Afghanistan_(orthographic_projection).svg|center|500px]] m9m6r3nvql1hmzdqtjritfzoweou1fd 4640601 4640598 2026-06-18T14:00:01Z ~2026-35667-39 3607969 /* */ 4640601 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''A''' is for '''A'''fghanistan</div> [[File:Afghanistan_(orthographic_projection).svg|center|500px]] olkwu1z6ggvi10wjgolyx2tlby0uem4 110 483966 4640605 2026-06-18T14:03:32Z ~2026-35667-39 3607969 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''ylophone</div> [[File:Tres xilófonos.JPG|center|500px]]" 4640605 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''ylophone</div> [[File:Tres xilófonos.JPG|center|500px]] 11g1p7iiitiolwgdbby50k6n4smafqk 110 483967 4640607 2026-06-18T14:04:54Z ~2026-35667-39 3607969 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Z''' is for '''Z'''ebra</div> [[File:Zebra in Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park 01.jpg|center|500px]]" 4640607 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Z''' is for '''Z'''ebra</div> [[File:Zebra in Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park 01.jpg|center|500px]] dgj9wc5qwexf2idcblekj0fbnzz0fn5 110 483968 4640608 2026-06-18T14:08:59Z ~2026-35667-39 3607969 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''uagga</div> [[File:Quagga in enclosure.jpg|center|500px]]" 4640608 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''uagga</div> [[File:Quagga in enclosure.jpg|center|500px]] huek6si9wv4saojzt0s8tbsr34dcfyh 0 483969 4640657 2026-06-18T22:43:39Z BlazeFlames 3494020 Created page with "The Artificer specializes in using machinery and technology for support and combat. They are "half-casters", which means their spells level up at half the speed (Eg. A level 10 Wizard has spells up to spell level 5, whilst a level 10 Artificer has spells up to spell level 3). It is the most recently-released class, as the first revision was officially published in 2020." 4640657 wikitext text/x-wiki The Artificer specializes in using machinery and technology for support and combat. They are "half-casters", which means their spells level up at half the speed (Eg. A level 10 Wizard has spells up to spell level 5, whilst a level 10 Artificer has spells up to spell level 3). It is the most recently-released class, as the first revision was officially published in 2020. scddsd0gn7i8onmbubhi05oe7mqip6o 2 483970 4640670 2026-06-19T04:23:56Z Kayden Swanson 3600285 /* */ 4640670 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, my name is Kayden Swanson and I am a 12 year old prodigy! I hope you all like my Wikibook, ''[[The Geoguide]]!'' I am currently learning German, Yiddish, HTML, and even Klingon! My ''Qapla''' never ends. I also have a conlang called Cavzoelk. Feel free to check it out at my pastebin link, https://pastebin.com/tKPGqZRp, which I update every few weeks or days-- it fluctuates against my creativity. iofwag3i2a1a3d9xlkbyc94n332mwf9 1 483971 4640674 2026-06-19T08:18:51Z TheBlackClover 3608202 /* Why Stubs? */ new section 4640674 wikitext text/x-wiki == Why Stubs? == The ease of Mirad is optionally sacrificed for the sake of shorter words, though full forms may be found as well. Isn’t that a major source of confusion, ambiguity in listening and an additional hurdle? Some of these “stubs”, as they are referred to across the Mirad grammar pages, aren’t even significantly shorter than their full counterparts… So, why are they even a thing in this auxlang? [[User:TheBlackClover|TheBlackClover]] ([[User talk:TheBlackClover|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheBlackClover|contribs]]) 08:18, 19 June 2026 (UTC) iuzoeozeqex38dwiw93bvxz9idqncpm 3 483972 4640679 2026-06-19T09:01:26Z Koavf 16549 Created page with "{{subst:welcome}} ~~~~" 4640679 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== Welcome, BlazeFlames! {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:01, 19 June 2026 (UTC) q9km3osxinelnvdpgsabzykzgdx68t1